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"content": "\u003cp>Esraa Yousria Saleh was walking down El Hussein, a busy street in downtown Cairo famous for its souvenirs and tchotchkes, when a man in his early 20s made eye contact with her. He followed her, circled her, then suddenly — she felt a hot breath in her ear:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would like to put it all inside.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In the Palestinian territories, Morocco and Egypt, young men with secondary-level education were more likely to sexually harass women than their older, less-educated peers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Saleh, 28, a feminist and activist based in Egypt, was furious. Why did that man feel like he could look at her? Follow her? Say those lewd words to her?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May \u003ca href=\"http://promundoglobal.org/resources/understanding-masculinities-results-international-men-gender-equality-survey-images-middle-east-north-africa/\">study\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://promundoglobal.org/\">Promundo\u003c/a>, an international research group, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwomen.org/\">U.N. Women\u003c/a> sheds fresh light on men's motivations for harassing women on the streets in four areas in the Middle East: Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and the Palestinian territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know quite a lot about women and girls but [relatively little] about men and boys\" when it comes to harassment, says Shereen El Feki, co-author of the report and the author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Sex-Citadel-Intimate-Changing-World/dp/0307390292\">Sex and the Citadel: Intimate Life in a Changing Arab World\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found that of the 4,830 men surveyed, as many as 31 percent in Lebanon to 64 percent in Egypt admitted to having sexually harassed women and girls in public, from ogling to stalking to rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, street harassment is a global phenomenon. Studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"https://www.actionaid.org.uk/latest-news/three-in-four-women-experience-harassment-and-violence-in-uk-and-global-cities\">vast majorities of women\u003c/a> across cities in Brazil, India, Thailand and the U.K. have been subjected to harassment or violence in public. And the U.S. isn't immune — 65 percent of 2,000 women surveyed said they had experienced street harassment, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/our-work/nationalstudy/\">a 2014 study\u003c/a> conducted by the research firm GfK for Stop Street Harassment, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are a couple of things that stand out about street harassment in the Middle Eastern areas, according to the Promundo report. In the Palestinian territories, Morocco and Egypt, young men with secondary-level education were more likely to sexually harass women than their older, less-educated peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were surprised by the findings. Generally, men who have finished high school or college hold more enlightened attitudes toward women than those who have had no primary school or schooling at all, says Barker, who has studied men and gender equality \u003ca href=\"http://promundoglobal.org/programs/international-men-and-gender-equality-survey-images/\">in over 20 countries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barker and El Feki suspect that factors contributing to the behavior include the region's high unemployment rates, political instability and pressure to supply their family's daily needs. About half the men surveyed, for example, said they felt stressed, depressed or ashamed to face their families. Perhaps harassing women is a way to assert their power, suggests Barker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These young men \"have high aspirations for themselves and aren't able to meet them,\" he says. \"So they [harass women] to put them in their place. They feel like the world owes them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a place like rural Egypt, the situation is easy to understand, says El Feki. \"It speaks to the mind-numbing tedium of being a young man [there],\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can't find work. They can't afford to marry. They're stuck living with their parents. There is nothing to do. \"They're in a suspended state of adolescence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harassment is also a way for young men to \"get their kicks,\" says El Feki. When the men in the survey were asked why they sexually harassed women in public, the vast majority, up to 90 percent in some places, said they did it for fun and excitement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is not how women see it. \"It's not fun at all,\" says Saleh. \"It's a nightmare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holly Kearl, executive director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/\">Stop Street Harassment\u003c/a> and author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A4878C\">Stop Global Street Harassment: Growing Activism Around the World\u003c/a>, says she is not surprised. \"I've seen that reasoning before in other studies: 'I'm bored. I'm bonding with my male friends. We're just having fun,' \" she says. \"Men aren't thinking about how women are feeling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers at Promundo suspect that men's motivations behind the behavior is not unique to the Middle East. \"We know that street harassment is an issue around the world, and there are likely similar dynamics at play,\" says Brian Heilman, a fellow at Promundo who helped write the report. \"We just happen to have a rich glimpse of what it looks like in (this) region through this data set.\" This report is the first time that the group has studied street harassment from the male point of view in-depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women can experience a wide range of psychological effects from street harassment, says Kearl. Studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2014-National-SSH-Street-Harassment-Report.pdf\">have shown\u003c/a> that for women who are survivors of sexual violence, harassment can be triggering and traumatic. It also can \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/KimberlyFairchildStreetHarassarticle.pdf\">make women feel unsafe\u003c/a>, and as a result, they restrict their movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saleh, for example, has stopped using the metro transit system in downtown Cairo. She has started to use Uber to get around for fear of another El Hussein incident. \"But sometimes I run out of money so I'm forced to use [public transportation],\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups across the Middle East, like \u003ca href=\"http://harassmap.org/en/what-we-do/\">HarassMap\u003c/a> in Egypt and \u003ca href=\"http://harasstracker.org\">HarassTracker\u003c/a> in Lebanon, are using crowdsourced data to map and report harassment incidents to keep streets safe. And in 2010, the U.N. launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/creating-safe-public-spaces\">Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces\u003c/a>, a global program to prevent street harassment in more than 20 cities around the world through education and intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, we don't know what works long term,\" says Kearl. \"It's hard to see which efforts are working at a large-scale level.\" She suggests outreach to schools to talk about harassment in a co-ed environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps boys and men could then understand that their \"fun\" has consequences: \"It's as if there's a hand reaching into my stomach and grabbing my intestines,\" says Saleh. \"Like I want to vomit, but I can't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Do+Men+Harass+Women%3F+New+Study+Sheds+Light+On+Motivations+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Esraa Yousria Saleh was walking down El Hussein, a busy street in downtown Cairo famous for its souvenirs and tchotchkes, when a man in his early 20s made eye contact with her. He followed her, circled her, then suddenly — she felt a hot breath in her ear:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would like to put it all inside.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In the Palestinian territories, Morocco and Egypt, young men with secondary-level education were more likely to sexually harass women than their older, less-educated peers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Saleh, 28, a feminist and activist based in Egypt, was furious. Why did that man feel like he could look at her? Follow her? Say those lewd words to her?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A May \u003ca href=\"http://promundoglobal.org/resources/understanding-masculinities-results-international-men-gender-equality-survey-images-middle-east-north-africa/\">study\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://promundoglobal.org/\">Promundo\u003c/a>, an international research group, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwomen.org/\">U.N. Women\u003c/a> sheds fresh light on men's motivations for harassing women on the streets in four areas in the Middle East: Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and the Palestinian territories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know quite a lot about women and girls but [relatively little] about men and boys\" when it comes to harassment, says Shereen El Feki, co-author of the report and the author of \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Sex-Citadel-Intimate-Changing-World/dp/0307390292\">Sex and the Citadel: Intimate Life in a Changing Arab World\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report found that of the 4,830 men surveyed, as many as 31 percent in Lebanon to 64 percent in Egypt admitted to having sexually harassed women and girls in public, from ogling to stalking to rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, street harassment is a global phenomenon. Studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"https://www.actionaid.org.uk/latest-news/three-in-four-women-experience-harassment-and-violence-in-uk-and-global-cities\">vast majorities of women\u003c/a> across cities in Brazil, India, Thailand and the U.K. have been subjected to harassment or violence in public. And the U.S. isn't immune — 65 percent of 2,000 women surveyed said they had experienced street harassment, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/our-work/nationalstudy/\">a 2014 study\u003c/a> conducted by the research firm GfK for Stop Street Harassment, an advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are a couple of things that stand out about street harassment in the Middle Eastern areas, according to the Promundo report. In the Palestinian territories, Morocco and Egypt, young men with secondary-level education were more likely to sexually harass women than their older, less-educated peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were surprised by the findings. Generally, men who have finished high school or college hold more enlightened attitudes toward women than those who have had no primary school or schooling at all, says Barker, who has studied men and gender equality \u003ca href=\"http://promundoglobal.org/programs/international-men-and-gender-equality-survey-images/\">in over 20 countries\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barker and El Feki suspect that factors contributing to the behavior include the region's high unemployment rates, political instability and pressure to supply their family's daily needs. About half the men surveyed, for example, said they felt stressed, depressed or ashamed to face their families. Perhaps harassing women is a way to assert their power, suggests Barker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These young men \"have high aspirations for themselves and aren't able to meet them,\" he says. \"So they [harass women] to put them in their place. They feel like the world owes them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a place like rural Egypt, the situation is easy to understand, says El Feki. \"It speaks to the mind-numbing tedium of being a young man [there],\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can't find work. They can't afford to marry. They're stuck living with their parents. There is nothing to do. \"They're in a suspended state of adolescence,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harassment is also a way for young men to \"get their kicks,\" says El Feki. When the men in the survey were asked why they sexually harassed women in public, the vast majority, up to 90 percent in some places, said they did it for fun and excitement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is not how women see it. \"It's not fun at all,\" says Saleh. \"It's a nightmare.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holly Kearl, executive director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/\">Stop Street Harassment\u003c/a> and author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A4878C\">Stop Global Street Harassment: Growing Activism Around the World\u003c/a>, says she is not surprised. \"I've seen that reasoning before in other studies: 'I'm bored. I'm bonding with my male friends. We're just having fun,' \" she says. \"Men aren't thinking about how women are feeling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers at Promundo suspect that men's motivations behind the behavior is not unique to the Middle East. \"We know that street harassment is an issue around the world, and there are likely similar dynamics at play,\" says Brian Heilman, a fellow at Promundo who helped write the report. \"We just happen to have a rich glimpse of what it looks like in (this) region through this data set.\" This report is the first time that the group has studied street harassment from the male point of view in-depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women can experience a wide range of psychological effects from street harassment, says Kearl. Studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2014-National-SSH-Street-Harassment-Report.pdf\">have shown\u003c/a> that for women who are survivors of sexual violence, harassment can be triggering and traumatic. It also can \u003ca href=\"http://www.stopstreetharassment.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/KimberlyFairchildStreetHarassarticle.pdf\">make women feel unsafe\u003c/a>, and as a result, they restrict their movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saleh, for example, has stopped using the metro transit system in downtown Cairo. She has started to use Uber to get around for fear of another El Hussein incident. \"But sometimes I run out of money so I'm forced to use [public transportation],\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups across the Middle East, like \u003ca href=\"http://harassmap.org/en/what-we-do/\">HarassMap\u003c/a> in Egypt and \u003ca href=\"http://harasstracker.org\">HarassTracker\u003c/a> in Lebanon, are using crowdsourced data to map and report harassment incidents to keep streets safe. And in 2010, the U.N. launched \u003ca href=\"http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violence-against-women/creating-safe-public-spaces\">Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces\u003c/a>, a global program to prevent street harassment in more than 20 cities around the world through education and intervention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, we don't know what works long term,\" says Kearl. \"It's hard to see which efforts are working at a large-scale level.\" She suggests outreach to schools to talk about harassment in a co-ed environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps boys and men could then understand that their \"fun\" has consequences: \"It's as if there's a hand reaching into my stomach and grabbing my intestines,\" says Saleh. \"Like I want to vomit, but I can't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Do+Men+Harass+Women%3F+New+Study+Sheds+Light+On+Motivations+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "No Photo Sharing at San Diego Diabetes Forum -- And They Mean It",
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"content": "\u003cp>Attendees at the American Diabetes Association’s Scientific Sessions in San Diego this year — many of them young researchers who are active on social media — were surprised to be greeted with the following: “Thanks for joining us at #2017ADA! Photography isn’t allowed during presentations — we’d appreciate it if you’d delete this tweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Excuse the poor focus — taking photos at #2017ADA has turned into a covert activity.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For many, the essence of gathering at conferences is the sharing of scientific information, a peek at interesting research in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy, unusual for scientific conferences, is the most public manifestation yet of the tension between the drug and medical device companies that help sponsor the ADA’s flagship programs on one side and researchers and patients on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New England Journal of Medicine doesn’t consider this a problem. Some researchers on Twitter pointed to NEJM guidelines that state “online posting of an audio or video recording of an oral presentation at a medical meeting, with selected slides from the presentation, is not considered prior publication,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881418\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The #2017ADA hashtag — on 10 million people’s feeds, and growing — has been dominated by negative feedback, \u003ca href=\"https://www.symplur.com/healthcare-hashtags/ADA2017/analytics/?hashtag=ADA2017&fdate=\">according to\u003c/a> Symplur, a health care social media analytics platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, academic and industry researchers present cutting-edge and sometimes unpublished data at the ADA’s Scientific Sessions. Many of these researchers accept research grants or consulting contracts from insulin makers and other pharmaceutical companies, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/4297/presentations/novo/1\">disclosures made\u003c/a> on the conference’s website. The nonprofit’s website shows it accepted corporate sponsorships of up to $135,000\u003ca href=\"https://professional.diabetes.org/content-page/sponsorship-opportunities\"> for the opportunity\u003c/a> to advertise at the conference in a \u003ca href=\"https://indd.adobe.com/view/9bcaa37c-1a78-4c3d-a7fb-b6fea6aa937c\">variety of creative ways\u003c/a>, including promotional handouts at hotel check-ins, ads in the meeting guide and marketing materials in the goody bag distributed to participating physicians. The conference’s \u003ca href=\"https://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada17\">mobile app\u003c/a> was sponsored by Sanofi, one of the “big three” insulin makers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the $500-$900 \u003ca href=\"https://professional.diabetes.org/content-page/registration-information\">ticket prices\u003c/a> preclude many physicians, researchers and patients from attending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conference attendees who live-tweeted photos of presentation slides were quickly rebuked by the ADA. The nonprofit’s social media team tweeted at attendees to delete their photos. The comprehensive policy even applied to sessions about open innovation, an irony not lost on patients and researchers keeping up online with the conference, which concluded Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first rule of open invitation: You don't talk about open innovation. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/shivani_go\">@shivani_go\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/2017ADA?src=hash\">#2017ADA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/YquLkHicfO\">pic.twitter.com/YquLkHicfO\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matthew Dalby (@MatthewJDalby) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MatthewJDalby/status/873302836800618496\">June 9, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not familiar enough with the ADA to have an informed opinion on their no photo-taking policy as a general matter. In this particular case, the application of the no-photos policy to a\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/SntQ595bUNI\"> talk on patients’ freedom\u003c/a> to — and increasing ability to — design treatments for themselves did seem like a funny juxtaposition,” said the researcher, Eric von Hippel, the T. Wilson Professor in Management at MIT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some rogue attendees tweeted photos anyway, only to find that representatives of the American Diabetes Association were enforcing the policy in person, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuse the poor focus — taking photos at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/2017ADA?src=hash\">#2017ADA\u003c/a> has turned into a covert activity. Executive summary: the lockstep slides look damning. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kBRJb1RgRp\">pic.twitter.com/kBRJb1RgRp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Thom Scher (@thomscher) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thomscher/status/873650155039227904\">June 10, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defending the unpopular policy, Linda Cann, ADA’s senior vice president of professional services and education, cited legal concerns in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/health_journo/status/873678574988828672\">statement\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/health_journo/status/873678770762153986\">pharmaphorum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All research slides and posters are the legal property of each of the research authors and their study team, not the Association,” Cann said. “Reversing this policy could unwittingly dismantle the long-standing discourse and engagement of medical and research meetings around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After this year’s meeting, we will re-evaluate the policy and our legal obligations to the researchers who present at Scientific Sessions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cann did not explain which legal obligations concerned the ADA. Independent academics are not typically litigious when it comes to intellectual property. Pharmaceutical and medical device companies might worry about breaking Food and Drug Administration rules prohibiting marketing a product before regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the diabetic online community have speculated that a snafu at last year’s sessions contributed to this year’s zealous enforcement. In 2016, sensitive data about a new Novo Nordisk drug, Victoza, was shared with conference attendees an hour before its official release to the markets, and the data was immediately shared on Twitter, according to a Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-14/can-hundreds-of-doctors-keep-an-8b-secret-not-on-twitter\">report\u003c/a>. Novo’s stock dipped by 5.6 percent the following day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of prescription drug development, costs and pricing is supported in part by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/\">Laura and John Arnold Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Attendees at the American Diabetes Association’s Scientific Sessions in San Diego this year — many of them young researchers who are active on social media — were surprised to be greeted with the following: “Thanks for joining us at #2017ADA! Photography isn’t allowed during presentations — we’d appreciate it if you’d delete this tweet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Excuse the poor focus — taking photos at #2017ADA has turned into a covert activity.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For many, the essence of gathering at conferences is the sharing of scientific information, a peek at interesting research in progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The policy, unusual for scientific conferences, is the most public manifestation yet of the tension between the drug and medical device companies that help sponsor the ADA’s flagship programs on one side and researchers and patients on the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New England Journal of Medicine doesn’t consider this a problem. Some researchers on Twitter pointed to NEJM guidelines that state “online posting of an audio or video recording of an oral presentation at a medical meeting, with selected slides from the presentation, is not considered prior publication,” according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881418\">Medscape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The #2017ADA hashtag — on 10 million people’s feeds, and growing — has been dominated by negative feedback, \u003ca href=\"https://www.symplur.com/healthcare-hashtags/ADA2017/analytics/?hashtag=ADA2017&fdate=\">according to\u003c/a> Symplur, a health care social media analytics platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, academic and industry researchers present cutting-edge and sometimes unpublished data at the ADA’s Scientific Sessions. Many of these researchers accept research grants or consulting contracts from insulin makers and other pharmaceutical companies, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.abstractsonline.com/pp8/#!/4297/presentations/novo/1\">disclosures made\u003c/a> on the conference’s website. The nonprofit’s website shows it accepted corporate sponsorships of up to $135,000\u003ca href=\"https://professional.diabetes.org/content-page/sponsorship-opportunities\"> for the opportunity\u003c/a> to advertise at the conference in a \u003ca href=\"https://indd.adobe.com/view/9bcaa37c-1a78-4c3d-a7fb-b6fea6aa937c\">variety of creative ways\u003c/a>, including promotional handouts at hotel check-ins, ads in the meeting guide and marketing materials in the goody bag distributed to participating physicians. The conference’s \u003ca href=\"https://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada17\">mobile app\u003c/a> was sponsored by Sanofi, one of the “big three” insulin makers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the $500-$900 \u003ca href=\"https://professional.diabetes.org/content-page/registration-information\">ticket prices\u003c/a> preclude many physicians, researchers and patients from attending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conference attendees who live-tweeted photos of presentation slides were quickly rebuked by the ADA. The nonprofit’s social media team tweeted at attendees to delete their photos. The comprehensive policy even applied to sessions about open innovation, an irony not lost on patients and researchers keeping up online with the conference, which concluded Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first rule of open invitation: You don't talk about open innovation. \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/shivani_go\">@shivani_go\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/2017ADA?src=hash\">#2017ADA\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/YquLkHicfO\">pic.twitter.com/YquLkHicfO\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Matthew Dalby (@MatthewJDalby) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MatthewJDalby/status/873302836800618496\">June 9, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not familiar enough with the ADA to have an informed opinion on their no photo-taking policy as a general matter. In this particular case, the application of the no-photos policy to a\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/SntQ595bUNI\"> talk on patients’ freedom\u003c/a> to — and increasing ability to — design treatments for themselves did seem like a funny juxtaposition,” said the researcher, Eric von Hippel, the T. Wilson Professor in Management at MIT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some rogue attendees tweeted photos anyway, only to find that representatives of the American Diabetes Association were enforcing the policy in person, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excuse the poor focus — taking photos at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/2017ADA?src=hash\">#2017ADA\u003c/a> has turned into a covert activity. Executive summary: the lockstep slides look damning. \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/kBRJb1RgRp\">pic.twitter.com/kBRJb1RgRp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Thom Scher (@thomscher) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/thomscher/status/873650155039227904\">June 10, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defending the unpopular policy, Linda Cann, ADA’s senior vice president of professional services and education, cited legal concerns in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/health_journo/status/873678574988828672\">statement\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/health_journo/status/873678770762153986\">pharmaphorum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All research slides and posters are the legal property of each of the research authors and their study team, not the Association,” Cann said. “Reversing this policy could unwittingly dismantle the long-standing discourse and engagement of medical and research meetings around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After this year’s meeting, we will re-evaluate the policy and our legal obligations to the researchers who present at Scientific Sessions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cann did not explain which legal obligations concerned the ADA. Independent academics are not typically litigious when it comes to intellectual property. Pharmaceutical and medical device companies might worry about breaking Food and Drug Administration rules prohibiting marketing a product before regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some in the diabetic online community have speculated that a snafu at last year’s sessions contributed to this year’s zealous enforcement. In 2016, sensitive data about a new Novo Nordisk drug, Victoza, was shared with conference attendees an hour before its official release to the markets, and the data was immediately shared on Twitter, according to a Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-14/can-hundreds-of-doctors-keep-an-8b-secret-not-on-twitter\">report\u003c/a>. Novo’s stock dipped by 5.6 percent the following day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KHN’s coverage of prescription drug development, costs and pricing is supported in part by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/\">Laura and John Arnold Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Baby Box Skeptics Say More Testing Needed",
"title": "Baby Box Skeptics Say More Testing Needed",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>When Maisha Watson heard about baby boxes, her first reaction was: \"Why would I want to put my baby in a box?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was talking with Marcia Virgil — \"Miss Marcia\" to her clients — a family support worker with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.snjpc.org/\">Southern New Jersey Perinatal Cooperative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We're very concerned as pediatricians in adopting interventions for babies without thoroughly testing them, because historically we've been burned.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>True, it's a cardboard box, Miss Marcia told her. But it's also a safe place for a baby to sleep: It comes with a firm mattress and a snug sheet, in line with \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/american-academy-of-pediatrics-announces-new-safe-sleep-recommendations-to-protect-against-sids.aspx\">American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations\u003c/a> meant to protect against sleep-related deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson learned more, and now the mother of 1-month-old Solomon is a big fan. Solomon has slept in a baby box ever since he came home from the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because he's living with his mom and dad in a cramped motel room outside Atlantic City, N.J. Watson has lived here for about a year, after a bad car accident made it hard for her to work and stay in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no space for a crib or a bassinet. And Watson knows it's dangerous for a baby to sleep on a bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The box they're using is one of roughly 20,000 that New Jersey has given away since January as part of the first program to provide a box to every newborn in the state. Since then, Ohio, Alabama and Texas have started similar programs, with more on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is borrowed from Finland, where for decades, in exchange for a prenatal checkup, the government has given expectant mothers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kela.fi/web/en/maternitypackage\">maternity package that includes a box that doubles as a crib\u003c/a>. With the new state-sponsored programs in the U.S., anyone who watches a series of online videos focused mainly on safe sleep — and then passes a short quiz — can get a box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say the free, cheerfully decorated box is just a cool hook, and that the heart of the program is to teach all parents about simple, proven ways to help keep their babies safe while sleeping. Moms like Watson are already finding the boxes useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics say there haven't been enough studies or enough testing done on the boxes to prove whether they're safe or effective at preventing infant deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/Committees-Councils-Sections/Child-Death-Review/Pages/Safe-Sleep.aspx\">American Academy of Pediatrics notes\u003c/a>: \"Currently, there is insufficient data on the role cardboard boxes play in reducing infant mortality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there are unanswered questions about the boxes' safety, says Dr. Thomas Heygi, medical director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjms.rutgers.edu/sids/\">SIDS Center of New Jersey\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, he says, will bacterial growth increase if the cardboard gets wet? Or are there glues or emissions that could cause dermatitis or that babies could inhale?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hegyi says enthusiasm for the boxes has outpaced the science. And that worries him, because there are many things that sounded like a good idea for newborns but ended up being dangerous, he says, citing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/25/457285189/to-reduce-infant-deaths-doctors-call-for-a-ban-of-crib-bumpers\">crib bumpers as one example\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're very concerned as pediatricians in adopting interventions for babies without thoroughly testing them, because historically we've been burned,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is work underway to address safety and testing concerns. A task group of the independent standards organization ASTM International is looking at expanding the standards for bassinets to cover baby boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current ASTM bassinet standard already addresses issues such as sharp edges, small parts, finger entrapment and mattress suffocation hazards. The task group, which next meets later this month, is considering the development of requirements for additional hazards associated with baby boxes. In addition to the questions raised by Hegyi, the task group is considering issues such as the boxes' stability, handle strength and product integrity, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it will likely take at least a year before they're finalized and formally adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the California-based Baby Box Company, which produces the boxes and videos used in the program, says it has tested the boxes against relevant bassinet standards and has posted \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yzksxb53j4cdqoi/AABfbt0Vc-LXlJl96bsle3l9a?dl=0\">documentation of its voluntary safety testing\u003c/a> on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kathie McCans is chair of the New Jersey Child Fatality and Near Fatality Review Board, which is using a $40,000 federal grant to partner with the Baby Box Company for the state program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCans agrees that standards, regulations and more testing are needed. But she says the benefits of the baby box program's educational component outweigh potential risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How many babies should die while we wait for the Consumer Product Safety Commission to do testing?\" she says. \"The reality is, babies have died in bassinets, babies have died in cribs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents point to the long track record of Finland, which started distributing baby boxes in 1938, at a time when \u003ca href=\"http://www.stat.fi/til/ksyyt/2010/ksyyt_2010_2011-12-16_kat_007_en.html\">nearly one out of every 10 children\u003c/a> in the country died before age 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finland now has one of the world's lowest infant mortality rates, but many say that's a result of improved medical care and social safety nets, not use of baby boxes. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/24/well/family/put-your-baby-in-a-box-experts-advise-caution.html\">a recent survey\u003c/a> found that the majority of Finnish parents these days don't use the box as a crib.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Finnish government notes clearly that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kela.fi/web/en/maternity-package-2017/-/blogs/box-can-be-used-as-a-crib-\">the box can be used that way\u003c/a> — and was used that way more frequently in the past, when Finland was a less wealthy country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, McCans and other supporters say you can take or leave the baby box — just be sure to take the knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hope is that we will not have people making the errors of putting a baby in a sleep surface that has blankets and pillows and crib bumpers, that everyone will know that every baby needs to be put to sleep on their back each and every time,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New Jersey, most sudden unexpected infant deaths are related to sleep — a baby sharing a bed with an adult, or being suffocated by a blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents can do a lot to reduce the risk of SIDS, McCans says, and the goal is to spread that message — using a cute, free baby box as the incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Popularity+Of+Baby+Boxes+Grows%2C+Skeptics+Say+More+Testing+Is+Needed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Maisha Watson heard about baby boxes, her first reaction was: \"Why would I want to put my baby in a box?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was talking with Marcia Virgil — \"Miss Marcia\" to her clients — a family support worker with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.snjpc.org/\">Southern New Jersey Perinatal Cooperative\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We're very concerned as pediatricians in adopting interventions for babies without thoroughly testing them, because historically we've been burned.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>True, it's a cardboard box, Miss Marcia told her. But it's also a safe place for a baby to sleep: It comes with a firm mattress and a snug sheet, in line with \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/american-academy-of-pediatrics-announces-new-safe-sleep-recommendations-to-protect-against-sids.aspx\">American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations\u003c/a> meant to protect against sleep-related deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watson learned more, and now the mother of 1-month-old Solomon is a big fan. Solomon has slept in a baby box ever since he came home from the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because he's living with his mom and dad in a cramped motel room outside Atlantic City, N.J. Watson has lived here for about a year, after a bad car accident made it hard for her to work and stay in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no space for a crib or a bassinet. And Watson knows it's dangerous for a baby to sleep on a bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The box they're using is one of roughly 20,000 that New Jersey has given away since January as part of the first program to provide a box to every newborn in the state. Since then, Ohio, Alabama and Texas have started similar programs, with more on the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is borrowed from Finland, where for decades, in exchange for a prenatal checkup, the government has given expectant mothers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.kela.fi/web/en/maternitypackage\">maternity package that includes a box that doubles as a crib\u003c/a>. With the new state-sponsored programs in the U.S., anyone who watches a series of online videos focused mainly on safe sleep — and then passes a short quiz — can get a box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters say the free, cheerfully decorated box is just a cool hook, and that the heart of the program is to teach all parents about simple, proven ways to help keep their babies safe while sleeping. Moms like Watson are already finding the boxes useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics say there haven't been enough studies or enough testing done on the boxes to prove whether they're safe or effective at preventing infant deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/Committees-Councils-Sections/Child-Death-Review/Pages/Safe-Sleep.aspx\">American Academy of Pediatrics notes\u003c/a>: \"Currently, there is insufficient data on the role cardboard boxes play in reducing infant mortality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there are unanswered questions about the boxes' safety, says Dr. Thomas Heygi, medical director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rwjms.rutgers.edu/sids/\">SIDS Center of New Jersey\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, he says, will bacterial growth increase if the cardboard gets wet? Or are there glues or emissions that could cause dermatitis or that babies could inhale?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hegyi says enthusiasm for the boxes has outpaced the science. And that worries him, because there are many things that sounded like a good idea for newborns but ended up being dangerous, he says, citing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/25/457285189/to-reduce-infant-deaths-doctors-call-for-a-ban-of-crib-bumpers\">crib bumpers as one example\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're very concerned as pediatricians in adopting interventions for babies without thoroughly testing them, because historically we've been burned,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is work underway to address safety and testing concerns. A task group of the independent standards organization ASTM International is looking at expanding the standards for bassinets to cover baby boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current ASTM bassinet standard already addresses issues such as sharp edges, small parts, finger entrapment and mattress suffocation hazards. The task group, which next meets later this month, is considering the development of requirements for additional hazards associated with baby boxes. In addition to the questions raised by Hegyi, the task group is considering issues such as the boxes' stability, handle strength and product integrity, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it will likely take at least a year before they're finalized and formally adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, the California-based Baby Box Company, which produces the boxes and videos used in the program, says it has tested the boxes against relevant bassinet standards and has posted \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/yzksxb53j4cdqoi/AABfbt0Vc-LXlJl96bsle3l9a?dl=0\">documentation of its voluntary safety testing\u003c/a> on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kathie McCans is chair of the New Jersey Child Fatality and Near Fatality Review Board, which is using a $40,000 federal grant to partner with the Baby Box Company for the state program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCans agrees that standards, regulations and more testing are needed. But she says the benefits of the baby box program's educational component outweigh potential risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How many babies should die while we wait for the Consumer Product Safety Commission to do testing?\" she says. \"The reality is, babies have died in bassinets, babies have died in cribs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents point to the long track record of Finland, which started distributing baby boxes in 1938, at a time when \u003ca href=\"http://www.stat.fi/til/ksyyt/2010/ksyyt_2010_2011-12-16_kat_007_en.html\">nearly one out of every 10 children\u003c/a> in the country died before age 1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finland now has one of the world's lowest infant mortality rates, but many say that's a result of improved medical care and social safety nets, not use of baby boxes. In fact, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/24/well/family/put-your-baby-in-a-box-experts-advise-caution.html\">a recent survey\u003c/a> found that the majority of Finnish parents these days don't use the box as a crib.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Finnish government notes clearly that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kela.fi/web/en/maternity-package-2017/-/blogs/box-can-be-used-as-a-crib-\">the box can be used that way\u003c/a> — and was used that way more frequently in the past, when Finland was a less wealthy country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, McCans and other supporters say you can take or leave the baby box — just be sure to take the knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hope is that we will not have people making the errors of putting a baby in a sleep surface that has blankets and pillows and crib bumpers, that everyone will know that every baby needs to be put to sleep on their back each and every time,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New Jersey, most sudden unexpected infant deaths are related to sleep — a baby sharing a bed with an adult, or being suffocated by a blanket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents can do a lot to reduce the risk of SIDS, McCans says, and the goal is to spread that message — using a cute, free baby box as the incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+Popularity+Of+Baby+Boxes+Grows%2C+Skeptics+Say+More+Testing+Is+Needed&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Obscure, Government-Funded Hotline Can Answer Your Cancer Questions",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you were worried you had cancer, who would you call for information? Chances are a federally funded cancer helpline isn't the first place that pops into your mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for 40 years, a helpline funded primarily by the National Cancer Institute has been answering people's questions about cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a source of information for people who have been called back for a follow-up after routine screenings and are worried they might have cancer. And it can also help cancer patients get information about participating in clinical trials and help them figure out questions to ask their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en.html\">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center\u003c/a> in Seattle runs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center\">Contact Center\u003c/a>, which is funded mostly by the National Cancer Institute with some support from the Veteran's Administration. Last month, the NCI awarded Fred Hutch a $24 million, three-year contract to continue operating the helpline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There will be about 1.7 million Americans diagnosed with cancer this year. For many of them, access to good information can be the difference between life and death,\" says Peter Garrett, a spokesperson for the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 91,000 people reached out to the Contact Center via phone, email or social media in 2016 — a total of about 250 inquiries per day. This year, more people have been contacting the center through a live chat, email or social media than with a phone call, says the center's director, Nancy Gore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Over the years, call volume has declined although the complexity of the calls has increased,\" says Gore. \"People seek information via the Internet, so [they] can often find answers to basic questions such as general cancer symptoms, a common call before the Internet became pervasive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, people more often need technical information about clinical trials and gene therapies, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the helpline remains relatively little-known by the general public. About 10 percent of those inquiries were from repeat clients, according to data provided by the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, more than 20 cancer call centers operated around the country. Now there's just one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming that the cancer center spends about $8 million this year to handle a similar number of inquiries, by our very rough calculation that adds up to a cost of about $87.14 per inquiry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no limit on the amount of time a helpline staffer can spend on the phone with a client. Eric Suni, a cancer information specialist at the center, says he has occasionally spent more than an hour on the phone with a caller during the seven years he's worked there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes people will call and say they have one quick question, but answering that one quick question requires a much more in-depth discussion because you can only answer that question by explaining some other concept,\" Suni says. \"Even those that seem like, oh, this should take two minutes to answer is actually a much more involved conversation. So you never really know until it actually starts to unfold.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hotline staffers, who are required to have a four-year college degree, spend six to seven weeks in initial training. The center calls this process \"the metamorphosis from civilian into a Cancer Information Specialist,\" in a training overview document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard not to think that the call center had become less necessary in an era when people can Google symptoms and get advice in patient groups on Facebook, but Gore says there's still a need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In fact, it is such a common, common comment that is shared with us that they [the clients] wish they had known we were here when they were first diagnosed, or when their mother was diagnosed,\" Gore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gore's husband died of melanoma when he was 34. She didn't know much about his disease at the time of his diagnosis, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Until a cancer diagnosis is part of someone's family or close friend situation people are aware of it, but until it hits home you're not that in tune to it,\" Gore says. \"Once it actually hits home, then people have intense interest and a thirst for knowledge because they want to understand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors may explain information to patients, but sometimes the shock of a cancer diagnosis can make it tough for a patient to focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, you don't hear anything after the diagnosis. You're just processing the words,\" Gore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCI estimates that about 4 in 10 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives, according to data from 2010 to 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callers to the hotline ask most frequently about breast cancer, according to 2016 data, followed by other more common cancers including lung and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more people called with questions about a spouse, friend or relative than about themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people who reach out to the center in English tend to be in their 50, 60s and 70s, but those who seek a conversation in Spanish are generally younger – most are in their 30s, 40s or 50s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other sources of information about cancer also exist, such as a 24-hour hotline run by the American Cancer Society, which received about 744,000 inquiries last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Deanna Attai, a clinical professor of surgery at the University of California Los Angeles, participates in the weekly Breast Cancer Social Media chats known as #bcsm. She says she got involved after she noticed a Twitter conversation where a breast cancer patient was asking for treatment advice. \u003ca href=\"http://drattai.com/\">Attai \u003c/a>started a private conversation with the patient, offering her advice about reliable surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls it her Twitter \"ah-ha\" moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just by stumbling across a conversation in the middle of the night, you could really have a big impact,\" Attai says. \"That was for me, when I started to realize where my voice is among the community, that I could act as kind of like a guide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attai doesn't see social media making the NCI Contact Center obsolete. Instead, the cancer institute could use social media to point people to the NCI as a source of up-to-date, unbiased information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think they should be using social media to promote themselves,\" Attai says. \"People don't really understand what the NCI does, unless you're a researcher or physician or maybe someone that's participated in a clinical trial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Got+Cancer+Questions%3F+This+Little-Known+Hotline+Is+Here+To+Help&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you were worried you had cancer, who would you call for information? Chances are a federally funded cancer helpline isn't the first place that pops into your mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for 40 years, a helpline funded primarily by the National Cancer Institute has been answering people's questions about cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a source of information for people who have been called back for a follow-up after routine screenings and are worried they might have cancer. And it can also help cancer patients get information about participating in clinical trials and help them figure out questions to ask their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.fredhutch.org/en.html\">Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center\u003c/a> in Seattle runs the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/contact/contact-center\">Contact Center\u003c/a>, which is funded mostly by the National Cancer Institute with some support from the Veteran's Administration. Last month, the NCI awarded Fred Hutch a $24 million, three-year contract to continue operating the helpline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There will be about 1.7 million Americans diagnosed with cancer this year. For many of them, access to good information can be the difference between life and death,\" says Peter Garrett, a spokesperson for the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 91,000 people reached out to the Contact Center via phone, email or social media in 2016 — a total of about 250 inquiries per day. This year, more people have been contacting the center through a live chat, email or social media than with a phone call, says the center's director, Nancy Gore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Over the years, call volume has declined although the complexity of the calls has increased,\" says Gore. \"People seek information via the Internet, so [they] can often find answers to basic questions such as general cancer symptoms, a common call before the Internet became pervasive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, people more often need technical information about clinical trials and gene therapies, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the helpline remains relatively little-known by the general public. About 10 percent of those inquiries were from repeat clients, according to data provided by the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, more than 20 cancer call centers operated around the country. Now there's just one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming that the cancer center spends about $8 million this year to handle a similar number of inquiries, by our very rough calculation that adds up to a cost of about $87.14 per inquiry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no limit on the amount of time a helpline staffer can spend on the phone with a client. Eric Suni, a cancer information specialist at the center, says he has occasionally spent more than an hour on the phone with a caller during the seven years he's worked there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes people will call and say they have one quick question, but answering that one quick question requires a much more in-depth discussion because you can only answer that question by explaining some other concept,\" Suni says. \"Even those that seem like, oh, this should take two minutes to answer is actually a much more involved conversation. So you never really know until it actually starts to unfold.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hotline staffers, who are required to have a four-year college degree, spend six to seven weeks in initial training. The center calls this process \"the metamorphosis from civilian into a Cancer Information Specialist,\" in a training overview document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard not to think that the call center had become less necessary in an era when people can Google symptoms and get advice in patient groups on Facebook, but Gore says there's still a need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In fact, it is such a common, common comment that is shared with us that they [the clients] wish they had known we were here when they were first diagnosed, or when their mother was diagnosed,\" Gore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gore's husband died of melanoma when he was 34. She didn't know much about his disease at the time of his diagnosis, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Until a cancer diagnosis is part of someone's family or close friend situation people are aware of it, but until it hits home you're not that in tune to it,\" Gore says. \"Once it actually hits home, then people have intense interest and a thirst for knowledge because they want to understand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors may explain information to patients, but sometimes the shock of a cancer diagnosis can make it tough for a patient to focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, you don't hear anything after the diagnosis. You're just processing the words,\" Gore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCI estimates that about 4 in 10 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives, according to data from 2010 to 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callers to the hotline ask most frequently about breast cancer, according to 2016 data, followed by other more common cancers including lung and prostate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And more people called with questions about a spouse, friend or relative than about themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people who reach out to the center in English tend to be in their 50, 60s and 70s, but those who seek a conversation in Spanish are generally younger – most are in their 30s, 40s or 50s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other sources of information about cancer also exist, such as a 24-hour hotline run by the American Cancer Society, which received about 744,000 inquiries last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Deanna Attai, a clinical professor of surgery at the University of California Los Angeles, participates in the weekly Breast Cancer Social Media chats known as #bcsm. She says she got involved after she noticed a Twitter conversation where a breast cancer patient was asking for treatment advice. \u003ca href=\"http://drattai.com/\">Attai \u003c/a>started a private conversation with the patient, offering her advice about reliable surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls it her Twitter \"ah-ha\" moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just by stumbling across a conversation in the middle of the night, you could really have a big impact,\" Attai says. \"That was for me, when I started to realize where my voice is among the community, that I could act as kind of like a guide.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Attai doesn't see social media making the NCI Contact Center obsolete. Instead, the cancer institute could use social media to point people to the NCI as a source of up-to-date, unbiased information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think they should be using social media to promote themselves,\" Attai says. \"People don't really understand what the NCI does, unless you're a researcher or physician or maybe someone that's participated in a clinical trial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Got+Cancer+Questions%3F+This+Little-Known+Hotline+Is+Here+To+Help&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "CRISPR Pioneer Doudna: Humans on Cusp of 'New Age in Biological Mastery'",
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"content": "\u003cp>If there was one misstep that doomed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/13/crispr-patent-uc-appeal/\">long and bitter fight\u003c/a> by the University of California to wrest key CRISPR patents from the Broad Institute, it was star UC Berkeley scientist Jennifer Doudna’s habit of being scientifically cautious, realistic, and averse to overpromising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biochemist who co-led a breakthrough \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2012 study\u003c/a> of CRISPR-Cas9, Doudna repeatedly emphasized in interviews the challenges of repurposing the molecular system, which bacteria use to fend off viruses, to edit human genomes. The U.S. patent office, in a February \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/15/crispr-patent-ruling/\">ruling\u003c/a> that let the Broad keep its CRISPR patents (for now), relied heavily on those statements — “We weren’t sure if CRISPR/Cas9 would work in … animal cells,” for example — to conclude that when scientists at the Broad \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795411/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR’d human cells\u003c/a> in 2013, it was a non-obvious advance and therefore deserving of patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">So it’s striking that the careful, measured Doudna who said CRISPR’ing human cells and thereby curing devastating diseases would be a challenge is hardly in evidence in “A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution,” the new book she co-authored with her former student Samuel Sternberg. It went on sale last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This Doudna doesn’t hold back. We are “on the cusp of a new age in genetic engineering and biological mastery,” she and Sternberg write, dangling the prospect of “life-changing treatments” and “lifesaving cures.” She says she is “not kidding” that CRISPR could bring about “woolly mammoths, winged lizards, and unicorns. … It won’t be long before CRISPR allows us to bend nature to our will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The hyperbole contrasts with CRISPR’s stumbles, including altering parts of genomes (in lab studies, not patients yet) it wasn’t supposed to. “I don’t think we’ll have a version of CRISPR that’s 100 percent perfect, so it comes down to a risk-benefit analysis,” Sternberg, a biochemist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/22/rachel-haurwitz-crispr-caribou/\">Caribou Biosciences\u003c/a> (which Doudna co-founded), said in an interview. “There has been phenomenal progress in understanding off-target effects; I think it’s a solvable problem. … We have every reason to be optimistic but I hope we avoided overhyping and didn’t give the impression that there would be windfall of cures in the next couple of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a tell-all. The farthest Doudna goes in addressing the patent fight — a “disheartening twist” — is to say that because of such rivalries she experienced “the gamut of human relationships, from deep friendships to disturbing betrayals.” She doesn’t name the betrayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An early \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v546/n7656/full/546030a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review\u003c/a> chastised Doudna for presenting herself as “so flawless” the book “seems more concealing than revealing,” not “insightful [and] candid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what she does choose to reveal is fascinating, especially about her collaboration with Emmanuelle Charpentier. The two are so closely linked that all the prizes they’ve won for CRISPR, they’ve won together; among CRISPR watchers “Doudna and Charpentier” is virtually a macro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the book’s account of their breakthrough experiment showing that CRISPR could be programmed to edit a precise spot in a genome leaves a different impression. We read that “Martin [Jinek, Doudna’s postdoctoral fellow] showed” and “Martin labored tirelessly,” “Martin and I brainstormed” and “designed an experiment,” and when “Martin walked me through the data,” Doudna knew “we’d done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That work was described in the 2012 paper, which is widely recognized — by prize committees, the European Patent Office, and many scientists — as the Bastille moment for the CRISPR revolution. It identified the three crucial molecules in the CRISPR system — one to cut, one to guide the cutting enzyme to its target DNA, one to activate the cutting enzyme — that produced a programmable DNA-cutting machine. “We had built the means to rewrite the code of life,” Doudna and Sternberg write. “Nothing after that would ever be the same.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Doudna and her collaborators didn’t actually change genomes in cells — their CRISPR molecules altered cell-free DNA in test tubes — that was an obvious next step. How difficult a next step was the core dispute in the patent fight and one that she repeatedly cautioned was no slam dunk. But “Crack in Creation” says that doing so “was immediately clear to us,” and “there were good reasons to expect success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contrasts with her cautious statements, cited by the patent office, at the time. When \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/08/george-church-narcolepsy/\">George Church\u003c/a> of Harvard used CRISPR to edit genes, it was “just as we had proposed in 2012,” according to the book. She was elated that her 2012 work “inspired others to pursue a line of experimentation similar to our own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna became a public scientist — she’s given a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_doudna_we_can_now_edit_our_dna_but_let_s_do_it_wisely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TED talk\u003c/a> and will appear on “Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly” — because of her research, but also because she was instrumental in getting the scientific community to focus on ethical issues it raises, especially about editing embryos in a way that would be inherited by future generations (“germline” editing). She writes that she had nightmares that a man asking her about this was Hitler and that she “began to feel a bit like Dr. Frankenstein.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own moral journey is intriguing. She feels germline editing can be safe, and the “it’s unnatural!” argument “doesn’t carry much weight with me anymore,” she writes. “It seems to me that we’d be justified in using” CRISPR to eliminate genes that cause untold suffering, such as those for Huntington’s disease. “When I think about the pain that genetic diseases cause families, the stakes are simply too high to exclude the possibility of eventually using germline editing,” as an expert panel also \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/14/national-academy-crispr-report/\">concluded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna acknowledges, however, that “it’s difficult to see how we’d do it equitably,” especially when the line between therapy and enhancement is paper thin: Some families might purchase a genetic legacy that gives them less need for sleep, greater endurance, extra-strong bones, leaner or larger muscles, lower risk of diabetes and Alzheimer’s, even less armpit odor — while other families muddle through with the genes nature gave them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That threatens to “transcribe our societies’ financial inequality into our genetic code,” Doudna writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her solution? “Redoubl[ing] our commitment to building a society in which all humans are respected and treated equally, regardless of their genetic makeup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update, June 14: Doudna, whose office cancelled an interview with STAT before this story ran, said in an email that “positioning Martin Jinek’s role to your readers as above the work of Emmanuelle Charpentier is incorrect and unfair. Our work was conducted closely with Emmanuelle, whose contributions and insights including the role of tracrRNA in the DNA targeting complex were a key aspect of the development of CRISPR-Cas as a gene editing technology.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/11/crispr-jennifer-doudna-book/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If there was one misstep that doomed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/13/crispr-patent-uc-appeal/\">long and bitter fight\u003c/a> by the University of California to wrest key CRISPR patents from the Broad Institute, it was star UC Berkeley scientist Jennifer Doudna’s habit of being scientifically cautious, realistic, and averse to overpromising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biochemist who co-led a breakthrough \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2012 study\u003c/a> of CRISPR-Cas9, Doudna repeatedly emphasized in interviews the challenges of repurposing the molecular system, which bacteria use to fend off viruses, to edit human genomes. The U.S. patent office, in a February \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/15/crispr-patent-ruling/\">ruling\u003c/a> that let the Broad keep its CRISPR patents (for now), relied heavily on those statements — “We weren’t sure if CRISPR/Cas9 would work in … animal cells,” for example — to conclude that when scientists at the Broad \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3795411/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CRISPR’d human cells\u003c/a> in 2013, it was a non-obvious advance and therefore deserving of patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">So it’s striking that the careful, measured Doudna who said CRISPR’ing human cells and thereby curing devastating diseases would be a challenge is hardly in evidence in “A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution,” the new book she co-authored with her former student Samuel Sternberg. It went on sale last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">This Doudna doesn’t hold back. We are “on the cusp of a new age in genetic engineering and biological mastery,” she and Sternberg write, dangling the prospect of “life-changing treatments” and “lifesaving cures.” She says she is “not kidding” that CRISPR could bring about “woolly mammoths, winged lizards, and unicorns. … It won’t be long before CRISPR allows us to bend nature to our will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The hyperbole contrasts with CRISPR’s stumbles, including altering parts of genomes (in lab studies, not patients yet) it wasn’t supposed to. “I don’t think we’ll have a version of CRISPR that’s 100 percent perfect, so it comes down to a risk-benefit analysis,” Sternberg, a biochemist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/22/rachel-haurwitz-crispr-caribou/\">Caribou Biosciences\u003c/a> (which Doudna co-founded), said in an interview. “There has been phenomenal progress in understanding off-target effects; I think it’s a solvable problem. … We have every reason to be optimistic but I hope we avoided overhyping and didn’t give the impression that there would be windfall of cures in the next couple of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a tell-all. The farthest Doudna goes in addressing the patent fight — a “disheartening twist” — is to say that because of such rivalries she experienced “the gamut of human relationships, from deep friendships to disturbing betrayals.” She doesn’t name the betrayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An early \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v546/n7656/full/546030a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">review\u003c/a> chastised Doudna for presenting herself as “so flawless” the book “seems more concealing than revealing,” not “insightful [and] candid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what she does choose to reveal is fascinating, especially about her collaboration with Emmanuelle Charpentier. The two are so closely linked that all the prizes they’ve won for CRISPR, they’ve won together; among CRISPR watchers “Doudna and Charpentier” is virtually a macro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the book’s account of their breakthrough experiment showing that CRISPR could be programmed to edit a precise spot in a genome leaves a different impression. We read that “Martin [Jinek, Doudna’s postdoctoral fellow] showed” and “Martin labored tirelessly,” “Martin and I brainstormed” and “designed an experiment,” and when “Martin walked me through the data,” Doudna knew “we’d done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That work was described in the 2012 paper, which is widely recognized — by prize committees, the European Patent Office, and many scientists — as the Bastille moment for the CRISPR revolution. It identified the three crucial molecules in the CRISPR system — one to cut, one to guide the cutting enzyme to its target DNA, one to activate the cutting enzyme — that produced a programmable DNA-cutting machine. “We had built the means to rewrite the code of life,” Doudna and Sternberg write. “Nothing after that would ever be the same.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Doudna and her collaborators didn’t actually change genomes in cells — their CRISPR molecules altered cell-free DNA in test tubes — that was an obvious next step. How difficult a next step was the core dispute in the patent fight and one that she repeatedly cautioned was no slam dunk. But “Crack in Creation” says that doing so “was immediately clear to us,” and “there were good reasons to expect success.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That contrasts with her cautious statements, cited by the patent office, at the time. When \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/08/george-church-narcolepsy/\">George Church\u003c/a> of Harvard used CRISPR to edit genes, it was “just as we had proposed in 2012,” according to the book. She was elated that her 2012 work “inspired others to pursue a line of experimentation similar to our own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna became a public scientist — she’s given a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_doudna_we_can_now_edit_our_dna_but_let_s_do_it_wisely\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">TED talk\u003c/a> and will appear on “Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly” — because of her research, but also because she was instrumental in getting the scientific community to focus on ethical issues it raises, especially about editing embryos in a way that would be inherited by future generations (“germline” editing). She writes that she had nightmares that a man asking her about this was Hitler and that she “began to feel a bit like Dr. Frankenstein.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own moral journey is intriguing. She feels germline editing can be safe, and the “it’s unnatural!” argument “doesn’t carry much weight with me anymore,” she writes. “It seems to me that we’d be justified in using” CRISPR to eliminate genes that cause untold suffering, such as those for Huntington’s disease. “When I think about the pain that genetic diseases cause families, the stakes are simply too high to exclude the possibility of eventually using germline editing,” as an expert panel also \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/14/national-academy-crispr-report/\">concluded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna acknowledges, however, that “it’s difficult to see how we’d do it equitably,” especially when the line between therapy and enhancement is paper thin: Some families might purchase a genetic legacy that gives them less need for sleep, greater endurance, extra-strong bones, leaner or larger muscles, lower risk of diabetes and Alzheimer’s, even less armpit odor — while other families muddle through with the genes nature gave them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That threatens to “transcribe our societies’ financial inequality into our genetic code,” Doudna writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her solution? “Redoubl[ing] our commitment to building a society in which all humans are respected and treated equally, regardless of their genetic makeup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update, June 14: Doudna, whose office cancelled an interview with STAT before this story ran, said in an email that “positioning Martin Jinek’s role to your readers as above the work of Emmanuelle Charpentier is incorrect and unfair. Our work was conducted closely with Emmanuelle, whose contributions and insights including the role of tracrRNA in the DNA targeting complex were a key aspect of the development of CRISPR-Cas as a gene editing technology.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/11/crispr-jennifer-doudna-book/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sunnyvale’s San Miguel neighborhood, with its leafy trees and modest houses, is home to hundreds of families and four schools for young children. Underneath these quiet streets lies a shadow of Silicon Valley’s past: groundwater contaminated with a solvent once used to make computer chips, and known to cause cancer and birth defects. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That chemical, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/trichloroethylene-tce\">trichloroethylene or TCE\u003c/a>, was as crucial to chipmakers in the 1960s and 1970s as yeast is to a bakery. TCE is a powerful solvent used to clean silicon wafers before the chip design is etched onto them. And it’s responsible for nearly half the federal Superfund sites in \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_California#Santa_Clara_County\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>. These are areas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designates as the nation’s most toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara has 24 Superfund sites, according to former EPA regional director Jared Blumenfeld. The neighborhood of San Miguel is located within one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When TCE is present in groundwater, it can turn to vapor, seeping through cracks in building frames and into homes and classrooms. Short-term exposure can cause slowed breathing, light-headedness and headaches; over the longer term, TCE exposure causes cancer, particularly kidney cancer and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">non-Hodgkin lymphoma\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And in 2011, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339451/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study appeared to show \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that fetuses exposed to TCE in the first trimester have a higher risk of heart defects at birth. Socioeconomic differences could have influenced the results, though researchers tried to account for that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388759\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-388759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-160x289.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-768x1387.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-1020x1842.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-960x1734.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-240x433.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-375x677.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-520x939.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0.jpg 1113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Triple Site area in Sunnyvale, Calif. \u003ccite>(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Years of Contamination\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A half-mile south of the San Miguel neighborhood is Lowe’s Home Improvement, built on the site where \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signetics\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Signetics Inc.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—which became \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usa.philips.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philips Semiconductors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1975—left massive amounts of trichloroethylene in the soil and groundwater from nearly 30 years of chip manufacturing. Next to Lowe’s is a large, vacant dome of soil carpeted with dry grass.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s where we have the highest concentrations of TCE,” says EPA site manager Melanie Morash, gesturing at the mound. This is essentially Ground Zero for what the EPA calls the Triple Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Triple Site gets its name from the three chipmakers responsible for the contamination: Philips, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amd.com/en/home\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced Micro Devices\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/vwsoalphabetic/TRW+Microwave,+Inc.+(Building+825)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TRW Microwave\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the 1960s and ‘70s, these companies stored TCE in underground tanks for later use. But the tanks and pipelines sometimes ruptured, leaking TCE into the soil and groundwater. It wasn’t until the 1980s, when the EPA launched its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Superfund program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to clean up the nation’s most toxic sites, that these properties began to get attention. By then, the TCE had spread through groundwater a mile to the north, underneath hundreds of homes and apartments and all four schools.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Begins\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1980s, the EPA worked with the manufacturers to clean up the toxic plume by excavating soil and treating the water. One method decontaminates the water by exposing it to ultraviolet light; the other oxygenates the water, releasing the TCE into the air, where it disperses. Although it isn’t ideal to make TCE airborne, it reduces concentrations enough that it isn’t a health risk to people, Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410384\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the street from Ground Zero, in the parking lot of Planet Granite, gym-goers breeze past a fenced-off cluster of machinery. The systems hum as they pump groundwater from beneath the soil, aerate the water to disperse toxic chemicals, and return the water to the aquifer. This is one of the Phillips treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early 2000s, AMD and TRW switched to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1997/april23/tce.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a method pioneered at Stanford University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in which natural bacteria break down the TCE. The bacteria are fed molasses, lactose or vegetable oil to boost their population, creating enough microbes to transform TCE into harmless components, according to Michael Calhoun, a geologist with Haley & Aldrich Inc. and a consultant for AMD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioremediation has been successful for TRW and AMD. Philips—which is now responsible for the remaining cleanup at the Triple Site—held off, sticking to traditional methods. It wasn’t until 2016 that Philips began testing bioremediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokeswoman Silvie Casanova declined to comment on why Philips waited so long to try the method. It’s unclear whether it will work as well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a contaminant released into the ground and it sits there for a while, it can diffuse into the soil, and then it’s more difficult to get back out,” Calhoun said. “Even if you clean up the groundwater, it will continue to diffuse from the soil back into the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-388757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-960x721.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom.jpg 1279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two air monitors inside a classroom at San Miguel Elementary School in Sunnyvale. The devices monitor inside buildings for signs of TCE vapor. They must be in place for at least 24 hours to get accurate results. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fighting to Protect Public Health\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the 2011 study revealed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=171&tid=30\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the risk for birth defects from TCE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the EPA worked to update its process of notifying people about contamination. Previously, the agency tested buildings in Superfund zones quarterly, and then notified occupants of the results four to five months later, said former regional director Blumenfeld. But the risk to fetuses is highest in the first trimester, meaning pregnant women needed the information much sooner.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"QIiBrV7DZWww9hv35669NPpPlzzmI7hs\"]Getting the agency to change was an uphill battle. Chipmakers hired lawyers to fight back. EPA headquarters in Washington D.C. told Blumenfeld to hold off because it was working on new national guidelines, but they never materialized, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blumenfeld eventually won. Under the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/3dc283e6c5d6056f88257426007417a2/6a24ed351efe25b888257d16007659e8/%24FILE/R9%20TCE%20Action%20Levels%20and%20Recs%20Memo%207_14.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new notification requirements\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> adopted in 2014, the EPA is required to test air quality inside buildings vulnerable to TCE vapor, install mitigation measures “quickly” and retest to make sure they’re working. When exposures reach a certain level, those mitigations must happen immediately, and residents aren’t allowed back in until it’s safe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Knocking on Doors\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing all that testing, though, meant getting permission from property owners. The schools within the Triple Site complied quickly, but residents were another story. EPA workers, led by Morash and Alejandro Diaz, the EPA’s community involvement coordinator for the site, began going door-to-door to ask if they could test the air inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Miguel neighborhood includes mostly small, single-family homes with grassy front yards. Sprinkled among them are several modest-sized apartment buildings. During the day, the streets are quiet; almost nobody remains outside. The neighborhood is also extremely diverse, with large concentrations of Latino, Asian and South Asian residents. Diaz said the EPA did outreach in several languages, including Vietnamese, Tagalog, Punjabi and Urdu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"This riser pipe and fan are part of a system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This riser pipe and fan are part of a\u003cbr>system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \u003ccite>(EPA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The idea is to remove any barriers and make it the least scary possible,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2015, the team has knocked on more than 500 doors—every property in the Triple Site zone—and tested every school building. About 225 households have allowed testing. The team has detected concerning levels of TCE vapor in 55 households and 37 school buildings, Morash said. Buildings at Rainbow Montessori, San Miguel Elementary and King’s Academy all tested positive for TCE vapor; mitigation systems are in place in the schools now, and their air is monitored regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 properties, which include some 100 households, have refused air testing, Huitric said; those who said no haven’t told the team why. The EPA keeps in touch with the property owners, ready to act if they change their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shashi Jaggia, who has owned a 12-unit apartment building on Duane Avenue within the Triple Site zone since 1999, cooperated with the EPA when they came calling. Jaggia had no idea her tenants were being exposed to TCE until the EPA contacted her a couple of years ago. But she wasn’t surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m in the real estate business,” she said. “I know there’s lots of contamination in the groundwater in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first year after installing the systems, the EPA tests the air frequently to make sure levels remain safe. If they do, the tests are less frequent in following years. That’s the protocol for all properties in the Triple Site, Huitric said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, cleanup, testing and mitigation at the Triple Site is expected to continue indefinitely, until the TCE levels in both groundwater and indoor air are safe. President Donald Trump’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/trump-epa-budget-noaa-climate-change/527814/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">proposed budget\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> includes a 31.4 percent cut to the EPA, including $330 million in cuts to the Superfund program. Philips is bankrolling cleanup costs at the Triple Site, but other elements of the process could be in trouble, Blumenfeld said, including enforcement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for anything until we know for a fact what’s happening,” said Caleb Shaffer, section chief for Superfund’s California Cleanup Section. “We can’t predict the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UCSF's Maria Glymour contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sunnyvale’s San Miguel neighborhood, with its leafy trees and modest houses, is home to hundreds of families and four schools for young children. Underneath these quiet streets lies a shadow of Silicon Valley’s past: groundwater contaminated with a solvent once used to make computer chips, and known to cause cancer and birth defects. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That chemical, known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/trichloroethylene-tce\">trichloroethylene or TCE\u003c/a>, was as crucial to chipmakers in the 1960s and 1970s as yeast is to a bakery. TCE is a powerful solvent used to clean silicon wafers before the chip design is etched onto them. And it’s responsible for nearly half the federal Superfund sites in \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Superfund_sites_in_California#Santa_Clara_County\">Santa Clara County\u003c/a>. These are areas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency designates as the nation’s most toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara has 24 Superfund sites, according to former EPA regional director Jared Blumenfeld. The neighborhood of San Miguel is located within one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When TCE is present in groundwater, it can turn to vapor, seeping through cracks in building frames and into homes and classrooms. Short-term exposure can cause slowed breathing, light-headedness and headaches; over the longer term, TCE exposure causes cancer, particularly kidney cancer and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">non-Hodgkin lymphoma\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And in 2011, a \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339451/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study appeared to show \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">that fetuses exposed to TCE in the first trimester have a higher risk of heart defects at birth. Socioeconomic differences could have influenced the results, though researchers tried to account for that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388759\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-388759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-800x1445.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-160x289.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-768x1387.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-1020x1842.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-960x1734.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-240x433.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-375x677.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0-520x939.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/10-Triple-Site-Map-page-0.jpg 1113w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 378px) 100vw, 378px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Triple Site area in Sunnyvale, Calif. \u003ccite>(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Years of Contamination\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A half-mile south of the San Miguel neighborhood is Lowe’s Home Improvement, built on the site where \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signetics\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Signetics Inc.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—which became \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usa.philips.com/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philips Semiconductors\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1975—left massive amounts of trichloroethylene in the soil and groundwater from nearly 30 years of chip manufacturing. Next to Lowe’s is a large, vacant dome of soil carpeted with dry grass.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s where we have the highest concentrations of TCE,” says EPA site manager Melanie Morash, gesturing at the mound. This is essentially Ground Zero for what the EPA calls the Triple Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Triple Site gets its name from the three chipmakers responsible for the contamination: Philips, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amd.com/en/home\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advanced Micro Devices\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/vwsoalphabetic/TRW+Microwave,+Inc.+(Building+825)\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TRW Microwave\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In the 1960s and ‘70s, these companies stored TCE in underground tanks for later use. But the tanks and pipelines sometimes ruptured, leaking TCE into the soil and groundwater. It wasn’t until the 1980s, when the EPA launched its \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Superfund program\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to clean up the nation’s most toxic sites, that these properties began to get attention. By then, the TCE had spread through groundwater a mile to the north, underneath hundreds of homes and apartments and all four schools.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleanup Begins\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1980s, the EPA worked with the manufacturers to clean up the toxic plume by excavating soil and treating the water. One method decontaminates the water by exposing it to ultraviolet light; the other oxygenates the water, releasing the TCE into the air, where it disperses. Although it isn’t ideal to make TCE airborne, it reduces concentrations enough that it isn’t a health risk to people, Blumenfeld said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410384\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410384\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/6-melanie-dome-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EPA Triple Site site manager Melanie Morash at the dome of earth near the former Philips Semiconductor property, where TCE contamination is concentrated. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the street from Ground Zero, in the parking lot of Planet Granite, gym-goers breeze past a fenced-off cluster of machinery. The systems hum as they pump groundwater from beneath the soil, aerate the water to disperse toxic chemicals, and return the water to the aquifer. This is one of the Phillips treatment plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early 2000s, AMD and TRW switched to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/1997/april23/tce.html\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a method pioneered at Stanford University\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in which natural bacteria break down the TCE. The bacteria are fed molasses, lactose or vegetable oil to boost their population, creating enough microbes to transform TCE into harmless components, according to Michael Calhoun, a geologist with Haley & Aldrich Inc. and a consultant for AMD.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioremediation has been successful for TRW and AMD. Philips—which is now responsible for the remaining cleanup at the Triple Site—held off, sticking to traditional methods. It wasn’t until 2016 that Philips began testing bioremediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spokeswoman Silvie Casanova declined to comment on why Philips waited so long to try the method. It’s unclear whether it will work as well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a contaminant released into the ground and it sits there for a while, it can diffuse into the soil, and then it’s more difficult to get back out,” Calhoun said. “Even if you clean up the groundwater, it will continue to diffuse from the soil back into the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_388757\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-388757\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1020x766.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-960x721.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/9-image-tester-in-classroom.jpg 1279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two air monitors inside a classroom at San Miguel Elementary School in Sunnyvale. The devices monitor inside buildings for signs of TCE vapor. They must be in place for at least 24 hours to get accurate results. \u003ccite>(Beth Winegarner/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Fighting to Protect Public Health\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the 2011 study revealed \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=171&tid=30\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the risk for birth defects from TCE\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the EPA worked to update its process of notifying people about contamination. Previously, the agency tested buildings in Superfund zones quarterly, and then notified occupants of the results four to five months later, said former regional director Blumenfeld. But the risk to fetuses is highest in the first trimester, meaning pregnant women needed the information much sooner.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Getting the agency to change was an uphill battle. Chipmakers hired lawyers to fight back. EPA headquarters in Washington D.C. told Blumenfeld to hold off because it was working on new national guidelines, but they never materialized, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blumenfeld eventually won. Under the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/r9sfdocw.nsf/3dc283e6c5d6056f88257426007417a2/6a24ed351efe25b888257d16007659e8/%24FILE/R9%20TCE%20Action%20Levels%20and%20Recs%20Memo%207_14.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new notification requirements\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> adopted in 2014, the EPA is required to test air quality inside buildings vulnerable to TCE vapor, install mitigation measures “quickly” and retest to make sure they’re working. When exposures reach a certain level, those mitigations must happen immediately, and residents aren’t allowed back in until it’s safe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Knocking on Doors\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing all that testing, though, meant getting permission from property owners. The schools within the Triple Site complied quickly, but residents were another story. EPA workers, led by Morash and Alejandro Diaz, the EPA’s community involvement coordinator for the site, began going door-to-door to ask if they could test the air inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Miguel neighborhood includes mostly small, single-family homes with grassy front yards. Sprinkled among them are several modest-sized apartment buildings. During the day, the streets are quiet; almost nobody remains outside. The neighborhood is also extremely diverse, with large concentrations of Latino, Asian and South Asian residents. Diaz said the EPA did outreach in several languages, including Vietnamese, Tagalog, Punjabi and Urdu.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_410388\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-410388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"This riser pipe and fan are part of a system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-240x320.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-375x500.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/3-Riser-pipe-and-fan-inside-the-box-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This riser pipe and fan are part of a\u003cbr>system that diverts TCE vapor from underneath a building to its roof, where it’s released into the air rather than going inside the building. \u003ccite>(EPA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The idea is to remove any barriers and make it the least scary possible,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since early 2015, the team has knocked on more than 500 doors—every property in the Triple Site zone—and tested every school building. About 225 households have allowed testing. The team has detected concerning levels of TCE vapor in 55 households and 37 school buildings, Morash said. Buildings at Rainbow Montessori, San Miguel Elementary and King’s Academy all tested positive for TCE vapor; mitigation systems are in place in the schools now, and their air is monitored regularly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 30 properties, which include some 100 households, have refused air testing, Huitric said; those who said no haven’t told the team why. The EPA keeps in touch with the property owners, ready to act if they change their minds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shashi Jaggia, who has owned a 12-unit apartment building on Duane Avenue within the Triple Site zone since 1999, cooperated with the EPA when they came calling. Jaggia had no idea her tenants were being exposed to TCE until the EPA contacted her a couple of years ago. But she wasn’t surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m in the real estate business,” she said. “I know there’s lots of contamination in the groundwater in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first year after installing the systems, the EPA tests the air frequently to make sure levels remain safe. If they do, the tests are less frequent in following years. That’s the protocol for all properties in the Triple Site, Huitric said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For now, cleanup, testing and mitigation at the Triple Site is expected to continue indefinitely, until the TCE levels in both groundwater and indoor air are safe. President Donald Trump’s \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/trump-epa-budget-noaa-climate-change/527814/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">proposed budget\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> includes a 31.4 percent cut to the EPA, including $330 million in cuts to the Superfund program. Philips is bankrolling cleanup costs at the Triple Site, but other elements of the process could be in trouble, Blumenfeld said, including enforcement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not planning for anything until we know for a fact what’s happening,” said Caleb Shaffer, section chief for Superfund’s California Cleanup Section. “We can’t predict the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>UCSF's Maria Glymour contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fetuses Respond To Face-Like Patterns, Study Suggests",
"title": "Fetuses Respond To Face-Like Patterns, Study Suggests",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Provocative new research suggests that fetuses have the ability to discern faces when they're still in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30580-8\">study\u003c/a> involving 34-week-old fetuses found they were more likely to focus on a pattern of lights that resembled a human face than on the same lights configured to look nothing like a face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results need to be confirmed by follow-up experiments, some researchers who were not involved in the experiment say the findings are a significant advance in understanding early human sight development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's fantastic,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psych.ucla.edu/faculty/page/scott.johnson\">Scott Johnson\u003c/a>, a developmental psychologist at UCLA who was not involved in the research. \"It's really a breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that fetuses respond to sounds, such as their mother's voice and music. But it's always been a mystery how much they could see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vision really was the last of the sensory systems for us to understand,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/psychology/people/vincent-reid\">Vincent Reid\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Lancaster University in Britain who led the new research. \"And that's because, until now, we haven't able to look at vision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reid thought scientists could use something he suspected would have the best chance of eliciting a response: faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that newborn babies are particularly drawn to faces. Reid wondered if that preference might start in he womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Reid and his colleagues created a very primitive representation of a face he could show to fetuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it face-like,\" Reid says. \"It's not a face, but it has the same sort of parameters as a face, visually.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's three red lights glowing in just the right intensity red that a fetus can see shining through the mother's belly. Previous studies have shown that fetuses in the third trimester can see red light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three dots of red light are arranged like an upside-down triangle. There are two bright red dots next to each other at the top and one at the bottom — oriented like two eyes and a mouth would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reid and his colleagues shined the patterns at the abdomens of 39 women in their third trimester of pregnancy and used sophisticated ultrasound technology to watch in real time how the fetuses reacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We moved the stimuli and then we tracked how the fetus would look at this,\" Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, the researchers report that the fetuses seemed to turn towards and follow the red dots more frequently and for longer than they did when the lights were flipped upside down and looked nothing like a face might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can actually see the face of the fetus. And then you can actually see them move their face,\" Reid says. \"They would move their heads more to try to track the stimuli when we showed the stimuli in an upright orientation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the overall rate at which the fetuses responded to either stimulus was relatively low, the fetuses were about four times more likely to respond to the face-like pattern, Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reid stresses the findings do not mean fetuses can recognize their parents' faces before they're born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can't see their mother's face. They can't see their father's face or someone else's face. And we don't want to recommend that people shine bright lights into the uterus, because that could be aversive. It could be damaging, potentially, if it was too bright,\" Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, while the differences were somewhat modest, other researchers say the results are nevertheless compelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously a lot of development happens in the nine months before birth. So this paper for the first time gives us a window into some of those processes,\" Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it could indicate when sensitivity to faces, which is probably crucial for bonding with parents, begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It kind of pushes down the age at which we know now that the developing human shows a socially relevant visual preference,\" Johnson says. \"The visual system, in effect, kind of knows something about faces even before any exposure to faces at all. It's just astonishing to think about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cbcd.bbk.ac.uk/people/scientificstaff/mark-johnson\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Birkbeck College in London, calls the findings \"noteworthy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study suggest the fetus's visual world might, in fact, be more interesting and contain more structure and visibility than we'd previously thought,\" Johnson says. \"This new technique allows us to get a window into their visual world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Reid and the other scientists say the same technique might help them learn other things about fetuses. Reid already has used the technique to find clues that indicate fetuses can differentiate between different numbers of objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique could enable scientists to test whether fetuses can associate certain patterns of lights to other kinds of stimuli, such as specific nursery rhymes, says Mark Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This would be quite important because it would tell us that the ability of the brain to integrate information across senses is present very early on, even prior to birth,\" Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fetuses+Respond+To+Face-Like+Patterns%2C+Study+Suggests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Provocative new research suggests that fetuses have the ability to discern faces when they're still in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30580-8\">study\u003c/a> involving 34-week-old fetuses found they were more likely to focus on a pattern of lights that resembled a human face than on the same lights configured to look nothing like a face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the results need to be confirmed by follow-up experiments, some researchers who were not involved in the experiment say the findings are a significant advance in understanding early human sight development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's fantastic,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psych.ucla.edu/faculty/page/scott.johnson\">Scott Johnson\u003c/a>, a developmental psychologist at UCLA who was not involved in the research. \"It's really a breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that fetuses respond to sounds, such as their mother's voice and music. But it's always been a mystery how much they could see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vision really was the last of the sensory systems for us to understand,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/psychology/people/vincent-reid\">Vincent Reid\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Lancaster University in Britain who led the new research. \"And that's because, until now, we haven't able to look at vision.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Reid thought scientists could use something he suspected would have the best chance of eliciting a response: faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that newborn babies are particularly drawn to faces. Reid wondered if that preference might start in he womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Reid and his colleagues created a very primitive representation of a face he could show to fetuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We call it face-like,\" Reid says. \"It's not a face, but it has the same sort of parameters as a face, visually.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's three red lights glowing in just the right intensity red that a fetus can see shining through the mother's belly. Previous studies have shown that fetuses in the third trimester can see red light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three dots of red light are arranged like an upside-down triangle. There are two bright red dots next to each other at the top and one at the bottom — oriented like two eyes and a mouth would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reid and his colleagues shined the patterns at the abdomens of 39 women in their third trimester of pregnancy and used sophisticated ultrasound technology to watch in real time how the fetuses reacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We moved the stimuli and then we tracked how the fetus would look at this,\" Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the journal \u003cem>Current Biology\u003c/em>, the researchers report that the fetuses seemed to turn towards and follow the red dots more frequently and for longer than they did when the lights were flipped upside down and looked nothing like a face might.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can actually see the face of the fetus. And then you can actually see them move their face,\" Reid says. \"They would move their heads more to try to track the stimuli when we showed the stimuli in an upright orientation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the overall rate at which the fetuses responded to either stimulus was relatively low, the fetuses were about four times more likely to respond to the face-like pattern, Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reid stresses the findings do not mean fetuses can recognize their parents' faces before they're born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They can't see their mother's face. They can't see their father's face or someone else's face. And we don't want to recommend that people shine bright lights into the uterus, because that could be aversive. It could be damaging, potentially, if it was too bright,\" Reid says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, while the differences were somewhat modest, other researchers say the results are nevertheless compelling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously a lot of development happens in the nine months before birth. So this paper for the first time gives us a window into some of those processes,\" Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it could indicate when sensitivity to faces, which is probably crucial for bonding with parents, begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It kind of pushes down the age at which we know now that the developing human shows a socially relevant visual preference,\" Johnson says. \"The visual system, in effect, kind of knows something about faces even before any exposure to faces at all. It's just astonishing to think about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cbcd.bbk.ac.uk/people/scientificstaff/mark-johnson\">Mark Johnson\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Birkbeck College in London, calls the findings \"noteworthy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study suggest the fetus's visual world might, in fact, be more interesting and contain more structure and visibility than we'd previously thought,\" Johnson says. \"This new technique allows us to get a window into their visual world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Reid and the other scientists say the same technique might help them learn other things about fetuses. Reid already has used the technique to find clues that indicate fetuses can differentiate between different numbers of objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique could enable scientists to test whether fetuses can associate certain patterns of lights to other kinds of stimuli, such as specific nursery rhymes, says Mark Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This would be quite important because it would tell us that the ability of the brain to integrate information across senses is present very early on, even prior to birth,\" Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Fetuses+Respond+To+Face-Like+Patterns%2C+Study+Suggests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Wrinkle in Mammography Debate: Many Detected Tumors May Not Pose Threat",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists say they may have solved a big medical mystery: why mammograms don't save more lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study involving thousands of breast cancer cases, released last week, concludes that a significant proportion of tumors detected through \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/mammograms-fact-sheet\">mammography \u003c/a>are not small because they are found early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the tumors are small because they are biologically prone to slow growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For over 100 years, we've known that small breast cancers have a much better prognosis than large breast cancers,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://yalecancercenter.org/patient/people/donald_lannin.profile\">Donald Lannin\u003c/a>, a professor of surgery at the Yale School of Medicine, who led the study. \"We always assumed that it was because we were catching the small cancers early and then that's why the cure rate was much better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test that assumption, Lannin and a colleague analyzed information about thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast\">breast cancer\u003c/a> cases collected between 2001 and 2013 by the National Cancer Institute's \u003ca href=\"https://seer.cancer.gov/\">Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results\u003c/a> database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that about 22 percent of tumors detected by mammography are the very slow growing kind. The study looked at factors such as whether a tumor is more or less likely to grow faster when exposed to hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were published in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1613680\">special report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We thought almost all breast cancers were alike. You know, a breast cancer was breast cancer — it was bad,\" Lannin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he says that breast cancer varies \"tremendously,\" from some cancers that are extremely fast growing and aggressive to others that are extremely slow growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It takes 15 or 20 years for [these small tumors] to cause any problems. And you can kind of imagine that a lot of patients will die of something else over that 15 or 20 years,\" Lannin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means a significant proportion of women who get screened for breast cancer with a mammogram go through biopsies, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation — and experience a lot stress — for tumors that may never pose a health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appears that \"screening disproportionately finds good cancers — cancers that may be better off not found,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://tdi.dartmouth.edu/faculty/h-gilbert-welch-md-mph\">H. Gilbert Welch\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine, community and family medicine at Dartmouth College. He was not involved in the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that we all need to realize that we've probably oversold the idea that looking for cancer early is the best way to avoid it,\" Welch says. \"Mammography's a really close call. It's a choice. We've exaggerated its benefit and we've sort of understated its harms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Cancer Society and other groups have recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\">pulled back\u003c/a> on their recommendations for how often women should get mammograms, and the society now says most women can wait until they are 45 to start getting screened annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/09/508928906/danish-study-raises-more-questions-about-mammograms-message\">long debate over mammography\u003c/a> is unlikely to end anytime soon. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sw.org/Dr-Debra-L-Monticciolo\">Debra Monticciolo\u003c/a>, a radiologist at Texas A&M Health Science Center and chairwoman of the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Commission, argues the new study is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that mammograms have led to finding tumors earlier and have decreased mortality overall and it's pretty significant,\" Monticciolo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm concerned about is this will give patients or their physicians the idea that, well, if you have tumor with a 'favorable biology' that we just don't need to worry about it. And that's just not true,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others argue that the long-term solution is to come up with new tests that can tell the difference between breast tumors that are more likely to grow quickly and become life-threatening, and those that truly are nothing to worry about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we need to do is go from a mid-19th century definition of cancer that involved a biopsy to a 21st century definition of cancer that involves both [biological] and genomic testing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/OtisBrawley\">Otis Brawley\u003c/a>, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of test would allow doctors to say, \" 'Mrs. Jones, you have a breast cancer that we should watch' or 'Mrs. Smith, you have a breast cancer that we should treat,' \" Brawley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Brawley recommends women continue to follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/special-coverage/american-cancer-society-breast-cancer-screening-guidelines.html\">current guidelines\u003c/a> for getting mammmograms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Small+Tumors+In+Breasts+May+Not+Be+So+Bad+After+All&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists say they may have solved a big medical mystery: why mammograms don't save more lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study involving thousands of breast cancer cases, released last week, concludes that a significant proportion of tumors detected through \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/mammograms-fact-sheet\">mammography \u003c/a>are not small because they are found early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the tumors are small because they are biologically prone to slow growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For over 100 years, we've known that small breast cancers have a much better prognosis than large breast cancers,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://yalecancercenter.org/patient/people/donald_lannin.profile\">Donald Lannin\u003c/a>, a professor of surgery at the Yale School of Medicine, who led the study. \"We always assumed that it was because we were catching the small cancers early and then that's why the cure rate was much better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test that assumption, Lannin and a colleague analyzed information about thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast\">breast cancer\u003c/a> cases collected between 2001 and 2013 by the National Cancer Institute's \u003ca href=\"https://seer.cancer.gov/\">Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results\u003c/a> database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that about 22 percent of tumors detected by mammography are the very slow growing kind. The study looked at factors such as whether a tumor is more or less likely to grow faster when exposed to hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results were published in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1613680\">special report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We thought almost all breast cancers were alike. You know, a breast cancer was breast cancer — it was bad,\" Lannin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, he says that breast cancer varies \"tremendously,\" from some cancers that are extremely fast growing and aggressive to others that are extremely slow growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It takes 15 or 20 years for [these small tumors] to cause any problems. And you can kind of imagine that a lot of patients will die of something else over that 15 or 20 years,\" Lannin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means a significant proportion of women who get screened for breast cancer with a mammogram go through biopsies, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation — and experience a lot stress — for tumors that may never pose a health threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appears that \"screening disproportionately finds good cancers — cancers that may be better off not found,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://tdi.dartmouth.edu/faculty/h-gilbert-welch-md-mph\">H. Gilbert Welch\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine, community and family medicine at Dartmouth College. He was not involved in the new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that we all need to realize that we've probably oversold the idea that looking for cancer early is the best way to avoid it,\" Welch says. \"Mammography's a really close call. It's a choice. We've exaggerated its benefit and we've sort of understated its harms.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Cancer Society and other groups have recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/10/20/449920789/cancer-group-now-says-most-mammograms-can-wait-till-45\">pulled back\u003c/a> on their recommendations for how often women should get mammograms, and the society now says most women can wait until they are 45 to start getting screened annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/09/508928906/danish-study-raises-more-questions-about-mammograms-message\">long debate over mammography\u003c/a> is unlikely to end anytime soon. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sw.org/Dr-Debra-L-Monticciolo\">Debra Monticciolo\u003c/a>, a radiologist at Texas A&M Health Science Center and chairwoman of the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Commission, argues the new study is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that mammograms have led to finding tumors earlier and have decreased mortality overall and it's pretty significant,\" Monticciolo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm concerned about is this will give patients or their physicians the idea that, well, if you have tumor with a 'favorable biology' that we just don't need to worry about it. And that's just not true,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others argue that the long-term solution is to come up with new tests that can tell the difference between breast tumors that are more likely to grow quickly and become life-threatening, and those that truly are nothing to worry about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we need to do is go from a mid-19th century definition of cancer that involved a biopsy to a 21st century definition of cancer that involves both [biological] and genomic testing,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/OtisBrawley\">Otis Brawley\u003c/a>, chief medical officer at the American Cancer Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That kind of test would allow doctors to say, \" 'Mrs. Jones, you have a breast cancer that we should watch' or 'Mrs. Smith, you have a breast cancer that we should treat,' \" Brawley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Brawley recommends women continue to follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/special-coverage/american-cancer-society-breast-cancer-screening-guidelines.html\">current guidelines\u003c/a> for getting mammmograms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Small+Tumors+In+Breasts+May+Not+Be+So+Bad+After+All&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Asthma attacks come with little warning and are often triggered by invisible particles in the air. Now, thanks to advances in Bluetooth technology, smartphones have become the newest weapon in the fight against asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In one study, asthma-related hospitalizations dropped from 1.9 to 0 among 330 patients using the sensor. These patients also had 60 percent fewer asthma-related ER visits.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Propeller Health, a Wisconsin-based company, \u003ca href=\"http://propellerhealth.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wants to help\u003c/a> those with respiratory problems by supplementing medicine with technology. The firm has wired an inhaler with a Bluetooth transmitter to communicate with an asthma patient’s smartphone. This sensor activates when the inhaler is pressed, setting into motion a process that records the exact time and location of a patient’s asthma attack on a smartphone app. Doctors can view this data and see, not only how frequently the patient suffers attacks, but also tease apart the environmental factors that caused the distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see firsthand the value of collecting data, and so we see this as being the clear future of health care,” said Chris Hogg, the COO of Propeller Health. “[This technology] helps health care providers prioritize patients. With all the information coming off of the connected devices, [doctors] can really see who should be focused on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KoQZS36CJzc\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart inhalers are part of an emerging trend in medical technology known as “connected health.” Major tech firms have introduced ventures like Apple Health, a part of the iOS operating system that groups together biometric data recorded by apps and accessories. Meanwhile, medical equipment firms are installing internet connections on their devices, such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure sleep machines, glucose meters and blood pressure monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Propeller sensor also sets out to manage medication schedules. On average, less than 50 percent of asthma patients take their medicine correctly, said Linda Neuhauser, a professor at University of California, Berkeley who researches asthma treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2J9aoXruEvErjns0VhyDOoSveLi92vLi\"]\"The inhaler tells you, and your health care provider, maybe your parent, if you’ve taken your medication today correctly,” Neuhauser continued. “We know that if you take it correctly, you can avoid an attack, going to the emergency department, or being hospitalized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study conducted by Propeller and Dignity Health, a California hospital system, found that asthma-related hospitalizations dropped from 1.9 to 0 among 330 patients who had attached the sensor to their inhaler during an 11-month period. These participants also experienced 60 percent fewer asthma-related ER visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a community aspect to collecting data like this. When we have a lot of users in the same town, or same region, we can do a lot to help them,” Hogg said. “We start to see hot spots and trends over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Propeller’s biggest tests of their system was in Louisville, Kentucky, where they gave 140 asthmatic individuals sensors for their inhaler, and they recorded 5,600 uses over two years. The study found that proximity to railroads and utilities were the two major causes of asthma attacks, but they also found that public common areas, such as schools and places of worship were also full of asthma triggers. After the test, Propeller gave the data to the city,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re now making policy changes to improve emissions standards and clean the air, Hogg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not cheap though. A standard albuterol inhaler costs $5 to $60, while the Propeller sensor has a unit cost of approximately $300. And while most connected health devices can be easily purchased online, the Propeller sensor is only available through a handful of health plans and sponsors. It is typically prescribed by a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality monitors are another technological tool in the fight against asthma. One brand, Speck, has been used to research the causes of asthma attacks in the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Speck monitor measures indoor air quality, and this is the first time that parents, and older children, have had an opportunity to get feedback about the air quality inside their homes,” Neuhauser said. “Otherwise you just do what you think is good, and you just hope you’re reducing the allergens and irritants that might trigger asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Asthma attacks come with little warning and are often triggered by invisible particles in the air. Now, thanks to advances in Bluetooth technology, smartphones have become the newest weapon in the fight against asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In one study, asthma-related hospitalizations dropped from 1.9 to 0 among 330 patients using the sensor. These patients also had 60 percent fewer asthma-related ER visits.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Propeller Health, a Wisconsin-based company, \u003ca href=\"http://propellerhealth.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wants to help\u003c/a> those with respiratory problems by supplementing medicine with technology. The firm has wired an inhaler with a Bluetooth transmitter to communicate with an asthma patient’s smartphone. This sensor activates when the inhaler is pressed, setting into motion a process that records the exact time and location of a patient’s asthma attack on a smartphone app. Doctors can view this data and see, not only how frequently the patient suffers attacks, but also tease apart the environmental factors that caused the distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see firsthand the value of collecting data, and so we see this as being the clear future of health care,” said Chris Hogg, the COO of Propeller Health. “[This technology] helps health care providers prioritize patients. With all the information coming off of the connected devices, [doctors] can really see who should be focused on.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/KoQZS36CJzc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/KoQZS36CJzc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Smart inhalers are part of an emerging trend in medical technology known as “connected health.” Major tech firms have introduced ventures like Apple Health, a part of the iOS operating system that groups together biometric data recorded by apps and accessories. Meanwhile, medical equipment firms are installing internet connections on their devices, such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure sleep machines, glucose meters and blood pressure monitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Propeller sensor also sets out to manage medication schedules. On average, less than 50 percent of asthma patients take their medicine correctly, said Linda Neuhauser, a professor at University of California, Berkeley who researches asthma treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"The inhaler tells you, and your health care provider, maybe your parent, if you’ve taken your medication today correctly,” Neuhauser continued. “We know that if you take it correctly, you can avoid an attack, going to the emergency department, or being hospitalized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study conducted by Propeller and Dignity Health, a California hospital system, found that asthma-related hospitalizations dropped from 1.9 to 0 among 330 patients who had attached the sensor to their inhaler during an 11-month period. These participants also experienced 60 percent fewer asthma-related ER visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a community aspect to collecting data like this. When we have a lot of users in the same town, or same region, we can do a lot to help them,” Hogg said. “We start to see hot spots and trends over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Propeller’s biggest tests of their system was in Louisville, Kentucky, where they gave 140 asthmatic individuals sensors for their inhaler, and they recorded 5,600 uses over two years. The study found that proximity to railroads and utilities were the two major causes of asthma attacks, but they also found that public common areas, such as schools and places of worship were also full of asthma triggers. After the test, Propeller gave the data to the city,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re now making policy changes to improve emissions standards and clean the air, Hogg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not cheap though. A standard albuterol inhaler costs $5 to $60, while the Propeller sensor has a unit cost of approximately $300. And while most connected health devices can be easily purchased online, the Propeller sensor is only available through a handful of health plans and sponsors. It is typically prescribed by a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality monitors are another technological tool in the fight against asthma. One brand, Speck, has been used to research the causes of asthma attacks in the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Speck monitor measures indoor air quality, and this is the first time that parents, and older children, have had an opportunity to get feedback about the air quality inside their homes,” Neuhauser said. “Otherwise you just do what you think is good, and you just hope you’re reducing the allergens and irritants that might trigger asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Company Wants to Bring the Dead Back to Life (No, Really)",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">For any given medical problem, it seems, there’s a research team trying to use stem cells to find a solution. In clinical trials to treat everything from \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/16/stem-cell-diabetes-treatment/\">diabetes\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/15/stem-cell-patients-blind-macular-degeneration/\">macular degeneration\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/05/25/pipeline-als-treatments/\">ALS\u003c/a>, researchers are injecting the cells in efforts to cure patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s not the absolute craziest thing I’ve ever heard, but I think the probability of that working is next to zero.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The idea of the trial, run by Philadelphia-based Bioquark, is to inject stem cells into the spinal cords of people who have been declared clinically brain-dead. The subjects will also receive an injected protein blend, electrical nerve stimulation, and laser therapy directed at the brain.But in one study expected to launch later this year, scientists hope to use stem cells in a new, highly controversial way — to reverse death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The idea of the trial, run by Philadelphia-based Bioquark, is to inject stem cells into the spinal cords of people who have been declared clinically brain-dead. The subjects will also receive an injected protein blend, electrical nerve stimulation, and laser therapy directed at the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The ultimate goal: to grow new neurons and spur them to connect to each other, and thereby bring the brain back to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“It’s our contention that there’s no single magic bullet for this, so to start with a single magic bullet makes no sense. Hence why we have to take a different approach,” said Ira Pastor, CEO of Bioquark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But the scientific literature — scarce as it is — seems to show that even several magic bullets are unlikely to accomplish what Bioquark hopes it will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first start for the trial. The study launched in Rudrapur, India, in April 2016 — but it never enrolled any patients. Regulators shut the study down in November 2016 because, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/experiment-raise-dead-blocked-india\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Science\u003c/a>, India’s Drug Controller General hadn’t cleared it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Pastor said, the company is in the final stages of finding a new location to host trials. The company will announce a trial in Latin America in coming months, Pastor told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that trial mirrors the protocol for the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02742857\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">halted Indian one\u003c/a>, it’ll aim to enroll 20 patients who’ll receive a barrage of treatments. First there’s the injection of stem cells isolated from the individual’s own fat or blood. Second, there’s a peptide formula injected into the spinal cord, purported to help nurture new neurons’ growth. (The company has tested the same concoction, called BQ-A, in animal models of melanoma, traumatic brain injuries, and skin wrinkling.) Third, there’s a regimen of nerve stimulation and laser therapy over 15 days to spur the neurons to form connections. Researchers will look to behavior and EEG for signs that the treatment is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the process is fraught with questions. How do researchers complete trial paperwork when the person participating is, legally, dead? (In the United States, state laws most often define death as the irreversible loss of heart and lung or brain function.) If the person did regain brain activity, what kind of functional abilities would he or she have? Are families getting their hopes up for an incredibly long-shot cure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answers to most of those questions are still far off. “Of course, many folks are asking the ‘what comes next?’ question,” Pastor acknowledged. “While full recovery in such patients is indeed a long term vision of ours, and a possibility that we foresee with continued work along this path, it is not the core focus or primary endpoint of this first protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Simply quirky or mostly quackery?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No real template exists to know whether this approach might work — and it’s gotten some prominent backlash. Neurologist Dr. Ariane Lewis and bioethicist Arthur Caplan \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118884/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wrote in a 2016\u003c/a> editorial that the trial “borders on quackery,” “has no scientific foundation,” and gave families “a cruel, false hope for recovery.” (“Exploratory research programs of this nature are not false hope. They are a glimmer of hope,” Pastor \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5303606/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">responded\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company hasn’t tested the full, four-pronged treatment, even in animal models. Studies have evaluated the treatments singly for other conditions — stroke, coma — but brain death is a quite different proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell injections to the brain or spinal cord have shown some positive results for \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01019733?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">children with brain injuries\u003c/a>; trials using similar procedures to treat \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01978821?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cerebral\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01763255?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">palsy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02383654?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ALS\u003c/a> have also been completed. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.reneuron.com/clinical-trials/phase-ii-clinical-trial-in-stroke-disability-pisces-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small, uncontrolled study\u003c/a> of 21 stroke patients found that they recovered more mobility after they received an injection of donor stem cells into their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On transcranial laser devices, the evidence is mixed. The approach has been shown to stimulate neuron growth in some animal studies. However, a high-profile Phase 3 study of one such device in humans was \u003ca href=\"http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/11/3187.long\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">halted\u003c/a> in 2014 after it showed no effect on 600 patients’ physical capabilities as they recovered from a stroke. \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645578?term=right+median+nerve+stimulation&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Other\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645578\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trials\u003c/a> to revive people from comas using laser therapy are underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The literature around electrical stimulation of the median nerve — which branches from the spinal cord down the arm and to the fingers — primarily consists of case studies. Dr. Ed Cooper wrote some of those papers, one of which described dozens of patients treated in his home state of North Carolina, including 12 who had a Glasgow Coma Score of 4 — an extremely low score on the scale. With time (and with the nerve stimulation), four of those 12 people made a “good recovery,” the paper described; others were left with minor or major disabilities after their coma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cooper, an orthopedic surgeon by training who worked with neurosurgeons on the paper, said unequivocally that there is no way this technique could work on someone who is brain-dead. The technique, he said, relies on there being a functional brain stem — one of the structures that most motor neurons go through before connecting with the cortex proper. If there’s no functional brain stem, then it can’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pastor agreed — but he claimed the technique would work because there are “a small nest of cells” that still function in patients who are brain-dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating such trials, there is no clear-cut confirmatory test for brain death — meaning a recovery in the trial might not be entirely due to the treatment. Some poisons and drugs, for instance, can make people look brain-dead. Bioquark plans to rely on local physicians in the trial’s host country to make the declaration. “We’re not doing the confirmatory work ourselves,” Pastor said, but each participant would have undergone a battery of tests considered appropriate by local authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/74/23/1911.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">survey of 38 papers\u003c/a> published over 13 years found that, if the American Academy of Neurology guidelines for brain death had been met, no brain-dead people have ever regained brain function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of Bioquark’s full protocol, “it’s not the absolute craziest thing I’ve ever heard, but I think the probability of that working is next to zero,” said Dr. Charles Cox, a pediatric surgeon who \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00254722?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has done research\u003c/a> with mesenchymal stem cells — the type used in the trial — at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Cox is not involved in Bioquark’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies have found that cells from a part of the brain called the subventricular zone can grow in culture even after a person is declared dead, Cox said. However, it’s unlikely that the trial’s intended outcome — to have a stem cell treatment result in new neurons or connections — would actually happen. Neurons would likely struggle to survive, because blood flow to the brain is almost always lost in people who have been declared brain-dead, Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pastor thinks Bioquark’s protocol will work. “I give us a pretty good chance,” he said. “I just think it’s a matter of putting it all together and getting the right people and the right minds on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox is less optimistic. “I think [someone reviving] would technically be a miracle,” he said. “I think the pope would technically call that a miracle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "But in one study expected to launch later this year, scientists hope to use stem cells in a new, highly controversial way — to reverse death.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">For any given medical problem, it seems, there’s a research team trying to use stem cells to find a solution. In clinical trials to treat everything from \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/06/16/stem-cell-diabetes-treatment/\">diabetes\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/15/stem-cell-patients-blind-macular-degeneration/\">macular degeneration\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/05/25/pipeline-als-treatments/\">ALS\u003c/a>, researchers are injecting the cells in efforts to cure patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s not the absolute craziest thing I’ve ever heard, but I think the probability of that working is next to zero.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The idea of the trial, run by Philadelphia-based Bioquark, is to inject stem cells into the spinal cords of people who have been declared clinically brain-dead. The subjects will also receive an injected protein blend, electrical nerve stimulation, and laser therapy directed at the brain.But in one study expected to launch later this year, scientists hope to use stem cells in a new, highly controversial way — to reverse death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The idea of the trial, run by Philadelphia-based Bioquark, is to inject stem cells into the spinal cords of people who have been declared clinically brain-dead. The subjects will also receive an injected protein blend, electrical nerve stimulation, and laser therapy directed at the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The ultimate goal: to grow new neurons and spur them to connect to each other, and thereby bring the brain back to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“It’s our contention that there’s no single magic bullet for this, so to start with a single magic bullet makes no sense. Hence why we have to take a different approach,” said Ira Pastor, CEO of Bioquark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">But the scientific literature — scarce as it is — seems to show that even several magic bullets are unlikely to accomplish what Bioquark hopes it will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first start for the trial. The study launched in Rudrapur, India, in April 2016 — but it never enrolled any patients. Regulators shut the study down in November 2016 because, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/experiment-raise-dead-blocked-india\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Science\u003c/a>, India’s Drug Controller General hadn’t cleared it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Pastor said, the company is in the final stages of finding a new location to host trials. The company will announce a trial in Latin America in coming months, Pastor told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that trial mirrors the protocol for the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02742857\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">halted Indian one\u003c/a>, it’ll aim to enroll 20 patients who’ll receive a barrage of treatments. First there’s the injection of stem cells isolated from the individual’s own fat or blood. Second, there’s a peptide formula injected into the spinal cord, purported to help nurture new neurons’ growth. (The company has tested the same concoction, called BQ-A, in animal models of melanoma, traumatic brain injuries, and skin wrinkling.) Third, there’s a regimen of nerve stimulation and laser therapy over 15 days to spur the neurons to form connections. Researchers will look to behavior and EEG for signs that the treatment is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the process is fraught with questions. How do researchers complete trial paperwork when the person participating is, legally, dead? (In the United States, state laws most often define death as the irreversible loss of heart and lung or brain function.) If the person did regain brain activity, what kind of functional abilities would he or she have? Are families getting their hopes up for an incredibly long-shot cure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answers to most of those questions are still far off. “Of course, many folks are asking the ‘what comes next?’ question,” Pastor acknowledged. “While full recovery in such patients is indeed a long term vision of ours, and a possibility that we foresee with continued work along this path, it is not the core focus or primary endpoint of this first protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Simply quirky or mostly quackery?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>No real template exists to know whether this approach might work — and it’s gotten some prominent backlash. Neurologist Dr. Ariane Lewis and bioethicist Arthur Caplan \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5118884/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wrote in a 2016\u003c/a> editorial that the trial “borders on quackery,” “has no scientific foundation,” and gave families “a cruel, false hope for recovery.” (“Exploratory research programs of this nature are not false hope. They are a glimmer of hope,” Pastor \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5303606/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">responded\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company hasn’t tested the full, four-pronged treatment, even in animal models. Studies have evaluated the treatments singly for other conditions — stroke, coma — but brain death is a quite different proposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stem cell injections to the brain or spinal cord have shown some positive results for \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01019733?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">children with brain injuries\u003c/a>; trials using similar procedures to treat \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01978821?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=13\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cerebral\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01763255?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">palsy\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02383654?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ALS\u003c/a> have also been completed. One \u003ca href=\"http://www.reneuron.com/clinical-trials/phase-ii-clinical-trial-in-stroke-disability-pisces-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small, uncontrolled study\u003c/a> of 21 stroke patients found that they recovered more mobility after they received an injection of donor stem cells into their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On transcranial laser devices, the evidence is mixed. The approach has been shown to stimulate neuron growth in some animal studies. However, a high-profile Phase 3 study of one such device in humans was \u003ca href=\"http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/45/11/3187.long\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">halted\u003c/a> in 2014 after it showed no effect on 600 patients’ physical capabilities as they recovered from a stroke. \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645578?term=right+median+nerve+stimulation&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Other\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02645578\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trials\u003c/a> to revive people from comas using laser therapy are underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The literature around electrical stimulation of the median nerve — which branches from the spinal cord down the arm and to the fingers — primarily consists of case studies. Dr. Ed Cooper wrote some of those papers, one of which described dozens of patients treated in his home state of North Carolina, including 12 who had a Glasgow Coma Score of 4 — an extremely low score on the scale. With time (and with the nerve stimulation), four of those 12 people made a “good recovery,” the paper described; others were left with minor or major disabilities after their coma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cooper, an orthopedic surgeon by training who worked with neurosurgeons on the paper, said unequivocally that there is no way this technique could work on someone who is brain-dead. The technique, he said, relies on there being a functional brain stem — one of the structures that most motor neurons go through before connecting with the cortex proper. If there’s no functional brain stem, then it can’t work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pastor agreed — but he claimed the technique would work because there are “a small nest of cells” that still function in patients who are brain-dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating such trials, there is no clear-cut confirmatory test for brain death — meaning a recovery in the trial might not be entirely due to the treatment. Some poisons and drugs, for instance, can make people look brain-dead. Bioquark plans to rely on local physicians in the trial’s host country to make the declaration. “We’re not doing the confirmatory work ourselves,” Pastor said, but each participant would have undergone a battery of tests considered appropriate by local authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/74/23/1911.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">survey of 38 papers\u003c/a> published over 13 years found that, if the American Academy of Neurology guidelines for brain death had been met, no brain-dead people have ever regained brain function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of Bioquark’s full protocol, “it’s not the absolute craziest thing I’ve ever heard, but I think the probability of that working is next to zero,” said Dr. Charles Cox, a pediatric surgeon who \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00254722?term=stem+cell+brain&rank=10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">has done research\u003c/a> with mesenchymal stem cells — the type used in the trial — at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Cox is not involved in Bioquark’s work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some studies have found that cells from a part of the brain called the subventricular zone can grow in culture even after a person is declared dead, Cox said. However, it’s unlikely that the trial’s intended outcome — to have a stem cell treatment result in new neurons or connections — would actually happen. Neurons would likely struggle to survive, because blood flow to the brain is almost always lost in people who have been declared brain-dead, Cox said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Pastor thinks Bioquark’s protocol will work. “I give us a pretty good chance,” he said. “I just think it’s a matter of putting it all together and getting the right people and the right minds on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox is less optimistic. “I think [someone reviving] would technically be a miracle,” he said. “I think the pope would technically call that a miracle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "7 Specific Tactics Social Media Companies Use to Keep You Hooked",
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"content": "\u003cp>The idea that big tech companies like Facebook, Google and Apple are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/25/tristan-harris-brain-hacking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">addicting us to their products\u003c/a> has gained a fair amount of traction. That's thanks in large part to Tristan Harris, a former design ethicist at Google who has turned whistleblower of sorts by revealing the techniques tech companies use to instill all that compulsive clicking and scrolling into your brain. Harris appeared on \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/brain-hacking-tech-insiders-60-minutes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">60 Minutes\u003c/a>\" a couple of months ago, and last week he discussed the issue on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ewj4ql6pu9w&ab_channel=TimeWellSpent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bill Maher's HBO show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s driving teenagers crazy.'\u003ccite>Tech design expert Tristan Harris on Snapchat's Snapstreaks feature.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Many of the design elements these companies employ to ensnare users are derived from behavioral research and neuroscience, Harris and other experts claim. Here are seven such tricks of the trade used on popular tech platforms, as identified by these experts in interviews with KQED, other media outlets, and on \u003ca href=\"http://www.tristanharris.com/essays/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harris' blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Snapstreaks (Snapchat)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This feature of the messaging app Snapchat tells users how many days in a row they’ve communicated with each other. Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-01-30/inside-the-mind-of-a-snapchat-streaker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in January that some obsessed teenagers have been logging on just to keep their streaks alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those that have streaks, they provide a validation for the relationship,” Emily Weinstein, a Harvard University doctoral candidate studying adolescents and social media, told Bloomberg. “Attention to your streaks each day is a way of saying ‘We’re OK.' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7FumuTrhbkfbAZZFTQAs4skZNLMfGs2D\"]Spurring even more use: The company's use of hourglass emojis, notifying users when their streak is in jeopardy,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The makers built into the app a system so you have to check constantly or risk missing out,” Nancy Colier, a psychotherapist and author of The Power of Off,” told Bloomberg. “It taps into the primal fear of exclusion, of being out of the tribe and not able to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tristan Harris told KQED’s Lesley McClurg that \u003ca href=\"https://support.snapchat.com/en-US/a/Snaps-snapstreak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Snapstreaks\u003c/a> “might sound like it's innocuous and kind of gamey, but if you have a number that's, say, over 100, you don't want to lose your streak. It's really persuasive. They just gave you something to lose.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris said teens who were unable to log on during vacations were giving their passwords to friends to keep their streaks going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s driving teenagers crazy,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Video Auto-Play (Netflix, Facebook, YouTube)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies are using the same principle to keep people viewing their content as the one demonstrated in a \u003ca href=\"http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/discoveries/bottomless-bowls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study \u003c/a>involving trick bowls of soup, Harris wrote in his blog. As the subjects ate from them, the bowls were imperceptibly refilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study reported that the eaters who got the refills consumed 73 percent more soup than those who ate from normal bowls. The reason: They did not receive the visual cue of an empty bowl that would prompt them to stop eating. More food, more consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, says Harris, is why Netflix, Facebook and YouTube auto-play the next video after the one you are watching is finished, “instead of waiting for you to make a conscious choice. A huge portion of traffic on these websites is driven by auto-playing the next thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Continuous Scroll (Facebook, Twitter)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to auto-play, perpetual replenishment of written material will keep you hunting for something you want to engage with.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What's different today is that machines are being created to use these techniques.'\u003ccite>BJ Fogg, Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“News feeds are purposely designed to auto-refill with reasons to keep you scrolling, and purposely eliminate any reason for you to pause, reconsider or leave,” Harris writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Continuous scroll is a proven way to keep you searching longer,\" said Ramsay Brown, the co-founder of a company that uses artificial intelligence and neuroscience to help app writers attract and retain users. \"You spend half your time on Facebook just scrolling to find one good piece worth looking at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Invitations to Connect (LinkedIn)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When LinkedIn sends you emails prompting you to connect with someone, says Harris, the implication is that “this person made this conscious choice to invite me to connect and they're actually waiting there when I get that e-mail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says at play is a principle called social reciprocity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You imagine that person making a conscious choice to invite you, when in reality, they likely unconsciously responded to LinkedIn’s list of suggested contacts. In other words, LinkedIn turns your unconscious impulses (to “add” a person) into new social obligations that millions of people feel obligated to repay,\" he writes on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, If you accept an endorsement from someone through the site, LinkedIn \"takes advantage of your bias to reciprocate by offering four additional people for you to endorse in return.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so we can sit there drowning in social obligations,\" Harris told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Notifications (Facebook, Instagram)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris and Brown believe that social media companies use a concept known as variable rewards, which is a technique slot machines employ to hook gamblers, and which will similarly keep users compulsively checking their phones due to the possibility some bit of social approval may be waiting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The brain isn’t particularly craving any one little feel-good signal as much as it does a really good rhythm and pattern,” Brown told me. He says Facebook and Instagram tailor the timing of the “notifications” they deliver — on Facebook, indicated by that number in red at the top right of the screen — in order to deliver, literally, hits of dopamine to users at algorithmically determined times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the companies will stockpile these notifications before delivering them all in a batch to maximize the emotional impact a user experiences, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like, hey, here’s the 30 likes we didn’t mention from a little while ago, “he told \"60 Minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Swiping Left or Right (Tinder)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fear of missing out” drives much of social media’s hold on people, writes Harris. “If I convince you that I’m a channel for important information, messages, friendships, or potential sexual opportunities — it will be hard for you to turn me off, unsubscribe, or remove your account — because (aha, I win) you might miss something important.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what will keep us swiping faces on a dating app like Tinder, \"even when we haven’t met up with anyone in a while. .. But if we zoom into that fear, we’ll discover that it’s unbounded: we’ll always miss something important at any point when we stop using something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Photo Tagging: (Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting tagged in photos plays right into our need for social approval, Harris says. He contends that because Facebook actually prompts users to identify people in photos, it is artificially creating social approval for people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This craving for validation also comes into play when we change our profile photo . \"Facebook knows that’s a moment when we’re vulnerable to social approval,\" he writes. \"What do my friends think of my new pic?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook can rank this \"event,\" such as it is, higher in the news feed, \"so it sticks around for longer and more friends will like or comment on it. Each time they like or comment on it, I’ll get pulled right back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_397048\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-397048 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-1020x751.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-1020x751.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-800x589.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-768x565.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-1180x868.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-960x707.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-240x177.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-375x276.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-520x383.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image by IvanNikulin/iStock \u003ccite>(Image by IvanNikulin/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, some may ask: What's a successful social media app to do? Start kicking people off?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Asking technology companies, asking content creators to be less good at what they do feels like a ridiculous ask,” tech consultant Gabe Zichermann told “60 Minutes.” “It feels impossible. And also it’s very anti-capitalistic. This isn’t the system that we live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should also be noted that Harris himself doesn’t necessarily think all of these strategies have been formulated intentionally by the companies \"Apple and Google’s designers didn’t want phones to work like slot machines,\" he wrote. “It emerged by accident.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BJ Fogg, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://captology.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab\u003c/a>, where many young entrepreneurs have learned methods like the ones mentioned above, told me a lot of these strategies have been employed by non-digital companies for a very long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What ‘s different today is that machines are being created to use these techniques,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. Ramsay Brown put it this way:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have now developed a rigorous technology of the human mind, and that is both exciting and terrifying. We have the ability to twiddle some nobs in a machine learning dashboard we build, and around the world hundreds of thousands of people are going to quietly change their behavior in ways that, unbeknownst to them, feel second-nature but are really by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which means that there’s a deep ethical imperative for us to use it for good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Facebook, Snapchat and Google did not respond to our requests for comment. LinkedIn declined to comment.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The idea that big tech companies like Facebook, Google and Apple are \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/25/tristan-harris-brain-hacking/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">addicting us to their products\u003c/a> has gained a fair amount of traction. That's thanks in large part to Tristan Harris, a former design ethicist at Google who has turned whistleblower of sorts by revealing the techniques tech companies use to instill all that compulsive clicking and scrolling into your brain. Harris appeared on \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/brain-hacking-tech-insiders-60-minutes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">60 Minutes\u003c/a>\" a couple of months ago, and last week he discussed the issue on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ewj4ql6pu9w&ab_channel=TimeWellSpent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bill Maher's HBO show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s driving teenagers crazy.'\u003ccite>Tech design expert Tristan Harris on Snapchat's Snapstreaks feature.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Many of the design elements these companies employ to ensnare users are derived from behavioral research and neuroscience, Harris and other experts claim. Here are seven such tricks of the trade used on popular tech platforms, as identified by these experts in interviews with KQED, other media outlets, and on \u003ca href=\"http://www.tristanharris.com/essays/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Harris' blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Snapstreaks (Snapchat)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This feature of the messaging app Snapchat tells users how many days in a row they’ve communicated with each other. Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-01-30/inside-the-mind-of-a-snapchat-streaker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reported\u003c/a> in January that some obsessed teenagers have been logging on just to keep their streaks alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For those that have streaks, they provide a validation for the relationship,” Emily Weinstein, a Harvard University doctoral candidate studying adolescents and social media, told Bloomberg. “Attention to your streaks each day is a way of saying ‘We’re OK.' ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Spurring even more use: The company's use of hourglass emojis, notifying users when their streak is in jeopardy,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The makers built into the app a system so you have to check constantly or risk missing out,” Nancy Colier, a psychotherapist and author of The Power of Off,” told Bloomberg. “It taps into the primal fear of exclusion, of being out of the tribe and not able to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tristan Harris told KQED’s Lesley McClurg that \u003ca href=\"https://support.snapchat.com/en-US/a/Snaps-snapstreak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Snapstreaks\u003c/a> “might sound like it's innocuous and kind of gamey, but if you have a number that's, say, over 100, you don't want to lose your streak. It's really persuasive. They just gave you something to lose.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris said teens who were unable to log on during vacations were giving their passwords to friends to keep their streaks going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s driving teenagers crazy,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Video Auto-Play (Netflix, Facebook, YouTube)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These companies are using the same principle to keep people viewing their content as the one demonstrated in a \u003ca href=\"http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/discoveries/bottomless-bowls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study \u003c/a>involving trick bowls of soup, Harris wrote in his blog. As the subjects ate from them, the bowls were imperceptibly refilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study reported that the eaters who got the refills consumed 73 percent more soup than those who ate from normal bowls. The reason: They did not receive the visual cue of an empty bowl that would prompt them to stop eating. More food, more consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, says Harris, is why Netflix, Facebook and YouTube auto-play the next video after the one you are watching is finished, “instead of waiting for you to make a conscious choice. A huge portion of traffic on these websites is driven by auto-playing the next thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Continuous Scroll (Facebook, Twitter)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar to auto-play, perpetual replenishment of written material will keep you hunting for something you want to engage with.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What's different today is that machines are being created to use these techniques.'\u003ccite>BJ Fogg, Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“News feeds are purposely designed to auto-refill with reasons to keep you scrolling, and purposely eliminate any reason for you to pause, reconsider or leave,” Harris writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Continuous scroll is a proven way to keep you searching longer,\" said Ramsay Brown, the co-founder of a company that uses artificial intelligence and neuroscience to help app writers attract and retain users. \"You spend half your time on Facebook just scrolling to find one good piece worth looking at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Invitations to Connect (LinkedIn)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When LinkedIn sends you emails prompting you to connect with someone, says Harris, the implication is that “this person made this conscious choice to invite me to connect and they're actually waiting there when I get that e-mail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says at play is a principle called social reciprocity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You imagine that person making a conscious choice to invite you, when in reality, they likely unconsciously responded to LinkedIn’s list of suggested contacts. In other words, LinkedIn turns your unconscious impulses (to “add” a person) into new social obligations that millions of people feel obligated to repay,\" he writes on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, If you accept an endorsement from someone through the site, LinkedIn \"takes advantage of your bias to reciprocate by offering four additional people for you to endorse in return.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And so we can sit there drowning in social obligations,\" Harris told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Notifications (Facebook, Instagram)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris and Brown believe that social media companies use a concept known as variable rewards, which is a technique slot machines employ to hook gamblers, and which will similarly keep users compulsively checking their phones due to the possibility some bit of social approval may be waiting there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The brain isn’t particularly craving any one little feel-good signal as much as it does a really good rhythm and pattern,” Brown told me. He says Facebook and Instagram tailor the timing of the “notifications” they deliver — on Facebook, indicated by that number in red at the top right of the screen — in order to deliver, literally, hits of dopamine to users at algorithmically determined times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the companies will stockpile these notifications before delivering them all in a batch to maximize the emotional impact a user experiences, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like, hey, here’s the 30 likes we didn’t mention from a little while ago, “he told \"60 Minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6. Swiping Left or Right (Tinder)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fear of missing out” drives much of social media’s hold on people, writes Harris. “If I convince you that I’m a channel for important information, messages, friendships, or potential sexual opportunities — it will be hard for you to turn me off, unsubscribe, or remove your account — because (aha, I win) you might miss something important.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what will keep us swiping faces on a dating app like Tinder, \"even when we haven’t met up with anyone in a while. .. But if we zoom into that fear, we’ll discover that it’s unbounded: we’ll always miss something important at any point when we stop using something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7. Photo Tagging: (Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting tagged in photos plays right into our need for social approval, Harris says. He contends that because Facebook actually prompts users to identify people in photos, it is artificially creating social approval for people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This craving for validation also comes into play when we change our profile photo . \"Facebook knows that’s a moment when we’re vulnerable to social approval,\" he writes. \"What do my friends think of my new pic?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook can rank this \"event,\" such as it is, higher in the news feed, \"so it sticks around for longer and more friends will like or comment on it. Each time they like or comment on it, I’ll get pulled right back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_397048\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-397048 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-1020x751.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-1020x751.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-160x118.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-800x589.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-768x565.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-1180x868.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-960x707.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-240x177.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-375x276.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction-520x383.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/screenaddiction.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image by IvanNikulin/iStock \u003ccite>(Image by IvanNikulin/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, some may ask: What's a successful social media app to do? Start kicking people off?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Asking technology companies, asking content creators to be less good at what they do feels like a ridiculous ask,” tech consultant Gabe Zichermann told “60 Minutes.” “It feels impossible. And also it’s very anti-capitalistic. This isn’t the system that we live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It should also be noted that Harris himself doesn’t necessarily think all of these strategies have been formulated intentionally by the companies \"Apple and Google’s designers didn’t want phones to work like slot machines,\" he wrote. “It emerged by accident.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BJ Fogg, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://captology.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab\u003c/a>, where many young entrepreneurs have learned methods like the ones mentioned above, told me a lot of these strategies have been employed by non-digital companies for a very long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What ‘s different today is that machines are being created to use these techniques,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed. Ramsay Brown put it this way:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have now developed a rigorous technology of the human mind, and that is both exciting and terrifying. We have the ability to twiddle some nobs in a machine learning dashboard we build, and around the world hundreds of thousands of people are going to quietly change their behavior in ways that, unbeknownst to them, feel second-nature but are really by design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Which means that there’s a deep ethical imperative for us to use it for good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Facebook, Snapchat and Google did not respond to our requests for comment. LinkedIn declined to comment.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Digital Schmigital: After 130 Years, Reflex Hammer Still Going Strong",
"title": "Digital Schmigital: After 130 Years, Reflex Hammer Still Going Strong",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Receiving a diagnosis in 2017 — at least one made at a medical center outfitted with the latest clinical gadgetry — might include a scan that divides your body into a bread loaf of high-resolution digital slices. Your DNA might be fed through a gene sequencer that spits out your mortal code in a matter of hours. Even your smartphone might soon be used to uncover health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet nearly 130 years since its inception — after decades of science has mapped out our neuronal pathways — a simple knob of rubber with a metal handle remains one of medicine's most essential tools. I'm referring to the cheap, portable, easy-to-use reflex hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This unassuming device can be invaluable in diagnosing nervous and muscular disorders, and in determining whether a patient's pathology lies in the brain or elsewhere in the body. It can also help curtail health care spending by preventing unnecessary, often expensive testing. Yet like so many major medical and scientific discoveries, the reflex hammer has humble origins, in this case: the basement of a Viennese hotel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inn was run by the father of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephleopoldauenbrugger\">Leopold Auenbrugger\u003c/a>, an 18th century doctor who is considered to be among the founders of modern medicine. To gauge how much wine was left for customers, hotel employees would thump casks with their hands and listen for a dull thud or hollow tympany. Auenbrugger realized that the same technique — now called \"percussing\" — could be applied to the human torso to, say, determine how much fluid had built up around a diseased heart. He wrote as much in his 1761 paper \"New invention to detect diseases hidden deep within the chest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflex Hammer Warfare\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thought to be more accurate than the human hand, it wasn't long before percussion hammers were being designed to more precisely diagnose disease. Competition ensued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scottish physician Sir David Barry's model, released in the 1820s, was the first. German doctor Max A. Wintrich's came shortly after and was more popular, but was not without its critics: \"[Wintrich's hammer] is inconvenient to hold, it is rigid ... it required education to use it, and even then it does not fulfill its purposes,\" \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_AwCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA376&lpg=PA376&dq=%22is+inconvenient+to+hold,+it+is+rigid+%22&source=bl&ots=Rpqh5I7sCE&sig=VluR8YbYfVPOchXnYvbXeNt9hx4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij14SS2YbUAhUQ8YMKHaUIDFwQ6AEIJjAB#v=onepage&q=%22is%20inconvenient%20to%20hold%2C%20it%20is%20rigid%20%22&f=false\">a rival inventor commented\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As neurologist Dr. Douglas J. Lanksa wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/39/11/1542.full.pdf+html\">a 1989 paper\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/AANStore/reflex-hammers-2\">many types\u003c/a> of reflex hammers, \"Some were T-shaped or L-shaped, others resembled battle axes, tomahawks, or even magic wands.\" He adds that no material was off limits: wood, ebony, whale bone, brass, lead, even \"velvet-covered worsted\" (a type of yarn).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As percussion hammer warfare waged on, doctors and scientists were also beginning to understand the concept of reflexes, or involuntary, near-immediate responses to stimuli that occur before any sensory information reaches the brain. Muscular jerks. Blinking. Sneezing. Gagging. All of these are automatic feedback loops between sensory and motor neurons that help us navigate our environment and protect us from danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1875, German neurologists Drs. Heinrich Erb and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/88/16_Supplement/P2.047.short?rss=1\">were among the first\u003c/a> to realize that eliciting a reflex by briskly tapping the tendons of major muscles might be useful. They felt the knee jerk — or \"patellar-tendon\" reflex — in particular could help assess nerve function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammers specifically suited to test reflexes were soon developed, the first of which had the now classic shape we're accustomed to — a thin metal handle with a triangular rubber head. Designed by American physician John Madison Taylor in Philadelphia in 1888 — and modified ever since by many — the simple device was heavy enough to elicit reflexes, and had round edges to ease impact. An entry level \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Newsfana-Taylor-Percussion-Reflex-7-51-90-78/dp/B000FOC8EC?th=1\">model\u003c/a> runs just $2.25 on Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Krauss hammer, developed by German-American physician William Christopher Krauss, was designed around the same time. It had two rounded heads: a large one for knees and a smaller one for biceps. Dr. Ernst L.O. Trömner's did too, but it also tapered to a thin end to assess skin reflexes. There were also the Queen Square hammer, the Babinski hammer, the Buck hammer and the Berliner hammer. The Stookey hammer flaunted a camel hair brush to get a better sense of touch sensation. The list goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Past to Present\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniella C. Sisniega is a third year medical student at the Boston University School of Medicine. Last month at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/\">American Academy of Neurology's \u003c/a>annual meeting, she presented a poster explicating the reflex hammer's past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm fascinated by how the reflex hammer started out as a percussion hammer, but was [then] adapted to elicit reflexes and has been in every neurologist's tool box ever since,\" she told NPR. \"I also did not know that the little rubber triangle was the first reflex hammer. I feel like I owe it an apology!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisniega jokes about the lackluster quality of the inexpensive Taylors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The little tomahawk is included in the kit everyone receives when they enter medical school,\" she recalls. \"The rubber is cheap and very light, while the other hammers are heavier on the head so that you can use the 'swing' of the hammer as opposed to the strength of the strike to test the reflex.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While attending the AAN conference myself, I asked multiple sclerosis expert Dr. Stephen Krieger about the role of the reflex hammer in modern medical diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We could argue about the nuances of the hammer — the Queens Square, the Tomahawk, plastic handle, metal handle, weighted, flexible or rigid — but the hammer itself is always in the hand. Reflexes tell the story of neurologic diseases of all sorts,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieger explains how disorders of the brain, like a stroke or brain tumor, result in hyperactive reflexes, while conditions affecting muscles and peripheral nerves usually result in reduced or non-existent reflexes. Reduced reflexes are, for example, a common symptom of back pain due to degenerative disk disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Andrew Wilner, an assistant professor of neurology at the Mayo Clinic, recounted the story of one of his patients, who had back pain, weakness and numbness of the legs. Wilner was leaning toward a diagnosis of either Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) — an autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves — or a myelopathy, an injury of some kind to the spinal cord. Both conditions can lead to medical emergencies, but each requires drastically different treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reflex hammer was arguably our most important tool in narrowing down the differential diagnosis,\" he says. \"Had we found diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, GBS would have been more likely. As it turned out, the patient had brisk pathological knee jerks, pointing to a lesion in the brain or spinal cord.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on these findings, Wilner ordered an imaging study of the patient's spinal cord, where a lesion was found — as opposed to pursuing the costly tests involved in a GBS diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilner feels that the simple art of interviewing and examining a patient can get overshadowed by the myriad new diagnostic technologies. When it comes to clinical tools, he feels, sometimes basic is better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Technology is glorious,\" admits Krieger, \"and [it] will teach us things about patients that we could never have known or imagined. But the simple, elegant, inexpensive almost plebeian swing of the reflex hammer has a cost/benefit ratio that I think no advanced technology will likely ever match.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Medscape\u003c/a>. His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Scientific American,\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. He's also on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+The+Age+Of+Digital+Medicine%2C+The+Humble+Reflex+Hammer+Hangs+On&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Well into its second century, a modest knob of rubber with a metal handle is still invaluable in diagnosing disease and avoiding expensive testing. But its history is anything but simple.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Receiving a diagnosis in 2017 — at least one made at a medical center outfitted with the latest clinical gadgetry — might include a scan that divides your body into a bread loaf of high-resolution digital slices. Your DNA might be fed through a gene sequencer that spits out your mortal code in a matter of hours. Even your smartphone might soon be used to uncover health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet nearly 130 years since its inception — after decades of science has mapped out our neuronal pathways — a simple knob of rubber with a metal handle remains one of medicine's most essential tools. I'm referring to the cheap, portable, easy-to-use reflex hammer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This unassuming device can be invaluable in diagnosing nervous and muscular disorders, and in determining whether a patient's pathology lies in the brain or elsewhere in the body. It can also help curtail health care spending by preventing unnecessary, often expensive testing. Yet like so many major medical and scientific discoveries, the reflex hammer has humble origins, in this case: the basement of a Viennese hotel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inn was run by the father of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephleopoldauenbrugger\">Leopold Auenbrugger\u003c/a>, an 18th century doctor who is considered to be among the founders of modern medicine. To gauge how much wine was left for customers, hotel employees would thump casks with their hands and listen for a dull thud or hollow tympany. Auenbrugger realized that the same technique — now called \"percussing\" — could be applied to the human torso to, say, determine how much fluid had built up around a diseased heart. He wrote as much in his 1761 paper \"New invention to detect diseases hidden deep within the chest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflex Hammer Warfare\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thought to be more accurate than the human hand, it wasn't long before percussion hammers were being designed to more precisely diagnose disease. Competition ensued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scottish physician Sir David Barry's model, released in the 1820s, was the first. German doctor Max A. Wintrich's came shortly after and was more popular, but was not without its critics: \"[Wintrich's hammer] is inconvenient to hold, it is rigid ... it required education to use it, and even then it does not fulfill its purposes,\" \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=_AwCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA376&lpg=PA376&dq=%22is+inconvenient+to+hold,+it+is+rigid+%22&source=bl&ots=Rpqh5I7sCE&sig=VluR8YbYfVPOchXnYvbXeNt9hx4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij14SS2YbUAhUQ8YMKHaUIDFwQ6AEIJjAB#v=onepage&q=%22is%20inconvenient%20to%20hold%2C%20it%20is%20rigid%20%22&f=false\">a rival inventor commented\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As neurologist Dr. Douglas J. Lanksa wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/39/11/1542.full.pdf+html\">a 1989 paper\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/AANStore/reflex-hammers-2\">many types\u003c/a> of reflex hammers, \"Some were T-shaped or L-shaped, others resembled battle axes, tomahawks, or even magic wands.\" He adds that no material was off limits: wood, ebony, whale bone, brass, lead, even \"velvet-covered worsted\" (a type of yarn).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As percussion hammer warfare waged on, doctors and scientists were also beginning to understand the concept of reflexes, or involuntary, near-immediate responses to stimuli that occur before any sensory information reaches the brain. Muscular jerks. Blinking. Sneezing. Gagging. All of these are automatic feedback loops between sensory and motor neurons that help us navigate our environment and protect us from danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1875, German neurologists Drs. Heinrich Erb and Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal \u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/88/16_Supplement/P2.047.short?rss=1\">were among the first\u003c/a> to realize that eliciting a reflex by briskly tapping the tendons of major muscles might be useful. They felt the knee jerk — or \"patellar-tendon\" reflex — in particular could help assess nerve function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hammers specifically suited to test reflexes were soon developed, the first of which had the now classic shape we're accustomed to — a thin metal handle with a triangular rubber head. Designed by American physician John Madison Taylor in Philadelphia in 1888 — and modified ever since by many — the simple device was heavy enough to elicit reflexes, and had round edges to ease impact. An entry level \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Newsfana-Taylor-Percussion-Reflex-7-51-90-78/dp/B000FOC8EC?th=1\">model\u003c/a> runs just $2.25 on Amazon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Krauss hammer, developed by German-American physician William Christopher Krauss, was designed around the same time. It had two rounded heads: a large one for knees and a smaller one for biceps. Dr. Ernst L.O. Trömner's did too, but it also tapered to a thin end to assess skin reflexes. There were also the Queen Square hammer, the Babinski hammer, the Buck hammer and the Berliner hammer. The Stookey hammer flaunted a camel hair brush to get a better sense of touch sensation. The list goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Past to Present\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniella C. Sisniega is a third year medical student at the Boston University School of Medicine. Last month at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aan.com/\">American Academy of Neurology's \u003c/a>annual meeting, she presented a poster explicating the reflex hammer's past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm fascinated by how the reflex hammer started out as a percussion hammer, but was [then] adapted to elicit reflexes and has been in every neurologist's tool box ever since,\" she told NPR. \"I also did not know that the little rubber triangle was the first reflex hammer. I feel like I owe it an apology!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sisniega jokes about the lackluster quality of the inexpensive Taylors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The little tomahawk is included in the kit everyone receives when they enter medical school,\" she recalls. \"The rubber is cheap and very light, while the other hammers are heavier on the head so that you can use the 'swing' of the hammer as opposed to the strength of the strike to test the reflex.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While attending the AAN conference myself, I asked multiple sclerosis expert Dr. Stephen Krieger about the role of the reflex hammer in modern medical diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We could argue about the nuances of the hammer — the Queens Square, the Tomahawk, plastic handle, metal handle, weighted, flexible or rigid — but the hammer itself is always in the hand. Reflexes tell the story of neurologic diseases of all sorts,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieger explains how disorders of the brain, like a stroke or brain tumor, result in hyperactive reflexes, while conditions affecting muscles and peripheral nerves usually result in reduced or non-existent reflexes. Reduced reflexes are, for example, a common symptom of back pain due to degenerative disk disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Andrew Wilner, an assistant professor of neurology at the Mayo Clinic, recounted the story of one of his patients, who had back pain, weakness and numbness of the legs. Wilner was leaning toward a diagnosis of either Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) — an autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves — or a myelopathy, an injury of some kind to the spinal cord. Both conditions can lead to medical emergencies, but each requires drastically different treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The reflex hammer was arguably our most important tool in narrowing down the differential diagnosis,\" he says. \"Had we found diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, GBS would have been more likely. As it turned out, the patient had brisk pathological knee jerks, pointing to a lesion in the brain or spinal cord.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on these findings, Wilner ordered an imaging study of the patient's spinal cord, where a lesion was found — as opposed to pursuing the costly tests involved in a GBS diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilner feels that the simple art of interviewing and examining a patient can get overshadowed by the myriad new diagnostic technologies. When it comes to clinical tools, he feels, sometimes basic is better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Technology is glorious,\" admits Krieger, \"and [it] will teach us things about patients that we could never have known or imagined. But the simple, elegant, inexpensive almost plebeian swing of the reflex hammer has a cost/benefit ratio that I think no advanced technology will likely ever match.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Medscape\u003c/a>. His work has appeared in \u003c/em>Wired\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Scientific American,\u003cem> and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. He's also on Twitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+The+Age+Of+Digital+Medicine%2C+The+Humble+Reflex+Hammer+Hangs+On&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"jerrybrown": {
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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