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"content": "\u003cp>Seven U.S. states now have adult obesity rates of 35 percent or higher, up from zero states just five years ago, according to federal data released Wednesday.[contextly_sidebar id=\"99npNiyEmtYPSxMeUr9ZC2OpxalF30tD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2017 data, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, highlight continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states with obesity rates of at least 35 percent in 2017 were Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, which itself had the highest rate in the country at 38.1 percent. Colorado had the lowest obesity rate, at 22.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii and Washington, D.C., were the only other places where fewer than 1 in 4 adults were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the South and Midwest had the highest prevalence of adult obesity, the data showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"877\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg 877w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-800x482.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-768x462.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-240x144.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nationally, adults without a high school degree had obesity rates of 35.6 percent, compared with 32.9 percent for people with a high school degree, 31.9 percent of people with some college-level education, and 22.7 percent for college graduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity rate for black adults was 39 percent, compared with 32.4 percent for Hispanics and 29.3 percent for whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the CDC called for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a comprehensive strategy\u003c/a> to reduce obesity prevalence, with steps including healthy eating, better sleep, stress management, and physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/12/seven-u-s-states-now-have-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seven U.S. states now have adult obesity rates of 35 percent or higher, up from zero states just five years ago, according to federal data released Wednesday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2017 data, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, highlight continuing discrepancies in adult obesity rates across geographic areas, race, and education levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven states with obesity rates of at least 35 percent in 2017 were Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and West Virginia, which itself had the highest rate in the country at 38.1 percent. Colorado had the lowest obesity rate, at 22.6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawaii and Washington, D.C., were the only other places where fewer than 1 in 4 adults were obese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the South and Midwest had the highest prevalence of adult obesity, the data showed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 877px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"877\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall.jpg 877w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-160x96.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-800x482.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-768x462.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-240x144.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-375x226.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/brfss_2017_obesity-overall-520x313.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 877px) 100vw, 877px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prevalence of self-reported obesity among U.S. adults by state and territory. \u003ccite>(CDC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nationally, adults without a high school degree had obesity rates of 35.6 percent, compared with 32.9 percent for people with a high school degree, 31.9 percent of people with some college-level education, and 22.7 percent for college graduates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obesity rate for black adults was 39 percent, compared with 32.4 percent for Hispanics and 29.3 percent for whites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its report, the CDC called for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/strategies/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a comprehensive strategy\u003c/a> to reduce obesity prevalence, with steps including healthy eating, better sleep, stress management, and physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/09/12/seven-u-s-states-now-have-adult-obesity-rates-of-35-percent-or-higher/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Does Marijuana Use Impact Older Adults Differently?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Members of the generation that came of age in the era of marijuana are reaching for weed in their golden years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871618304538?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Drug and Alcohol Dependence \u003c/em>this month suggests that increasing numbers of middle aged and older adults are using marijuana — and using it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis comes from data gathered in the\u003ca href=\"https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/homepage.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> National Survey on Drug Use and Health\u003c/a> from 2015 and 2016. About 9 percent of U.S. adults between ages 50 and 64 used marijuana in the the previous year, according to survey results. About 3 percent of people over 65 used the drug in that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This appears to be up from years past.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300687/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> In 2013\u003c/a>, the same survey reported that 7 percent of middle-aged Americans used marijuana in the previous year, and only 1.4 percent of people over 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/benjamin-han\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Benjamin Han\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of internal medicine at New York University School of Medicine and lead author of the study, says he was surprised to learn that many of the older Americans turning to marijuana are new converts to its use. About 45 percent of those over 65 who use the drug said they got started after the age of 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And boomers who use marijuana also seem to be using it more often. Study authors found that 5.7 percent of middle-aged respondents said they'd tried it in the past month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As laws surrounding marijuana use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become more permissive in many states nationwide\u003c/a>, more Americans of all ages seem to be giving the drug a try — some for recreation, and others in hopes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/15/620080148/lawmakers-in-illinois-embrace-medical-marijuana-as-an-opioid-alternative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">easing medical ailments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost one quarter of Americans over 65 in the 2016 survey who had used marijuana in the previous year said they gotten the go-ahead from their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2017/Cannabis-Health-Effects/Cannabis-chapter-highlights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research overview\u003c/a> published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine last year, a still small but growing number of studies suggest that marijuana may be helpful in treating pain, nausea, and spasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For these conditions, the effects of cannabinoids are modest,\" the National Academies panel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even modest benefits can be helpful for some patients, says\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/joshua-c-briscoe-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dr. Joshua Briscoe\u003c/a>, a palliative care physician at Duke University School of Medicine who studies medical marijuana in the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We prescribe substances that are far more dangerous than cannabinoids,\" says Briscoe, noting that older people can be more likely to experience a medication's side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since marijuana's use is still tightly regulated by the federal government, he adds, it continues to be hard to study, so authoritative research on its harms and benefits is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han sounds a note of caution for his patients turning to marijuana. He says he first became interested in studying drug and alcohol use in the elderly after doing house calls on his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You see their home environment,\" Han says. \"I would see marijuana. I would see patients' family members engaged in drug use in the other room ... Open bottles of liquor everywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks marijuana use among older people who combine it with other drugs — like opioids or alcohol — might be a particular cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby boomers who've had prior experience with marijuana shouldn't jump to using the same amount they did in their college days, Han says. The potency may be different, as well their ability to metabolize the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A smaller amount is going to hit you a lot harder when you're older,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han says his study highlights the need for more research on drug use in older adults. \"I get asked a lot, more and more, by my population, 'Hey, should I try marijuana for this? Should I try marijuana for that?'\" Han says. \"It's hard for me to know what to tell patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=More+Older+Americans+Are+Turning+To+Marijuana&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Members of the generation that came of age in the era of marijuana are reaching for weed in their golden years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871618304538?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Drug and Alcohol Dependence \u003c/em>this month suggests that increasing numbers of middle aged and older adults are using marijuana — and using it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis comes from data gathered in the\u003ca href=\"https://nsduhweb.rti.org/respweb/homepage.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> National Survey on Drug Use and Health\u003c/a> from 2015 and 2016. About 9 percent of U.S. adults between ages 50 and 64 used marijuana in the the previous year, according to survey results. About 3 percent of people over 65 used the drug in that time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This appears to be up from years past.\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5300687/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> In 2013\u003c/a>, the same survey reported that 7 percent of middle-aged Americans used marijuana in the previous year, and only 1.4 percent of people over 65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/benjamin-han\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Benjamin Han\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of internal medicine at New York University School of Medicine and lead author of the study, says he was surprised to learn that many of the older Americans turning to marijuana are new converts to its use. About 45 percent of those over 65 who use the drug said they got started after the age of 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And boomers who use marijuana also seem to be using it more often. Study authors found that 5.7 percent of middle-aged respondents said they'd tried it in the past month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As laws surrounding marijuana use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">become more permissive in many states nationwide\u003c/a>, more Americans of all ages seem to be giving the drug a try — some for recreation, and others in hopes of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/15/620080148/lawmakers-in-illinois-embrace-medical-marijuana-as-an-opioid-alternative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">easing medical ailments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost one quarter of Americans over 65 in the 2016 survey who had used marijuana in the previous year said they gotten the go-ahead from their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2017/Cannabis-Health-Effects/Cannabis-chapter-highlights.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research overview\u003c/a> published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine last year, a still small but growing number of studies suggest that marijuana may be helpful in treating pain, nausea, and spasticity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For these conditions, the effects of cannabinoids are modest,\" the National Academies panel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even modest benefits can be helpful for some patients, says\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.duke.edu/faculty/joshua-c-briscoe-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dr. Joshua Briscoe\u003c/a>, a palliative care physician at Duke University School of Medicine who studies medical marijuana in the elderly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We prescribe substances that are far more dangerous than cannabinoids,\" says Briscoe, noting that older people can be more likely to experience a medication's side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since marijuana's use is still tightly regulated by the federal government, he adds, it continues to be hard to study, so authoritative research on its harms and benefits is sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han sounds a note of caution for his patients turning to marijuana. He says he first became interested in studying drug and alcohol use in the elderly after doing house calls on his patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You see their home environment,\" Han says. \"I would see marijuana. I would see patients' family members engaged in drug use in the other room ... Open bottles of liquor everywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks marijuana use among older people who combine it with other drugs — like opioids or alcohol — might be a particular cause for concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby boomers who've had prior experience with marijuana shouldn't jump to using the same amount they did in their college days, Han says. The potency may be different, as well their ability to metabolize the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A smaller amount is going to hit you a lot harder when you're older,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Han says his study highlights the need for more research on drug use in older adults. \"I get asked a lot, more and more, by my population, 'Hey, should I try marijuana for this? Should I try marijuana for that?'\" Han says. \"It's hard for me to know what to tell patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=More+Older+Americans+Are+Turning+To+Marijuana&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Germ Theory' of Alzheimer's May Trigger a Seismic Shift in Treatment",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Leslie Norins is willing to hand over $1 million of his own money to anyone who can clarify something: Is Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia worldwide, caused by a germ?[contextly_sidebar id=\"MVU0oAlLJAOY5cRLFm8SgRXzH5ufmBIa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"germ\" he means microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In other words, Norins, a physician turned publisher, wants to know if Alzheimer's is infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an idea that just a few years ago would've seemed to many an easy way to drain your research budget on bunk science. Money has poured into Alzheimer's research for years, but until very recently not much of it went toward investigating infection in causing dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this \"germ theory\" of Alzheimer's, as Norins calls it, has been fermenting in the literature for decades. Even early 20th century Czech physician Oskar Fischer — who, along with his German contemporary Dr. Alois Alzheimer, was integral in first describing the condition — noted a possible connection between the newly identified dementia and tuberculosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the germ theory gets traction, even in some Alzheimer's patients, it could trigger a seismic shift in how doctors understand and treat the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, would we see a day when dementia is prevented with a vaccine, or treated with antibiotics and antiviral medications? Norins thinks it's worth looking into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins received his medical degree from Duke in the early 1960s, and after a stint at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention he fell into a lucrative career in medical publishing. He eventually settled in an admittedly aged community in Naples, Fla., where he took an interest in dementia and began reading up on the condition.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Xrb4XR0KXYySlI7ldjHh45GWXuqxKcIS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After scouring the medical literature he noticed a pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It appeared that many of the reported characteristics of Alzheimer's disease were compatible with an infectious process,\" Norins tells NPR. \"I thought for sure this must have already been investigated, because \u003ca href=\"http://act.alz.org/site/DocServer/2015_Appropriations_Fact_Sheet__FY16_.pdf?docID=3641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">millions and millions of dollars\u003c/a> have been spent on Alzheimer's research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aside from scattered interest through the decades, this wasn't the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Norins launched \u003ca href=\"https://alzgerm.org/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Germ Quest Inc.\u003c/a>, a public benefit corporation he hopes will drive interest into the germ theory of Alzheimer's, and through which his prize will be distributed. A white paper he penned for the site reads: \"From a two-year review of the scientific literature, I believe it's now clear that just one germ — identity not yet specified, and possibly not yet discovered — causes most AD. I'm calling it the 'Alzheimer's Germ.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins is quick to cite sources and studies supporting his claim, among them a 2010 study published in the \u003cem>Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/em> showing that \u003ca href=\"http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2010.1.JNS091740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurosurgeons die from Alzheimer's at a seven-fold higher rate\u003c/a> than they do from other disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study from that same year, published in The \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatric Society,\u003c/em> found that people whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20722820/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spouses have dementia are at a six-times greater risk\u003c/a> for the condition themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contagion does come to mind. And Norins isn't alone in his thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 32 researchers from universities around the world signed an editorial in the \u003cem>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease\u003c/em> calling for \"further research on the role of infectious agents in [Alzheimer's] causation.\" Based on much of the same evidence Norins encountered, the authors concluded that clinical trials with antimicrobial drugs in Alzheimer's are now justified.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TlULmPwfIfLNT30W6fAdCGOQeBCymn7e\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported on an intriguing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/21/621908340/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-brains-marked-by-alzheimers-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> in June that suggested that viral infection can influence the progression of Alzheimer's. Led by Mount Sinai genetics professor Joel Dudley, the work was intended to compare the genomes of healthy brain tissue with that affected by dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But something kept getting in the way: herpes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dudley's team noticed an unexpectedly high level of viral DNA from two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7. The viruses are common and cause a rash called roseola in young children (not the sexually transmitted disease caused by other strains).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses have the ability to lie dormant in our neurons for decades by incorporating their genomes into our own. The classic example is chickenpox: A childhood viral infection resolves and lurks silently, returning years later as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shingles\u003c/a>, an excruciating rash. Like it or not, nearly all of us are chimeras with viral DNA speckling our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having the herpes viruses alone doesn't mean inevitable brain decline. After all, up to 75 percent of us may \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbor HHV-6\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dudley also noticed that herpes appeared to interact with human genes known to increase Alzheimer's risk. Perhaps, he says, there is some toxic combination of genetic and infectious influence that results in the disease; a combination that sparks what some feel is the main contributor to the disease, an overactive immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's is accumulation of a protein called amyloid in the brain. Many researchers have assumed these aggregates, or plaques, are simply a byproduct of some other process at the core of the disease. Other scientists posit that the protein itself contributes to the condition in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory that amyloid is the root cause of Alzheimer's is losing steam. But the protein may still contribute to the disease, even if it winds up being deemed infectious.[contextly_sidebar id=\"reNe9dG45Jm18II65oxyuE0ETmculfjN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work by Harvard neuroscientist Rudolph Tanzi suggests it might be a bit of both. Along with colleague Robert Moir, Tanzi has shown that amyloid is lethal to viruses and bacteria in the test tube, and also in mice. He now believes the protein is part of our ancient immune system that like antibodies, ramps up its activity to help fend off unwanted bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So does that mean that the microbe is the cause of Alzheimer's, and amyloid a harmless reaction to it? According to Tanzi it's not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi believes that in many cases of Alzheimer's, microbes are probably the initial seed that sets off a toxic tumble of molecular dominoes. Early in the disease amyloid protein builds up to fight infection, yet too much of the protein begins to impair function of neurons in the brain. The excess amyloid then causes another protein, called tau, to form tangles, which further harm brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Tanzi explains, the ultimate neurological insult in Alzheimer's is the body's reaction to this neurotoxic mess. All the excess protein revs up the immune system, causing inflammation — and it's this inflammation that does the most damage to the Alzheimer's-afflicted brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does this say about the future of treatment? Possibly a lot. Tanzi envisions a day when people are screened at, say, 50 years old. \"If their brains are riddled with too much amyloid,\" he says, \"we knock it down a bit with antiviral medications. It's just like how you are prescribed preventative drugs if your cholesterol is too high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi feels that microbes are just one possible seed for the complex pathology behind Alzheimer's. Genetics may also play a role, as certain genes produce a type of amyloid more prone to clumping up. He also feels environmental factors like pollution might contribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Burke, professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, isn't willing to abandon the amyloid theory altogether, but agrees it's time for the field to move on. \"There may be many roads to developing Alzheimer's disease and it would be shortsighted to focus just on amyloid and tau,\" he says. \"A million-dollar prize is attention- getting, but the reward for identifying a treatable target to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease is invaluable.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"VDtvU3haNd1M74SuCUvVZuAz4hFEV5iO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any treatment that disrupts the cascade leading to amyloid, tau and inflammation could theoretically benefit an at-risk brain. The vast majority of Alzheimer's treatment trials have failed, including many targeting amyloid. But it could be that the patients included were too far along in their disease to reap any therapeutic benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a microbe is responsible for all or some cases of Alzheimer's, perhaps future treatments or preventive approaches will prevent toxin protein buildup in the first place. Both Tanzi and Norins believe Alzheimer's vaccines against viruses like herpes might one day become common practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July of this year, in collaboration with Norins, the Infectious Diseases Society of America announced that they plan to offer two $50,000 grants supporting research into a microbial association with Alzheimer's. According to Norins, this is the first acknowledgement by a leading infectious disease group that Alzheimer's may be microbial in nature – or at least that it's worth exploring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The important thing is not the amount of the money, which is a pittance compared with the $2 billion NIH spends on amyloid and tau research,\" says Norins, \"but rather the respectability and more mainstream status the grants confer on investigating of the infectious possibility. Remember when we thought ulcers were caused by stress?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulcers, we now know, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused by a germ\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired, Scientific American\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Infectious+Theory+Of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Draws+Fresh+Interest&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Leslie Norins is willing to hand over $1 million of his own money to anyone who can clarify something: Is Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia worldwide, caused by a germ?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"germ\" he means microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In other words, Norins, a physician turned publisher, wants to know if Alzheimer's is infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an idea that just a few years ago would've seemed to many an easy way to drain your research budget on bunk science. Money has poured into Alzheimer's research for years, but until very recently not much of it went toward investigating infection in causing dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this \"germ theory\" of Alzheimer's, as Norins calls it, has been fermenting in the literature for decades. Even early 20th century Czech physician Oskar Fischer — who, along with his German contemporary Dr. Alois Alzheimer, was integral in first describing the condition — noted a possible connection between the newly identified dementia and tuberculosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the germ theory gets traction, even in some Alzheimer's patients, it could trigger a seismic shift in how doctors understand and treat the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, would we see a day when dementia is prevented with a vaccine, or treated with antibiotics and antiviral medications? Norins thinks it's worth looking into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins received his medical degree from Duke in the early 1960s, and after a stint at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention he fell into a lucrative career in medical publishing. He eventually settled in an admittedly aged community in Naples, Fla., where he took an interest in dementia and began reading up on the condition.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After scouring the medical literature he noticed a pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It appeared that many of the reported characteristics of Alzheimer's disease were compatible with an infectious process,\" Norins tells NPR. \"I thought for sure this must have already been investigated, because \u003ca href=\"http://act.alz.org/site/DocServer/2015_Appropriations_Fact_Sheet__FY16_.pdf?docID=3641\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">millions and millions of dollars\u003c/a> have been spent on Alzheimer's research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aside from scattered interest through the decades, this wasn't the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Norins launched \u003ca href=\"https://alzgerm.org/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Germ Quest Inc.\u003c/a>, a public benefit corporation he hopes will drive interest into the germ theory of Alzheimer's, and through which his prize will be distributed. A white paper he penned for the site reads: \"From a two-year review of the scientific literature, I believe it's now clear that just one germ — identity not yet specified, and possibly not yet discovered — causes most AD. I'm calling it the 'Alzheimer's Germ.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norins is quick to cite sources and studies supporting his claim, among them a 2010 study published in the \u003cem>Journal of Neurosurgery\u003c/em> showing that \u003ca href=\"http://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2010.1.JNS091740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurosurgeons die from Alzheimer's at a seven-fold higher rate\u003c/a> than they do from other disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study from that same year, published in The \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatric Society,\u003c/em> found that people whose \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20722820/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spouses have dementia are at a six-times greater risk\u003c/a> for the condition themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contagion does come to mind. And Norins isn't alone in his thinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, 32 researchers from universities around the world signed an editorial in the \u003cem>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease\u003c/em> calling for \"further research on the role of infectious agents in [Alzheimer's] causation.\" Based on much of the same evidence Norins encountered, the authors concluded that clinical trials with antimicrobial drugs in Alzheimer's are now justified.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR reported on an intriguing \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/21/621908340/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-brains-marked-by-alzheimers-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published in \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> in June that suggested that viral infection can influence the progression of Alzheimer's. Led by Mount Sinai genetics professor Joel Dudley, the work was intended to compare the genomes of healthy brain tissue with that affected by dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But something kept getting in the way: herpes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dudley's team noticed an unexpectedly high level of viral DNA from two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7. The viruses are common and cause a rash called roseola in young children (not the sexually transmitted disease caused by other strains).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some viruses have the ability to lie dormant in our neurons for decades by incorporating their genomes into our own. The classic example is chickenpox: A childhood viral infection resolves and lurks silently, returning years later as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shingles\u003c/a>, an excruciating rash. Like it or not, nearly all of us are chimeras with viral DNA speckling our genomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having the herpes viruses alone doesn't mean inevitable brain decline. After all, up to 75 percent of us may \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11285567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">harbor HHV-6\u003c/a> .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dudley also noticed that herpes appeared to interact with human genes known to increase Alzheimer's risk. Perhaps, he says, there is some toxic combination of genetic and infectious influence that results in the disease; a combination that sparks what some feel is the main contributor to the disease, an overactive immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hallmark pathology of Alzheimer's is accumulation of a protein called amyloid in the brain. Many researchers have assumed these aggregates, or plaques, are simply a byproduct of some other process at the core of the disease. Other scientists posit that the protein itself contributes to the condition in some way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory that amyloid is the root cause of Alzheimer's is losing steam. But the protein may still contribute to the disease, even if it winds up being deemed infectious.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work by Harvard neuroscientist Rudolph Tanzi suggests it might be a bit of both. Along with colleague Robert Moir, Tanzi has shown that amyloid is lethal to viruses and bacteria in the test tube, and also in mice. He now believes the protein is part of our ancient immune system that like antibodies, ramps up its activity to help fend off unwanted bugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So does that mean that the microbe is the cause of Alzheimer's, and amyloid a harmless reaction to it? According to Tanzi it's not that simple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi believes that in many cases of Alzheimer's, microbes are probably the initial seed that sets off a toxic tumble of molecular dominoes. Early in the disease amyloid protein builds up to fight infection, yet too much of the protein begins to impair function of neurons in the brain. The excess amyloid then causes another protein, called tau, to form tangles, which further harm brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Tanzi explains, the ultimate neurological insult in Alzheimer's is the body's reaction to this neurotoxic mess. All the excess protein revs up the immune system, causing inflammation — and it's this inflammation that does the most damage to the Alzheimer's-afflicted brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does this say about the future of treatment? Possibly a lot. Tanzi envisions a day when people are screened at, say, 50 years old. \"If their brains are riddled with too much amyloid,\" he says, \"we knock it down a bit with antiviral medications. It's just like how you are prescribed preventative drugs if your cholesterol is too high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tanzi feels that microbes are just one possible seed for the complex pathology behind Alzheimer's. Genetics may also play a role, as certain genes produce a type of amyloid more prone to clumping up. He also feels environmental factors like pollution might contribute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Burke, professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, isn't willing to abandon the amyloid theory altogether, but agrees it's time for the field to move on. \"There may be many roads to developing Alzheimer's disease and it would be shortsighted to focus just on amyloid and tau,\" he says. \"A million-dollar prize is attention- getting, but the reward for identifying a treatable target to delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease is invaluable.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any treatment that disrupts the cascade leading to amyloid, tau and inflammation could theoretically benefit an at-risk brain. The vast majority of Alzheimer's treatment trials have failed, including many targeting amyloid. But it could be that the patients included were too far along in their disease to reap any therapeutic benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a microbe is responsible for all or some cases of Alzheimer's, perhaps future treatments or preventive approaches will prevent toxin protein buildup in the first place. Both Tanzi and Norins believe Alzheimer's vaccines against viruses like herpes might one day become common practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July of this year, in collaboration with Norins, the Infectious Diseases Society of America announced that they plan to offer two $50,000 grants supporting research into a microbial association with Alzheimer's. According to Norins, this is the first acknowledgement by a leading infectious disease group that Alzheimer's may be microbial in nature – or at least that it's worth exploring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The important thing is not the amount of the money, which is a pittance compared with the $2 billion NIH spends on amyloid and tau research,\" says Norins, \"but rather the respectability and more mainstream status the grants confer on investigating of the infectious possibility. Remember when we thought ulcers were caused by stress?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ulcers, we now know, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused by a germ\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003cem> His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired, Scientific American\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Infectious+Theory+Of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease+Draws+Fresh+Interest&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "UC Loses Appeal on CRISPR Patents",
"title": "UC Loses Appeal on CRISPR Patents",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A federal appeals court on Monday struck another blow against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\">University of California’s\u003c/a> hopes of invalidating key CRISPR patents \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/15/crispr-patent-ruling/\">held by the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard\u003c/a>, ruling unanimously that a U.S. patent board correctly concluded that the Broad’s patents did not “interfere” with those that UC had applied for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Barring an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which is highly unlikely to accept the case, or a request for the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to consider the case, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/13/crispr-patent-uc-appeal/\">long and bitter legal saga\u003c/a> is largely over, at least in the U.S. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/28/crispr-university-of-california-patent/\">fight over CRISPR patents in Europe\u003c/a> continues.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Court of Appeals \u003ca href=\"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> held that there was “no interference in fact” between CRISPR patents awarded to the Broad and CRISPR patents that UC had applied for. That is what three judges on the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, part of the U.S. patent office, had ruled unanimously in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The decision turned on two key and related points: whether the work that Broad scientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> did to make CRISPR edit the genome of mammalian cells was “obvious” in light of what Jennifer Doudna, of the University of California, Berkeley, and her colleagues accomplished in editing free floating DNA in test tubes, and whether Zhang and other scientists trying to do that had a “reasonable expectation of success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">There was “conflicting evidence,” patent expert Jacob Sherkow of New York Law School said in an interview, on whether any sufficiently skilled scientist could have taken Doudna’s breakthrough (done with her key collaborator, Emmanuelle Charpentier) using CRISPR in test tubes and turned it into a system that worked in human and other mammalian cells, as Zhang (and other scientists) did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in her sweeping opinion, Judge Kimberly Moore wrote that “substantial evidence supports [PTAB’s] finding that there was not a reasonable expectation of success, and we affirm…. [PTAB] did not err in its analysis.” The decision, said Sherkow, “is absolutely 100 percent correct on the law,” leaving UC essentially no path to a re-hearing by the full court, let alone by the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTAB had ruled that Zhang’s success was by no means assured, citing Doudna’s own comments about how techniques that work in bacteria or test tubes often fail in higher-order cells, and that what Zhang did to turn CRISPR, a bacterial immune system, into a human-genome-editing tool was far from obvious. In an analysis that could well make scientists think twice about discussing the challenges of building on very basic discoveries, Moore cited Doudna’s acknowledgement of a “huge bottleneck” in modifying the genomes of humans and other animals, after Doudna and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> doing so in their test tube DNA in 2012. Doudna had also said that “2012 paper was a big success, but there was a problem. We weren’t sure if CRISPR/Cas9 would work in eukaryotes,” and conceded having “many frustrations” in getting CRISPR-Cas9 to work in human cells.” Those words came back to haunt her and sink UC’s hopes for a foundational CRISPR patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central issue before the appeals court was whether the patent board had based its pro-Broad decision on “substantial evidence.” That, Sherkow \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jsherkow/status/1039159547049504769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted,\u003c/a>was “an extremely high bar.” The appeals court ruled that the board did have substantial evidence for its decision that the Broad’s CRISPR patents did not overlap with UC’s, nor were they obvious from UC’s. That leaves UC extremely little ground on which to base any appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Broad called the court’s decision “correct,” upholding a PTAB ruling that “was clearly supported by sufficient evidence and followed applicable legal standards.’ As for what happens now, the Broad said, “It is time for all institutions to move beyond litigation. We should work together to ensure wide, open access to this transformative technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court decision, in the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/30/crispr-patent-appeal-hearing/\">argued\u003c/a> on April 30, clarifies the commercial landscape only partly, however. It allows the Broad to keep its patents, the first of which was awarded in 2014, on the foundational CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology for eukaryotic cells invented by Zhang. And it lets the Broad’s many licensees (notably Editas Medicine, which paid the Broad’s eight-figure legal costs) breathe easier. Since CRISPR Therapeutics licensed Charpentier’s invention (which is covered by the UC patent) and Intellia Therapeutics licensed Doudna’s, they now face a tougher but not impossible IP landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall Street reacted calmly to the news, which analysts and investors had largely expected. Stocks of the major CRISPR companies were largely unchanged in midday trading, with Editas and Intellia slightly up and CRISPR Therapeutics down just under 3 percent. Gena Wang, a biotech analyst at Barclays, said any additional appeals by UC are unlikely to succeed, meaning the Broad should retain its U.S. patents. “We believe cross-licensing likely could occur and do not expect these proceedings to have direct impact on the clinical development of each company,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting by Adam Feuerstein\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated with additional analysis and expert comment. It\u003c/em> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was \u003cem>originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">A federal appeals court on Monday struck another blow against the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/13/university-of-california-granted-a-key-crispr-patent/\">University of California’s\u003c/a> hopes of invalidating key CRISPR patents \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/15/crispr-patent-ruling/\">held by the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard\u003c/a>, ruling unanimously that a U.S. patent board correctly concluded that the Broad’s patents did not “interfere” with those that UC had applied for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Barring an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which is highly unlikely to accept the case, or a request for the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit to consider the case, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/13/crispr-patent-uc-appeal/\">long and bitter legal saga\u003c/a> is largely over, at least in the U.S. (The \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/28/crispr-university-of-california-patent/\">fight over CRISPR patents in Europe\u003c/a> continues.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Court of Appeals \u003ca href=\"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision\u003c/a> held that there was “no interference in fact” between CRISPR patents awarded to the Broad and CRISPR patents that UC had applied for. That is what three judges on the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, part of the U.S. patent office, had ruled unanimously in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The decision turned on two key and related points: whether the work that Broad scientist \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> did to make CRISPR edit the genome of mammalian cells was “obvious” in light of what Jennifer Doudna, of the University of California, Berkeley, and her colleagues accomplished in editing free floating DNA in test tubes, and whether Zhang and other scientists trying to do that had a “reasonable expectation of success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">There was “conflicting evidence,” patent expert Jacob Sherkow of New York Law School said in an interview, on whether any sufficiently skilled scientist could have taken Doudna’s breakthrough (done with her key collaborator, Emmanuelle Charpentier) using CRISPR in test tubes and turned it into a system that worked in human and other mammalian cells, as Zhang (and other scientists) did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in her sweeping opinion, Judge Kimberly Moore wrote that “substantial evidence supports [PTAB’s] finding that there was not a reasonable expectation of success, and we affirm…. [PTAB] did not err in its analysis.” The decision, said Sherkow, “is absolutely 100 percent correct on the law,” leaving UC essentially no path to a re-hearing by the full court, let alone by the Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTAB had ruled that Zhang’s success was by no means assured, citing Doudna’s own comments about how techniques that work in bacteria or test tubes often fail in higher-order cells, and that what Zhang did to turn CRISPR, a bacterial immune system, into a human-genome-editing tool was far from obvious. In an analysis that could well make scientists think twice about discussing the challenges of building on very basic discoveries, Moore cited Doudna’s acknowledgement of a “huge bottleneck” in modifying the genomes of humans and other animals, after Doudna and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charpentier \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> doing so in their test tube DNA in 2012. Doudna had also said that “2012 paper was a big success, but there was a problem. We weren’t sure if CRISPR/Cas9 would work in eukaryotes,” and conceded having “many frustrations” in getting CRISPR-Cas9 to work in human cells.” Those words came back to haunt her and sink UC’s hopes for a foundational CRISPR patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The central issue before the appeals court was whether the patent board had based its pro-Broad decision on “substantial evidence.” That, Sherkow \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/jsherkow/status/1039159547049504769\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tweeted,\u003c/a>was “an extremely high bar.” The appeals court ruled that the board did have substantial evidence for its decision that the Broad’s CRISPR patents did not overlap with UC’s, nor were they obvious from UC’s. That leaves UC extremely little ground on which to base any appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the Broad called the court’s decision “correct,” upholding a PTAB ruling that “was clearly supported by sufficient evidence and followed applicable legal standards.’ As for what happens now, the Broad said, “It is time for all institutions to move beyond litigation. We should work together to ensure wide, open access to this transformative technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court decision, in the case \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/30/crispr-patent-appeal-hearing/\">argued\u003c/a> on April 30, clarifies the commercial landscape only partly, however. It allows the Broad to keep its patents, the first of which was awarded in 2014, on the foundational CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology for eukaryotic cells invented by Zhang. And it lets the Broad’s many licensees (notably Editas Medicine, which paid the Broad’s eight-figure legal costs) breathe easier. Since CRISPR Therapeutics licensed Charpentier’s invention (which is covered by the UC patent) and Intellia Therapeutics licensed Doudna’s, they now face a tougher but not impossible IP landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wall Street reacted calmly to the news, which analysts and investors had largely expected. Stocks of the major CRISPR companies were largely unchanged in midday trading, with Editas and Intellia slightly up and CRISPR Therapeutics down just under 3 percent. Gena Wang, a biotech analyst at Barclays, said any additional appeals by UC are unlikely to succeed, meaning the Broad should retain its U.S. patents. “We believe cross-licensing likely could occur and do not expect these proceedings to have direct impact on the clinical development of each company,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>With additional reporting by Adam Feuerstein\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story has been updated with additional analysis and expert comment. It\u003c/em> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">was \u003cem>originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Researcher Battling Cancer Explores Alternatives To Opioid Treatments",
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"content": "\u003cp>The explosion of deaths related to opioid misuse has underscored a pressing need for better ways of treating pain, especially chronic pain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lrxhc0PiaxvZNwtQRWNC315GUyNFIRBB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duquesne University pharmacology associate professor Jelena Janjic thinks she's on to one. It involves using a patient's own immune system to deliver non-opioid pain medication to places in the body where there's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's idea, which draws from the field of cancer research, is to insert tiny amounts of over-the-counter pain medications into minute carriers called nanoparticles, and then inject these into pain patients. The medicines would then travel through the body to places where there is inflammation, and relieve the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic has a special reason for wanting to develop new medicines for chronic pain: She suffers from it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a patient, I want an answer,\" she says. \"I want to figure out this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no question that the need for better, non-addictive medications is real and urgent. Researchers have come up with\u003ca href=\"https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2018/6/2/new-treatments-on-the-horizon-for-chronic-pain\"> some ideas\u003c/a>, but so far none has made it to market. Finding new treatments is difficult for any disease and it's proving especially difficult for chronic pain because the underlying causes are poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting to modulate inflammation as way to treat pain \"is an active area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael L. Oshinsky\u003c/a>, Program Director, Pain and Migraine, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wUYL0s18LxOkY4wdczUfG5sVi8cK5dSj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oshinsky says Janjic's idea of targeting the immune system with nanoparticles carrying pain relievers makes sense, although he cautions that the relationship between inflammation and pain is not well understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's path to this research began in 2010. She has a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, and she had recently moved to Duquesne University where she had set up a lab focused on using nanomedicine techniques to treat cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like out of nowhere, of the blue, she started to suffer bouts of severe pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The one that hit me real hard was the whole body, from head to toe,\" she says. \"I've had on and off chronic pain since I was a teenager, but this was different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August that year, just before her students arrived back to school, she ended up in the emergency room with pain that was almost intolerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors' diagnosis was discouraging. They told her she had a chronic pain syndrome. They said there wasn't much they could do about it, and they said it was for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines they gave her helped with the pain somewhat, but left her feeling like she was living in a fog. She was having trouble remembering things, trouble taking notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things were weird. So I decided I am going to do research on myself,\" Janjic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control her own pain, she turned to mindfulness meditation and other non-medical interventions, including composing music and playing the piano. It's not as if the pain magically went away, she says, but she was able to carry on with her life. Some days were worse than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also wanted to find a medical solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made one important treatment decision early on: She didn't want to take opioids for her pain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"QMwX3Yw6AeYbgPKNOtGQ6rPZrGu4Q9y4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time I could have got them very easily,\" Janjic says. \"I said, 'What are you going to give me when I'm 67, or 87, if I take them now?' I knew they don't work long-term very well. So almost the refusal of opioids precipitated everything else that happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for alternatives to opioids, she dove into the scientific literature, to learn all she could about chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic pain syndromes are not well understood. With acute pain, it's usually possible to identify the cause—an injury of some sort, or inflammation caused by an infection. Chronic pain may be linked to an initial mishap, but may persist long after the initial cause of the pain has disappeared. Sometimes there's no good explanation of the pain at all, a frustrating circumstance for both doctor and patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her research, Janjic started paying close attention to her own condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I started to understand that my body was actually inflamed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammation occurs when our bodies' immune system tries to deal with some damage, maybe from an invading virus or bacteria, and sends a barrage of immune cells to the affected area. On the one hand this is a good thing, since the cells fight the infection. But on the other, it can stimulate nerve cells in a particular part of the body, causing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic also noticed something important about her pain: it varied both in intensity and in location. Sometimes it was in her knees, sometimes in her shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says none of the medicines available today responded to pain's \"diversity within the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I [started] to understand the fluctuation,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She realized that the fluctuation meant more immune cells were going to the part of the body where the pain was. She figured if she could get pain medicine into immune cells, that medicine would ride with those cells to where it was needed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YRLyRHWtPrWD1BScVQCmWanq4QjZQPO0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she got into pain research, Janjic was working on something called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer nanomedicine\u003c/a>. Cancer nanomedicines work by putting anti-cancer drugs into tiny containers called nanoparticles, and then injecting them into cancer patients, where they enter the patients' immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what did I already know how to do? Mess with the immune system with nanomedicines,\" Janjic says. \"And that's how the idea of pain nanomedicine was born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many years of tinkering, she's started to get positive results. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(18)30012-2/fulltext\">recently published study,\u003c/a> she showed that when researchers put a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug into a nanoparticle, and then injected that into a rat, it reduced the rat's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic says her approach doesn't try to disable the immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still want them to fight infection, you still want them to do what they're supposed to do,\" she says. \"But we almost try to stop them from going into override and causing chronic pain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic, who is also the founder and co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/chronic-pain-research-consortium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic Pain Research Consortium\u003c/a> at Duquesne University, is collaborating with several labs to try pairing different pain medications with different kinds of nano-particles to see what works best. So far progress is slow. And if one of the candidates shows real promise it will be years before anything can be tested in human patients and ultimately approved by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic credits her own experience with pain for helping her gain a better understanding of pain and how to treat it. She thinks researchers would learn a lot from routinely talking to the people they're trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take home message is, 'Ask the patient first,' \" Janjic says. \"Ask the kid who's ten. Ask the grandpa with rheumatoid arthritis what that feels like. This is what I really want to see flourish. Maybe this already happening somewhere. If it is, I want to know. If you are inspiring your research this way, then I want to talk to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inspired+By+Her+Own+Pain%2C+A+Researcher+Explores+Alternatives+To+Opioid+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The explosion of deaths related to opioid misuse has underscored a pressing need for better ways of treating pain, especially chronic pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duquesne University pharmacology associate professor Jelena Janjic thinks she's on to one. It involves using a patient's own immune system to deliver non-opioid pain medication to places in the body where there's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's idea, which draws from the field of cancer research, is to insert tiny amounts of over-the-counter pain medications into minute carriers called nanoparticles, and then inject these into pain patients. The medicines would then travel through the body to places where there is inflammation, and relieve the pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic has a special reason for wanting to develop new medicines for chronic pain: She suffers from it herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a patient, I want an answer,\" she says. \"I want to figure out this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no question that the need for better, non-addictive medications is real and urgent. Researchers have come up with\u003ca href=\"https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2018/6/2/new-treatments-on-the-horizon-for-chronic-pain\"> some ideas\u003c/a>, but so far none has made it to market. Finding new treatments is difficult for any disease and it's proving especially difficult for chronic pain because the underlying causes are poorly understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attempting to modulate inflammation as way to treat pain \"is an active area of research,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8824\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael L. Oshinsky\u003c/a>, Program Director, Pain and Migraine, at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oshinsky says Janjic's idea of targeting the immune system with nanoparticles carrying pain relievers makes sense, although he cautions that the relationship between inflammation and pain is not well understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic's path to this research began in 2010. She has a doctorate in medicinal chemistry, and she had recently moved to Duquesne University where she had set up a lab focused on using nanomedicine techniques to treat cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What seemed like out of nowhere, of the blue, she started to suffer bouts of severe pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The one that hit me real hard was the whole body, from head to toe,\" she says. \"I've had on and off chronic pain since I was a teenager, but this was different.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August that year, just before her students arrived back to school, she ended up in the emergency room with pain that was almost intolerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors' diagnosis was discouraging. They told her she had a chronic pain syndrome. They said there wasn't much they could do about it, and they said it was for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medicines they gave her helped with the pain somewhat, but left her feeling like she was living in a fog. She was having trouble remembering things, trouble taking notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things were weird. So I decided I am going to do research on myself,\" Janjic says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To control her own pain, she turned to mindfulness meditation and other non-medical interventions, including composing music and playing the piano. It's not as if the pain magically went away, she says, but she was able to carry on with her life. Some days were worse than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also wanted to find a medical solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made one important treatment decision early on: She didn't want to take opioids for her pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At the time I could have got them very easily,\" Janjic says. \"I said, 'What are you going to give me when I'm 67, or 87, if I take them now?' I knew they don't work long-term very well. So almost the refusal of opioids precipitated everything else that happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking for alternatives to opioids, she dove into the scientific literature, to learn all she could about chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chronic pain syndromes are not well understood. With acute pain, it's usually possible to identify the cause—an injury of some sort, or inflammation caused by an infection. Chronic pain may be linked to an initial mishap, but may persist long after the initial cause of the pain has disappeared. Sometimes there's no good explanation of the pain at all, a frustrating circumstance for both doctor and patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to her research, Janjic started paying close attention to her own condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I started to understand that my body was actually inflamed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflammation occurs when our bodies' immune system tries to deal with some damage, maybe from an invading virus or bacteria, and sends a barrage of immune cells to the affected area. On the one hand this is a good thing, since the cells fight the infection. But on the other, it can stimulate nerve cells in a particular part of the body, causing pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic also noticed something important about her pain: it varied both in intensity and in location. Sometimes it was in her knees, sometimes in her shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says none of the medicines available today responded to pain's \"diversity within the body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I [started] to understand the fluctuation,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She realized that the fluctuation meant more immune cells were going to the part of the body where the pain was. She figured if she could get pain medicine into immune cells, that medicine would ride with those cells to where it was needed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she got into pain research, Janjic was working on something called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cancer nanomedicine\u003c/a>. Cancer nanomedicines work by putting anti-cancer drugs into tiny containers called nanoparticles, and then injecting them into cancer patients, where they enter the patients' immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So what did I already know how to do? Mess with the immune system with nanomedicines,\" Janjic says. \"And that's how the idea of pain nanomedicine was born.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many years of tinkering, she's started to get positive results. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.jni-journal.com/article/S0165-5728(18)30012-2/fulltext\">recently published study,\u003c/a> she showed that when researchers put a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug into a nanoparticle, and then injected that into a rat, it reduced the rat's pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic says her approach doesn't try to disable the immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You still want them to fight infection, you still want them to do what they're supposed to do,\" she says. \"But we almost try to stop them from going into override and causing chronic pain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic, who is also the founder and co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.duq.edu/about/centers-and-institutes/chronic-pain-research-consortium\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chronic Pain Research Consortium\u003c/a> at Duquesne University, is collaborating with several labs to try pairing different pain medications with different kinds of nano-particles to see what works best. So far progress is slow. And if one of the candidates shows real promise it will be years before anything can be tested in human patients and ultimately approved by the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janjic credits her own experience with pain for helping her gain a better understanding of pain and how to treat it. She thinks researchers would learn a lot from routinely talking to the people they're trying to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My take home message is, 'Ask the patient first,' \" Janjic says. \"Ask the kid who's ten. Ask the grandpa with rheumatoid arthritis what that feels like. This is what I really want to see flourish. Maybe this already happening somewhere. If it is, I want to know. If you are inspiring your research this way, then I want to talk to you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Inspired+By+Her+Own+Pain%2C+A+Researcher+Explores+Alternatives+To+Opioid+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Looks Like Pharma Has Given Up on Alzheimer's Cure",
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"content": "\u003cp>Alzheimer's is currently the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Alzheimer's Association. About 5.7 million Americans currently suffer from the disease, with around a half-million new cases diagnosed every year. Fourteen million Americans are projected to have Alzheimer's by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A review of 112 experimental Alzheimer's drugs in clinical trials shows only one aimed at slowing the course of the disease in patients with moderate to severe forms of the disease.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That is an enormous toll taken on patients and families. But unfortunately, the outlook on finding a cure is equally grim, as STAT reporter Sharon Begley recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/15/alzheimers-patients-drug-development-outrage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>. After more than 20 years of failure to reverse or slow the disease by targeting amyloid plaques in the brain, Begley writes, there are now literally \u003cem>no experimental drugs in late-stage clinical trials\u003c/em> to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's, the latter of which is characterized by extreme confusion requiring round-the-clock care patient care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley spoke about her reporting with KQED's Brian Watt on Friday. The following is a transcript of the interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of progress in Alzheimer's drug development\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last drug for Alzheimer's was approved in 2003. So 15 years and we have had nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I talked about the situation with patient advocates and neurologists and people in the lab desperately trying to come up with something to help people. One expert used a term that made me just sit up and practically gasp. He called it \"therapeutic nihilism.\" And by that he meant the disease has proved so challenging to scientists that people have almost given up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studies, drug after drug has failed. The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the contrast between activism around HIV/AIDS and the lack of advocacy around Alzheimer's \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of attention, drug development, et cetera for HIV/AIDS have been hugely impressive. And that's why I contrasted it with Alzheimer's, wondering: Where is the outrage over the lack of progress?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there you have things like the age of patients. With HIV/AIDS, the tragic toll was, at least initially, on men in their prime. For Alzheimer's, primarily affecting people 65 and older, there's at least some sentiment that they've had a good life, that's the way it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of drugs being tested for moderate to severe Alzheimer's\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's what's called a pipeline analysis done every year by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic. They look at all the experimental compounds being tested in patients, and they ask, \"What kind of patients are they being tested in?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They broke it down into people who do not have Alzheimer's but have some of the risk factors, and people who have mild, moderate or severe Alzheimer's. What really made me sit up was that the number of drugs being tested to see whether they can stop or even reverse the actual course of the disease in people with moderate or severe Alzheimer's is 1 out of 112.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all hope they can stop Alzheimer's at earlier stages. We all know somebody who has Alzheimer's, and when they first get it if you could look at that person and say, wow, you don't actually have a diagnosis yet, but you're on the cusp, so here's a drug that will help you from getting Alzheimer's ... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you. And if there's nothing in the pipeline for people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, that means there will be nothing for anybody who is diagnosed in 2018, in 2019, and probably for the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>On the response from patient advocates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought I would call them and give them a softball. Let them say, \"This is untenable. We know it's expensive, but these drug companies just really have to step up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Instead they told me things like, \"Boy, it's really hard to develop drugs. It's understandable that the drug companies have pulled back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The market for preventing the development of Alzheimer's is much greater than for even the people who have it. If you develop something to prevent Alzheimer's that you can give to tens of millions of healthy people, that would be a huge profit boost for your company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think it would be naïve of anyone to say that there are no financial considerations here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Alzheimer's is currently the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Alzheimer's Association. About 5.7 million Americans currently suffer from the disease, with around a half-million new cases diagnosed every year. Fourteen million Americans are projected to have Alzheimer's by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A review of 112 experimental Alzheimer's drugs in clinical trials shows only one aimed at slowing the course of the disease in patients with moderate to severe forms of the disease.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That is an enormous toll taken on patients and families. But unfortunately, the outlook on finding a cure is equally grim, as STAT reporter Sharon Begley recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/15/alzheimers-patients-drug-development-outrage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>. After more than 20 years of failure to reverse or slow the disease by targeting amyloid plaques in the brain, Begley writes, there are now literally \u003cem>no experimental drugs in late-stage clinical trials\u003c/em> to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's, the latter of which is characterized by extreme confusion requiring round-the-clock care patient care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begley spoke about her reporting with KQED's Brian Watt on Friday. The following is a transcript of the interview, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of progress in Alzheimer's drug development\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last drug for Alzheimer's was approved in 2003. So 15 years and we have had nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I talked about the situation with patient advocates and neurologists and people in the lab desperately trying to come up with something to help people. One expert used a term that made me just sit up and practically gasp. He called it \"therapeutic nihilism.\" And by that he meant the disease has proved so challenging to scientists that people have almost given up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studies, drug after drug has failed. The drug companies have spent and lost billions of dollars trying to find something that works for Alzheimer's patients. And they're giving up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the contrast between activism around HIV/AIDS and the lack of advocacy around Alzheimer's \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of attention, drug development, et cetera for HIV/AIDS have been hugely impressive. And that's why I contrasted it with Alzheimer's, wondering: Where is the outrage over the lack of progress?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there you have things like the age of patients. With HIV/AIDS, the tragic toll was, at least initially, on men in their prime. For Alzheimer's, primarily affecting people 65 and older, there's at least some sentiment that they've had a good life, that's the way it goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the lack of drugs being tested for moderate to severe Alzheimer's\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's what's called a pipeline analysis done every year by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic. They look at all the experimental compounds being tested in patients, and they ask, \"What kind of patients are they being tested in?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They broke it down into people who do not have Alzheimer's but have some of the risk factors, and people who have mild, moderate or severe Alzheimer's. What really made me sit up was that the number of drugs being tested to see whether they can stop or even reverse the actual course of the disease in people with moderate or severe Alzheimer's is 1 out of 112.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all hope they can stop Alzheimer's at earlier stages. We all know somebody who has Alzheimer's, and when they first get it if you could look at that person and say, wow, you don't actually have a diagnosis yet, but you're on the cusp, so here's a drug that will help you from getting Alzheimer's ... .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are 5.5 million people and growing that already have the disease. So what we're essentially saying to them is that it's really unfortunate but we have nothing that will help you. And if there's nothing in the pipeline for people with moderate to severe Alzheimer's, that means there will be nothing for anybody who is diagnosed in 2018, in 2019, and probably for the next 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>On the response from patient advocates\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought I would call them and give them a softball. Let them say, \"This is untenable. We know it's expensive, but these drug companies just really have to step up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Instead they told me things like, \"Boy, it's really hard to develop drugs. It's understandable that the drug companies have pulled back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I will simply note without comment that the patient advocacy groups get buckets of money from drug developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The market for preventing the development of Alzheimer's is much greater than for even the people who have it. If you develop something to prevent Alzheimer's that you can give to tens of millions of healthy people, that would be a huge profit boost for your company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think it would be naïve of anyone to say that there are no financial considerations here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start",
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"content": "\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nLB0LaskunDkFSzX8O5LVSxfj3Ayt7CZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"FMPymRVSamCP4f8RpmzlwSdu0yioj0rt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.[contextly_sidebar id=\"g6IAb2xjtv0z0Te9cBhCwQAn8pi68Yxx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Theranos — the Silicon Valley blood-testing startup whose former top executives are accused of carrying out a massive, years-long fraud — is shutting down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Taylor, who became CEO in June, said Theranos will dissolve after it attempts to pay creditors with its remaining cash. The news was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130\">reported\u003c/a> by \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>, which published \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Theranos_Stockholders_Letter_2018.pdf?mod=article_inline\">the letter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter explains that the company \"intends to enter into an assignment for the benefit of creditors.\" This arrangement would allow for all of Theranos' assets, other than its intellectual property, to be assigned to a third party in trust for the company's creditors. The company says it has about $5 million remaining in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because the Company's cash is not nearly sufficient to pay all of its creditors in full, there will be no distributions to shareholders,\" the letter states. After the assignment process, the company intends to dissolve. The \u003cem>Journal \u003c/em>reports that most of the company's remaining employees worked their last day on Aug. 31, while Taylor and a few others have just a few more days on the payroll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under founder and now-former CEO Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos raised more than $700 million from investors and was valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\">$9 billion\u003c/a> at its peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes had claimed that the company's technology could run comprehensive lab tests using just a few drops of blood — a pitch that appealed to Walgreens, which partnered with Theranos to offer the blood tests in its stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, in a criminal indictment, the Justice Department says that Holmes and her then-boyfriend, former President and COO Ramesh \"Sunny\" Balwani, perpetrated \"a multi-million dollar scheme to defraud investors, and a separate scheme to defraud doctors and patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They each face nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Holmes and Balwani knew that many of their representations about the analyzer were false,\" the Justice Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/theranos-founder-and-former-chief-operating-officer-charged-alleged-wire-fraud-schemes\">said\u003c/a> when the charges were announced in June. \"For example, allegedly, Holmes and Balwani knew that the analyzer, in truth, had accuracy and reliability problems, performed a limited number of tests, was slower than some competing devices, and, in some respects, could not compete with existing, more conventional machines. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR's James Doubek \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/15/593809254/sec-charges-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-with-elaborate-years-long-fraud\">reported\u003c/a> in March, Holmes has already settled civil charges brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission, agreeing to pay a $500,000 penalty and to refrain from serving as a director or officer of a publicly traded company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, Holmes and Theranos did not admit or deny the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balwani continues to fight the SEC's charges against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Theranos%2C+Blood-Testing+Company+Plagued+By+Scandal%2C+Says+It+Will+Dissolve&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Theranos — the Silicon Valley blood-testing startup whose former top executives are accused of carrying out a massive, years-long fraud — is shutting down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Taylor, who became CEO in June, said Theranos will dissolve after it attempts to pay creditors with its remaining cash. The news was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130\">reported\u003c/a> by \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em>, which published \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Theranos_Stockholders_Letter_2018.pdf?mod=article_inline\">the letter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter explains that the company \"intends to enter into an assignment for the benefit of creditors.\" This arrangement would allow for all of Theranos' assets, other than its intellectual property, to be assigned to a third party in trust for the company's creditors. The company says it has about $5 million remaining in cash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Because the Company's cash is not nearly sufficient to pay all of its creditors in full, there will be no distributions to shareholders,\" the letter states. After the assignment process, the company intends to dissolve. The \u003cem>Journal \u003c/em>reports that most of the company's remaining employees worked their last day on Aug. 31, while Taylor and a few others have just a few more days on the payroll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under founder and now-former CEO Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos raised more than $700 million from investors and was valued at \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\">$9 billion\u003c/a> at its peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes had claimed that the company's technology could run comprehensive lab tests using just a few drops of blood — a pitch that appealed to Walgreens, which partnered with Theranos to offer the blood tests in its stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, in a criminal indictment, the Justice Department says that Holmes and her then-boyfriend, former President and COO Ramesh \"Sunny\" Balwani, perpetrated \"a multi-million dollar scheme to defraud investors, and a separate scheme to defraud doctors and patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They each face nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Holmes and Balwani knew that many of their representations about the analyzer were false,\" the Justice Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/theranos-founder-and-former-chief-operating-officer-charged-alleged-wire-fraud-schemes\">said\u003c/a> when the charges were announced in June. \"For example, allegedly, Holmes and Balwani knew that the analyzer, in truth, had accuracy and reliability problems, performed a limited number of tests, was slower than some competing devices, and, in some respects, could not compete with existing, more conventional machines. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR's James Doubek \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/15/593809254/sec-charges-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-with-elaborate-years-long-fraud\">reported\u003c/a> in March, Holmes has already settled civil charges brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission, agreeing to pay a $500,000 penalty and to refrain from serving as a director or officer of a publicly traded company for 10 years. As part of the settlement, Holmes and Theranos did not admit or deny the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Balwani continues to fight the SEC's charges against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Theranos%2C+Blood-Testing+Company+Plagued+By+Scandal%2C+Says+It+Will+Dissolve&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How to Plan a Wedding in the Global Warming Era",
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"content": "\u003cp>Melting cakes and melting guests. Wilting flowers and wilting brides. A hot day can spell disaster for a wedding unless there's detailed preparation beforehand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, on average, experiences about 74 \"mild weather days\" every year, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1885-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 2017 study\u003c/a> in the Journal of Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is 74 chances to hold the perfect outdoor wedding with tolerable temperatures, low humidity and nearly no precipitation, according to Sarah Kapnick, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate scientist and co-author of that study. She says it was inspired by frequent requests from worried friends to predict the weather on their wedding days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the odds are better if the wedding is held in generally temperate San Diego (180 mild weather days per year) rather than boggy Washington, D.C. (81 mild weather days per year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But overall, the globe is set to lose four mild weather days in the next two decades and a total of nine by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[That means] the summers in the United States [are] getting hotter. They're also becoming more humid, particularly in the South and Southeast,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shifts in temperature are leading to shifts in the wedding industry as bakers, photographers, florists and the couples they serve think more critically about how to beat the heat on this all-important day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Date: Fall is the New Summer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter, it's actually getting warmer. And so you're having more mild weather days in the winter, and also in the shoulder seasons: spring and fall,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shoulder seasons have become increasingly popular for weddings. \u003ca href=\"https://go.weddingwire.com/newlywed-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to WeddingWire's annual survey\u003c/a> of newlyweds, fewer than a third of all weddings now occur in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, wedding dates in May, June and July were most common. But in 2017, September, October and November took the top spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no conclusive evidence to suggest the shift is because of rising temperatures, but Kapnick says that the fall presents a lower risk of heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are looking to get married often outside, often during pleasant weather where people can be active: They can be dancing, they can be enjoying themselves,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though, of course, thousands of weddings still take place across the country each summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ceremony: Shorten It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.P. Reynolds has been marrying couples in Southern California for more than 20 years. He says he's often the first to bake in the hot sun at an outdoor wedding, standing patiently as the entire wedding party glides down the aisle. He also gets an extended view of the misery of guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People look so uncomfortable. They're fanning themselves. They're squinting. They're using the programs as shades,\" he says. \"And they're not interested in listening to someone do a reading about what is the art of marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds says he's adjusting to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has cut down his average ceremony time by about 10 minutes and limits couples to one reading. \"But I don't want the ceremony to be wham bam. There needs to be a certain texture to the ceremony,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flowers: Think Tropical\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawna Yamamoto, a floral designer in Orange County, Calif., urges couples to choose tropical flowers for hot, outdoor weddings, which fare best in high temperatures and usually last longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Roses, for example, are grown in South America. The temperatures are pretty much the same year-round there, and they're a very hardy flower,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After flowers are chosen, it's a race to order and arrange them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a standard rule that a flower should have a shelf life of seven days from the time they're cut. But that starts from the grower,\" explains Yamamoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamamoto uses a walk-in fridge and a refrigerated truck and insulates flowers in plastic wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she has more advice for couples: \"Rely heavily on the professional. Be open to what's in season and what's readily available. The overall look can be achieved with different flowers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silk flowers are also a convincing option, points out Rrivre Davies, a Los Angeles wedding designer and president of the Wedding International Professionals Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Food: Use Twice the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caterers are used to handling the heat. \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/restaurant/cooking_heat.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to\u003c/a> the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, temperatures can reach 110 degrees in a busy kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Davies says, wedding caterers these days often need more air conditioning in their workstations — whether that's an indoor kitchen or an outdoor tent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the heat can also increase costs passed onto the engaged couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Caterers are telling me that they're looking at the 15-day weather forecast, and if it's going to be hot, they're buying twice the ice they used to buy,\" Davies says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Cake: Frosty or Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat can melt exterior decorations on a cake or undermine the structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Bailey, owner of The Butter End Cakery in Los Angeles, had to reroute the duct work in her studio to keep the decorating room cool. She and her staff have also taken to decorating with the lights off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And transporting the cake is even trickier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're having to coordinate timing a lot closer to when guest arrival is, and that makes it harder on our delivery schedule,\" Bailey says. \"We don't want the cake sitting out one minute longer than it has to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has an insulated, refrigerated van that manages \"shock\"— i.e. \"going from an air-conditioned van to a warm environment\" — by slowly warming up during transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the cake may sit for up to six hours until it is cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to take extra care to work with the event planner to ensure the cake is shielded from direct sun,\" Bailey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bakers are increasingly fielding requests from couples who ask for display-only cakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some folks don't even want to take the chance. If we know it's going to be hot, they'll opt for faux tiers,\" Bailey explains. \"The base tier will be real, and the top layers will be foam drums covered in buttercream or fondant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those instances, the guests are served slices from a sheet cake in the kitchen. The faux cake sometimes costs more than the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Venue: Keep it Shady\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davies says event designers should create stylish, covered spaces for outdoor ceremonies or receptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We created wooden pergola structures that we can put fabric on top of,\" Davies says. \"We've hung misters from those or put curtains on the side.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also advises his clients to spend some extra money on air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Photos: Grandma Goes First\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographers have traditionally followed an important courtesy: Snap the young and the elderly before the rest of the wedding party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Paul Rumohr, a wedding photographer in Los Angeles, says this courtesy has become more of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids have short attention spans, and in the heat, it's even crazier,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And heat can also affect the quality of photographs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The better the conditions are, the more likely you are to have great photos,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People look better in overcast weather than in direct sun, according to Rumohr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the weather was better, I think people would be getting more for their money. We do the best that we can, given the conditions we have,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Dress: Choose Haute Over Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magazines like \u003ca href=\"https://www.brides.com/gallery/wedding-dress-trends-fall-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bride\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.vogue.com/article/spring-2019-bridal-fashion-week-trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vogue\u003c/a> set wedding dress trends for 2018: capes, full skirts, jumpsuits and long sleeves. All of these styles cover a lot of skin and likely retain body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dress is one part of the wedding where staying cool doesn't really matter, according to Davies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Dress shops] aren't seeing a big impact in what brides are choosing,\" he says. \"When a bride has spent two or three decades thinking about what she wants to look like on her wedding day, she's not really going to be looking at the weather forecast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most brides, Davies says, try to duck into air conditioning when they can or have a fan handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Say+%27I+Do%27+Without+The+Sweat%3A+Wedding+Pros+Share+How+They+Beat+The+Heat&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Melting cakes and melting guests. Wilting flowers and wilting brides. A hot day can spell disaster for a wedding unless there's detailed preparation beforehand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States, on average, experiences about 74 \"mild weather days\" every year, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-016-1885-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 2017 study\u003c/a> in the Journal of Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is 74 chances to hold the perfect outdoor wedding with tolerable temperatures, low humidity and nearly no precipitation, according to Sarah Kapnick, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration climate scientist and co-author of that study. She says it was inspired by frequent requests from worried friends to predict the weather on their wedding days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the odds are better if the wedding is held in generally temperate San Diego (180 mild weather days per year) rather than boggy Washington, D.C. (81 mild weather days per year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But overall, the globe is set to lose four mild weather days in the next two decades and a total of nine by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[That means] the summers in the United States [are] getting hotter. They're also becoming more humid, particularly in the South and Southeast,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shifts in temperature are leading to shifts in the wedding industry as bakers, photographers, florists and the couples they serve think more critically about how to beat the heat on this all-important day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Date: Fall is the New Summer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter, it's actually getting warmer. And so you're having more mild weather days in the winter, and also in the shoulder seasons: spring and fall,\" Kapnick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those shoulder seasons have become increasingly popular for weddings. \u003ca href=\"https://go.weddingwire.com/newlywed-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to WeddingWire's annual survey\u003c/a> of newlyweds, fewer than a third of all weddings now occur in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, wedding dates in May, June and July were most common. But in 2017, September, October and November took the top spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no conclusive evidence to suggest the shift is because of rising temperatures, but Kapnick says that the fall presents a lower risk of heat stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are looking to get married often outside, often during pleasant weather where people can be active: They can be dancing, they can be enjoying themselves,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though, of course, thousands of weddings still take place across the country each summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ceremony: Shorten It\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J.P. Reynolds has been marrying couples in Southern California for more than 20 years. He says he's often the first to bake in the hot sun at an outdoor wedding, standing patiently as the entire wedding party glides down the aisle. He also gets an extended view of the misery of guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People look so uncomfortable. They're fanning themselves. They're squinting. They're using the programs as shades,\" he says. \"And they're not interested in listening to someone do a reading about what is the art of marriage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reynolds says he's adjusting to higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has cut down his average ceremony time by about 10 minutes and limits couples to one reading. \"But I don't want the ceremony to be wham bam. There needs to be a certain texture to the ceremony,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flowers: Think Tropical\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shawna Yamamoto, a floral designer in Orange County, Calif., urges couples to choose tropical flowers for hot, outdoor weddings, which fare best in high temperatures and usually last longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Roses, for example, are grown in South America. The temperatures are pretty much the same year-round there, and they're a very hardy flower,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After flowers are chosen, it's a race to order and arrange them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a standard rule that a flower should have a shelf life of seven days from the time they're cut. But that starts from the grower,\" explains Yamamoto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yamamoto uses a walk-in fridge and a refrigerated truck and insulates flowers in plastic wrap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she has more advice for couples: \"Rely heavily on the professional. Be open to what's in season and what's readily available. The overall look can be achieved with different flowers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silk flowers are also a convincing option, points out Rrivre Davies, a Los Angeles wedding designer and president of the Wedding International Professionals Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Food: Use Twice the Ice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caterers are used to handling the heat. \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/restaurant/cooking_heat.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to\u003c/a> the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, temperatures can reach 110 degrees in a busy kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Davies says, wedding caterers these days often need more air conditioning in their workstations — whether that's an indoor kitchen or an outdoor tent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the heat can also increase costs passed onto the engaged couple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Caterers are telling me that they're looking at the 15-day weather forecast, and if it's going to be hot, they're buying twice the ice they used to buy,\" Davies says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Cake: Frosty or Foam\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat can melt exterior decorations on a cake or undermine the structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Bailey, owner of The Butter End Cakery in Los Angeles, had to reroute the duct work in her studio to keep the decorating room cool. She and her staff have also taken to decorating with the lights off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And transporting the cake is even trickier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're having to coordinate timing a lot closer to when guest arrival is, and that makes it harder on our delivery schedule,\" Bailey says. \"We don't want the cake sitting out one minute longer than it has to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She has an insulated, refrigerated van that manages \"shock\"— i.e. \"going from an air-conditioned van to a warm environment\" — by slowly warming up during transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the cake may sit for up to six hours until it is cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to take extra care to work with the event planner to ensure the cake is shielded from direct sun,\" Bailey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bakers are increasingly fielding requests from couples who ask for display-only cakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some folks don't even want to take the chance. If we know it's going to be hot, they'll opt for faux tiers,\" Bailey explains. \"The base tier will be real, and the top layers will be foam drums covered in buttercream or fondant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those instances, the guests are served slices from a sheet cake in the kitchen. The faux cake sometimes costs more than the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Venue: Keep it Shady\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davies says event designers should create stylish, covered spaces for outdoor ceremonies or receptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We created wooden pergola structures that we can put fabric on top of,\" Davies says. \"We've hung misters from those or put curtains on the side.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also advises his clients to spend some extra money on air conditioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Photos: Grandma Goes First\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photographers have traditionally followed an important courtesy: Snap the young and the elderly before the rest of the wedding party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Paul Rumohr, a wedding photographer in Los Angeles, says this courtesy has become more of a priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Kids have short attention spans, and in the heat, it's even crazier,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And heat can also affect the quality of photographs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The better the conditions are, the more likely you are to have great photos,\" Rumohr says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People look better in overcast weather than in direct sun, according to Rumohr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the weather was better, I think people would be getting more for their money. We do the best that we can, given the conditions we have,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Dress: Choose Haute Over Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Magazines like \u003ca href=\"https://www.brides.com/gallery/wedding-dress-trends-fall-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bride\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.vogue.com/article/spring-2019-bridal-fashion-week-trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vogue\u003c/a> set wedding dress trends for 2018: capes, full skirts, jumpsuits and long sleeves. All of these styles cover a lot of skin and likely retain body heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the dress is one part of the wedding where staying cool doesn't really matter, according to Davies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[Dress shops] aren't seeing a big impact in what brides are choosing,\" he says. \"When a bride has spent two or three decades thinking about what she wants to look like on her wedding day, she's not really going to be looking at the weather forecast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most brides, Davies says, try to duck into air conditioning when they can or have a fan handy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Say+%27I+Do%27+Without+The+Sweat%3A+Wedding+Pros+Share+How+They+Beat+The+Heat&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Gun Ranking Shows the Impact of Gun Deaths Worldwide",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2016, more than 250,000 people worldwide died as a result of firearms, and half of all of those deaths came from six nations, including the U.S.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Sq405EaoxZZES4Xjef22Cavnquq3czrJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new numbers, from the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s latest study of Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors, offer several new ways to measure the impact of gun deaths worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of all gun-related deaths in 2016 occurred in six nations — Brazil, the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and Guatemala. Together, the study published in the journal JAMA noted, these countries hold less than 10 percent of the world’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"656\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png 656w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-240x135.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-375x211.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-520x293.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, 64 percent of deaths were determined to be homicides, while an additional 27 percent were suicides and 9 percent were accidental shootings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But country to country, looking at the ways people die due to gunfire produces a deeply varied picture, said Christopher Murray, the institute’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the number of gun-related homicides, the U.S. ranks 30th worldwide. But suicides linked to guns occurred in the U.S. at a rate of 6.4 per 100,000 deaths — a total of 23,800 people — the second highest rate worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These numbers come days after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/police-said-jacksonville-shooter-clearly-targeted-other-gamers-heres-what-we-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gunman in Jacksonville, Florida,\u003c/a> fatally shot two people and injured 11 more before he killed himself Sunday during a video game tournament in a shopping mall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While mass shootings like these capture the most media attention, they are responsible for a small sliver of overall gun deaths in the United States, gun violence experts Frederick P. Rivara, David M. Studdert and Garen J. Wintemute wrote in an editorial published in JAMA alongside the new report.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SZDflZXxowNtlSQKEIza6tXHHr8FLgte\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the United States and elsewhere, acts of terrorism committed with firearms and other lethal means have changed the way people live, work, travel, and play,” they wrote. “In the United States, armed guards patrol some schools, and some politicians have advocated allowing teachers to carry guns. Although mass shootings and terrorist attacks are the most visible form of gun violence, they account for only a small fraction of the public health burden of firearm-related morbidity and mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444188\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"849\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest report, researchers pulled data about 195 nations and territories, using nearly 2,900 different sources — a median of nine different datasets per nation. The study looks at data from 1990 to 2016, and was largely based on death certificate reports, Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, 37,200 people died as a result of overall gun use in 2016, the second highest number worldwide. But when it comes to gun deaths per capita, the U.S. ranks 20th, at a rate of 10.6 per 100,000 deaths — putting it on par with the Dominican Republic. Many places with high gun death rates had fewer deaths than the U.S. because of smaller populations. For instance, El Salvador produced the highest combined gun death rate of 39.2 per 100,000 deaths, but recorded 2,500 deaths overall. When it comes to gun-related suicides, Greenland has a higher rate than the U.S. — 22 per 100,000 deaths — but 11 deaths overall.[contextly_sidebar id=\"pS1JGptwnHklq6Q8wfMEcuPaC8OU1zOO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1990, the number of gun deaths has declined, the report said. But nearly every year since then, firearm deaths outside conflict zones outnumbered deaths that occurred as a result of war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We spend a lot of time thinking about conflict, and probably, we should be spending as much or more time thinking about how to reduce firearm-related homicide and suicide,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These latest numbers “provide the best data” on global gun deaths, said David Hemenway, who developed and directs the National Violent Death Reporting System at Harvard University. Overall, the report underscores that guns “are a major public health problem, not just in the U.S. but throughout the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without good data, you just don’t have the knowledge you need to make wise decisions,” said Hemenway, who was not involved in the study. More good data like this is crucial if policymakers want to bring death numbers down, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-444189\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1996, Congress passed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-we-dont-know-about-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dickey Amendment\u003c/a>, which had a chilling effect on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-led research into gun violence. Soon, the CDC withdrew questions from federal surveys about household gun ownership. Hemenway said losing these questions robbed two decades worth of researchers of the ability to gauge how easily Americans could access guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Congress approved funding to allow the CDC to collect data on violent deaths from all 50 states, a huge improvement over the fraction of states that had previously made data available, Hemenway said. This would give researchers and policymakers a clearer picture about how many Americans die nationwide as a result of guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legally procured guns play a role in most deaths by suicide in the U.S., Murray said, which means this kind of information will be even more critical as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/suicide-rate-rising-fastest-among-women-cdc-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nation’s suicide rate\u003c/a> continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you are having thoughts of suicide, go to SpeakingOfSuicide.com/resources or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 (TALK).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2016, more than 250,000 people worldwide died as a result of firearms, and half of all of those deaths came from six nations, including the U.S.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new numbers, from the University of Washington’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s latest study of Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors, offer several new ways to measure the impact of gun deaths worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of all gun-related deaths in 2016 occurred in six nations — Brazil, the United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia and Guatemala. Together, the study published in the journal JAMA noted, these countries hold less than 10 percent of the world’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444187\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"656\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME.png 656w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-160x90.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-240x135.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-375x211.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gundeaths2016IHME-520x293.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, 64 percent of deaths were determined to be homicides, while an additional 27 percent were suicides and 9 percent were accidental shootings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But country to country, looking at the ways people die due to gunfire produces a deeply varied picture, said Christopher Murray, the institute’s director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the number of gun-related homicides, the U.S. ranks 30th worldwide. But suicides linked to guns occurred in the U.S. at a rate of 6.4 per 100,000 deaths — a total of 23,800 people — the second highest rate worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These numbers come days after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/police-said-jacksonville-shooter-clearly-targeted-other-gamers-heres-what-we-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gunman in Jacksonville, Florida,\u003c/a> fatally shot two people and injured 11 more before he killed himself Sunday during a video game tournament in a shopping mall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While mass shootings like these capture the most media attention, they are responsible for a small sliver of overall gun deaths in the United States, gun violence experts Frederick P. Rivara, David M. Studdert and Garen J. Wintemute wrote in an editorial published in JAMA alongside the new report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the United States and elsewhere, acts of terrorism committed with firearms and other lethal means have changed the way people live, work, travel, and play,” they wrote. “In the United States, armed guards patrol some schools, and some politicians have advocated allowing teachers to carry guns. Although mass shootings and terrorist attacks are the most visible form of gun violence, they account for only a small fraction of the public health burden of firearm-related morbidity and mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-444188\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"849\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-death-rate-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this latest report, researchers pulled data about 195 nations and territories, using nearly 2,900 different sources — a median of nine different datasets per nation. The study looks at data from 1990 to 2016, and was largely based on death certificate reports, Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the United States, 37,200 people died as a result of overall gun use in 2016, the second highest number worldwide. But when it comes to gun deaths per capita, the U.S. ranks 20th, at a rate of 10.6 per 100,000 deaths — putting it on par with the Dominican Republic. Many places with high gun death rates had fewer deaths than the U.S. because of smaller populations. For instance, El Salvador produced the highest combined gun death rate of 39.2 per 100,000 deaths, but recorded 2,500 deaths overall. When it comes to gun-related suicides, Greenland has a higher rate than the U.S. — 22 per 100,000 deaths — but 11 deaths overall.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1990, the number of gun deaths has declined, the report said. But nearly every year since then, firearm deaths outside conflict zones outnumbered deaths that occurred as a result of war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We spend a lot of time thinking about conflict, and probably, we should be spending as much or more time thinking about how to reduce firearm-related homicide and suicide,” Murray said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These latest numbers “provide the best data” on global gun deaths, said David Hemenway, who developed and directs the National Violent Death Reporting System at Harvard University. Overall, the report underscores that guns “are a major public health problem, not just in the U.S. but throughout the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without good data, you just don’t have the knowledge you need to make wise decisions,” said Hemenway, who was not involved in the study. More good data like this is crucial if policymakers want to bring death numbers down, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter wp-image-444189\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024.png 849w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-160x193.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-800x965.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-768x926.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-240x289.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-375x452.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/top-20-total-deaths-revised-849x1024-520x627.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1996, Congress passed the\u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-we-dont-know-about-gun-violence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Dickey Amendment\u003c/a>, which had a chilling effect on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-led research into gun violence. Soon, the CDC withdrew questions from federal surveys about household gun ownership. Hemenway said losing these questions robbed two decades worth of researchers of the ability to gauge how easily Americans could access guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Congress approved funding to allow the CDC to collect data on violent deaths from all 50 states, a huge improvement over the fraction of states that had previously made data available, Hemenway said. This would give researchers and policymakers a clearer picture about how many Americans die nationwide as a result of guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legally procured guns play a role in most deaths by suicide in the U.S., Murray said, which means this kind of information will be even more critical as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/suicide-rate-rising-fastest-among-women-cdc-says\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nation’s suicide rate\u003c/a> continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you are having thoughts of suicide, go to SpeakingOfSuicide.com/resources or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 (TALK).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As he grew older, Dale Kunitomi paid closer attention to his health — and to his doctor’s advice. When he noticed rectal bleeding in 2010, he went to see his physician, who ordered a colonoscopy.[contextly_sidebar id=\"vc7B3eLIIv6aV3Hq5qcJq85a0z0PMqRC\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diagnosis: colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunitomi, now 74, underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy — and now he has been cancer-free for seven years. “The things that are said about early detection and living a healthy lifestyle are important,” said Kunitomi, a resident of Ventura County, Calif. “You are foolish if you don’t pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians are living longer with most types of cancer, due to earlier detection and more effective treatments, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/13098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a> from the University of California-Davis. But racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published this month, shows that 65 percent of people diagnosed with cancer between 2006 and 2010 survived five years or more from the time their disease was discovered, up from 58 percent for those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The researchers drew from data on 1.4 million California adults diagnosed with 27 different kinds of cancer. They found improved survival rates for patients with all but five types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-Latino whites had the highest five-year survival rate for all cancers combined, followed by Latinos — though Pacific Islanders and Asians, like Kunitomi, had the highest rates for 13 of the cancers studied, including breast, colon, liver and lung. African-Americans had the worst overall prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-160x117.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-800x586.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-768x563.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-960x703.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-240x176.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-375x275.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-520x381.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California numbers echo a national trend of significant improvement in cancer survival, one also tempered by racial and ethnic disparities. A recent analysis in the journal Cancer, which relied on death rather than survival rates, found a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">26 percent decline in cancer mortality\u003c/a> in the United States between 1991 and 2015 — translating to nearly 2.4 million cancer deaths avoided. The study showed mortality rates declined for all the major cancers, including breast, colorectal and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, one of the authors of that report and chief medical and scientific officer of the American Cancer Society, attributed the improvement to better screening, detection and treatment — and a decline in smoking. He said cancer deaths likely would drop even further if there were more equal access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=\"fmc02MyXuNyOxUDOEz7MyAsTaZY5UAeN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, the UC-Davis data show that poor Californians don’t live as long with cancer as those of greater means. About three-quarters of the patients at the highest socioeconomic level, with all cancers combined, survived five years or more. Just over half the patients at the lowest levels lived that long. Age was also a major factor: The younger patients were at the time of the diagnosis, the better their chance of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separate research from UC-Davis, published in 2015, showed the impact of health insurance status: Uninsured patients and those on Medi-Cal — California’s version of the federal Medicaid program for low-income people — had worse cancer care and outcomes than people with private insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research published this month showed the most critical factor in survival was finding the cancer early, which the report said underscores the importance of screening. One hundred percent of breast cancer patients survived at least five years if their disease was detected at stage 1. Only 28 percent of patients lived that long if their cancer was found when it was at stage 4, the most advanced stage. Most types of cancer show similarly stark disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stages, which depend in part on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread, are a gauge of how serious the disease is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The earlier things are picked up, the more likely it is that treatment is successful,” said Dr. Kenneth Kizer, senior author of the study and director of the UC-Davis Institute for Population Health Improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer screening and treatment for African-Americans lag behind other racial and ethnic groups, said Dr. Nancy Lee, who is on the board of Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization that seeks to improve the health of black women. Long-standing and sometimes unrecognized bias in the health care system disadvantages black patients in a way that can compromise their medical outcomes, said Lee, who previously led the cancer division of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White women in California are more likely to get breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, but black women are more likely to die from it, the UC-Davis report found.[contextly_sidebar id=\"VH6Y1JhelA7uLcj4KfqvO237ZI6LRYmK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobby Smith’s wife, an African-American, died 13 years ago after her breast cancer moved into her lymph nodes and eventually metastasized to her brain. Smith said he doesn’t believe doctors gave her all the information she needed to make the best decisions about her treatment. “Health care professionals treat and serve people of color differently,” said Smith, who lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC-Davis report used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccrcal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Cancer Registry,\u003c/a> a repository of data on cancer patients dating to 1988 that contains information on patient demographics, diagnosis, initial treatment and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rates reported in the study measure “relative” survival, which represents survival in the absence of other causes of death. The study showed patients with prostate, breast, melanoma and uterine cancers had among the highest survival rates: More than 80 percent of them lived at least five years after their diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survival did not improve for patients with some cancers, including bladder, cervical and testicular. And fewer than 20 percent of patients with cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas and esophagus lived past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For breast cancer patients, five-year survival improved from 85 percent among those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 to 90 percent among those diagnosed between 2006 and 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns were similar for lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in California and the leading cause of cancer deaths nationwide. The disease tends to be diagnosed late, and patients with stage 4 cancer had just a 4 percent survival rate after five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kizer of UC-Davis said new treatments offer great promise for cancer patients, but how much money they have and who their insurers are may well determine whether or not they reap the benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard enough for people with means and education, said Susan Lasker Hertz, 61, a Colorado nurse who was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer in 2009 and then developed leukemia three years later. Hertz, who is now in remission from both cancers, said her knowledge and experience helped her navigate the health care system and get treated quickly after her diagnosis. But it wasn’t easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an educated, white, highly knowledgeable health care professional,” she said, “and it is still overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN's coverage in California is supported in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Shield of California Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As he grew older, Dale Kunitomi paid closer attention to his health — and to his doctor’s advice. When he noticed rectal bleeding in 2010, he went to see his physician, who ordered a colonoscopy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diagnosis: colon cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kunitomi, now 74, underwent surgery, radiation and chemotherapy — and now he has been cancer-free for seven years. “The things that are said about early detection and living a healthy lifestyle are important,” said Kunitomi, a resident of Ventura County, Calif. “You are foolish if you don’t pay attention.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians are living longer with most types of cancer, due to earlier detection and more effective treatments, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/publish/news/newsroom/13098\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new research\u003c/a> from the University of California-Davis. But racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities persist, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published this month, shows that 65 percent of people diagnosed with cancer between 2006 and 2010 survived five years or more from the time their disease was discovered, up from 58 percent for those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994. The researchers drew from data on 1.4 million California adults diagnosed with 27 different kinds of cancer. They found improved survival rates for patients with all but five types of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-Latino whites had the highest five-year survival rate for all cancers combined, followed by Latinos — though Pacific Islanders and Asians, like Kunitomi, had the highest rates for 13 of the cancers studied, including breast, colon, liver and lung. African-Americans had the worst overall prognosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444171\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"469\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-1020x747.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-160x117.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-800x586.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-768x563.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-960x703.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-240x176.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-375x275.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1-520x381.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_over-time1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California numbers echo a national trend of significant improvement in cancer survival, one also tempered by racial and ethnic disparities. A recent analysis in the journal Cancer, which relied on death rather than survival rates, found a \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.3322/caac.21460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">26 percent decline in cancer mortality\u003c/a> in the United States between 1991 and 2015 — translating to nearly 2.4 million cancer deaths avoided. The study showed mortality rates declined for all the major cancers, including breast, colorectal and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Otis Brawley, one of the authors of that report and chief medical and scientific officer of the American Cancer Society, attributed the improvement to better screening, detection and treatment — and a decline in smoking. He said cancer deaths likely would drop even further if there were more equal access to prevention, diagnosis and treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps unsurprisingly, the UC-Davis data show that poor Californians don’t live as long with cancer as those of greater means. About three-quarters of the patients at the highest socioeconomic level, with all cancers combined, survived five years or more. Just over half the patients at the lowest levels lived that long. Age was also a major factor: The younger patients were at the time of the diagnosis, the better their chance of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Separate research from UC-Davis, published in 2015, showed the impact of health insurance status: Uninsured patients and those on Medi-Cal — California’s version of the federal Medicaid program for low-income people — had worse cancer care and outcomes than people with private insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research published this month showed the most critical factor in survival was finding the cancer early, which the report said underscores the importance of screening. One hundred percent of breast cancer patients survived at least five years if their disease was detected at stage 1. Only 28 percent of patients lived that long if their cancer was found when it was at stage 4, the most advanced stage. Most types of cancer show similarly stark disparities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stages, which depend in part on the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread, are a gauge of how serious the disease is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The earlier things are picked up, the more likely it is that treatment is successful,” said Dr. Kenneth Kizer, senior author of the study and director of the UC-Davis Institute for Population Health Improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444172\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_breast-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer screening and treatment for African-Americans lag behind other racial and ethnic groups, said Dr. Nancy Lee, who is on the board of Black Women’s Health Imperative, a national organization that seeks to improve the health of black women. Long-standing and sometimes unrecognized bias in the health care system disadvantages black patients in a way that can compromise their medical outcomes, said Lee, who previously led the cancer division of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White women in California are more likely to get breast cancer, the most common cancer among women, but black women are more likely to die from it, the UC-Davis report found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobby Smith’s wife, an African-American, died 13 years ago after her breast cancer moved into her lymph nodes and eventually metastasized to her brain. Smith said he doesn’t believe doctors gave her all the information she needed to make the best decisions about her treatment. “Health care professionals treat and serve people of color differently,” said Smith, who lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC-Davis report used data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccrcal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Cancer Registry,\u003c/a> a repository of data on cancer patients dating to 1988 that contains information on patient demographics, diagnosis, initial treatment and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rates reported in the study measure “relative” survival, which represents survival in the absence of other causes of death. The study showed patients with prostate, breast, melanoma and uterine cancers had among the highest survival rates: More than 80 percent of them lived at least five years after their diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survival did not improve for patients with some cancers, including bladder, cervical and testicular. And fewer than 20 percent of patients with cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas and esophagus lived past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For breast cancer patients, five-year survival improved from 85 percent among those diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 to 90 percent among those diagnosed between 2006 and 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patterns were similar for lung cancer, the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in California and the leading cause of cancer deaths nationwide. The disease tends to be diagnosed late, and patients with stage 4 cancer had just a 4 percent survival rate after five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-444173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-1020x708.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-160x111.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-800x555.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-768x533.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-960x667.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-240x167.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-375x260.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1-520x361.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/cancer-survival_lung-cancer1.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kizer of UC-Davis said new treatments offer great promise for cancer patients, but how much money they have and who their insurers are may well determine whether or not they reap the benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard enough for people with means and education, said Susan Lasker Hertz, 61, a Colorado nurse who was diagnosed with stage 2 breast cancer in 2009 and then developed leukemia three years later. Hertz, who is now in remission from both cancers, said her knowledge and experience helped her navigate the health care system and get treated quickly after her diagnosis. But it wasn’t easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am an educated, white, highly knowledgeable health care professional,” she said, “and it is still overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN's coverage in California is supported in part by \u003ca href=\"http://www.blueshieldcafoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Shield of California Foundation.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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