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"content": "\u003cp>The average time to \u003ca href=\"http://njms.rutgers.edu/gsbs/olc/fmtm/resources/improvepharmaNatureDrugDisc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identify a new cancer\u003c/a> drug is six years. Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of every four deaths\u003c/a> in the U.S. is due to cancer, a lot of lives could be saved if that drug development time could be cut down to just a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer researchers at UCSF and computer scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/news/public-private-consortium-aims-cut-preclinical-cancer-drug-discovery-six-years-just-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnering\u003c/a> with researchers from the National Cancer Institute's Frederick National Laboratory and pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in an attempt to do just that. Members of the consortium hope to use supercomputing power to significantly slash the time needed to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>screen potential cancer drugs and bring them to human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago.'\u003ccite>Aedin Culhane,\u003cbr>\nDana-Farber Cancer Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We're rolling on this, and it's really exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ashworth_alan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Ashworth\u003c/a>, president of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. The university is committing $750,000 annually plus researchers and lab space, Ashworth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GSK is contributing a vast store of data concerning 2 million molecules that could lead to cancer drugs. The data trove also includes 500 compounds that failed in the development process. The combination of the huge data set with information on failed drugs will be key to training the project's algorithms to understand how compounds interact with the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashworth was one of the scientists who, in 1995, discovered the gene BRCA2, which increases the risk of developing inherited breast cancer. It took 10 years from discovery of the drug to the treatment of cancer related to that mutation, he said, and another 9 years before the drug was licensed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason cancer drug development can take so long is that most testing is done with actual molecules — millions of them in order to find one that might become an effective drug in treating a particular type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I honestly don’t see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer-drug discovery.'\u003ccite>Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For each molecule, researchers create dozens of iterations in a process called \"optimization,\" altering the molecule to find the most effective form. Chemists have to create every modification in the lab, so researchers can test each one for toxic effects and efficacy. Just one toxicology study on one molecule takes 18 months, says Michelle Arkin, an associate professor in the UCSF School of Pharmacy. If the molecule fails, you start over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you could test these same molecules in a supercomputer programmed to understand the relevant biological relationships, it would significantly streamline the process — a computer can do in seconds what may take days or weeks in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consortium, called ATOM, for Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine, believes computing power has finally reached the point where it can aid in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a revolution in machine learning,\" says Jim Brase, the deputy associate director for computation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YVRKeVHRwPaovC2VxmUgK3PIxKAyVlyu\"]In the past, Brase says, when scientists wanted to analyze a large set of data, they had to tell the computer what interactions to search for in determining how a drug molecule might affect a specific protein in a particular type of tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Brase says, scientists believe they can teach a computer the fundamentals of biology so it can learn to identify which relationships might be effective and which could be useless or toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success will depend on scientists' ability to push computer learning to new levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacie Calad-Thomson, operations, planning and strategy director with GSK, says the consortium will take the first two years of the project to develop algorithms. After that, the goal is to identify an effective drug and take it to human trials -- all within one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original data donated by GSK will remain private, says Mary Anne Rhyne, the company's director of corporate communications. But any resulting drug-testing tools will be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Skepticism and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of computer-assisted drug development and personalized medicine have been around for a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083401/http://www.isgtw.org:80/?pid=1000993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long time, \u003c/a>and many of these efforts have disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/06/ibm-pitched-its-watson-supercomputer-as-a-revolution-in-cancer-care-its-nowhere-close/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, as well as watchdog site\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/02/md-anderson-cancer-centers-ibm-watson-project-fails-journalism-related/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Health News Review, \u003c/a>reported on the failed collaboration between the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and IBM's Watson, which sought to make personal cancer treatment recommendations and match patients to clinical trials. Behind the largely positive news coverage, the project did not work as hoped. (\u003ca href=\"https://medcitynews.com/2017/02/mayo-clinic-cio-ai-stuff-really-real/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Not everyone agrees\u003c/a> it's been a bust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/health/life-sciences/drug-discovery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watson for Drug Discovery\u003c/a> program is hoping candidate drugs it identified as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease will prove to work. And IBM and Pfizer \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2016/12/01/pfizer-partners-with-ibm-watson-to-advance-cancer-drug-discovery/#68904ce21b1e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a collaboration\u003c/a> in 2016 to use Watson to accelerate cancer drug discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steven Salzberg, director of the Center for Computational Biology at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, is skeptical of such supercomputing efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I honestly don't see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer drug discovery,\" he says. \"It's the classic problem where when your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all need computers for research, so that's good. But cutting drug discovery from 6 years down to 1? That sounds implausible to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, Aedin Culhane, who is also a researcher in the Department of Biostatistics, is more optimistic. Yes, the idea of computer-assisted drug discovery has been around for a long time, she says, but it's only now that it's finally matured.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.'\u003ccite>John Baldoni, GlaxoSmithKline\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago,\" says Culhane. \"And now we have more and better data, and we're learning more day by day. Given good data, the machines can learn, and I'm very hopeful about it. Much more than I was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She finds ATOM's intent to publish negative results especially interesting. \"Because that's something that is missing. Academics rarely publish negative results, and pharma even more so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-examing old data in the light of new information, she says, can sometimes offer novel insights. Perhaps researchers misunderstood how a failed drug was working in the body the first time around; or maybe reviewing its off-target effects in light of new discoveries related to tumors will reveal a deeper understanding of biochemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Baldoni, senior vice president for computerized drug screening at GSK, says that not only are data more abundant, but the engineering required for computer-based analysis is more sophisticated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also believes researchers will be able to draw on software advancements in fields like facial recognition and dimensional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have applications in other sectors that are analogous to the applications that we want to develop in the pharma sector,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is also starting to demonstrate results, according to Baldoni. He points to clinical testing of molecules discovered by computer algorithms from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbustx.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nimbus Therapeutics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I would say to a skeptic,\" he says, \"is 'You might be right.' But I hope they're not. I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The average time to \u003ca href=\"http://njms.rutgers.edu/gsbs/olc/fmtm/resources/improvepharmaNatureDrugDisc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">identify a new cancer\u003c/a> drug is six years. Since \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/data/types.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of every four deaths\u003c/a> in the U.S. is due to cancer, a lot of lives could be saved if that drug development time could be cut down to just a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer researchers at UCSF and computer scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory are \u003ca href=\"https://www.llnl.gov/news/public-private-consortium-aims-cut-preclinical-cancer-drug-discovery-six-years-just-one\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnering\u003c/a> with researchers from the National Cancer Institute's Frederick National Laboratory and pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) in an attempt to do just that. Members of the consortium hope to use supercomputing power to significantly slash the time needed to\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>screen potential cancer drugs and bring them to human trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago.'\u003ccite>Aedin Culhane,\u003cbr>\nDana-Farber Cancer Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We're rolling on this, and it's really exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ashworth_alan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Ashworth\u003c/a>, president of the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. The university is committing $750,000 annually plus researchers and lab space, Ashworth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GSK is contributing a vast store of data concerning 2 million molecules that could lead to cancer drugs. The data trove also includes 500 compounds that failed in the development process. The combination of the huge data set with information on failed drugs will be key to training the project's algorithms to understand how compounds interact with the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Long Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ashworth was one of the scientists who, in 1995, discovered the gene BRCA2, which increases the risk of developing inherited breast cancer. It took 10 years from discovery of the drug to the treatment of cancer related to that mutation, he said, and another 9 years before the drug was licensed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason cancer drug development can take so long is that most testing is done with actual molecules — millions of them in order to find one that might become an effective drug in treating a particular type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I honestly don’t see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer-drug discovery.'\u003ccite>Steven Salzberg, Johns Hopkins University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For each molecule, researchers create dozens of iterations in a process called \"optimization,\" altering the molecule to find the most effective form. Chemists have to create every modification in the lab, so researchers can test each one for toxic effects and efficacy. Just one toxicology study on one molecule takes 18 months, says Michelle Arkin, an associate professor in the UCSF School of Pharmacy. If the molecule fails, you start over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you could test these same molecules in a supercomputer programmed to understand the relevant biological relationships, it would significantly streamline the process — a computer can do in seconds what may take days or weeks in a lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consortium, called ATOM, for Accelerating Therapeutics for Opportunities in Medicine, believes computing power has finally reached the point where it can aid in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's been a revolution in machine learning,\" says Jim Brase, the deputy associate director for computation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the past, Brase says, when scientists wanted to analyze a large set of data, they had to tell the computer what interactions to search for in determining how a drug molecule might affect a specific protein in a particular type of tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, Brase says, scientists believe they can teach a computer the fundamentals of biology so it can learn to identify which relationships might be effective and which could be useless or toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success will depend on scientists' ability to push computer learning to new levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stacie Calad-Thomson, operations, planning and strategy director with GSK, says the consortium will take the first two years of the project to develop algorithms. After that, the goal is to identify an effective drug and take it to human trials -- all within one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original data donated by GSK will remain private, says Mary Anne Rhyne, the company's director of corporate communications. But any resulting drug-testing tools will be made publicly available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reasons for Skepticism and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of computer-assisted drug development and personalized medicine have been around for a \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083401/http://www.isgtw.org:80/?pid=1000993\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long time, \u003c/a>and many of these efforts have disappointed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/09/06/ibm-pitched-its-watson-supercomputer-as-a-revolution-in-cancer-care-its-nowhere-close/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, as well as watchdog site\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2017/02/md-anderson-cancer-centers-ibm-watson-project-fails-journalism-related/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Health News Review, \u003c/a>reported on the failed collaboration between the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and IBM's Watson, which sought to make personal cancer treatment recommendations and match patients to clinical trials. Behind the largely positive news coverage, the project did not work as hoped. (\u003ca href=\"https://medcitynews.com/2017/02/mayo-clinic-cio-ai-stuff-really-real/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Not everyone agrees\u003c/a> it's been a bust.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the company's \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/watson/health/life-sciences/drug-discovery/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watson for Drug Discovery\u003c/a> program is hoping candidate drugs it identified as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease will prove to work. And IBM and Pfizer \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucejapsen/2016/12/01/pfizer-partners-with-ibm-watson-to-advance-cancer-drug-discovery/#68904ce21b1e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced a collaboration\u003c/a> in 2016 to use Watson to accelerate cancer drug discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steven Salzberg, director of the Center for Computational Biology at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins University, is skeptical of such supercomputing efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I honestly don't see how throwing lots of computers at the problem will speed up preclinical cancer drug discovery,\" he says. \"It's the classic problem where when your only tool is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all need computers for research, so that's good. But cutting drug discovery from 6 years down to 1? That sounds implausible to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute at Harvard, Aedin Culhane, who is also a researcher in the Department of Biostatistics, is more optimistic. Yes, the idea of computer-assisted drug discovery has been around for a long time, she says, but it's only now that it's finally matured.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.'\u003ccite>John Baldoni, GlaxoSmithKline\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"These projects were completely and utterly just a pipe dream 10 years ago,\" says Culhane. \"And now we have more and better data, and we're learning more day by day. Given good data, the machines can learn, and I'm very hopeful about it. Much more than I was 10 years ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She finds ATOM's intent to publish negative results especially interesting. \"Because that's something that is missing. Academics rarely publish negative results, and pharma even more so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Re-examing old data in the light of new information, she says, can sometimes offer novel insights. Perhaps researchers misunderstood how a failed drug was working in the body the first time around; or maybe reviewing its off-target effects in light of new discoveries related to tumors will reveal a deeper understanding of biochemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Baldoni, senior vice president for computerized drug screening at GSK, says that not only are data more abundant, but the engineering required for computer-based analysis is more sophisticated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also believes researchers will be able to draw on software advancements in fields like facial recognition and dimensional analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have applications in other sectors that are analogous to the applications that we want to develop in the pharma sector,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is also starting to demonstrate results, according to Baldoni. He points to clinical testing of molecules discovered by computer algorithms from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimbustx.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nimbus Therapeutics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I would say to a skeptic,\" he says, \"is 'You might be right.' But I hope they're not. I think there are a confluence of things that give this a better shot now than we had in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you're losing sleep over the blue light coming from your phone, there's an app for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are now lots of apps that promise to improve sleep by filtering out the blue light produced by phones, tablets, computers and even televisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how well do these apps work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven't been any big studies to answer that question. So I phoned a couple of scientists who study the link between blue light exposure and sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My first call is to \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt.uh.edu/faculty/LOstrin/\">Lisa Ostrin\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at the University of Houston College of Optometry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrin owns an iPhone. And every iPhone comes with an app called Night Shift that lets you filter out blue light. So does Ostrin use Night Shift?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yes I do,\" she tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a filtering app, cellphones and tablets expose users to an alarming amount of blue light, she says, \"Especially as people are lying in bed and have their screens just a few inches from their face.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that blue light prevents special photoreceptor cells in the eye from triggering the release of a sleep hormone, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Normally when the sun goes down and the lights turn off, our body releases melatonin, which helps us get a nice restful sleep,\" Ostrin says. \"But when we have all this artificial light on, it's tricking those photoreceptors into thinking it's still daytime.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrin was part of a team that showed this in a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/opo.12385/full\">study\u003c/a> published this summer in the journal \u003cem>Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 21 people put on special glasses after sunset each day to filter out blue light. \"So essentially we blocked the input to those photoreceptors that tell our body it's still daytime,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two weeks, the participants' melatonin levels had increased by 58 percent. And they reported better sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apps that filter the light from device screens are less effective than blue-blocking glasses, Ostrin says, but still can help. \"I highly recommend them,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a different perspective, I call \u003ca href=\"http://www.smu.edu/Dedman/Academics/Departments/Chemistry/ChemistryFacultyandStaff/BrianZoltowski\">Brian Zoltowski\u003c/a> at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Ostrin, Zoltowski studies blue light and sleep. And he also owns an iPhone. But \"I am not a Night Shift user currently,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoltowski used to use the app. He also found ways to reduce the blue light coming from all of his other screens during the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside was that everything he saw in the evening was some shade of orange. And he wasn't sure he was sleeping any better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I'm looking at an orange screen watching a video realizing I'm also drinking a cup of coffee,\" Zoltowski says. \"And it started to make me wonder then why I'm actually trying to decrease the amount of blue light when the caffeine that I'm drinking in my cup of coffee is probably having a larger effect on my sleep quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also realized he just didn't like looking at all those orange screens. So he turned off Night Shift and all the other blue light filters on his devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm willing to take the blue light exposure for the improved quality of the images,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoltowski says people need to remember that devices are just one source of blue light. Others include indoor lighting, streetlights and car headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he says a filtering app may not be worth it, especially if you're already getting a good night's sleep, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But if you suffer from sleep problems and you've tried other things like eliminating caffeine later in the day,\" he says, \"this is something you can add to your repertoire to promote a healthful sleeping environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're serious about getting better sleep, though, you might want to avoid screens entirely near bedtime, Zoltowski says. \"Try to wind down, shut down your devices, dim the lights, relax and maybe read a book the old fashioned way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1232.abstract\">study\u003c/a> found that people took longer to fall asleep when they read from a light-emitting e-book than when they read from a printed book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Apps+Can+Cut+Blue+Light+From+Devices%2C+But+Do+They+Help+You+Sleep%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you're losing sleep over the blue light coming from your phone, there's an app for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, there are now lots of apps that promise to improve sleep by filtering out the blue light produced by phones, tablets, computers and even televisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how well do these apps work?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There haven't been any big studies to answer that question. So I phoned a couple of scientists who study the link between blue light exposure and sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My first call is to \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt.uh.edu/faculty/LOstrin/\">Lisa Ostrin\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at the University of Houston College of Optometry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrin owns an iPhone. And every iPhone comes with an app called Night Shift that lets you filter out blue light. So does Ostrin use Night Shift?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yes I do,\" she tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without a filtering app, cellphones and tablets expose users to an alarming amount of blue light, she says, \"Especially as people are lying in bed and have their screens just a few inches from their face.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all that blue light prevents special photoreceptor cells in the eye from triggering the release of a sleep hormone, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Normally when the sun goes down and the lights turn off, our body releases melatonin, which helps us get a nice restful sleep,\" Ostrin says. \"But when we have all this artificial light on, it's tricking those photoreceptors into thinking it's still daytime.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostrin was part of a team that showed this in a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/opo.12385/full\">study\u003c/a> published this summer in the journal \u003cem>Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, 21 people put on special glasses after sunset each day to filter out blue light. \"So essentially we blocked the input to those photoreceptors that tell our body it's still daytime,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After two weeks, the participants' melatonin levels had increased by 58 percent. And they reported better sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apps that filter the light from device screens are less effective than blue-blocking glasses, Ostrin says, but still can help. \"I highly recommend them,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a different perspective, I call \u003ca href=\"http://www.smu.edu/Dedman/Academics/Departments/Chemistry/ChemistryFacultyandStaff/BrianZoltowski\">Brian Zoltowski\u003c/a> at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Ostrin, Zoltowski studies blue light and sleep. And he also owns an iPhone. But \"I am not a Night Shift user currently,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoltowski used to use the app. He also found ways to reduce the blue light coming from all of his other screens during the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The downside was that everything he saw in the evening was some shade of orange. And he wasn't sure he was sleeping any better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I'm looking at an orange screen watching a video realizing I'm also drinking a cup of coffee,\" Zoltowski says. \"And it started to make me wonder then why I'm actually trying to decrease the amount of blue light when the caffeine that I'm drinking in my cup of coffee is probably having a larger effect on my sleep quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also realized he just didn't like looking at all those orange screens. So he turned off Night Shift and all the other blue light filters on his devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm willing to take the blue light exposure for the improved quality of the images,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoltowski says people need to remember that devices are just one source of blue light. Others include indoor lighting, streetlights and car headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he says a filtering app may not be worth it, especially if you're already getting a good night's sleep, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But if you suffer from sleep problems and you've tried other things like eliminating caffeine later in the day,\" he says, \"this is something you can add to your repertoire to promote a healthful sleeping environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're serious about getting better sleep, though, you might want to avoid screens entirely near bedtime, Zoltowski says. \"Try to wind down, shut down your devices, dim the lights, relax and maybe read a book the old fashioned way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least one \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1232.abstract\">study\u003c/a> found that people took longer to fall asleep when they read from a light-emitting e-book than when they read from a printed book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Apps+Can+Cut+Blue+Light+From+Devices%2C+But+Do+They+Help+You+Sleep%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Riding a Motorcycle Is Really Dangerous, Data Shows",
"title": "Riding a Motorcycle Is Really Dangerous, Data Shows",
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"content": "\u003cp>Motorcycle crashes are alarmingly common — and incredibly costly, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers pulled data from adults treated for motorcycle and car crash injuries at hospitals in Ontario, Canada, between 2007 and 2013. The toll: nearly 282,000 adults injured in car accidents and nearly 27,000 in motorcycle crashes during that time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Here’s a deeper look at the analysis, published Monday in the Canadian Medical Association Journal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Motorcycle accidents are far more common than car accidents, relatively speaking. \u003c/strong>There were 2,194 motorcycle injuries each year per 100,000 registered motorcycles. That’s triple the rate of automobile injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Those injuries were far more serious. \u003c/strong>There were 125 severe injuries each year per 100,000 motorcycles, compared to just 12 severe injuries per 100,000 cars. People injured in motorcycle accidents were much more likely than those injured in car crashes to be hospitalized. They were also more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Motorcycle crashes are more often deadly. \u003c/strong>There were 14 deaths per year for every 100,000 motorcycles, compared to three deaths per 100,000 cars.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The mean cost of a motorcycle injury was $5,825. \u003c/strong>The mean cost of an automobile accident was $2,995.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Those numbers might be underestimating the costs. \u003c/strong>The study only followed people for 30 days after they were treated for an injury, which means the numbers don’t take rehabilitation or other types of continuing care into account. The study’s authors say they hope their findings will push manufacturers and policymakers to improve motorcycle safety.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/20/motorcycle-crashes-deadly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Motorcycle crashes are alarmingly common — and incredibly costly, according to a new study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers pulled data from adults treated for motorcycle and car crash injuries at hospitals in Ontario, Canada, between 2007 and 2013. The toll: nearly 282,000 adults injured in car accidents and nearly 27,000 in motorcycle crashes during that time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Here’s a deeper look at the analysis, published Monday in the Canadian Medical Association Journal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"\">\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Motorcycle accidents are far more common than car accidents, relatively speaking. \u003c/strong>There were 2,194 motorcycle injuries each year per 100,000 registered motorcycles. That’s triple the rate of automobile injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Those injuries were far more serious. \u003c/strong>There were 125 severe injuries each year per 100,000 motorcycles, compared to just 12 severe injuries per 100,000 cars. People injured in motorcycle accidents were much more likely than those injured in car crashes to be hospitalized. They were also more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Motorcycle crashes are more often deadly. \u003c/strong>There were 14 deaths per year for every 100,000 motorcycles, compared to three deaths per 100,000 cars.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The mean cost of a motorcycle injury was $5,825. \u003c/strong>The mean cost of an automobile accident was $2,995.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Those numbers might be underestimating the costs. \u003c/strong>The study only followed people for 30 days after they were treated for an injury, which means the numbers don’t take rehabilitation or other types of continuing care into account. The study’s authors say they hope their findings will push manufacturers and policymakers to improve motorcycle safety.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/20/motorcycle-crashes-deadly/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Roughly 1 in 5 cancer patients developed post-traumatic stress disorder within six months of their diagnosis — and a small percentage still experienced trauma-related symptoms six years later, according to new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer patients and psychologists have long known a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/30/cancer-diagnosis-pathologists/\">cancer diagnosis\u003c/a> can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, even when patients manage to drive their disease into remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study, published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Cancer\u003c/em>, underlined the pervasiveness — and in some cases, the persistence — of that emotional trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One of most insidious things about cancer is when you realize treatment is working and you’re not going to die, but the treatment is so overwhelming that you don’t care if you do.'\u003ccite>Dan Duffy, cancer survivor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Malaysia and Boston analyzed 245 patients over four years, and found that nearly 22 percent had developed PTSD within six months of their diagnosis. Four years later, more than 6 percent still experienced symptoms like psychological distress and cognitive problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such problems can undermine a person’s recovery, because those with PTSD are less likely to show up for appointments or stay with treatment, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This underscores the importance of building better programs for longer-term support for cancer patients, said Dr. Fremonta Meyer, a psychiatrist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and co-author of the study. Otherwise, she said, “we’ll miss people who are really continuing to suffer emotionally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors point out that one potentially significant limitation is that they examined only patients in Kuala Lumpur. Dr. Gary H. Lyman, co-director of the Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, who was not involved with the study, said cultural differences could play a role in how patient emotionally respond to a cancer diagnosis. “But I wouldn’t be willing to dismiss this as something that may not apply to other settings, including other racial, ethnic, and social settings in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a solid study, and one that’s going to get a fair amount of attention,” Lyman added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Alan Valentine, chairman of the department of psychiatry at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, and who was also not involved in the study, said he was not surprised by the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do we do as well as we should in following up on anxiety and depression? Probably not,” he said. He said he would like to see the study replicated and the results compared with the number of cancer patients who are being tracked for long-term PTSD. “We’re probably missing a bunch of people.”\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=\"3TOX5SaqSbRCLEW96M73MKD5U9jAACxv\"]\u003cbr>\nLyman agreed. “We have just presumed that once the patient passes that acute phase, which may go for six months on average, that their symptoms will abate,” he said. “So we stop asking the question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meyer said the research was unusual in that it analyzed a more heterogeneous patient population than other studies. “A lot of others have looked only at a few cancer types — like breast cancer, which tends to have more support services,” she said. “Ours enabled us to capture a wide variety of cancer types, including rare cancers, and those where there isn’t as much social acceptance and support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of the consequences of this – and how it might affect one’s cancer treatment, one of the cardinal symptoms of PTSD is avoidance,” she added. “Patients who are experiencing PTSD may actually avoid having scans, going to oncology appointments, things that might remind them of the traumatic experience they had.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Duffy, a St. Louis-based video producer, who was diagnosed with stage 3 testicular cancer in 2002, said that after what seemed to be a successful initial treatment, his oncologist had him undergo a scan that also involved a painful catheterization. When the results were inconclusive, he said the doctor asked to repeat the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy said he initially refused. “One of most insidious things about cancer is when you realize treatment is working and you’re not going to die, but the treatment is so overwhelming that you don’t care if you do,” he said. “It happens to a lot of people. It happened to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much did his oncologist evaluate and treat Duffy’s emotional trauma?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, zero,” he said. “And my doc had a great bedside manner. I loved him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/20/ptsd-cancer-diagnosis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Roughly 1 in 5 cancer patients developed post-traumatic stress disorder within six months of their diagnosis — and a small percentage still experienced trauma-related symptoms six years later, according to new research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer patients and psychologists have long known a \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/30/cancer-diagnosis-pathologists/\">cancer diagnosis\u003c/a> can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, even when patients manage to drive their disease into remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study, published Monday in the journal \u003cem>Cancer\u003c/em>, underlined the pervasiveness — and in some cases, the persistence — of that emotional trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One of most insidious things about cancer is when you realize treatment is working and you’re not going to die, but the treatment is so overwhelming that you don’t care if you do.'\u003ccite>Dan Duffy, cancer survivor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Malaysia and Boston analyzed 245 patients over four years, and found that nearly 22 percent had developed PTSD within six months of their diagnosis. Four years later, more than 6 percent still experienced symptoms like psychological distress and cognitive problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such problems can undermine a person’s recovery, because those with PTSD are less likely to show up for appointments or stay with treatment, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This underscores the importance of building better programs for longer-term support for cancer patients, said Dr. Fremonta Meyer, a psychiatrist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and co-author of the study. Otherwise, she said, “we’ll miss people who are really continuing to suffer emotionally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors point out that one potentially significant limitation is that they examined only patients in Kuala Lumpur. Dr. Gary H. Lyman, co-director of the Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, who was not involved with the study, said cultural differences could play a role in how patient emotionally respond to a cancer diagnosis. “But I wouldn’t be willing to dismiss this as something that may not apply to other settings, including other racial, ethnic, and social settings in the U.S.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a solid study, and one that’s going to get a fair amount of attention,” Lyman added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Alan Valentine, chairman of the department of psychiatry at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, and who was also not involved in the study, said he was not surprised by the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Do we do as well as we should in following up on anxiety and depression? Probably not,” he said. He said he would like to see the study replicated and the results compared with the number of cancer patients who are being tracked for long-term PTSD. “We’re probably missing a bunch of people.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nLyman agreed. “We have just presumed that once the patient passes that acute phase, which may go for six months on average, that their symptoms will abate,” he said. “So we stop asking the question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meyer said the research was unusual in that it analyzed a more heterogeneous patient population than other studies. “A lot of others have looked only at a few cancer types — like breast cancer, which tends to have more support services,” she said. “Ours enabled us to capture a wide variety of cancer types, including rare cancers, and those where there isn’t as much social acceptance and support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of the consequences of this – and how it might affect one’s cancer treatment, one of the cardinal symptoms of PTSD is avoidance,” she added. “Patients who are experiencing PTSD may actually avoid having scans, going to oncology appointments, things that might remind them of the traumatic experience they had.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Duffy, a St. Louis-based video producer, who was diagnosed with stage 3 testicular cancer in 2002, said that after what seemed to be a successful initial treatment, his oncologist had him undergo a scan that also involved a painful catheterization. When the results were inconclusive, he said the doctor asked to repeat the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duffy said he initially refused. “One of most insidious things about cancer is when you realize treatment is working and you’re not going to die, but the treatment is so overwhelming that you don’t care if you do,” he said. “It happens to a lot of people. It happened to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much did his oncologist evaluate and treat Duffy’s emotional trauma?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, zero,” he said. “And my doc had a great bedside manner. I loved him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/20/ptsd-cancer-diagnosis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story \u003c/a>was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>By now you have heard about \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/15/explainer-the-new-gene-editing-tool-significantly-more-precise-than-crispr/\">CRISPR/Cas9\u003c/a>. This is the revolutionary new way to fix genes in most any living thing, including people. It has already transformed biological research and is poised to do the same in curing genetic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now you can see a part of the process actually happening in living color, in a direct observation of the enzyme Cas9 cutting a strand of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/hnisimasu/status/928933260159197184\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow blob is Cas9, which gets the ball rolling on editing a gene, and the long strands of orange are the DNA. Here, Cas9 scans for the right spot on the DNA to make an incision, then around 30 seconds in makes the cut, creating “cleaved DNA.” The next step for a successful edit would be for the cell’s internal machinery, in the process of mending the cut, to replace the surrounding DNA, hopefully correcting a disease-causing genetic mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Osamu Nureki “filmed” this action by moving a tiny needle back and forth across Cas9. This imaging process is called\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-16712-6_478\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> high‐speed atomic‐force microscopy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes it especially satisfying as a scientist is to see the CRISPR/Cas9 system work its magic, with my own eyes. How processes like gene editing work are, for the most part, inferred indirectly from experiments. To actually see Cas9 do its job is a bit mind-blowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a scientist, I find this video unbearably cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University who runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose CA. Before running the program, he worked as a research scientist in the biotechnology field. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The yellow blob is Cas9, which gets the ball rolling on editing a gene, and the long strands of orange are the DNA. Here, Cas9 scans for the right spot on the DNA to make an incision, then around 30 seconds in makes the cut, creating “cleaved DNA.” The next step for a successful edit would be for the cell’s internal machinery, in the process of mending the cut, to replace the surrounding DNA, hopefully correcting a disease-causing genetic mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researcher Osamu Nureki “filmed” this action by moving a tiny needle back and forth across Cas9. This imaging process is called\u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-642-16712-6_478\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> high‐speed atomic‐force microscopy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes it especially satisfying as a scientist is to see the CRISPR/Cas9 system work its magic, with my own eyes. How processes like gene editing work are, for the most part, inferred indirectly from experiments. To actually see Cas9 do its job is a bit mind-blowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a scientist, I find this video unbearably cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University who runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose CA. Before running the program, he worked as a research scientist in the biotechnology field. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published Sept. 20, 2017.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley resident Janis Bordeaux lost her dad to a fall this summer. John wasn't frail. At 84, he was still the kind of man who never stopped building and making things. The summer before his fall, he was sanding the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the following summer, John's health had declined. He was having problems with his heart and his weight, and he was taking 12 medications every day. He had no history of falls, but as Bordeaux watched her dad grow weaker, she became more and more worried that he could stumble or slip and hurt himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One in four older adults falls every year, and less than half actually tell their doctors about it.'\u003ccite>Sanjay Khurana, AARP\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When her parents, who also live in Berkeley, decided to spend the summer at their second home on the New Jersey shore, John suffered his first fall. He wasn’t seriously injured, but a few days later, he fell again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like falls are the thing that will take you out nowadays, because pharmaceuticals are extending your life into what seems like an unnatural range,” Bordeaux reflects. “That could just be someone trying to make peace with their dad dying from something that seemed preventable. But on the other hand, he was getting so weak that a fall was bound to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t the second fall that killed her dad. Or the third. Bordeaux’s dad fell four times that week. The last two falls happened on the same day. He died shortly after.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"right\">\u003cstrong>Common Sense Fall Prevention\u003c/strong>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Talk to your doctor about symptoms\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Adjust medications, if necessary\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Install better lighting, remove throw rugs, and install handrails\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Strengthen leg muscles and improve balance with exercise programs such as Tai Chi\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The saddest part is that, statistically speaking, John's story is so common. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/features/falls-prevention-day/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More than half \u003c/a>of all elderly falls happen in the familiar surroundings of home. There are often warning signs well in advance, such as muscle weakness or gait imbalance. When your muscles are weak, it’s hard to stop yourself mid-fall. And most older adults who have fallen, or feel unsteady on their feet, don’t tell their doctors about it, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advice on how to prevent these traumatic falls has not changed much over the years. Experts say seniors who are unstable on their feet should invest in some easy home renovations to minimize slipping or tripping, such as better lighting, fewer rugs and more handrails. It’s important to talk to your doctor about your symptoms and, if needed, have your medications adjusted. The National Council on Aging \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/falls-prevention-programs-for-older-adults/\">recommends\u003c/a> several evidence-based fall-prevention exercise programs for seniors, including Tai Chi, which is proven to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/resources/tai-ji-quan-moving-better-balance-program-information-guidance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increase balance\u003c/a> and strengthen leg muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s pretty much it. As any concerned caregiver who has Googled “how to prevent senior falls” on behalf of a loved one is aware, the preponderance of \u003ca href=\"http://stories.kera.org/the-broken-hip/2015/01/10/resources/\">helpful online resources\u003c/a> all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/preventing-falls-tips-for-older-adults-and-caregivers/take-control-of-your-health-6-steps-to-prevent-a-fall/\">cover similar ground\u003c/a> – annual physicals, eye exams, eating vitamin-rich foods, exercise and removal of safety hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Falling once makes you twice as likely to fall again –- not to mention the residual trauma for you and your family.'\u003ccite>Sanjay Khurana, AARP\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In spite of these efforts, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6537a2.htm?s_cid=mm6537a2_w\">29 million Americans over 65\u003c/a> reported falling in 2014, with 7 million of those falls leading to injury, and direct medical costs of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/features/falls-prevention-day/index.html\">$31 billion annually\u003c/a>. Falling once makes you \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/adultfalls.html\">twice as likely to fall again\u003c/a>. And falls are the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0922-older-adult-falls.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading cause of death\u003c/a> by injury for older adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard. It’s a hard problem. Preventing falls should be easy. Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it were easy, we would be doing a better job of it, says Sanjay Khurana, Vice President of Caregiving Products and Services at AARP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a society, we recognize that falling has a huge impact on degradation in quality of life,\" he says. \"One in four older adults falls every year, and less than half actually tell their doctors about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"yAzeujBaecSSTgdnfssLoFtABhupOTCN\"]The problem is not going away. Here in the U.S., 10,000 Baby Boomers turn 65 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2010/12/29/baby-boomers-retire/\">\u003cem>every single day\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Which means that by the year 2030, the number of older Americans projected to fall each year will grow from 29 million to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6537a2.htm?s_cid=mm6537a2_w\">49 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole world is getting older -– fast. And those demographics are about to make this crisis into a calamity. A 2007 \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/Falls_prevention7March.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the World Health Organization lays it on the line: “The economic and societal burden of falls will increase by epidemic proportions in all parts of the world over the next few decades.\" If countries, governments and communities don’t develop a coherent strategy to combat senior falls “in the immediate future,” the WHO projects the number of fall-related injuries will be 100 percent higher by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQlpDiXPZHQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Old-School Tech No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one thing none of the government reports and websites mention is technology. Which is odd, considering senior falls have always been associated with a certain personal medical technology still in widespread use today. It goes by different names, but the iconic brand is \u003ca href=\"http://lifecall.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LifeCall\u003c/a>, whose infamous 1980s TV advertisement -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQlpDiXPZHQ\">\"I’ve fallen and I can’t get up!”-\u003c/a>- has launched a thousand punchlines. Not to mention inspired countless satires, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bwd5nmWFzA0\">Urkel\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXrSDRnBm0E\">Pokémon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: You wear a pendant or a wristband that you push to call an emergency responder when you fall. When they pick up, you can talk to them through a speaker installed in your home (provided you’re close enough for them to hear you, and conscious enough to push the button).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seemed like a pretty impressive innovation when it was introduced in 1974. But now, we have the technology to do better, says the AARP’s Khurana. Way better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khurana has been keeping an eye on wearable and home-based sensors. Some can \u003ca href=\"http://www.emeraldforhome.com/\">\"see\" through walls\u003c/a> and discern whether an elderly person may be in distress, or allow you to \u003ca href=\"http://wellnest.care/\">check in on\u003c/a> your parent or grandparent remotely by reporting on where they are and whether they've been having trouble walking lately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others can help you improve your balance with personalized exercises via \u003ca href=\"http://nymblscience.com/faq/#link_home\">smartphone sensing\u003c/a> (or an at-home \u003ca href=\"http://www.ishoebalance.com/index.php/ishoe-the-balance-company/en-pointe-scale/\">scale\u003c/a>), or \u003ca href=\"https://lunalights.org/\">light the way\u003c/a> to the bathroom at night – without requiring a verbal command.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435481\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-435481\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-800x477.jpg\" alt=\"Wellnest's screen allows an elderly person or caregiver to track key health issues.\" width=\"800\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-800x477.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-160x95.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-768x458.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-1020x608.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-1180x703.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-960x572.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-240x143.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-375x224.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-520x310.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wellnest's screen allows an elderly person or caregiver to track key health activities. \u003ccite>(Wellnest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Khurana has made it his mission to persuade industry there's a financial upside to investing in fall prevention. He's confident that when entrepreneurs and investors realize how big the market is –- AARP says $2.9 billion for safety monitoring and fall-prevention tech alone –- the rate of innovation will kick into high gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AARP did its part to goose the market this year with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fall-prevention-innovation-challenge-winners-announced-by-aarp-services-inc-unitedhealthcare-300473607.html\">Fall Prevention Innovation Challenge\u003c/a>, a worldwide product search with some serious prize money attached. The first-time partnership with OpenIDEO and UnitedHealthcare attracted 205 design ideas from 90 countries. The competition launched in February and concluded in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As we age, we start changing our walking. For instance, we start taking shorter steps.'\u003ccite>Lise Pape, Walk With Path\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The $50,000 top prizewinner (which judges dubbed Most Viable Solution) was \u003ca href=\"https://lunalights.org/\">Luna Lights\u003c/a>, an automated lighting system that is activated when someone gets out of bed at night. It wirelessly lights the path along frequently traveled hallways toward, say, the bathroom or the kitchen. When the user gets back into bed, the lights snap off. Over time, cloud-based analytics compile habit data to signal to a caregiver that the elderly user may be spending extra time in the bathroom or wandering the house at night, which could suggest an underlying medical issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition’s $25,000 Most Promising Idea winner was \u003ca href=\"https://www.walkwithpath.com/path-feel\">Path Feel\u003c/a>, a smart insole that vibrates in several pressure points when the foot touches the ground. The idea is to help older adults (or people with neuropathy, Parkinson’s or multiple sclerosis) improve their balance in real time by helping them feel their feet on the floor. The company says it's aiming to launch the product in 2018. Its built-in gyroscopes and oscillometers transmit data on gait patterns to an app that physical therapists and caregivers can use to measure progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, all that data could give rise to a new way to map the gait characteristics of, say, a 65-year-old diabetic against a larger dataset of “healthy walkers,” which could eventually help create algorithms for being able to detect certain symptoms and contribute to developing new diagnostic methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we age, we start changing our walking,” says Lise Pape, founder of \u003ca href=\"UK-based\">Walk With Path\u003c/a>, the UK-based company that invented Path Feel. \"For instance, we start taking shorter steps. There’s indications in the literature that you can use walking to identify early onset Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California, is already using predictive technology to reduce falls. A system made by \u003ca href=\"https://qventus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Qventus\u003c/a> combines data from patients' electronic health records with call-light and bed-alarm data to alert nurses that the patient is at high risk of a fall. The staff can then implement additional monitoring, including the use of video, and intervene if the patient is going to attempt to stand. In April, Chief Nursing Officer Cheryl Reinking said the hospital saw a 39 percent decrease in falls over the first six months the system was in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Missing Ingredient: Dignity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that more modern apps and gadgets aren’t on the market: When it comes to wearable tech, seniors are a challenging population to design for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of products we look at have major flaws,” says Richard Caro, a San Francisco-based scientist/inventor. “They’re basically designed with some 20-year-old audience in mind, not an 80-year-old audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'While the [emergency-call] devices are pretty useful, they are mostly rather ugly. They look like you’ve escaped from the hospital.'\u003ccite>Richard Caro, Longevity Explorers\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Caro organizes the \u003ca href=\"https://www.techenhancedlife.com/content/longevity-explorers\">Longevity Explorers\u003c/a>, an online and in-person community of people over 70, who meet up to talk about aging and test out new senior tech gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The products typically fall into one of two categories, he says. Either they solve a problem users don’t think they have, or they solve a problem people do have, but the solutions are so poorly implemented they're not that usable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the products will come with instructions in tiny gray type or they’ll have buttons that don’t work well with shaky hands. On the other end of the spectrum, some products are so simple and dumbed down that they don’t offer the user interface and normal functionality people need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people buy them and don’t wear them,” says Caro. \"While the devices are pretty useful, they are mostly rather ugly. They look like you’ve escaped from the hospital.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanjay Khurana has heard those objections, too –- from his own mother, who lives in an independent living facility. He gave her an emergency pendant to wear, but she doesn’t like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I asked her, ‘Mom, why don’t you wear this?’ She goes, ‘I wouldn’t be caught dead with the device.’ Because it requires you to wear it around your neck, it signals to the rest of the world that you are in need of help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says design could make the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-435422 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"721\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white.jpeg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-160x90.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-800x451.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-768x433.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-1020x575.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-1180x665.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-960x541.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-240x135.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-375x211.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-520x293.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man models the Wellnest smartwatch. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Ramaci/Wellnest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If the same product could be designed with a little more dignity, you would wear them, right? Maybe if it was a better-designed pendant, or a wristwatch. A smartwatch could integrate that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two companies are attempting just that. One is GreatCall, which makes the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S8ug0Xl1pU\">Lively Wearable,\u003c/a> a fitness tracker that looks like a sport watch with only one button –- an emergency button. It syncs to a smartphone but only works in an emergency if you’re carrying your smartphone with you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other one is \u003ca href=\"https://cl.ly/3K0r46251Y09\">Wellnest,\u003c/a> which\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a smartphone watch you dial by voice. It has built-in 4G LTE and you converse with it via an Amazon Alexa interface. It can guide you home, order an Uber for you, remind you to take your meds, and sense when you’ve fallen. It will notify your caregivers if you’ve missed your meds or have been slipping a lot as you walk. It also allows them to ping your location in an emergency. (Lively Wearable is already available; Wellnest is due out by the end of the year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, what about after you’ve fallen, but before you hit the floor? One prototype idea in the Fall Prevention Challenge was a Spanx-like pair of underwear with \u003ca href=\"https://challenges.openideo.com/challenge/fall-prevention/ideas/upants-hip-protection-system\">built-in hip protectors\u003c/a> – and a motion sensor that calls an ambulance after a fall. In fact, the \"senior airbag\" concept abounds. One is a \"\u003ca href=\"http://activeprotective.com/\">smart belt\u003c/a>\" you attach around your waist that activates in milliseconds after a fall, theoretically before you hit the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this technology requires the elderly person to be willing to use it, which means acknowledging they are at risk. Marketing and design teams have a heavy lift to make fall prevention technology relevant to Baby Boomers, a generation distinguished more by rejecting aging than by accepting the limits it imposes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published Sept. 20, 2017.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley resident Janis Bordeaux lost her dad to a fall this summer. John wasn't frail. At 84, he was still the kind of man who never stopped building and making things. The summer before his fall, he was sanding the floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the following summer, John's health had declined. He was having problems with his heart and his weight, and he was taking 12 medications every day. He had no history of falls, but as Bordeaux watched her dad grow weaker, she became more and more worried that he could stumble or slip and hurt himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'One in four older adults falls every year, and less than half actually tell their doctors about it.'\u003ccite>Sanjay Khurana, AARP\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When her parents, who also live in Berkeley, decided to spend the summer at their second home on the New Jersey shore, John suffered his first fall. He wasn’t seriously injured, but a few days later, he fell again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel like falls are the thing that will take you out nowadays, because pharmaceuticals are extending your life into what seems like an unnatural range,” Bordeaux reflects. “That could just be someone trying to make peace with their dad dying from something that seemed preventable. But on the other hand, he was getting so weak that a fall was bound to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t the second fall that killed her dad. Or the third. Bordeaux’s dad fell four times that week. The last two falls happened on the same day. He died shortly after.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"right\">\u003cstrong>Common Sense Fall Prevention\u003c/strong>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Talk to your doctor about symptoms\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Adjust medications, if necessary\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Install better lighting, remove throw rugs, and install handrails\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Strengthen leg muscles and improve balance with exercise programs such as Tai Chi\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The saddest part is that, statistically speaking, John's story is so common. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/features/falls-prevention-day/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">More than half \u003c/a>of all elderly falls happen in the familiar surroundings of home. There are often warning signs well in advance, such as muscle weakness or gait imbalance. When your muscles are weak, it’s hard to stop yourself mid-fall. And most older adults who have fallen, or feel unsteady on their feet, don’t tell their doctors about it, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advice on how to prevent these traumatic falls has not changed much over the years. Experts say seniors who are unstable on their feet should invest in some easy home renovations to minimize slipping or tripping, such as better lighting, fewer rugs and more handrails. It’s important to talk to your doctor about your symptoms and, if needed, have your medications adjusted. The National Council on Aging \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/falls-prevention-programs-for-older-adults/\">recommends\u003c/a> several evidence-based fall-prevention exercise programs for seniors, including Tai Chi, which is proven to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/resources/tai-ji-quan-moving-better-balance-program-information-guidance/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">increase balance\u003c/a> and strengthen leg muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s pretty much it. As any concerned caregiver who has Googled “how to prevent senior falls” on behalf of a loved one is aware, the preponderance of \u003ca href=\"http://stories.kera.org/the-broken-hip/2015/01/10/resources/\">helpful online resources\u003c/a> all \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/preventing-falls-tips-for-older-adults-and-caregivers/take-control-of-your-health-6-steps-to-prevent-a-fall/\">cover similar ground\u003c/a> – annual physicals, eye exams, eating vitamin-rich foods, exercise and removal of safety hazards.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Falling once makes you twice as likely to fall again –- not to mention the residual trauma for you and your family.'\u003ccite>Sanjay Khurana, AARP\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In spite of these efforts, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6537a2.htm?s_cid=mm6537a2_w\">29 million Americans over 65\u003c/a> reported falling in 2014, with 7 million of those falls leading to injury, and direct medical costs of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/features/falls-prevention-day/index.html\">$31 billion annually\u003c/a>. Falling once makes you \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/adultfalls.html\">twice as likely to fall again\u003c/a>. And falls are the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0922-older-adult-falls.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading cause of death\u003c/a> by injury for older adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer is hard. It’s a hard problem. Preventing falls should be easy. Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it were easy, we would be doing a better job of it, says Sanjay Khurana, Vice President of Caregiving Products and Services at AARP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a society, we recognize that falling has a huge impact on degradation in quality of life,\" he says. \"One in four older adults falls every year, and less than half actually tell their doctors about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The problem is not going away. Here in the U.S., 10,000 Baby Boomers turn 65 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2010/12/29/baby-boomers-retire/\">\u003cem>every single day\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Which means that by the year 2030, the number of older Americans projected to fall each year will grow from 29 million to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6537a2.htm?s_cid=mm6537a2_w\">49 million\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whole world is getting older -– fast. And those demographics are about to make this crisis into a calamity. A 2007 \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/ageing/publications/Falls_prevention7March.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the World Health Organization lays it on the line: “The economic and societal burden of falls will increase by epidemic proportions in all parts of the world over the next few decades.\" If countries, governments and communities don’t develop a coherent strategy to combat senior falls “in the immediate future,” the WHO projects the number of fall-related injuries will be 100 percent higher by 2030.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bQlpDiXPZHQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bQlpDiXPZHQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Old-School Tech No More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one thing none of the government reports and websites mention is technology. Which is odd, considering senior falls have always been associated with a certain personal medical technology still in widespread use today. It goes by different names, but the iconic brand is \u003ca href=\"http://lifecall.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LifeCall\u003c/a>, whose infamous 1980s TV advertisement -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQlpDiXPZHQ\">\"I’ve fallen and I can’t get up!”-\u003c/a>- has launched a thousand punchlines. Not to mention inspired countless satires, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bwd5nmWFzA0\">Urkel\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXrSDRnBm0E\">Pokémon\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it works: You wear a pendant or a wristband that you push to call an emergency responder when you fall. When they pick up, you can talk to them through a speaker installed in your home (provided you’re close enough for them to hear you, and conscious enough to push the button).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seemed like a pretty impressive innovation when it was introduced in 1974. But now, we have the technology to do better, says the AARP’s Khurana. Way better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khurana has been keeping an eye on wearable and home-based sensors. Some can \u003ca href=\"http://www.emeraldforhome.com/\">\"see\" through walls\u003c/a> and discern whether an elderly person may be in distress, or allow you to \u003ca href=\"http://wellnest.care/\">check in on\u003c/a> your parent or grandparent remotely by reporting on where they are and whether they've been having trouble walking lately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others can help you improve your balance with personalized exercises via \u003ca href=\"http://nymblscience.com/faq/#link_home\">smartphone sensing\u003c/a> (or an at-home \u003ca href=\"http://www.ishoebalance.com/index.php/ishoe-the-balance-company/en-pointe-scale/\">scale\u003c/a>), or \u003ca href=\"https://lunalights.org/\">light the way\u003c/a> to the bathroom at night – without requiring a verbal command.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435481\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-435481\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-800x477.jpg\" alt=\"Wellnest's screen allows an elderly person or caregiver to track key health issues.\" width=\"800\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-800x477.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-160x95.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-768x458.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-1020x608.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-1180x703.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-960x572.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-240x143.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-375x224.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest-520x310.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/Wellnest.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wellnest's screen allows an elderly person or caregiver to track key health activities. \u003ccite>(Wellnest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Khurana has made it his mission to persuade industry there's a financial upside to investing in fall prevention. He's confident that when entrepreneurs and investors realize how big the market is –- AARP says $2.9 billion for safety monitoring and fall-prevention tech alone –- the rate of innovation will kick into high gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AARP did its part to goose the market this year with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fall-prevention-innovation-challenge-winners-announced-by-aarp-services-inc-unitedhealthcare-300473607.html\">Fall Prevention Innovation Challenge\u003c/a>, a worldwide product search with some serious prize money attached. The first-time partnership with OpenIDEO and UnitedHealthcare attracted 205 design ideas from 90 countries. The competition launched in February and concluded in June.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As we age, we start changing our walking. For instance, we start taking shorter steps.'\u003ccite>Lise Pape, Walk With Path\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The $50,000 top prizewinner (which judges dubbed Most Viable Solution) was \u003ca href=\"https://lunalights.org/\">Luna Lights\u003c/a>, an automated lighting system that is activated when someone gets out of bed at night. It wirelessly lights the path along frequently traveled hallways toward, say, the bathroom or the kitchen. When the user gets back into bed, the lights snap off. Over time, cloud-based analytics compile habit data to signal to a caregiver that the elderly user may be spending extra time in the bathroom or wandering the house at night, which could suggest an underlying medical issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The competition’s $25,000 Most Promising Idea winner was \u003ca href=\"https://www.walkwithpath.com/path-feel\">Path Feel\u003c/a>, a smart insole that vibrates in several pressure points when the foot touches the ground. The idea is to help older adults (or people with neuropathy, Parkinson’s or multiple sclerosis) improve their balance in real time by helping them feel their feet on the floor. The company says it's aiming to launch the product in 2018. Its built-in gyroscopes and oscillometers transmit data on gait patterns to an app that physical therapists and caregivers can use to measure progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Down the road, all that data could give rise to a new way to map the gait characteristics of, say, a 65-year-old diabetic against a larger dataset of “healthy walkers,” which could eventually help create algorithms for being able to detect certain symptoms and contribute to developing new diagnostic methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we age, we start changing our walking,” says Lise Pape, founder of \u003ca href=\"UK-based\">Walk With Path\u003c/a>, the UK-based company that invented Path Feel. \"For instance, we start taking shorter steps. There’s indications in the literature that you can use walking to identify early onset Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California, is already using predictive technology to reduce falls. A system made by \u003ca href=\"https://qventus.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Qventus\u003c/a> combines data from patients' electronic health records with call-light and bed-alarm data to alert nurses that the patient is at high risk of a fall. The staff can then implement additional monitoring, including the use of video, and intervene if the patient is going to attempt to stand. In April, Chief Nursing Officer Cheryl Reinking said the hospital saw a 39 percent decrease in falls over the first six months the system was in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Missing Ingredient: Dignity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that more modern apps and gadgets aren’t on the market: When it comes to wearable tech, seniors are a challenging population to design for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vast majority of products we look at have major flaws,” says Richard Caro, a San Francisco-based scientist/inventor. “They’re basically designed with some 20-year-old audience in mind, not an 80-year-old audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'While the [emergency-call] devices are pretty useful, they are mostly rather ugly. They look like you’ve escaped from the hospital.'\u003ccite>Richard Caro, Longevity Explorers\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Caro organizes the \u003ca href=\"https://www.techenhancedlife.com/content/longevity-explorers\">Longevity Explorers\u003c/a>, an online and in-person community of people over 70, who meet up to talk about aging and test out new senior tech gadgets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The products typically fall into one of two categories, he says. Either they solve a problem users don’t think they have, or they solve a problem people do have, but the solutions are so poorly implemented they're not that usable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, the products will come with instructions in tiny gray type or they’ll have buttons that don’t work well with shaky hands. On the other end of the spectrum, some products are so simple and dumbed down that they don’t offer the user interface and normal functionality people need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people buy them and don’t wear them,” says Caro. \"While the devices are pretty useful, they are mostly rather ugly. They look like you’ve escaped from the hospital.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanjay Khurana has heard those objections, too –- from his own mother, who lives in an independent living facility. He gave her an emergency pendant to wear, but she doesn’t like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I asked her, ‘Mom, why don’t you wear this?’ She goes, ‘I wouldn’t be caught dead with the device.’ Because it requires you to wear it around your neck, it signals to the rest of the world that you are in need of help.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says design could make the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_435422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-435422 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"721\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white.jpeg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-160x90.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-800x451.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-768x433.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-1020x575.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-1180x665.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-960x541.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-240x135.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-375x211.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/mans-wrist-white-520x293.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man models the Wellnest smartwatch. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Ramaci/Wellnest)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If the same product could be designed with a little more dignity, you would wear them, right? Maybe if it was a better-designed pendant, or a wristwatch. A smartwatch could integrate that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two companies are attempting just that. One is GreatCall, which makes the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1S8ug0Xl1pU\">Lively Wearable,\u003c/a> a fitness tracker that looks like a sport watch with only one button –- an emergency button. It syncs to a smartphone but only works in an emergency if you’re carrying your smartphone with you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other one is \u003ca href=\"https://cl.ly/3K0r46251Y09\">Wellnest,\u003c/a> which\u003cem> is\u003c/em> a smartphone watch you dial by voice. It has built-in 4G LTE and you converse with it via an Amazon Alexa interface. It can guide you home, order an Uber for you, remind you to take your meds, and sense when you’ve fallen. It will notify your caregivers if you’ve missed your meds or have been slipping a lot as you walk. It also allows them to ping your location in an emergency. (Lively Wearable is already available; Wellnest is due out by the end of the year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, what about after you’ve fallen, but before you hit the floor? One prototype idea in the Fall Prevention Challenge was a Spanx-like pair of underwear with \u003ca href=\"https://challenges.openideo.com/challenge/fall-prevention/ideas/upants-hip-protection-system\">built-in hip protectors\u003c/a> – and a motion sensor that calls an ambulance after a fall. In fact, the \"senior airbag\" concept abounds. One is a \"\u003ca href=\"http://activeprotective.com/\">smart belt\u003c/a>\" you attach around your waist that activates in milliseconds after a fall, theoretically before you hit the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this technology requires the elderly person to be willing to use it, which means acknowledging they are at risk. Marketing and design teams have a heavy lift to make fall prevention technology relevant to Baby Boomers, a generation distinguished more by rejecting aging than by accepting the limits it imposes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bike, Car or Train: Which Commute Has the Worst Air Pollution?",
"title": "Bike, Car or Train: Which Commute Has the Worst Air Pollution?",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The traffic in the Bay Area regularly ranks among the nation's worst — and sitting in traffic isn't just irritating; there's some downright unhealthy stuff in that air you're breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">You can greatly reduce air pollution while biking by riding a block off of a busy road.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Breathing in air pollution can irritate the lungs and aggravate both asthma and cardiovascular disease. However, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017305290?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> from the California Air Resources Board shows that \u003cem>how\u003c/em> you get to work makes a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commuters participating in the study wore backpacks crammed with instruments to measure soot from diesel engines and other pollution while they biked, drove, bused or rode the train to work in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/11/McClurgCommuterAirQuality.mp3\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to try it on my own daily commute from Oakland to San Francisco, using the same gear borrowed from the Air Resources Board. Over the course of a few days I measured the pollution while I biked, then rode BART, and finally drove to my office. Even though my little experiment was clearly not scientifically significant, the results generally matched what the researchers found in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437110 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/IMG_0823-e1510936683987-800x835.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lesley McClurg preparing air pollution measuring devices before her morning commute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BART was the clear winner for me. Light rail also exposed Sacramento commuters to the least polluted air. Driving came in second for me, and biking exposed me to the most smog. The researchers found pollution levels to be pretty similar for cars, buses and bicycle trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't take a diesel-powered train, but the Air Board noted that older Amtrak trains on the Capitol Corridor exposed participants to the worst air. However, Amtrak is updating its locomotive fleet with newer models, so future trips should be a lot cleaner. Incidentally, high-speed Rail, when in service, will be even cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, none of the pollution levels I recorded during my commute — biking or driving — were dangerous. Study participants in Sacramento were also well within safe exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/Screen-Shot-2017-11-17-at-8.26.27-AM-1-1020x444.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"279\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A street-by-street look at pollutants in San Francisco and Oakland. Aclima and Google plan to soon offer an interactive map where you can click on a particular street for more detailed information. To learn \u003ca href=\"https://blog.aclima.io/examining-air-quality-in-san-francisco-bay-area-d308b341be45\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below is a list of ways to protect yourself from nasty air while taking various forms of transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Pollutants in the Air\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Black Carbon:\u003c/strong> Known more commonly as soot. It usually comes from diesel trucks, but ships, diesel trains, vehicles, residential wood fires and even certain types of cooking can also release black carbon. It can worsen asthma and heart disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitric Oxide (NO):\u003c/strong> A gas emitted by power plants, vehicles, aircraft, ships, trains, soils, nitrogen fertilizers, the burning of biomass and gas-fired appliances. High levels can irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes, triggering coughing fits and a burning sensation in the chest.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)\u003c/strong> : A gas released by burning fuel, forest fires and emissions from vehicles, power plants and off-road equipment. Breathing NO2 also irritates the lungs. When NO2 combines with other chemicals in the atmosphere it can lead to acid rain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) Travel by Light Rail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My trip on BART from Oakland to San Francisco offered the best air. In general, the Air Board found electrically powered light rail to be the cleanest mode of transportation. That's likely because the trains themselves do not release any exhaust. However, the researchers cautioned the results may be different if the route is near a freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) Set the AC to Recirculate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My car trip was the second best. The Air Board said turning the air-conditioning on and setting it to recirculate (versus pulling in air from outside) can reduce pollution levels by up to 75 percent. In other words, roll up your windows and prevent as much air as possible from entering when driving through congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Cycle On Bike Paths\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid cyclist, I was disappointed to learn that I was exposed to the dirtiest air while on two wheels. I'm going to try to find a less congested route because the Air Board says you can greatly reduce air pollution simply by cycling a block off a busy road or on bike paths away from heavy traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4) Avoid Exhaust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that commuters taking diesel trains were exposed to the worst air over other modes of transportation. It's best to avoid older diesel-powered trains that push rail cars, which were worse than engines that pulled cars. If you must take an older train, try to get a seat in a cabin away from the locomotive engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5) Check the Air Forecast\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality can change day-by-day and block-by-block. It's a good idea to check the current pollution levels before deciding what mode of transportation to take. You can check your neighborhood at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org. \u003c/a>This is especially important when there is a wildfire burning in the region or a temperature inversion layer puts a lid on the area, preventing pollutants from escaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6) Carpool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharing a vehicle not only shortens the trip because you can zip along in the carpool lane, it also means you're on the road for less time breathing bad air. Plus carpooling is a win for everyone because it means fewer cars are on the road spewing emissions and adding to congestion.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Breathing in air pollution can irritate the lungs and aggravate asthma and cardiovascular disease. However, a recent study from the California Air Resources Board shows that how you get to work makes a big difference.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The traffic in the Bay Area regularly ranks among the nation's worst — and sitting in traffic isn't just irritating; there's some downright unhealthy stuff in that air you're breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">You can greatly reduce air pollution while biking by riding a block off of a busy road.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Breathing in air pollution can irritate the lungs and aggravate both asthma and cardiovascular disease. However, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231017305290?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a> from the California Air Resources Board shows that \u003cem>how\u003c/em> you get to work makes a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commuters participating in the study wore backpacks crammed with instruments to measure soot from diesel engines and other pollution while they biked, drove, bused or rode the train to work in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I decided to try it on my own daily commute from Oakland to San Francisco, using the same gear borrowed from the Air Resources Board. Over the course of a few days I measured the pollution while I biked, then rode BART, and finally drove to my office. Even though my little experiment was clearly not scientifically significant, the results generally matched what the researchers found in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-437110 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/IMG_0823-e1510936683987-800x835.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"835\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lesley McClurg preparing air pollution measuring devices before her morning commute.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BART was the clear winner for me. Light rail also exposed Sacramento commuters to the least polluted air. Driving came in second for me, and biking exposed me to the most smog. The researchers found pollution levels to be pretty similar for cars, buses and bicycle trips.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't take a diesel-powered train, but the Air Board noted that older Amtrak trains on the Capitol Corridor exposed participants to the worst air. However, Amtrak is updating its locomotive fleet with newer models, so future trips should be a lot cleaner. Incidentally, high-speed Rail, when in service, will be even cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, none of the pollution levels I recorded during my commute — biking or driving — were dangerous. Study participants in Sacramento were also well within safe exposures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437181\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/Screen-Shot-2017-11-17-at-8.26.27-AM-1-1020x444.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"279\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A street-by-street look at pollutants in San Francisco and Oakland. Aclima and Google plan to soon offer an interactive map where you can click on a particular street for more detailed information. To learn \u003ca href=\"https://blog.aclima.io/examining-air-quality-in-san-francisco-bay-area-d308b341be45\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more.\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Below is a list of ways to protect yourself from nasty air while taking various forms of transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Pollutants in the Air\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Black Carbon:\u003c/strong> Known more commonly as soot. It usually comes from diesel trucks, but ships, diesel trains, vehicles, residential wood fires and even certain types of cooking can also release black carbon. It can worsen asthma and heart disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitric Oxide (NO):\u003c/strong> A gas emitted by power plants, vehicles, aircraft, ships, trains, soils, nitrogen fertilizers, the burning of biomass and gas-fired appliances. High levels can irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes, triggering coughing fits and a burning sensation in the chest.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)\u003c/strong> : A gas released by burning fuel, forest fires and emissions from vehicles, power plants and off-road equipment. Breathing NO2 also irritates the lungs. When NO2 combines with other chemicals in the atmosphere it can lead to acid rain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) Travel by Light Rail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My trip on BART from Oakland to San Francisco offered the best air. In general, the Air Board found electrically powered light rail to be the cleanest mode of transportation. That's likely because the trains themselves do not release any exhaust. However, the researchers cautioned the results may be different if the route is near a freeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) Set the AC to Recirculate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My car trip was the second best. The Air Board said turning the air-conditioning on and setting it to recirculate (versus pulling in air from outside) can reduce pollution levels by up to 75 percent. In other words, roll up your windows and prevent as much air as possible from entering when driving through congestion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Cycle On Bike Paths\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an avid cyclist, I was disappointed to learn that I was exposed to the dirtiest air while on two wheels. I'm going to try to find a less congested route because the Air Board says you can greatly reduce air pollution simply by cycling a block off a busy road or on bike paths away from heavy traffic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4) Avoid Exhaust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that commuters taking diesel trains were exposed to the worst air over other modes of transportation. It's best to avoid older diesel-powered trains that push rail cars, which were worse than engines that pulled cars. If you must take an older train, try to get a seat in a cabin away from the locomotive engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5) Check the Air Forecast\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air quality can change day-by-day and block-by-block. It's a good idea to check the current pollution levels before deciding what mode of transportation to take. You can check your neighborhood at \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">airnow.gov\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sparetheair.org. \u003c/a>This is especially important when there is a wildfire burning in the region or a temperature inversion layer puts a lid on the area, preventing pollutants from escaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>6) Carpool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharing a vehicle not only shortens the trip because you can zip along in the carpool lane, it also means you're on the road for less time breathing bad air. Plus carpooling is a win for everyone because it means fewer cars are on the road spewing emissions and adding to congestion.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Look at the Chronic Stress of Racism",
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"content": "\u003cp>The day Dr. Roberto Montenegro finished his Ph.D. was memorable. But not for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still cringe when I think about it,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It had started well. His colleagues at UCLA had taken him and his girlfriend (now wife) out to a fancy restaurant to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was dressed up in the fanciest suit I had at the time and my wife looked beautiful, like always,\" he says. \"We laughed and we ate and we were excited we didn't have to pay for this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro was elated — celebrating a hard-won step toward his dream of becoming a physician-scientist. There had been so many late nights, so much work. But now, he had a Ph.D. in sociology and was headed to medical school at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt like a king,\" Montenegro \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2521973?resultClick=1\">wrote\u003c/a> in an article for the journal \u003cem>JAMA \u003c/em>last year. At the end of the evening, the couple got in line to pick up their car from the valet outside. They were third in line when a Jaguar pulled up to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And you see this woman get out of her car,\" says Montenegro. The woman must not have seen the valets, though they were wearing red vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She passes the first couple, she passes the second couple, she gets to me and she hands me her keys,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valets, Montenegro says, looked Latino — like him. The woman, who wasn't, assumed he was a valet, too. He was so shocked he just took the keys as she dropped them into his hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know what to say, what to do,\" Montenegro says. \"But I vividly remember turning red, and I don't often turn red. And I remember my heart pounding. I remember feeling really confused and hurt and angry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five minutes later, still standing in line waiting for his car, it happened again. Another person handed him their keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was at the pinnacle of my celebration, and with one swift action, I was dismissed, he wrote in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>. \"I was made invisible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't the first time that Montenegro had run into racist assumptions, and it wouldn't be the last. At various research conferences, academics he doesn't know have tried to order drinks from him. In medical school and during his medical residency, he was sometimes assumed to be a technician at the hospital — even when wearing his white doctor's coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes you question yourself and makes you feel confused and shocked,\" he says. \"It was a constant reminder of feeling like I would never fit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">Montenegro\u003c/a>, who now has an M.D. in addition to his Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow in child psychiatry at Seattle Children's Hospital. He is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">a growing group of scientists\u003c/a> who are trying to answer some big, complicated questions: What does the repeated experience of discrimination actually do to your body? And could such experiences be partially responsible for health disparities that exist among different groups in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individually these incidents seem benign,\" Montenegro says. \"But cumulatively I believe that they act like sort of low-grade microtraumas that can that end up hurting you and your biology. It's not just having your feelings hurt. It's having your biology hurt as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A poll recently released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that roughly a third of Latinos in America report they've experienced various kinds of discrimination in their lives based on ethnicity — including when applying for jobs, being paid or promoted equally, seeking housing or experiencing ethnic slurs or offensive comments or assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/amani-nuru-jeter\">Amani Nuru-Jeter\u003c/a>, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is another researcher working to find out how, as she puts it, racism gets under the skin. \"How does the lived and social experience of race turn into racial differences in health — into higher levels of Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease or higher rates of infant mortality?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, black children are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm\">twice as likely\u003c/a> as white children to develop asthma, health statistics suggest. And racial and ethnic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.pdf\">gaps in infant mortality\u003c/a> have persisted for as long as researchers have been collecting data. People with diabetes who are members of racial and ethnic minorities are \u003ca href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/advocacy-priorities/health-disparities.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">more likely\u003c/a> to have complications like kidney failure, or to require amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics might partially explain some of the differences, Nuru-Jeter says. Research has suggested that different populations may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/481092103/scientsts-seek-genetic-clues-to-why-asthma-is-deadlier-in-blacks\">respond differently to some asthma drugs\u003c/a>, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's not an adequate explanation for the very persistent dramatic differences we see in health outcomes between racial groups,\" she says. And public health researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442603/\">have found\u003c/a> that health disparities remain even after they take into account any differences in income and education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuru-Jeter and others hypothesize that chronic stress might be a key way racism contributes to health disparities. The idea is that the stress of experiencing discrimination over and over might wear you down physically over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's go back to how Montenegro remembers feeling that night when strangers assumed he was a valet. He said he was \"turning red,\" his heart was \"pounding.\" Those are signs his body was feeling acutely stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you start to worry about something, whether that's race or something else, then that initiates a biological stress response,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol shoot up, readying your body to flee or fight. Those hormones can help you kick into action to escape a wild animal, for example, or to run after a bus. Under such circumstances, the ability to experience stress and quickly respond can be benign — and valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source of the perceived threat, the physical response — higher levels of stress hormones, a faster heart rate — usually subside once the threat has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what we expect to happen,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research suggests bad things happen when your body has to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later\">gear up for threats too often\u003c/a>, consistently washing itself in stress hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prolonged elevation [and] circulation of the stress hormones in our bodies can be very toxic and compromise our body's ability to regulate key biological systems like our cardiovascular system, our inflammatory system, our neuroendocrine system,\" Nuru-Jeter says. \"It just gets us really out of whack and leaves us susceptible to a bunch of poor health outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763623/\">documented\u003c/a> similar stress reactions in response to racism, and even in response to \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">the mere \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">expectation\u003c/a> of a racist encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying black women, for example, she has found that chronic stress from frequent racist encounters is associated with \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/Suppl_22/A9550.short\">chronic low-grade inflammation\u003c/a> — a little like having a low fever all the time. Nuru-Jeter thinks it might be a sign that experiencing discrimination might dysregulate the body in a way that, over time, could put someone at a higher risk for a condition like heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this kind of research is complicated. There's no thermometer that measures degrees of racism, and it's not like scientists can take a group of people, expose some of them to discrimination, and then see how they fare compared with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless we could experimentally assign people to racist or nonracist experiences over a life course, we can't make causal connections,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.dartmouth.edu/people/zaneta-m-thayer\">Zaneta Thayer\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist at Dartmouth, who is currently looking into how discrimination experiences might influence multiple aspects of stress physiology, including cortisol and heart rate variability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers find \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/racial-discrimination-may-aggravate-asthma-study-finds\">correlations\u003c/a>, not causal links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Thayer studied 55 pregnant women in Auckland, New Zealand, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040\">found that\u003c/a> women who said they experienced discrimination had higher evening stress hormone levels late in pregnancy than other women who didn't cite frequent discrimination. Another study, at Duke University, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12160-007-9013-8\">found that\u003c/a> black students had higher levels of stress hormones after they heard reports of a violent, racist crime on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection isn't just with hormones. Other scientists have found correlations between discrimination and various measures of accelerated aging, including the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x\">tips of people's chromosomes\u003c/a> and subtle \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/\">alterations\u003c/a> in gene activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individually, such studies are rarely conclusive, Thayer says. \"There are always more questions to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collectively, she says, they form a compelling picture of how discrimination, stress and poor health might be related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes, in rare situations, researchers do get a slightly sharper glimpse of how such a connection may be playing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 12, 2008, about 900 agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — including some who arrived in a couple of Black Hawk helicopters — raided a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa. They were looking for people who were working illegally in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/people/profile/35/Arline_T_Geronimus\">Arline T. Geronimus\u003c/a>, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan who has studied the event. \"It was a surprise, and it was quite extreme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some witnesses, the \u003ca href=\"http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/in-postville-shock-but-no-surprise/article_205edba8-a0e1-59be-a16b-13ceae6628d6.html\">agents handcuffed\u003c/a> almost everyone they encountered who looked Latino. They ended up arresting more than a tenth of the town's population, detaining many for days at a fairground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zoe Lofgren, a California representative who chaired \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43682/content-detail.html\">a congressional hearing\u003c/a> on the Postville raid, detainees were treated \"like cattle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The information suggests that the people charged were rounded up, herded into a cattle arena, prodded down a cattle chute, coerced into guilty pleas and then [sent] to federal prison,\" Lofgren said at the hearing. \"This looks and feels like a cattle auction, not a criminal prosecution in the United States of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people arrested were charged with criminal fraud for knowingly working under false Social Security numbers, despite allegations of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2017/08/a-federal-judge-put-hundreds-of-immigrants-behind-bars-while-her-husband-invested-in-private-prisons/\">judicial misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/11immig.html\">reports\u003c/a> that few of the employees were actually guilty of that crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People lost their jobs,\" Geronimus says. \"People were afraid to go home in case there would be raids in their homes. They were sleeping in church pews. Some fled the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all accounts, it was an extremely stressful event for the approximately 400 people who were arrested and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the event also sent ripples throughout the state. Apparently, as Geronimus and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/46/3/839/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">reporte\u003c/a>d this year in the \u003cem>International Journal of Epidemiology, \u003c/em>it may even have affected the unborn children of some Iowa residents who were pregnant at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months after the raid, Geronimus says, some Latina women living in Iowa started giving birth to slightly smaller babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at birth certificates of more than 52,000 babies born in Iowa, including those born in the nine months following the raid, and in the same nine-month period one and two years earlier. They found a small but noticeable increase in the percentage of babies who weighed less than 5 1/2 pounds — the definition of what pediatricians term \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=low-birthweight-90-P02382\">low birth weight\u003c/a> — born to Latina moms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pregnant women of Latino descent throughout the state of Iowa — including those who were U.S. citizens, including those who were not right at Postville — experienced, on average, about a 24 percent greater risk of their babies having a low birth weight than they had in that very same period of time the previous year,\" Geronimus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the raid, 4.7 percent of babies born to white moms were low birth weight. After the raid, that number dropped to 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of babies with a low birth weight born to foreign-born Latina moms went up from 4.5 percent (76 babies) to 5.6 percent (98 babies). And it went up for the babies of U.S.-born Latina moms, too — from 5.3 percent (42 babies) to 6.4 percent (55 babies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that's a difference of just a few dozen children, each probably born just a few ounces underweight. But at that stage of life, a few ounces can make \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/5882\">a difference\u003c/a>, Geronimus says. Babies born small are at higher risk of dying in infancy and of having health and developmental problems later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Low birth weight in general is not higher in the Latino population than in the white population,\" Geronimus says. \"And in Iowa it was not higher before the raid, and it was not higher years after the raid. But there is a spike that happens to be exactly when the raid was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's worth noting, she says, that the effect even occurred among babies born to Latina moms who were U.S. citizens — people who shouldn't have been worried about being arrested or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So why did it suddenly spike?\" Geronimus asks. \"Well, there's a lot of research that suggests that stressful events during pregnancy can result in some complex immune, inflammatory and endocrine pathways and can increase the risk of low birth weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues think the poor treatment of people who \"looked Latino\" to the immigration agents might have caused additional stress among women outside the immediate area of the raid who were pregnant around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People could begin to worry this could happen to them or to people they know or in their communities,\" she says. \"And those worries alone can activate these physiological stress responses, even if they never did have a raid in their own hometown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, other researchers have noticed similar connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the six months following the Sept. 11 attacks in the Eastern U.S., babies born in California to moms with Arabic-sounding names had \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2006.0008\">a higher risk\u003c/a> of being born small or preterm than observed in that group during the same time period the year before — a change that didn't apply to other babies born in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both studies investigated the impacts of specific, dramatic events — and the results were consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says Geronimus. \"We could measure before and after.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she views such events as merely slivers of insight into patterns that may quietly be happening on a much larger scale among many populations. Patterns that are harder to tease out and measure — like the effects of centuries of racism against black Americans, or a persistent series of incidents involving police brutality against minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, Geronimus says, the cascade of stress that such events initiate sets the stage for health disparities in a generation of children — before they even enter the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rae Ellen Bichell is a science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered general science and biomedical research for NPR. You can find her on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/raelnb?lang=en\">\u003cem>@raelnb\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Start+To+Tease+Out+The+Subtler+Ways+Racism+Hurts+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The day Dr. Roberto Montenegro finished his Ph.D. was memorable. But not for the right reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still cringe when I think about it,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It had started well. His colleagues at UCLA had taken him and his girlfriend (now wife) out to a fancy restaurant to celebrate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was dressed up in the fanciest suit I had at the time and my wife looked beautiful, like always,\" he says. \"We laughed and we ate and we were excited we didn't have to pay for this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montenegro was elated — celebrating a hard-won step toward his dream of becoming a physician-scientist. There had been so many late nights, so much work. But now, he had a Ph.D. in sociology and was headed to medical school at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt like a king,\" Montenegro \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2521973?resultClick=1\">wrote\u003c/a> in an article for the journal \u003cem>JAMA \u003c/em>last year. At the end of the evening, the couple got in line to pick up their car from the valet outside. They were third in line when a Jaguar pulled up to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And you see this woman get out of her car,\" says Montenegro. The woman must not have seen the valets, though they were wearing red vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She passes the first couple, she passes the second couple, she gets to me and she hands me her keys,\" says Montenegro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The valets, Montenegro says, looked Latino — like him. The woman, who wasn't, assumed he was a valet, too. He was so shocked he just took the keys as she dropped them into his hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I didn't know what to say, what to do,\" Montenegro says. \"But I vividly remember turning red, and I don't often turn red. And I remember my heart pounding. I remember feeling really confused and hurt and angry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five minutes later, still standing in line waiting for his car, it happened again. Another person handed him their keys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was at the pinnacle of my celebration, and with one swift action, I was dismissed, he wrote in \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em>. \"I was made invisible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't the first time that Montenegro had run into racist assumptions, and it wouldn't be the last. At various research conferences, academics he doesn't know have tried to order drinks from him. In medical school and during his medical residency, he was sometimes assumed to be a technician at the hospital — even when wearing his white doctor's coat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It makes you question yourself and makes you feel confused and shocked,\" he says. \"It was a constant reminder of feeling like I would never fit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">Montenegro\u003c/a>, who now has an M.D. in addition to his Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow in child psychiatry at Seattle Children's Hospital. He is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728#_i5\">a growing group of scientists\u003c/a> who are trying to answer some big, complicated questions: What does the repeated experience of discrimination actually do to your body? And could such experiences be partially responsible for health disparities that exist among different groups in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Individually these incidents seem benign,\" Montenegro says. \"But cumulatively I believe that they act like sort of low-grade microtraumas that can that end up hurting you and your biology. It's not just having your feelings hurt. It's having your biology hurt as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A poll recently released by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that roughly a third of Latinos in America report they've experienced various kinds of discrimination in their lives based on ethnicity — including when applying for jobs, being paid or promoted equally, seeking housing or experiencing ethnic slurs or offensive comments or assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sph.berkeley.edu/amani-nuru-jeter\">Amani Nuru-Jeter\u003c/a>, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, is another researcher working to find out how, as she puts it, racism gets under the skin. \"How does the lived and social experience of race turn into racial differences in health — into higher levels of Type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease or higher rates of infant mortality?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, black children are about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm\">twice as likely\u003c/a> as white children to develop asthma, health statistics suggest. And racial and ethnic \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db74.pdf\">gaps in infant mortality\u003c/a> have persisted for as long as researchers have been collecting data. People with diabetes who are members of racial and ethnic minorities are \u003ca href=\"http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/advocacy-priorities/health-disparities.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\">more likely\u003c/a> to have complications like kidney failure, or to require amputations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics might partially explain some of the differences, Nuru-Jeter says. Research has suggested that different populations may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/06/07/481092103/scientsts-seek-genetic-clues-to-why-asthma-is-deadlier-in-blacks\">respond differently to some asthma drugs\u003c/a>, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's not an adequate explanation for the very persistent dramatic differences we see in health outcomes between racial groups,\" she says. And public health researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3442603/\">have found\u003c/a> that health disparities remain even after they take into account any differences in income and education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuru-Jeter and others hypothesize that chronic stress might be a key way racism contributes to health disparities. The idea is that the stress of experiencing discrimination over and over might wear you down physically over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, let's go back to how Montenegro remembers feeling that night when strangers assumed he was a valet. He said he was \"turning red,\" his heart was \"pounding.\" Those are signs his body was feeling acutely stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you start to worry about something, whether that's race or something else, then that initiates a biological stress response,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol shoot up, readying your body to flee or fight. Those hormones can help you kick into action to escape a wild animal, for example, or to run after a bus. Under such circumstances, the ability to experience stress and quickly respond can be benign — and valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the source of the perceived threat, the physical response — higher levels of stress hormones, a faster heart rate — usually subside once the threat has passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's what we expect to happen,\" says Nuru-Jeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research suggests bad things happen when your body has to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later\">gear up for threats too often\u003c/a>, consistently washing itself in stress hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Prolonged elevation [and] circulation of the stress hormones in our bodies can be very toxic and compromise our body's ability to regulate key biological systems like our cardiovascular system, our inflammatory system, our neuroendocrine system,\" Nuru-Jeter says. \"It just gets us really out of whack and leaves us susceptible to a bunch of poor health outcomes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of small studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763623/\">documented\u003c/a> similar stress reactions in response to racism, and even in response to \u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">the mere \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620\">expectation\u003c/a> of a racist encounter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In studying black women, for example, she has found that chronic stress from frequent racist encounters is associated with \u003ca href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/Suppl_22/A9550.short\">chronic low-grade inflammation\u003c/a> — a little like having a low fever all the time. Nuru-Jeter thinks it might be a sign that experiencing discrimination might dysregulate the body in a way that, over time, could put someone at a higher risk for a condition like heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this kind of research is complicated. There's no thermometer that measures degrees of racism, and it's not like scientists can take a group of people, expose some of them to discrimination, and then see how they fare compared with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless we could experimentally assign people to racist or nonracist experiences over a life course, we can't make causal connections,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.dartmouth.edu/people/zaneta-m-thayer\">Zaneta Thayer\u003c/a>, a biological anthropologist at Dartmouth, who is currently looking into how discrimination experiences might influence multiple aspects of stress physiology, including cortisol and heart rate variability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, researchers find \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/racial-discrimination-may-aggravate-asthma-study-finds\">correlations\u003c/a>, not causal links.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Thayer studied 55 pregnant women in Auckland, New Zealand, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615000040\">found that\u003c/a> women who said they experienced discrimination had higher evening stress hormone levels late in pregnancy than other women who didn't cite frequent discrimination. Another study, at Duke University, \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12160-007-9013-8\">found that\u003c/a> black students had higher levels of stress hormones after they heard reports of a violent, racist crime on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The connection isn't just with hormones. Other scientists have found correlations between discrimination and various measures of accelerated aging, including the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01596.x\">tips of people's chromosomes\u003c/a> and subtle \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/epigenetics-the-controversial-science-behind-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities/430749/\">alterations\u003c/a> in gene activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Individually, such studies are rarely conclusive, Thayer says. \"There are always more questions to ask.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collectively, she says, they form a compelling picture of how discrimination, stress and poor health might be related.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sometimes, in rare situations, researchers do get a slightly sharper glimpse of how such a connection may be playing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 12, 2008, about 900 agents with the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement — including some who arrived in a couple of Black Hawk helicopters — raided a meat processing plant in Postville, Iowa. They were looking for people who were working illegally in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/people/profile/35/Arline_T_Geronimus\">Arline T. Geronimus\u003c/a>, a behavioral scientist at the University of Michigan who has studied the event. \"It was a surprise, and it was quite extreme.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to some witnesses, the \u003ca href=\"http://wcfcourier.com/news/metro/in-postville-shock-but-no-surprise/article_205edba8-a0e1-59be-a16b-13ceae6628d6.html\">agents handcuffed\u003c/a> almost everyone they encountered who looked Latino. They ended up arresting more than a tenth of the town's population, detaining many for days at a fairground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zoe Lofgren, a California representative who chaired \u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110hhrg43682/content-detail.html\">a congressional hearing\u003c/a> on the Postville raid, detainees were treated \"like cattle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The information suggests that the people charged were rounded up, herded into a cattle arena, prodded down a cattle chute, coerced into guilty pleas and then [sent] to federal prison,\" Lofgren said at the hearing. \"This looks and feels like a cattle auction, not a criminal prosecution in the United States of America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people arrested were charged with criminal fraud for knowingly working under false Social Security numbers, despite allegations of \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2017/08/a-federal-judge-put-hundreds-of-immigrants-behind-bars-while-her-husband-invested-in-private-prisons/\">judicial misconduct\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/11immig.html\">reports\u003c/a> that few of the employees were actually guilty of that crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People lost their jobs,\" Geronimus says. \"People were afraid to go home in case there would be raids in their homes. They were sleeping in church pews. Some fled the state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By all accounts, it was an extremely stressful event for the approximately 400 people who were arrested and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the event also sent ripples throughout the state. Apparently, as Geronimus and her colleagues \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-abstract/46/3/839/2936776/Change-in-birth-outcomes-among-infants-born-to?redirectedFrom=fulltext\">reporte\u003c/a>d this year in the \u003cem>International Journal of Epidemiology, \u003c/em>it may even have affected the unborn children of some Iowa residents who were pregnant at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the months after the raid, Geronimus says, some Latina women living in Iowa started giving birth to slightly smaller babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at birth certificates of more than 52,000 babies born in Iowa, including those born in the nine months following the raid, and in the same nine-month period one and two years earlier. They found a small but noticeable increase in the percentage of babies who weighed less than 5 1/2 pounds — the definition of what pediatricians term \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=low-birthweight-90-P02382\">low birth weight\u003c/a> — born to Latina moms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Pregnant women of Latino descent throughout the state of Iowa — including those who were U.S. citizens, including those who were not right at Postville — experienced, on average, about a 24 percent greater risk of their babies having a low birth weight than they had in that very same period of time the previous year,\" Geronimus says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the raid, 4.7 percent of babies born to white moms were low birth weight. After the raid, that number dropped to 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of babies with a low birth weight born to foreign-born Latina moms went up from 4.5 percent (76 babies) to 5.6 percent (98 babies). And it went up for the babies of U.S.-born Latina moms, too — from 5.3 percent (42 babies) to 6.4 percent (55 babies).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, that's a difference of just a few dozen children, each probably born just a few ounces underweight. But at that stage of life, a few ounces can make \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/5882\">a difference\u003c/a>, Geronimus says. Babies born small are at higher risk of dying in infancy and of having health and developmental problems later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Low birth weight in general is not higher in the Latino population than in the white population,\" Geronimus says. \"And in Iowa it was not higher before the raid, and it was not higher years after the raid. But there is a spike that happens to be exactly when the raid was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it's worth noting, she says, that the effect even occurred among babies born to Latina moms who were U.S. citizens — people who shouldn't have been worried about being arrested or deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So why did it suddenly spike?\" Geronimus asks. \"Well, there's a lot of research that suggests that stressful events during pregnancy can result in some complex immune, inflammatory and endocrine pathways and can increase the risk of low birth weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues think the poor treatment of people who \"looked Latino\" to the immigration agents might have caused additional stress among women outside the immediate area of the raid who were pregnant around that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People could begin to worry this could happen to them or to people they know or in their communities,\" she says. \"And those worries alone can activate these physiological stress responses, even if they never did have a raid in their own hometown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, other researchers have noticed similar connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the six months following the Sept. 11 attacks in the Eastern U.S., babies born in California to moms with Arabic-sounding names had \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1353/dem.2006.0008\">a higher risk\u003c/a> of being born small or preterm than observed in that group during the same time period the year before — a change that didn't apply to other babies born in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both studies investigated the impacts of specific, dramatic events — and the results were consistent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You could time exactly when it happened,\" says Geronimus. \"We could measure before and after.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she views such events as merely slivers of insight into patterns that may quietly be happening on a much larger scale among many populations. Patterns that are harder to tease out and measure — like the effects of centuries of racism against black Americans, or a persistent series of incidents involving police brutality against minorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe, Geronimus says, the cascade of stress that such events initiate sets the stage for health disparities in a generation of children — before they even enter the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rae Ellen Bichell is a science journalist based in Colorado. She previously covered general science and biomedical research for NPR. You can find her on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/raelnb?lang=en\">\u003cem>@raelnb\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Start+To+Tease+Out+The+Subtler+Ways+Racism+Hurts+Health&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-tPuO8enpg&ab_channel=KnightFoundation\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Forward and back: Six conversations about the internet’s past decade and the coming one,\" was hosted by the Knight Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Description from Knight:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>To explore what we’ve learned about the internet over the past decade and what we might expect in the next one, we’ve invited 13 entrepreneurs, journalists and scholars for an afternoon of dialogue. Featured conversations will include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sally Buzbee, AP and Yancey Strickler, Kickstarter\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Gundersen, Mapbox and Nancy Lublin, Crisis Text Line\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine Maher, Wikimedia Foundation and Tony Marx, New York Public Library\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pahlka, Code for America and Paul Steiger, ProPublica\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latanya Sweeney, Harvard University and Ethan Zuckerman, Center for Civic Media, MIT Media Lab\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tristan Harris and Laura Weidman Powers, Code2040\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Susan Crawford of Harvard Law School and Cardozo Law School will give a keynote on the state of the internet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Watch on YouTube, above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And check out our own coverage of these internet-related issues and topics:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/17/theres-growing-consensus-the-internet-is-addictive/\">After Compulsively Watching YouTube, Teen Girl Lands in Rehab\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/06/does-facebook-really-make-you-depressed/\">Facebook Blues: How You Use the Site Can Make You Depressed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/22/wikipedia-thinks-it-has-facebook-beat-on-fake-news/\">Wikipedia Handles Fake News With Humans, Not Algorithms\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/25/tech-insiders-call-out-facebook-for-literally-manipulating-your-brain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tech Insiders Call Out Facebook for Literally Manipulating Your Brain\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/kids-think-parents-are-hypocrites-when-it-comes-to-rules-on-screen-time-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kids Think Parents Are Hypocrites When it Comes to Rules on Screen Time\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/lumosity-cant-prove-claims-say-scientists-but-brain-training-worth-researching/\">Government Slams Lumosity ‘Brain Training,’ But What Does Research Say?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/06/09/7-specific-ways-social-media-companies-have-you-hooked/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7 Specific Tactics Social Media Companies Use to Keep You Hooked\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/23/the-online-life-as-both-liberation-and-imprisonment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Online Life, as Both Liberation and Imprisonment\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/e-tPuO8enpg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/e-tPuO8enpg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Forward and back: Six conversations about the internet’s past decade and the coming one,\" was hosted by the Knight Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Description from Knight:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>To explore what we’ve learned about the internet over the past decade and what we might expect in the next one, we’ve invited 13 entrepreneurs, journalists and scholars for an afternoon of dialogue. Featured conversations will include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sally Buzbee, AP and Yancey Strickler, Kickstarter\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Gundersen, Mapbox and Nancy Lublin, Crisis Text Line\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine Maher, Wikimedia Foundation and Tony Marx, New York Public Library\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pahlka, Code for America and Paul Steiger, ProPublica\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latanya Sweeney, Harvard University and Ethan Zuckerman, Center for Civic Media, MIT Media Lab\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tristan Harris and Laura Weidman Powers, Code2040\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Susan Crawford of Harvard Law School and Cardozo Law School will give a keynote on the state of the internet.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Watch on YouTube, above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And check out our own coverage of these internet-related issues and topics:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/17/theres-growing-consensus-the-internet-is-addictive/\">After Compulsively Watching YouTube, Teen Girl Lands in Rehab\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/09/06/does-facebook-really-make-you-depressed/\">Facebook Blues: How You Use the Site Can Make You Depressed\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/12/22/wikipedia-thinks-it-has-facebook-beat-on-fake-news/\">Wikipedia Handles Fake News With Humans, Not Algorithms\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/05/25/tech-insiders-call-out-facebook-for-literally-manipulating-your-brain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tech Insiders Call Out Facebook for Literally Manipulating Your Brain\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/kids-think-parents-are-hypocrites-when-it-comes-to-rules-on-screen-time-study-says/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kids Think Parents Are Hypocrites When it Comes to Rules on Screen Time\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/lumosity-cant-prove-claims-say-scientists-but-brain-training-worth-researching/\">Government Slams Lumosity ‘Brain Training,’ But What Does Research Say?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/06/09/7-specific-ways-social-media-companies-have-you-hooked/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7 Specific Tactics Social Media Companies Use to Keep You Hooked\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/23/the-online-life-as-both-liberation-and-imprisonment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Online Life, as Both Liberation and Imprisonment\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Living on Space Station Takes Toll on Astronaut’s Health: Watch Full Documentary Online",
"title": "Living on Space Station Takes Toll on Astronaut’s Health: Watch Full Documentary Online",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>It's not easy living in space. But then, it's not easy coming back to Earth either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picking up where the PBS documentary \u003cem>A Year In Space\u003c/em> left off, the sequel, aptly entitled \u003cem>Beyond A Year In Space,\u003c/em> chronicles what it's been like for U.S. astronaut Scott Kelly since returning from his 340 days in space. It also introduces the next generation of astronauts who could spend even longer stretches in space on future missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Gravity definitely gives you a beat-down when you get back.'\u003ccite>Scott Kelly, astronaut\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kelly spent a year living aboard the International Space Station, along with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko, so that scientists can study the long-term effects of space on the body. (Warning: It's not all pretty.) By luck, Scott Kelly has an identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, astronaut and husband of former congresswoman Gabby Giffords, who remained on Earth as a sort of experimental control for researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/20160223_194400_20030319127165723_8017c95968_o.jpg.1280x720_q85-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Kelly takes a selfie inside the Cupola, a special module which gives a 360-degree viewing of the Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The documentary opens with Kelly's last day in space. It follows him as the Soyuz capsule brings him safely back to Earth -- landing on the broad steppes of Kazakhstan. Upon landing researchers put Kelly through a battery of tests to gauge his strength and coordination, tests that continue into the weeks and months that follow. A year without gravity has left his muscles and joints stiff and sore, despite a rigorous exercise schedule aboard the ISS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gravity definitely gives you a beat-down when you get back,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one has held a job that is so simultaneously glamorous and unglamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917794\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/20160223_194402_690261iss045e082998.jpg.1280x720_q85-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Kelly takes a selfie during a spacewalk on Oct. 28, 2015.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one hand, he holds the record for a U.S. person in space. On the other hand, he returns to suffer achy, flu-like symptoms, \"to the point where,\" he says, \"if I hadn't just gotten back from space I would have gone to the emergency room.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His skin suffers something like an allergic reaction -- breaking out in hives anywhere pressure is put on it. It has grown accustomed to being essentially untouched. (Astronauts don't so much wear clothes in space, as float around inside them.) The reactions last about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He offers up countless blood and biological samples, and grew accustomed to drawing his own blood on the ISS. (Note to any young aspiring astronauts: the squeamish do not make it to space.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"UgAVf3EURc6iTGy1po7SPnQd6dSVhqO3\"]Kelly's health may have suffered in deeper, less obvious ways too. Aboard the ISS he and his crew mates were without the protection Earth's atmosphere provides in shielding us from radiation. High-energy particles, from the Sun and other cosmic bodies, rip through DNA strands, clearing the way for potential mutations. Our bodies are able to repair minor radiation damage, however high exposure to these particles increases risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying how Kelly's body responds to a year in space will be invaluable for the upcoming crop of astronauts, who are hoping to spend roughly twice as long as Kelly in space, on missions to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Kelly will probably never fly again, his contributions to space flight will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think I'd be lying to say I didn't wish I'd be the guy going to Mars someday or be the guy that got to walk on the Moon, work on the Moon, visit the Moon,\" Kelly says. \"But there's only one space program in this country and I just feel really privileged to have the experience I had. So it's not like I dwell on it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Beyond A Year In Space\u003c/em> premieres \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/a-year-in-space/home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tonight at 9 p.m. on KQED\u003c/a>. It will be preceded by an encore broadcast of \u003cem>A Year in Space\u003c/em> at 8 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Picking up where 'A Year In Space' left off, a new documentary, 'Beyond A Year In Space,' chronicles what it’s like for U.S. astronaut Scott Kelly to come back from his 340 days in space. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not easy living in space. But then, it's not easy coming back to Earth either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picking up where the PBS documentary \u003cem>A Year In Space\u003c/em> left off, the sequel, aptly entitled \u003cem>Beyond A Year In Space,\u003c/em> chronicles what it's been like for U.S. astronaut Scott Kelly since returning from his 340 days in space. It also introduces the next generation of astronauts who could spend even longer stretches in space on future missions.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Gravity definitely gives you a beat-down when you get back.'\u003ccite>Scott Kelly, astronaut\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kelly spent a year living aboard the International Space Station, along with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko, so that scientists can study the long-term effects of space on the body. (Warning: It's not all pretty.) By luck, Scott Kelly has an identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, astronaut and husband of former congresswoman Gabby Giffords, who remained on Earth as a sort of experimental control for researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917790\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917790\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/20160223_194400_20030319127165723_8017c95968_o.jpg.1280x720_q85-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Kelly takes a selfie inside the Cupola, a special module which gives a 360-degree viewing of the Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The documentary opens with Kelly's last day in space. It follows him as the Soyuz capsule brings him safely back to Earth -- landing on the broad steppes of Kazakhstan. Upon landing researchers put Kelly through a battery of tests to gauge his strength and coordination, tests that continue into the weeks and months that follow. A year without gravity has left his muscles and joints stiff and sore, despite a rigorous exercise schedule aboard the ISS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gravity definitely gives you a beat-down when you get back,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps no one has held a job that is so simultaneously glamorous and unglamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917794\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/20160223_194402_690261iss045e082998.jpg.1280x720_q85-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Kelly takes a selfie during a spacewalk on Oct. 28, 2015.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one hand, he holds the record for a U.S. person in space. On the other hand, he returns to suffer achy, flu-like symptoms, \"to the point where,\" he says, \"if I hadn't just gotten back from space I would have gone to the emergency room.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His skin suffers something like an allergic reaction -- breaking out in hives anywhere pressure is put on it. It has grown accustomed to being essentially untouched. (Astronauts don't so much wear clothes in space, as float around inside them.) The reactions last about a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He offers up countless blood and biological samples, and grew accustomed to drawing his own blood on the ISS. (Note to any young aspiring astronauts: the squeamish do not make it to space.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Kelly's health may have suffered in deeper, less obvious ways too. Aboard the ISS he and his crew mates were without the protection Earth's atmosphere provides in shielding us from radiation. High-energy particles, from the Sun and other cosmic bodies, rip through DNA strands, clearing the way for potential mutations. Our bodies are able to repair minor radiation damage, however high exposure to these particles increases risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying how Kelly's body responds to a year in space will be invaluable for the upcoming crop of astronauts, who are hoping to spend roughly twice as long as Kelly in space, on missions to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Kelly will probably never fly again, his contributions to space flight will last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think I'd be lying to say I didn't wish I'd be the guy going to Mars someday or be the guy that got to walk on the Moon, work on the Moon, visit the Moon,\" Kelly says. \"But there's only one space program in this country and I just feel really privileged to have the experience I had. So it's not like I dwell on it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Beyond A Year In Space\u003c/em> premieres \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/a-year-in-space/home/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tonight at 9 p.m. on KQED\u003c/a>. It will be preceded by an encore broadcast of \u003cem>A Year in Space\u003c/em> at 8 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Explainer: The CRISPR/Cas9 Advance That Makes Gene Editing Significantly More Precise",
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"content": "\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 has been justifiably ballyhooed as the best gene-editing tool scientists have ever had to correct broken genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A new tool that can home in on a problematic single letter of genetic code was substantially more accurate and left many fewer errors than classic CRISPR/Cas9, which was already the most precise gene-editing tool scientists had at their disposal.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But it is by no means perfect. For instance, it only works correctly a small percentage of the time -- as little as a half-percent. And what is worse, it can add mistakes to the DNA of some cells on top of the ones it has failed to correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, researchers affiliated with Harvard, MIT and the Broad Institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> that they had made some major improvements to CRISPR/Cas9. By homing in on single letters within the human genetic code, these tools corrected DNA significantly more often than the older version of the gene-editing tool, leaving behind a lot fewer mistakes as well. Below, you can see Broad Institute researcher David Liu describing this programmable \"machine\" he and others have created. Liu says two-thirds, or roughly 33,000, of the known genetic variants associated with a disease \"are single-letter changes that are thought to play a role in human diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rwft3tairE#action=share\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the original CRISPR/Cas9, what's being called an Adenine Base Editor, or ABE, fixes the DNA of a gene. With an ABE, scientists corrected their target DNA a whopping 34-68 percent of the time, depending on the mutation that’s targeted, with not even 0.1 percent of cells showing a newly created mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s compared to a correction rate of only about .5 to 4 percent with CRISPR/Cas9 sent to corresponding DNA sites. The new-mistake rate for CRISPR is roughly 3 to 11 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-520x345.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CRISPR/Cas9 targets specific sites in DNA, but not necessarily specific enough.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are ABE and CBE different from the Original CRISPR/Cas9?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instructions in DNA are written using four molecules (or bases) called adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. These are usually abbreviated as A, G, T and C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genetic mistakes consist of a single alteration in the combination of these letters. For example, where a G may be normally found, a patient has an A instead. In that case, the goal of editing the gene would be to change the problematic A to a G.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 does this in a roundabout way. When it is sent to that A by scientists, it makes a clean cut somewhere near in the DNA. This incision sets off alarms bells in the cell, prompting it to immediately begin closing the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order for this natural process to result in a corrected gene, scientists need to package CRISPR/Cas9 with a piece of DNA that contains a G in the correct position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cell uses the added DNA as a model to correct the sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 then essentially\u003cem> swaps out a large part of the DNA\u003c/em> around that erroneously positioned A with the added DNA that has a correctly situated G. You’ll notice the emphasis in that last sentence, the point being: This if fairly inefficient, as a lot more than just an A is replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ABE neither makes an incision to the existing DNA nor adds the \"template\" DNA that CRISPR/Cas9 does. Instead, it homes in on one base, the A, then turns it into a G. A companion tool to ABE likewise transforms a C into a T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these base editing tools, the Cas9 molecule can no longer make a complete cut in the DNA. Instead, the researchers attach an enzyme, a protein from the cell, to Cas9. In the case of ABE, that enzyme converts an adenine (A) into an inosine (I). (The cell can't tell the difference between an I and a G and so treats the I as a G.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is This Approach Safer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big problem with CRISPR/Cas9 is that cut DNA is so harmful to the cell that it moves to repair it as fast as it can. So fast, in fact, that it often introduces a lot of mistakes. When this occurs, instead of correcting errors, CRISPR creates new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result can be a hodgepodge of cells with different configurations of DNA -- some of the cells will still have the broken DNA, some will have newly damaged DNA, and a small fraction will include the repaired DNA -- that G that used to be an A, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since ABE does not cut the DNA, cells are not sent into a frenzy of repair. Without that incision in the DNA, the chance of introducing new errors drops by as much as a factor of 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will These New Tools Replace CRISPR/Cas9?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not completely. These new gene-editing tools appear to be very good at turning As into Gs and Cs into Ts, but they won’t work for other kinds of mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes a genetic disease occurs when a bit of DNA is missing, called a deletion, or when there is an extra bit of DNA, called an insertion. The most common mutation in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, for example, results from a deletion. The original CRISPR/Cas9 system can fix these kinds of mistakes, but the new editing tools can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another New Tool Targets RNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A different tool, created by a second group of Broad Institute, Harvard and MIT researchers, changes the messenger RNA, or mRNA, in a gene, instead of changing the gene itself. This tool is called REPAIR, for RNA Editing for Programmable A to I Replacement. The best version of REPAIR corrected 13-27 percent of mRNAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order for a gene to make changes in a cell, it must first be read by the cellular machinery. The first step, called transcription, is when the gene is copied into a short-lived molecule called mRNA. This mRNA usually goes on to be translated into a protein. It is that protein that does the work in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until now, gene editing has been done at the DNA level, where scientists are permanently changing the instructions found in the gene’s DNA. Every mRNA that emanates from the altered gene will include the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But DNA and RNA are actually very similar in that they both use bases (although RNA uses a U instead of a T). The new tool changes an A to a G in the mRNA coming from a particular gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the DNA itself, the original instructions, are not changed. But the disease is treated because the repair has been made in the mRNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This system might be used for temporary conditions like inflammation. The technique is also ostensibly safer than CRISPR/Cas9 because any changes made are not permanent. If the base editor makes a mistake, those changes will be short-lived. In contrast, any changes made in DNA are forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University who runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose, California. Before running the program, he worked as a research scientist in the biotechnology field. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 has been justifiably ballyhooed as the best gene-editing tool scientists have ever had to correct broken genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A new tool that can home in on a problematic single letter of genetic code was substantially more accurate and left many fewer errors than classic CRISPR/Cas9, which was already the most precise gene-editing tool scientists had at their disposal.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But it is by no means perfect. For instance, it only works correctly a small percentage of the time -- as little as a half-percent. And what is worse, it can add mistakes to the DNA of some cells on top of the ones it has failed to correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, researchers affiliated with Harvard, MIT and the Broad Institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> that they had made some major improvements to CRISPR/Cas9. By homing in on single letters within the human genetic code, these tools corrected DNA significantly more often than the older version of the gene-editing tool, leaving behind a lot fewer mistakes as well. Below, you can see Broad Institute researcher David Liu describing this programmable \"machine\" he and others have created. Liu says two-thirds, or roughly 33,000, of the known genetic variants associated with a disease \"are single-letter changes that are thought to play a role in human diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rwft3tairE#action=share\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the original CRISPR/Cas9, what's being called an Adenine Base Editor, or ABE, fixes the DNA of a gene. With an ABE, scientists corrected their target DNA a whopping 34-68 percent of the time, depending on the mutation that’s targeted, with not even 0.1 percent of cells showing a newly created mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s compared to a correction rate of only about .5 to 4 percent with CRISPR/Cas9 sent to corresponding DNA sites. The new-mistake rate for CRISPR is roughly 3 to 11 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437084\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1020x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"425\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-800x531.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115-520x345.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/11/DESKTOP_CRISPR_171115.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">CRISPR/Cas9 targets specific sites in DNA, but not necessarily specific enough.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How are ABE and CBE different from the Original CRISPR/Cas9?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instructions in DNA are written using four molecules (or bases) called adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. These are usually abbreviated as A, G, T and C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genetic mistakes consist of a single alteration in the combination of these letters. For example, where a G may be normally found, a patient has an A instead. In that case, the goal of editing the gene would be to change the problematic A to a G.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 does this in a roundabout way. When it is sent to that A by scientists, it makes a clean cut somewhere near in the DNA. This incision sets off alarms bells in the cell, prompting it to immediately begin closing the cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order for this natural process to result in a corrected gene, scientists need to package CRISPR/Cas9 with a piece of DNA that contains a G in the correct position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cell uses the added DNA as a model to correct the sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR/Cas9 then essentially\u003cem> swaps out a large part of the DNA\u003c/em> around that erroneously positioned A with the added DNA that has a correctly situated G. You’ll notice the emphasis in that last sentence, the point being: This if fairly inefficient, as a lot more than just an A is replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ABE neither makes an incision to the existing DNA nor adds the \"template\" DNA that CRISPR/Cas9 does. Instead, it homes in on one base, the A, then turns it into a G. A companion tool to ABE likewise transforms a C into a T.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In these base editing tools, the Cas9 molecule can no longer make a complete cut in the DNA. Instead, the researchers attach an enzyme, a protein from the cell, to Cas9. In the case of ABE, that enzyme converts an adenine (A) into an inosine (I). (The cell can't tell the difference between an I and a G and so treats the I as a G.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is This Approach Safer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big problem with CRISPR/Cas9 is that cut DNA is so harmful to the cell that it moves to repair it as fast as it can. So fast, in fact, that it often introduces a lot of mistakes. When this occurs, instead of correcting errors, CRISPR creates new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The end result can be a hodgepodge of cells with different configurations of DNA -- some of the cells will still have the broken DNA, some will have newly damaged DNA, and a small fraction will include the repaired DNA -- that G that used to be an A, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since ABE does not cut the DNA, cells are not sent into a frenzy of repair. Without that incision in the DNA, the chance of introducing new errors drops by as much as a factor of 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will These New Tools Replace CRISPR/Cas9?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not completely. These new gene-editing tools appear to be very good at turning As into Gs and Cs into Ts, but they won’t work for other kinds of mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes a genetic disease occurs when a bit of DNA is missing, called a deletion, or when there is an extra bit of DNA, called an insertion. The most common mutation in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis, for example, results from a deletion. The original CRISPR/Cas9 system can fix these kinds of mistakes, but the new editing tools can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another New Tool Targets RNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A different tool, created by a second group of Broad Institute, Harvard and MIT researchers, changes the messenger RNA, or mRNA, in a gene, instead of changing the gene itself. This tool is called REPAIR, for RNA Editing for Programmable A to I Replacement. The best version of REPAIR corrected 13-27 percent of mRNAs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order for a gene to make changes in a cell, it must first be read by the cellular machinery. The first step, called transcription, is when the gene is copied into a short-lived molecule called mRNA. This mRNA usually goes on to be translated into a protein. It is that protein that does the work in the cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until now, gene editing has been done at the DNA level, where scientists are permanently changing the instructions found in the gene’s DNA. Every mRNA that emanates from the altered gene will include the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But DNA and RNA are actually very similar in that they both use bases (although RNA uses a U instead of a T). The new tool changes an A to a G in the mRNA coming from a particular gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the DNA itself, the original instructions, are not changed. But the disease is treated because the repair has been made in the mRNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This system might be used for temporary conditions like inflammation. The technique is also ostensibly safer than CRISPR/Cas9 because any changes made are not permanent. If the base editor makes a mistake, those changes will be short-lived. In contrast, any changes made in DNA are forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Barry Starr is a scientist in the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Department of Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Stanford University who runs the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/genetics/tech.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> program and the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Understanding Genetics\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> website with\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.thetech.org/\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in San Jose, California. Before running the program, he worked as a research scientist in the biotechnology field. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In First, Scientists Try to Cure Man's Disease by Editing DNA Inside Body",
"title": "In First, Scientists Try to Cure Man's Disease by Editing DNA Inside Body",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-gUUB0ofVA&ab_channel=AssociatedPress\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists for the first time have tried editing a gene inside the body in a bold attempt to permanently change a person's DNA to cure a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done Monday in California on 44-year-old Brian Madeux. Through an IV, he received billions of copies of a corrective gene and a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of humbling\" to be the first to test this, said Madeux, who has a metabolic disease called Hunter syndrome. \"I'm willing to take that risk. Hopefully it will help me and other people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of whether it's working may come in a month; tests will show for sure in three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re really toying with Mother Nature.'\u003ccite>Dr. Eric Topol, Scripps Translational Science Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If it's successful, it could give a major boost to the fledgling field of gene therapy . Scientists have edited people's genes before, altering cells in the lab that are then returned to patients. There also are gene therapies that don't involve editing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these methods can only be used for a few types of diseases. Some give results that may not last. Some others supply a new gene like a spare part, but can't control where it inserts in the DNA, possibly causing a new problem like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the gene tinkering is happening in a precise way inside the body. It's like sending a mini surgeon along to place the new gene in exactly the right location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cut your DNA, open it up, insert a gene, stitch it back up. Invisible mending,\" said Dr. Sandy Macrae, president of Sangamo Therapeutics, the California company testing this for two metabolic diseases and hemophilia. \"It becomes part of your DNA and is there for the rest of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also means there's no going back, no way to erase any mistakes the editing might cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cem>Also from KQED Future of You:\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/31/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Crippling Ransomware Attack on an NPR Member Station\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/13/the-difference-between-a-bully-and-a-true-alpha-male/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Difference Between a Bully and a True Alpha Male\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You're really toying with Mother Nature\" and the risks can't be fully known, but the studies should move forward because these are incurable diseases, said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protections are in place to help ensure safety, and animal tests were very encouraging, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist on the National Institutes of Health panel that approved the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said gene editing's promise is too great to ignore. \"So far there's been no evidence that this is going to be dangerous,\" he said. \"Now is not the time to get scared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woe From Head to Toe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than 10,000 people worldwide have these metabolic diseases, partly because many die very young. Those with Madeux's condition, Hunter syndrome, lack a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may have frequent colds and ear infections, distorted facial features, hearing loss, heart problems, breathing trouble, skin and eye problems, bone and joint flaws, bowel issues and brain and thinking problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many are in wheelchairs ... dependent on their parents until they die,\" said Dr. Chester Whitley, a University of Minnesota genetics expert who plans to enroll patients in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weekly IV doses of the missing enzyme can ease some symptoms, but cost $100,000 to $400,000 a year and don't prevent brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux, who now lives near Phoenix, is engaged to a nurse, Marcie Humphrey. He met her 15 years ago in a study that tested this enzyme therapy at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, where the gene editing experiment took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has had 26 operations for hernias, bunions, bones pinching his spinal column, and ear, eye and gall bladder problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems like I had a surgery every other year of my life\" and many procedures in between, he said. Last year he nearly died from a bronchitis and pneumonia attack. The disease had warped his airway, and \"I was drowning in my secretions, I couldn't cough it out.\"\u003cbr>\nMadeux has a chef's degree and was part owner of two restaurants in Utah, cooking for U.S. ski teams and celebrities, but now can't work in a kitchen or ride horses as he used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing won't fix damage he's already suffered, but he hopes it will stop the need for weekly enzyme treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial studies will involve up to 30 adults to test safety, but the ultimate goal is to treat children very young, before much damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gene-editing tool called CRISPR has gotten a lot of recent attention, but this study used a different one called zinc finger nucleases. They're like molecular scissors that seek and cut a specific piece of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy has three parts: The new gene and two zinc finger proteins. DNA instructions for each part are placed in a virus that's been altered to not cause infection but to ferry them into cells. Billions of copies of these are given through a vein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They travel to the liver, where cells use the instructions to make the zinc fingers and prepare the corrective gene. The fingers cut the DNA, allowing the new gene to slip in. The new gene then directs the cell to make the enzyme the patient lacked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 1 percent of liver cells would have to be corrected to successfully treat the disease, said Madeux's physician and study leader, Dr. Paul Harmatz at the Oakland hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How bulletproof is the technology? We're just learning,\" but safety tests have been very good, said Dr. Carl June, a University of Pennsylvania scientist who has done other gene therapy work but was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Could Go Wrong\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safety issues plagued some earlier gene therapies. One worry is that the virus might provoke an immune system attack. In 1999, 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy study from that problem, but the new studies use a different virus that's proved much safer in other experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another worry is that inserting a new gene might have unforeseen effects on other genes. That happened years ago, when researchers used gene therapy to cure some cases of the immune system disorder called \"bubble boy\" disease. Several patients later developed leukemia because the new gene inserted into a place in the native DNA where it unintentionally activated a cancer gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you stick a chunk of DNA in randomly, sometimes it works well, sometimes it does nothing and sometimes it causes harm,\" said Hank Greely, a Stanford University bioethicist. \"The advantage with gene editing is you can put the gene in where you want it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, some fear that the virus could get into other places like the heart, or eggs and sperm where it could affect future generations. Doctors say built-in genetic safeguards prevent the therapy from working anywhere but the liver, like a seed that only germinates in certain conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment is not connected to other, more controversial work being debated to try to edit genes in human embryos to prevent diseases before birth — changes that would be passed down from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux's treatment was to have happened a week earlier, but a small glitch prevented it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his fiancee returned to Arizona, but nearly didn't make it back to Oakland in time for the second attempt because their Sunday flight was canceled and no others were available until Monday, after the treatment was to take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrambling, they finally got a flight to Monterey, California, and a car service took them just over 100 miles north to Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday he had the three-hour infusion, surrounded by half a dozen doctors, nurses and others wearing head-to-toe protective garb to lower the risk of giving him any germs. His doctor, Harmatz, spent the night at the hospital to help ensure his patient stayed well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm nervous and excited,\" Madeux said as he prepared to leave the hospital. \"I've been waiting for this my whole life, something that can potentially cure me.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/W-gUUB0ofVA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/W-gUUB0ofVA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists for the first time have tried editing a gene inside the body in a bold attempt to permanently change a person's DNA to cure a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done Monday in California on 44-year-old Brian Madeux. Through an IV, he received billions of copies of a corrective gene and a genetic tool to cut his DNA in a precise spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of humbling\" to be the first to test this, said Madeux, who has a metabolic disease called Hunter syndrome. \"I'm willing to take that risk. Hopefully it will help me and other people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs of whether it's working may come in a month; tests will show for sure in three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You’re really toying with Mother Nature.'\u003ccite>Dr. Eric Topol, Scripps Translational Science Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If it's successful, it could give a major boost to the fledgling field of gene therapy . Scientists have edited people's genes before, altering cells in the lab that are then returned to patients. There also are gene therapies that don't involve editing DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these methods can only be used for a few types of diseases. Some give results that may not last. Some others supply a new gene like a spare part, but can't control where it inserts in the DNA, possibly causing a new problem like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the gene tinkering is happening in a precise way inside the body. It's like sending a mini surgeon along to place the new gene in exactly the right location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We cut your DNA, open it up, insert a gene, stitch it back up. Invisible mending,\" said Dr. Sandy Macrae, president of Sangamo Therapeutics, the California company testing this for two metabolic diseases and hemophilia. \"It becomes part of your DNA and is there for the rest of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That also means there's no going back, no way to erase any mistakes the editing might cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">\u003cem>Also from KQED Future of You:\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/31/the-crippling-ransomware-attack-on-kqed-the-inside-story/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Crippling Ransomware Attack on an NPR Member Station\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/11/13/the-difference-between-a-bully-and-a-true-alpha-male/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Difference Between a Bully and a True Alpha Male\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You're really toying with Mother Nature\" and the risks can't be fully known, but the studies should move forward because these are incurable diseases, said one independent expert, Dr. Eric Topol of the Scripps Translational Science Institute in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protections are in place to help ensure safety, and animal tests were very encouraging, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist on the National Institutes of Health panel that approved the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said gene editing's promise is too great to ignore. \"So far there's been no evidence that this is going to be dangerous,\" he said. \"Now is not the time to get scared.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Woe From Head to Toe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fewer than 10,000 people worldwide have these metabolic diseases, partly because many die very young. Those with Madeux's condition, Hunter syndrome, lack a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain carbohydrates. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients may have frequent colds and ear infections, distorted facial features, hearing loss, heart problems, breathing trouble, skin and eye problems, bone and joint flaws, bowel issues and brain and thinking problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Many are in wheelchairs ... dependent on their parents until they die,\" said Dr. Chester Whitley, a University of Minnesota genetics expert who plans to enroll patients in the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weekly IV doses of the missing enzyme can ease some symptoms, but cost $100,000 to $400,000 a year and don't prevent brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux, who now lives near Phoenix, is engaged to a nurse, Marcie Humphrey. He met her 15 years ago in a study that tested this enzyme therapy at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, where the gene editing experiment took place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has had 26 operations for hernias, bunions, bones pinching his spinal column, and ear, eye and gall bladder problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems like I had a surgery every other year of my life\" and many procedures in between, he said. Last year he nearly died from a bronchitis and pneumonia attack. The disease had warped his airway, and \"I was drowning in my secretions, I couldn't cough it out.\"\u003cbr>\nMadeux has a chef's degree and was part owner of two restaurants in Utah, cooking for U.S. ski teams and celebrities, but now can't work in a kitchen or ride horses as he used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing won't fix damage he's already suffered, but he hopes it will stop the need for weekly enzyme treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial studies will involve up to 30 adults to test safety, but the ultimate goal is to treat children very young, before much damage occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gene-editing tool called CRISPR has gotten a lot of recent attention, but this study used a different one called zinc finger nucleases. They're like molecular scissors that seek and cut a specific piece of DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy has three parts: The new gene and two zinc finger proteins. DNA instructions for each part are placed in a virus that's been altered to not cause infection but to ferry them into cells. Billions of copies of these are given through a vein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They travel to the liver, where cells use the instructions to make the zinc fingers and prepare the corrective gene. The fingers cut the DNA, allowing the new gene to slip in. The new gene then directs the cell to make the enzyme the patient lacked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only 1 percent of liver cells would have to be corrected to successfully treat the disease, said Madeux's physician and study leader, Dr. Paul Harmatz at the Oakland hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How bulletproof is the technology? We're just learning,\" but safety tests have been very good, said Dr. Carl June, a University of Pennsylvania scientist who has done other gene therapy work but was not involved in this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Could Go Wrong\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safety issues plagued some earlier gene therapies. One worry is that the virus might provoke an immune system attack. In 1999, 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger died in a gene therapy study from that problem, but the new studies use a different virus that's proved much safer in other experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another worry is that inserting a new gene might have unforeseen effects on other genes. That happened years ago, when researchers used gene therapy to cure some cases of the immune system disorder called \"bubble boy\" disease. Several patients later developed leukemia because the new gene inserted into a place in the native DNA where it unintentionally activated a cancer gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you stick a chunk of DNA in randomly, sometimes it works well, sometimes it does nothing and sometimes it causes harm,\" said Hank Greely, a Stanford University bioethicist. \"The advantage with gene editing is you can put the gene in where you want it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, some fear that the virus could get into other places like the heart, or eggs and sperm where it could affect future generations. Doctors say built-in genetic safeguards prevent the therapy from working anywhere but the liver, like a seed that only germinates in certain conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This experiment is not connected to other, more controversial work being debated to try to edit genes in human embryos to prevent diseases before birth — changes that would be passed down from generation to generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Making History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Madeux's treatment was to have happened a week earlier, but a small glitch prevented it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his fiancee returned to Arizona, but nearly didn't make it back to Oakland in time for the second attempt because their Sunday flight was canceled and no others were available until Monday, after the treatment was to take place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrambling, they finally got a flight to Monterey, California, and a car service took them just over 100 miles north to Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday he had the three-hour infusion, surrounded by half a dozen doctors, nurses and others wearing head-to-toe protective garb to lower the risk of giving him any germs. His doctor, Harmatz, spent the night at the hospital to help ensure his patient stayed well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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