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"content": "\u003cp>It's a typical hectic morning at Michele Comisky's house in Vienna, Va., when she gets a knock on her front door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hi, how are you?\" Comisky says as she greets Keisha Herbin Smith, a research assistant at Georgetown University. \"Come on in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comisky, 39, leads Herbin Smith into her kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Which one isn't feeling good?\" asks Herbin Smith, glancing at Comisky's children. \"That one,\" Comisky says, pointing to her 8-year-old son, Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson has an ear infection. So he just started 10 days of antibiotics to kill the strain of bacteria that's giving him an earache. That's why Herbin Smith's here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What time did he take his antibiotic?\" Herbin Smith asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asks because the antibiotics won't just wipe out the bad bacteria. They could also disrupt the good bacteria in Jackson's body, which can lead to stomach problems, including severe diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbin Smith had rushed to Comisky's house to deliver a special yogurt drink that scientists are testing in hopes of preventing those serious problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want him to take the first yogurt within 24 hours of taking his first antibiotic,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yogurt contains a \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm\">probiotic\u003c/a> — a living strain of bacteria that researchers think could help prevent diarrhea and other complications of the antibiotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some previous research has hinted that probiotics could help, and some doctors already are recommending probiotics to parents of children taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers hope the new yogurt study will provide clearer evidence as to whether that's a good idea. It's the first large, carefully designed test of a probiotic to get reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration, says \u003ca href=\"https://ctc.georgetown.edu/merenstein\">Dr. Daniel Merenstein,\u003c/a> who is leading the study. He's the director of research programs in the department of family medicine at Georgetown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem with a lot of probiotic research is that they haven't always been the best of studies,\" Merenstein says. \"Many are done by industry. Many were done in other countries. We're looking to see if it actually prevents diarrhea in kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merenstein's study is part of an explosion of interest in research on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/218987212/microbiome\">microbiome\u003c/a> — the billions of friendly bacteria, yeast and other microorganisms that live in the human body. There's mounting evidence these microbes play important roles in human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to helping prevent diarrhea in children taking antibiotics, there is some evidence that probiotics could help prevent complications from antibiotics in adults as well, and might help prevent \u003ca href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-diarrhea\">gastrointestinal infections\u003c/a> that sometimes occur when people travel to other countries. Other people have suggested probiotics might help treat vaginal infections in women, or possibly alleviate colic in infants or perhaps prevent eczema in some babies. Probiotics are also being looked at as a possibility to prevent a serious condition in newborn babies — \u003ca href=\"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/977956-overview\">necrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers even argue there's enough evidence to recommend that healthy adults take a probiotic regularly to help maintain their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there's a generic benefit in ingesting high numbers of safe, live bacteria every day,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/D010/chill\">Colin Hill,\u003c/a> a professor of microbiology at University College Cork in Ireland. \"If I had my way, there would be a recommended daily allowance of bacteria.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/08/18/490432969/eating-yogurt-is-not-enough-rebalancing-the-ecosystem-of-the-microbes-within-us\">question whether there's enough evidence\u003c/a> to support that suggestion or the many claims some companies are making about the alleged benefits probiotics. Some products are being promoted to help prevent obesity, heart disease and even alleviate mental health conditions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/14/422623067/prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out\">anxiety and depression\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The marketing of every claim under the sun with every product under the sun is definitely questionable,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/grants/contact/lduffy\">Linda Duffy\u003c/a>, a program director at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. \"There's not much in the way a magic bullet anywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net benefit of probiotic use with certain conditions \"is looking very, very promising,\" she says. But there are still a lot of unanswered questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While probiotics are probably safe for most otherwise healthy people, Duffy and others note that the products could pose some risk for people with weakened immune systems, such as those infected with the AIDS virus or for people undergoing cancer chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another caution is that probiotics are not regulated as closely as prescription and over-the-counter medications. So there's no guarantee that what's on the label is actually in the bottle — or that whatever organisms were originally in the bottle are still alive. There are also concerns about potentially dangerous contaminants in products that could pose a risk even to healthy people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Are there contaminants out there? Are there adulterated products? Are there marketed products without the appropriate claims? Absolutely,\" Duffy says. \"Like anything, you have to be a wise consumer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Merenstein hopes his study will provide strong new evidence that probiotics provide benefits for children taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03181516?term=merenstein&cond=bb12&rank=1\">study\u003c/a>, 300 children will drink specially made strawberry yogurt. Half will drink yogurt that contains a probiotic called \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/891.html\">bifidobacteria\u003c/a>. The researchers will then compare the incidence of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems in the two groups of kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the researchers are gathering fecal samples from the children to try to determine exactly how probiotics might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of our goals is to show that taking a probiotic will get your microbiome back to what it was before you started the antibiotic — and/or protect you from the changes,\" Merenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back at Comisky's house, Jackson takes his first gulp of Merenstein's special yogurt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All right, here you go — you can drink it right out of here,\" Comisky says as she takes a bottle out of the refrigerator, opens the cap and hands it to her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Is it good?\" she asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" says Jackson, as he gulps down the yogurt and declares: \"Done!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take years for Merenstein's team to gather and analyze the results of the study. So it will be a while before they can say for sure whether this particular probiotic treatment works or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+Probiotics+Protect+Kids+From+A+Downside+Of+Antibiotics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's a typical hectic morning at Michele Comisky's house in Vienna, Va., when she gets a knock on her front door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Hi, how are you?\" Comisky says as she greets Keisha Herbin Smith, a research assistant at Georgetown University. \"Come on in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comisky, 39, leads Herbin Smith into her kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Which one isn't feeling good?\" asks Herbin Smith, glancing at Comisky's children. \"That one,\" Comisky says, pointing to her 8-year-old son, Jackson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson has an ear infection. So he just started 10 days of antibiotics to kill the strain of bacteria that's giving him an earache. That's why Herbin Smith's here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What time did he take his antibiotic?\" Herbin Smith asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asks because the antibiotics won't just wipe out the bad bacteria. They could also disrupt the good bacteria in Jackson's body, which can lead to stomach problems, including severe diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herbin Smith had rushed to Comisky's house to deliver a special yogurt drink that scientists are testing in hopes of preventing those serious problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want him to take the first yogurt within 24 hours of taking his first antibiotic,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yogurt contains a \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/health/probiotics/introduction.htm\">probiotic\u003c/a> — a living strain of bacteria that researchers think could help prevent diarrhea and other complications of the antibiotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some previous research has hinted that probiotics could help, and some doctors already are recommending probiotics to parents of children taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers hope the new yogurt study will provide clearer evidence as to whether that's a good idea. It's the first large, carefully designed test of a probiotic to get reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration, says \u003ca href=\"https://ctc.georgetown.edu/merenstein\">Dr. Daniel Merenstein,\u003c/a> who is leading the study. He's the director of research programs in the department of family medicine at Georgetown University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem with a lot of probiotic research is that they haven't always been the best of studies,\" Merenstein says. \"Many are done by industry. Many were done in other countries. We're looking to see if it actually prevents diarrhea in kids.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merenstein's study is part of an explosion of interest in research on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/series/218987212/microbiome\">microbiome\u003c/a> — the billions of friendly bacteria, yeast and other microorganisms that live in the human body. There's mounting evidence these microbes play important roles in human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to helping prevent diarrhea in children taking antibiotics, there is some evidence that probiotics could help prevent complications from antibiotics in adults as well, and might help prevent \u003ca href=\"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-diarrhea\">gastrointestinal infections\u003c/a> that sometimes occur when people travel to other countries. Other people have suggested probiotics might help treat vaginal infections in women, or possibly alleviate colic in infants or perhaps prevent eczema in some babies. Probiotics are also being looked at as a possibility to prevent a serious condition in newborn babies — \u003ca href=\"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/977956-overview\">necrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers even argue there's enough evidence to recommend that healthy adults take a probiotic regularly to help maintain their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think there's a generic benefit in ingesting high numbers of safe, live bacteria every day,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/D010/chill\">Colin Hill,\u003c/a> a professor of microbiology at University College Cork in Ireland. \"If I had my way, there would be a recommended daily allowance of bacteria.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/08/18/490432969/eating-yogurt-is-not-enough-rebalancing-the-ecosystem-of-the-microbes-within-us\">question whether there's enough evidence\u003c/a> to support that suggestion or the many claims some companies are making about the alleged benefits probiotics. Some products are being promoted to help prevent obesity, heart disease and even alleviate mental health conditions such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/14/422623067/prozac-in-the-yogurt-aisle-can-good-bacteria-chill-us-out\">anxiety and depression\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The marketing of every claim under the sun with every product under the sun is definitely questionable,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://nccih.nih.gov/grants/contact/lduffy\">Linda Duffy\u003c/a>, a program director at the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. \"There's not much in the way a magic bullet anywhere.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The net benefit of probiotic use with certain conditions \"is looking very, very promising,\" she says. But there are still a lot of unanswered questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While probiotics are probably safe for most otherwise healthy people, Duffy and others note that the products could pose some risk for people with weakened immune systems, such as those infected with the AIDS virus or for people undergoing cancer chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another caution is that probiotics are not regulated as closely as prescription and over-the-counter medications. So there's no guarantee that what's on the label is actually in the bottle — or that whatever organisms were originally in the bottle are still alive. There are also concerns about potentially dangerous contaminants in products that could pose a risk even to healthy people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Are there contaminants out there? Are there adulterated products? Are there marketed products without the appropriate claims? Absolutely,\" Duffy says. \"Like anything, you have to be a wise consumer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Merenstein hopes his study will provide strong new evidence that probiotics provide benefits for children taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03181516?term=merenstein&cond=bb12&rank=1\">study\u003c/a>, 300 children will drink specially made strawberry yogurt. Half will drink yogurt that contains a probiotic called \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/891.html\">bifidobacteria\u003c/a>. The researchers will then compare the incidence of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems in the two groups of kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the researchers are gathering fecal samples from the children to try to determine exactly how probiotics might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of our goals is to show that taking a probiotic will get your microbiome back to what it was before you started the antibiotic — and/or protect you from the changes,\" Merenstein says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, back at Comisky's house, Jackson takes his first gulp of Merenstein's special yogurt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All right, here you go — you can drink it right out of here,\" Comisky says as she takes a bottle out of the refrigerator, opens the cap and hands it to her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Is it good?\" she asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah,\" says Jackson, as he gulps down the yogurt and declares: \"Done!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take years for Merenstein's team to gather and analyze the results of the study. So it will be a while before they can say for sure whether this particular probiotic treatment works or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+Probiotics+Protect+Kids+From+A+Downside+Of+Antibiotics%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Looked at DNA Supposedly From a Yeti and Here's What They Found",
"title": "Scientists Looked at DNA Supposedly From a Yeti and Here's What They Found",
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"content": "\u003cp>Not yet, Yeti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new DNA study has debunked biological samples that allegedly came from the famous yet ever elusive creature that supposedly haunts the Himalayas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Americans, of course, first learned of the Yeti -- also known as the Abominable Snowman -- from the Christmas special \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hZrQQ7i_lY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, that guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In real life, or at least real-life folklore, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeti \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an ape-like creature that the Sherpa people of the Himalayas have historically \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">believed \u003c/a>to be a mystical being. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of Yeti-as-\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cryptozoological \u003c/a>phenomenon arose in the 19th century, and it really gained steam in 1951, when the mountaineering explorer Eric Shipton, while trekking along the Menlung Glacier near the Tibet-Nepal border, took a famous photograph of a large footprint next to a pickaxe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-437516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"715\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png 715w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-160x135.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-240x203.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-375x317.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-520x439.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, National Geographic \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interviewed\u003c/a> Daniel Taylor, author of \"Yeti: The Ecology of a Mystery.\" Taylor called the photo \"the Rosetta Stone in Yeti lore\" ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>What was captivating about the prints was that they’re really sharp. The snow was hard so the photo looks like a sort of plaster of Paris cast. The second feature was that the prints looked like a human footprint, but with a thumb. So, you get this primate-like feeling but hominoid at the same time. Its enormous size — 13 inches — also suggests a magnificent hominoid, a King Kong type of image! And the media grabbed it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Further Yeti-questing expeditions followed, including one by Edmund Hillary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many sightings over the years and even a few instances of people collecting biological samples like skin, hair, bones and teeth. These can be found in private collections or even in places like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/en/mmm/the-messner-mountain-museum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Messner Mountain Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Italian Alps. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All this has made for a great story, which is now a little less so. According to a recently released \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1868/20171804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DNA study\u003c/a>, it looks like at least nine of these samples have been identified as coming from known animals. Eight of them match one or the other of the two types of bears found in the area -- the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=WA0rWpOeGJDSjwOmk42ABA&q=himalayan+brown+bear&oq=him&gs_l=psy-ab.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i20i263i264k1j0i131k1j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i131i67k1l2j0j0i67k1.2368.2632.0.3978.4.3.0.0.0.0.125.220.1j1.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..2.2.219.0..0i46i67k1j46i67k1.0.E-x3DvE2RGw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Himalayan brown bear\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=tibetan+brown+bear\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tibetan brown bear\u003c/a>. A tooth that was examined actually came from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dog\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are probably other samples that can be tested, but for now, there is no genetic evidence that the creature known as the Yeti is real. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to do this analysis, these researchers needed to get good DNA from Himalayan black and brown bears. They got samples from a zoo in Pakistan as well as from the wild. There was already good data available for the Tibetan brown bear.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers focused on a small bit of mitochondrial DNA, which was easily obtainable from the fur samples the investigators had. mtDNA was also used because \u003c/span>most of the museum samples were beat up, requiring lots of copies in each sample's cells to increase the chances of finding usable DNA. mtDNA contains hundreds or even thousands of copies per cell instead of the usual two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Due to better technology, the scientists were also able to look at the entire sequence of mtDNA. That was not possible in earlier studies, and it allowed them to more precisely assign the samples to specific animals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the process, the researchers learned a bit about the evolutionary history of the Himalayan brown bear. They found that this type of bear originally split from other brown bears 650,000 years ago, the result of massive glaciers that are thought to have arrived, possibly isolating the Himalayan bears' ancestors from the original group. Left alone, they evolved into a new subspecies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that scientists have worked out the conditions for extracting and sequencing mtDNA, this method can be applied to other museum specimens. It might even be used to confirm \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">earlier work\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that showed Sasquatch samples most likely came from a horse, bear or wide variety of other common hairy beasts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, sometimes, science can be a real party pooper.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not yet, Yeti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new DNA study has debunked biological samples that allegedly came from the famous yet ever elusive creature that supposedly haunts the Himalayas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Americans, of course, first learned of the Yeti -- also known as the Abominable Snowman -- from the Christmas special \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/6hZrQQ7i_lY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/6hZrQQ7i_lY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Yeah, that guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In real life, or at least real-life folklore, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeti \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an ape-like creature that the Sherpa people of the Himalayas have historically \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">believed \u003c/a>to be a mystical being. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notion of Yeti-as-\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeti\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cryptozoological \u003c/a>phenomenon arose in the 19th century, and it really gained steam in 1951, when the mountaineering explorer Eric Shipton, while trekking along the Menlung Glacier near the Tibet-Nepal border, took a famous photograph of a large footprint next to a pickaxe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-437516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"715\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint.png 715w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-160x135.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-240x203.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-375x317.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/Eric_Shipton_yeti_footprint-520x439.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, National Geographic \u003ca href=\"https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/yeti-abominable-snowman-bear-daniel-taylor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interviewed\u003c/a> Daniel Taylor, author of \"Yeti: The Ecology of a Mystery.\" Taylor called the photo \"the Rosetta Stone in Yeti lore\" ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>What was captivating about the prints was that they’re really sharp. The snow was hard so the photo looks like a sort of plaster of Paris cast. The second feature was that the prints looked like a human footprint, but with a thumb. So, you get this primate-like feeling but hominoid at the same time. Its enormous size — 13 inches — also suggests a magnificent hominoid, a King Kong type of image! And the media grabbed it.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Further Yeti-questing expeditions followed, including one by Edmund Hillary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many sightings over the years and even a few instances of people collecting biological samples like skin, hair, bones and teeth. These can be found in private collections or even in places like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/en/mmm/the-messner-mountain-museum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Messner Mountain Museum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the Italian Alps. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">All this has made for a great story, which is now a little less so. According to a recently released \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1868/20171804\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DNA study\u003c/a>, it looks like at least nine of these samples have been identified as coming from known animals. Eight of them match one or the other of the two types of bears found in the area -- the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=WA0rWpOeGJDSjwOmk42ABA&q=himalayan+brown+bear&oq=him&gs_l=psy-ab.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i20i263i264k1j0i131k1j0i67k1j0i131k1j0i131i67k1l2j0j0i67k1.2368.2632.0.3978.4.3.0.0.0.0.125.220.1j1.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..2.2.219.0..0i46i67k1j46i67k1.0.E-x3DvE2RGw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Himalayan brown bear\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=tibetan+brown+bear\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tibetan brown bear\u003c/a>. A tooth that was examined actually came from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=dog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dog\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are probably other samples that can be tested, but for now, there is no genetic evidence that the creature known as the Yeti is real. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to do this analysis, these researchers needed to get good DNA from Himalayan black and brown bears. They got samples from a zoo in Pakistan as well as from the wild. There was already good data available for the Tibetan brown bear.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The researchers focused on a small bit of mitochondrial DNA, which was easily obtainable from the fur samples the investigators had. mtDNA was also used because \u003c/span>most of the museum samples were beat up, requiring lots of copies in each sample's cells to increase the chances of finding usable DNA. mtDNA contains hundreds or even thousands of copies per cell instead of the usual two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Due to better technology, the scientists were also able to look at the entire sequence of mtDNA. That was not possible in earlier studies, and it allowed them to more precisely assign the samples to specific animals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the process, the researchers learned a bit about the evolutionary history of the Himalayan brown bear. They found that this type of bear originally split from other brown bears 650,000 years ago, the result of massive glaciers that are thought to have arrived, possibly isolating the Himalayan bears' ancestors from the original group. Left alone, they evolved into a new subspecies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now that scientists have worked out the conditions for extracting and sequencing mtDNA, this method can be applied to other museum specimens. It might even be used to confirm \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">earlier work\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that showed Sasquatch samples most likely came from a horse, bear or wide variety of other common hairy beasts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, sometimes, science can be a real party pooper.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here's What It Looks Like When You Fry Your Eye in an Eclipse",
"headTitle": "Here’s What It Looks Like When You Fry Your Eye in an Eclipse | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>At least one young woman suffered eye damage as a result of unsafe viewing of the recent total solar eclipse, according to a report published Thursday, but it doesn’t appear that many such injuries occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TLby82AtiGw9MQhQUFjwqs3XgUyQfbHg”]Doctors in New York say a woman in her 20s came in three days after looking at the Aug. 21 eclipse without protective glasses. She had peeked several times, for about six seconds, when the sun was only partially covered by the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, she started experiencing blurred and distorted vision and saw a central black spot in her left eye. The doctors studied her eyes with several different imaging technologies, \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2665184\">described \u003c/a>in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Ophthalmology,\u003c/em> and were able to observe the damage at the cellular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very surprised at how precisely concordant the imaged damage was with the crescent shape of the eclipse itself,” noted \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/avnish-a-deobhakta\">Dr. Avnish Deobhakta\u003c/a>, a retina surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai in New York, in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 392px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"392\" height=\"1090\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe 392w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-160x445.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-240x667.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-375x1043.jpe 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The area between the yellow brackets in the top photo shows the damage to the center part of the retina. The middle image is a type of visual field test and the bottom image uses optical coherence tomography. \u003ccite>(David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says this was the most severely injured patient they saw after the eclipse. All in all, 22 people came to their urgent care clinic with concerns about possible eclipse-related damage, and most of them complained of blurred vision. Of those, only three showed some degree of abnormality in the retina. Two of them had only mild changes, however, and their symptoms have gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young woman described in this case report, at last check, still has not recovered normal vision. “But we have not been able to follow up with her as closely as we’d like. We would like to see her back in the New Year,” says Deobhakta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph Chou, an expert on eclipse-related eye damage at the University of Waterloo, says he got a report from a colleague of one similar eye injury in Pennsylvania. “This young man had played it safe by only looking at the eclipsing sun with one eye,” notes Chou. “He looked with one eye and he got fried.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s possible that other eye specialists are treating patients but have not publicly reported on them, says Chou, “right now, we haven’t really seen any indication of a lot of cases. … It’s certainly not like what we saw in the United Kingdom after the August 1999 eclipse, where they did a survey and got information on a number of cases of eye damage as a result of observing that eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that some \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/25108-a-record-number-of-americans-viewed-the-2017-solar-eclipse\">215 million\u003c/a> adult Americans watched the eclipse, says Chou, “it makes us feel like the whole public education campaign was pretty successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Injured eyes can often recover in the months following an eclipse, he notes, but if people’s damaged vision hasn’t been improving by now, that means it’s probably permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still have your special solar glasses and have treated them well, says Chou, you can put them away in a safe place and use them again in 2024, when we’ll get the next total solar eclipse over the continental United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+What+It+Looks+Like+When+You+Fry+Your+Eye+In+An+Eclipse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At least one young woman suffered eye damage as a result of unsafe viewing of the recent total solar eclipse, according to a report published Thursday, but it doesn’t appear that many such injuries occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Doctors in New York say a woman in her 20s came in three days after looking at the Aug. 21 eclipse without protective glasses. She had peeked several times, for about six seconds, when the sun was only partially covered by the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, she started experiencing blurred and distorted vision and saw a central black spot in her left eye. The doctors studied her eyes with several different imaging technologies, \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2665184\">described \u003c/a>in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Ophthalmology,\u003c/em> and were able to observe the damage at the cellular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very surprised at how precisely concordant the imaged damage was with the crescent shape of the eclipse itself,” noted \u003ca href=\"http://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/avnish-a-deobhakta\">Dr. Avnish Deobhakta\u003c/a>, a retina surgeon at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai in New York, in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 392px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1918221\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe\" alt=\"\" width=\"392\" height=\"1090\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d.jpe 392w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-160x445.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-240x667.jpe 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/12/figure2_enl-985658f134a9a75a78dbade25333fad69c8d527d-375x1043.jpe 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The area between the yellow brackets in the top photo shows the damage to the center part of the retina. The middle image is a type of visual field test and the bottom image uses optical coherence tomography. \u003ccite>(David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says this was the most severely injured patient they saw after the eclipse. All in all, 22 people came to their urgent care clinic with concerns about possible eclipse-related damage, and most of them complained of blurred vision. Of those, only three showed some degree of abnormality in the retina. Two of them had only mild changes, however, and their symptoms have gone away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young woman described in this case report, at last check, still has not recovered normal vision. “But we have not been able to follow up with her as closely as we’d like. We would like to see her back in the New Year,” says Deobhakta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph Chou, an expert on eclipse-related eye damage at the University of Waterloo, says he got a report from a colleague of one similar eye injury in Pennsylvania. “This young man had played it safe by only looking at the eclipsing sun with one eye,” notes Chou. “He looked with one eye and he got fried.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s possible that other eye specialists are treating patients but have not publicly reported on them, says Chou, “right now, we haven’t really seen any indication of a lot of cases. … It’s certainly not like what we saw in the United Kingdom after the August 1999 eclipse, where they did a survey and got information on a number of cases of eye damage as a result of observing that eclipse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that some \u003ca href=\"http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/25108-a-record-number-of-americans-viewed-the-2017-solar-eclipse\">215 million\u003c/a> adult Americans watched the eclipse, says Chou, “it makes us feel like the whole public education campaign was pretty successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Injured eyes can often recover in the months following an eclipse, he notes, but if people’s damaged vision hasn’t been improving by now, that means it’s probably permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you still have your special solar glasses and have treated them well, says Chou, you can put them away in a safe place and use them again in 2024, when we’ll get the next total solar eclipse over the continental United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Here%27s+What+It+Looks+Like+When+You+Fry+Your+Eye+In+An+Eclipse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Retail Health Care Less Effective, Lacks Personal Connection Patients Need (Commentary)",
"title": "Retail Health Care Less Effective, Lacks Personal Connection Patients Need (Commentary)",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Retail thinking is spreading quickly in health care. It promises greater convenience and speed for delivering basic health care services — but it isn’t what patients really want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retail thinking views patients as consumers: faceless targets for buying services and products that aren’t always health-related. It’s the thinking behind technology-assisted health care services, like ZocDoc, Amwell, and One Medical, which quickly triage symptoms or serve up medical advice. It’s the thinking that makes it possible for me to walk in, no appointment needed, to my local CVS or Target to have a cough or sore throat examined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, it gives web-based apps \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-apps-privacy/health-apps-often-lack-privacy-policies-and-share-our-data-idUSKCN0WA2KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opportunities to sell\u003c/a> some of your information to advertisers, who want to sell you other things. It gives brick-and-mortar organizations cross-selling opportunities for everything from allergy medications to Halloween candy as I walk down the store aisle to get my flu shot from the pharmacist or have the nurse practitioner apply guideline-driven diagnosis and treatment. The providers I see during these interactions know nothing about me, offer little tailored advice, and the services they provide will be both limited and standardized in how they are delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What patients want most in health care is something human and intimate, maintained through regular one-on-one interactions with experts they knew and trusted who were compassionate, empathetic, friendly, and respectful.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Being viewed through the retail lens also means that I am asked to consume other offerings pitched to me by whoever provides me with health care, be it my insurance company or my employer. They try to get me interested in legal and babysitting services, gym memberships, pedometers, mail-order pharmacies, round-the-clock nurse help lines, life insurance, and more. They do this to help them earn more of my loyalty, generate more revenue for themselves, or reduce their costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospitals and medical offices I visit seek to keep me within their system of care delivery, make me a long-term customer, and refer me only to their providers and services, both of which they control. By using retail tactics like offering one-stop shopping — where I can get primary, specialty, and other types of care all without leaving the same building — and marketing their brand to me with simplified rating systems that show their high quality, they want me to trust that they have my interests at heart and can deliver any type of health care transaction I require.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retail thinking has its place in health care today because there are some services and products that people need quickly and which do not require a personal touch or someone who understands them as unique individuals. Such services might be low-level acute care (think strep throat), flu shots and immunizations, and some forms of simple chronic disease management, such as blood sugar checks or foot and eye exams for people with diabetes, especially if they are guideline driven. There’s no question that retail thinking can also create purchasing opportunities for things patients find useful, if not always essential, and perhaps do so in ways that are cost-effective or convenient for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"qGlMknrKeKf4bI1E46uTCBwN0fHZychq\"]But retail health care is impersonal, lacks relational warmth, and isn’t what patients really want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed 80 patients and doctors for a \u003ca href=\"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/next-in-line-9780190626341?cc=us&lang=en&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new book\u003c/a> on the doctor-patient relationship in the era of efficiency-driven innovation, corporate care, and retail medicine. What I heard from patients is that the impersonal nature of retail thinking is frustrating them and lowering their expectations about the levels of emotional support and customized help they can get from any doctor, or from others in the health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No patient with whom I spoke wanted transactional care at the expense of relational care. No one prioritized \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/04/fitbit-wont-improve-health/\">Fitbits\u003c/a>, web-based assessments of symptoms, or seeing a stranger about a sore throat in a big-box store over a long-term personal connection with a doctor. What these individuals wanted most in health care was something human and more intimate, maintained through regular one-on-one interactions with experts they knew and trusted who were compassionate, empathetic, friendly, and respectful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physicians with whom I spoke wanted the same things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of sustained personal experience between two people who know something about each other, and who are motivated to really talk and listen as care partners, is something retail thinking does not do well. It is not concerned with the emotional aspects of care, building interpersonal trust between doctor and patient, or getting to know people as individuals with their own relevant life stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet existing research demonstrates that these are the very features that are good for patients. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpm.org/Downloads/Bellagio/Articles/Continuity/Cabana_MD_-_2004_-_Does_continuity_of_care_improve_patient_outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care continuity\u003c/a> through a stable doctor-patient relationship improves health care quality and patient satisfaction. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.00223/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doctor-patient trust\u003c/a>, established through extended interpersonal contact, helps patients become more engaged in their care; creates a positive patient experience; and increases perceived effectiveness of care. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399108006319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extended dialogue\u003c/a> between patient and doctor positively affects health outcomes ranging from high blood pressure to mental health problems. \u003ca href=\"http://bjgp.org/content/63/606/e76.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Physician empathy\u003c/a> is linked to more accurate diagnoses, better health outcomes, and an enhanced patient experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"DXDu9yVu5UXGAwIZHglW19AkCubz5xhW\"]If you don’t believe the literature, just ask the patients I interviewed. Teddy, a healthy man in his 30s, believed that without feeling trust towards a specific doctor — which for him was forged over time through regular face time and conversations with that doctor — little could be uncovered of the more intimate, life story information that he felt was most important for keeping him healthy. He said he had never been completely honest with clinicians he didn’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hallie, a 50-year-old woman with several chronic diseases, talked confidently about better understanding how to manage her many conditions, and how they affected her everyday life — the result of having a doctor who knew something about her personally, who spent time not reading off a care guideline but instead asking her real-time questions about how she felt, and then showing genuine compassion with her daily struggles. Hallie felt better able to self-manage her care, which kept her from using the system unnecessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cliff, a stressed-out dad in his 50s, talked excitedly about finally having the same physician he could see on a consistent basis; a doctor who in their first visit had spent time just listening to him, nothing more; then taking that information and asking him questions about his own life; and finally tailoring therapeutic advice based on the entire dialogue. Janell, a career-minded mom in her 40s, recalled with joy the memory of a past primary care physician who remembered conversations they had during previous visits and who used that knowledge to give Janell tailored guidance about how to manage her life stressors more effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can an industry that wants to use retail tactics also deliver on the relational excellence that patients and research say is important? It’s not easy, given retail thinking’s focus on speed and efficiency. Here are four ways that might meld these two approaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, put more thought into where \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to use retail thinking in health care. It may make sense for care delivery that is routine, care that can be standardized in a straightforward way, and in situations where the patient wants convenience above all else. But that actually amounts to a limited menu of services, and even routine care can often reveal deeper problems in patients, requiring the kinds of relational features I’ve described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, better measure and monetize the components of relational excellence, making it matter to health care organizations and third-party payers. That means carefully assessing dynamics like interpersonal trust between doctor and patient; analyzing those data to see how they positively affect health outcomes; and then giving this metric the same relative importance in high-quality care delivery compared to other things like prescribing a particular drug for a particular condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, look for innovative ways to \u003cem>strengthen\u003c/em> the doctor-patient relationship, not undermine it. For example, the industry should experiment with using technology as a tool to give doctors more face time and direct contact with their patients. Right now, both doctors and patients perceive technology, primarily the electronic health record, as interfering with their relationship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth, and most important, the patient voice must be heard. This could include adopting greater transparency with respect to assessing patient satisfaction with retail tactics, say through \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yelp-type accountability mechanisms\u003c/a>, and conducting market research that goes beyond simple binary questions of “would you use this” or “would you like greater convenience in accessing your care” and instead delves deeper into discovering what patients really value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In thinking about my discussions with patients, there is one other important thing they want. They want to decide when their health care should work like the drive-through at McDonald’s or buying with one click at Amazon and when it should be more personal than that, involving extended human-to-human interaction, highly trained experts who know their patients, and an abundance of the time, trust, and soft skills required to make us healthier long-term and see health care as the important part of our lives that it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Timothy J. Hoff, Ph.D., is professor of management, health care systems, and health policy at the D’Amore-McKim School of Business and the School of Public Affairs and Policy at Northeastern University in Boston; a visiting associate fellow at Green-Templeton College and visiting scholar at Said Business School, both at the University of Oxford; and the author of \u003ca href=\"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/next-in-line-9780190626341?cc=us&lang=en&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Next in Line: Lowered Care Expectations in the Age of Retail- and Value-Based Health”\u003c/a> (Oxford University Press, September 2017).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/04/retail-health-care-patients/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Retail thinking is spreading quickly in health care. It promises greater convenience and speed for delivering basic health care services — but it isn’t what patients really want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retail thinking views patients as consumers: faceless targets for buying services and products that aren’t always health-related. It’s the thinking behind technology-assisted health care services, like ZocDoc, Amwell, and One Medical, which quickly triage symptoms or serve up medical advice. It’s the thinking that makes it possible for me to walk in, no appointment needed, to my local CVS or Target to have a cough or sore throat examined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, it gives web-based apps \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-apps-privacy/health-apps-often-lack-privacy-policies-and-share-our-data-idUSKCN0WA2KE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opportunities to sell\u003c/a> some of your information to advertisers, who want to sell you other things. It gives brick-and-mortar organizations cross-selling opportunities for everything from allergy medications to Halloween candy as I walk down the store aisle to get my flu shot from the pharmacist or have the nurse practitioner apply guideline-driven diagnosis and treatment. The providers I see during these interactions know nothing about me, offer little tailored advice, and the services they provide will be both limited and standardized in how they are delivered.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">What patients want most in health care is something human and intimate, maintained through regular one-on-one interactions with experts they knew and trusted who were compassionate, empathetic, friendly, and respectful.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Being viewed through the retail lens also means that I am asked to consume other offerings pitched to me by whoever provides me with health care, be it my insurance company or my employer. They try to get me interested in legal and babysitting services, gym memberships, pedometers, mail-order pharmacies, round-the-clock nurse help lines, life insurance, and more. They do this to help them earn more of my loyalty, generate more revenue for themselves, or reduce their costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hospitals and medical offices I visit seek to keep me within their system of care delivery, make me a long-term customer, and refer me only to their providers and services, both of which they control. By using retail tactics like offering one-stop shopping — where I can get primary, specialty, and other types of care all without leaving the same building — and marketing their brand to me with simplified rating systems that show their high quality, they want me to trust that they have my interests at heart and can deliver any type of health care transaction I require.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retail thinking has its place in health care today because there are some services and products that people need quickly and which do not require a personal touch or someone who understands them as unique individuals. Such services might be low-level acute care (think strep throat), flu shots and immunizations, and some forms of simple chronic disease management, such as blood sugar checks or foot and eye exams for people with diabetes, especially if they are guideline driven. There’s no question that retail thinking can also create purchasing opportunities for things patients find useful, if not always essential, and perhaps do so in ways that are cost-effective or convenient for us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But retail health care is impersonal, lacks relational warmth, and isn’t what patients really want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed 80 patients and doctors for a \u003ca href=\"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/next-in-line-9780190626341?cc=us&lang=en&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new book\u003c/a> on the doctor-patient relationship in the era of efficiency-driven innovation, corporate care, and retail medicine. What I heard from patients is that the impersonal nature of retail thinking is frustrating them and lowering their expectations about the levels of emotional support and customized help they can get from any doctor, or from others in the health care system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No patient with whom I spoke wanted transactional care at the expense of relational care. No one prioritized \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/04/fitbit-wont-improve-health/\">Fitbits\u003c/a>, web-based assessments of symptoms, or seeing a stranger about a sore throat in a big-box store over a long-term personal connection with a doctor. What these individuals wanted most in health care was something human and more intimate, maintained through regular one-on-one interactions with experts they knew and trusted who were compassionate, empathetic, friendly, and respectful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physicians with whom I spoke wanted the same things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of sustained personal experience between two people who know something about each other, and who are motivated to really talk and listen as care partners, is something retail thinking does not do well. It is not concerned with the emotional aspects of care, building interpersonal trust between doctor and patient, or getting to know people as individuals with their own relevant life stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet existing research demonstrates that these are the very features that are good for patients. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpm.org/Downloads/Bellagio/Articles/Continuity/Cabana_MD_-_2004_-_Does_continuity_of_care_improve_patient_outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care continuity\u003c/a> through a stable doctor-patient relationship improves health care quality and patient satisfaction. \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0009.00223/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doctor-patient trust\u003c/a>, established through extended interpersonal contact, helps patients become more engaged in their care; creates a positive patient experience; and increases perceived effectiveness of care. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738399108006319\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Extended dialogue\u003c/a> between patient and doctor positively affects health outcomes ranging from high blood pressure to mental health problems. \u003ca href=\"http://bjgp.org/content/63/606/e76.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Physician empathy\u003c/a> is linked to more accurate diagnoses, better health outcomes, and an enhanced patient experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>If you don’t believe the literature, just ask the patients I interviewed. Teddy, a healthy man in his 30s, believed that without feeling trust towards a specific doctor — which for him was forged over time through regular face time and conversations with that doctor — little could be uncovered of the more intimate, life story information that he felt was most important for keeping him healthy. He said he had never been completely honest with clinicians he didn’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hallie, a 50-year-old woman with several chronic diseases, talked confidently about better understanding how to manage her many conditions, and how they affected her everyday life — the result of having a doctor who knew something about her personally, who spent time not reading off a care guideline but instead asking her real-time questions about how she felt, and then showing genuine compassion with her daily struggles. Hallie felt better able to self-manage her care, which kept her from using the system unnecessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cliff, a stressed-out dad in his 50s, talked excitedly about finally having the same physician he could see on a consistent basis; a doctor who in their first visit had spent time just listening to him, nothing more; then taking that information and asking him questions about his own life; and finally tailoring therapeutic advice based on the entire dialogue. Janell, a career-minded mom in her 40s, recalled with joy the memory of a past primary care physician who remembered conversations they had during previous visits and who used that knowledge to give Janell tailored guidance about how to manage her life stressors more effectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can an industry that wants to use retail tactics also deliver on the relational excellence that patients and research say is important? It’s not easy, given retail thinking’s focus on speed and efficiency. Here are four ways that might meld these two approaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, put more thought into where \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to use retail thinking in health care. It may make sense for care delivery that is routine, care that can be standardized in a straightforward way, and in situations where the patient wants convenience above all else. But that actually amounts to a limited menu of services, and even routine care can often reveal deeper problems in patients, requiring the kinds of relational features I’ve described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, better measure and monetize the components of relational excellence, making it matter to health care organizations and third-party payers. That means carefully assessing dynamics like interpersonal trust between doctor and patient; analyzing those data to see how they positively affect health outcomes; and then giving this metric the same relative importance in high-quality care delivery compared to other things like prescribing a particular drug for a particular condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, look for innovative ways to \u003cem>strengthen\u003c/em> the doctor-patient relationship, not undermine it. For example, the industry should experiment with using technology as a tool to give doctors more face time and direct contact with their patients. Right now, both doctors and patients perceive technology, primarily the electronic health record, as interfering with their relationship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth, and most important, the patient voice must be heard. This could include adopting greater transparency with respect to assessing patient satisfaction with retail tactics, say through \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1030\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yelp-type accountability mechanisms\u003c/a>, and conducting market research that goes beyond simple binary questions of “would you use this” or “would you like greater convenience in accessing your care” and instead delves deeper into discovering what patients really value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In thinking about my discussions with patients, there is one other important thing they want. They want to decide when their health care should work like the drive-through at McDonald’s or buying with one click at Amazon and when it should be more personal than that, involving extended human-to-human interaction, highly trained experts who know their patients, and an abundance of the time, trust, and soft skills required to make us healthier long-term and see health care as the important part of our lives that it really is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Timothy J. Hoff, Ph.D., is professor of management, health care systems, and health policy at the D’Amore-McKim School of Business and the School of Public Affairs and Policy at Northeastern University in Boston; a visiting associate fellow at Green-Templeton College and visiting scholar at Said Business School, both at the University of Oxford; and the author of \u003ca href=\"https://global.oup.com/academic/product/next-in-line-9780190626341?cc=us&lang=en&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Next in Line: Lowered Care Expectations in the Age of Retail- and Value-Based Health”\u003c/a> (Oxford University Press, September 2017).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/04/retail-health-care-patients/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Before You Try the Ketogenic Diet, Read This",
"title": "Before You Try the Ketogenic Diet, Read This",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louison Labeaume believes a ketogenic diet has done him a lot of good. Not only has he lost 25 pounds on the popular low carb/high fat regimen, he even wonders if it helped push his prostate cancer into remission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/05/468285545/fighting-cancer-by-putting-tumor-cells-on-a-diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been conducted into the diet’s ability to starve cancer cells, there has been little evidence to date that this could be the case.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The upshot: The ketogenic diet can be effective for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not had success using other strategies. But as a long-term lifestyle, there are health risks involved in adopting a high-fat food regime.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m not going to say that the diet did it. I don’t know what did it,” says Labeaume, a database administrator for Alameda County. “But it was very stunning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume is not alone in his avid fandom of the ketogenic diet, which is designed to coax the body into burning fat instead of glucose. The diet is everywhere these days, endorsed by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/ketogenic-dieting-101-how-to-use-fat-as-fuel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bodybuilders\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-keto-diet-ketosis-2017-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">biohackers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and patients suffering from an assortment of ailments, including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/02/08/WNL.0000000000003690.short?rss=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">epilepsy\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(12)00073-1/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diabetes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=ketogenic+diet&oq=ketogenic+diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search on the term\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> returns well over 1 million results. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ketogenic diets run counter to the traditional dietary recommendation of limited fat intake. Can they really help you lose weight? And are they safe?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I asked four experts to weigh in: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dr. Larry Cheskin, director of the Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center in its school of public health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Amy Reisenberg, a registered dietitian in the Stanford Health Care network\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Norae Ferrara, a registered dietitian at the San Francisco Nutrition Clinic, which provides personalized nutrition therapy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Dr. Marcelo Campos, a lecturer at Harvard Medical School and clinical assistant professor at Tufts University. Campos is also \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a doctor of internal medicine who has seen dozens of patients on the diet and has written about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Exactly Is the Ketogenic Diet?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the body is starved of carbohydrates, stored fat is broken down into fatty acids and metabolized into molecules called ketone bodies, which are then used by the body for fuel. This process is called ketosis. Weight loss occurs from the depletion of fat stores.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A dietitian who works with cardiology patients says many come to her precisely because of dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A diet that induces ketosis calls for approximately 60 to 70 percent of daily calories from fat, and the remaining 30 to 40 percent from carbohydrates and protein -- different diets call for different ratios. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A standard daily serving of carbohydrates on the diet ranges from 20 to 30 grams, which equates roughly to one banana or two slices of bread.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For comparison, the World Health Organization's \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dietary recommendations\u003c/a> allow for as much as 50 grams of different types of sugar \u003cem>alone, \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and state that fat make up no more than 30 percent of a person’s daily calories. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ferrara, the San Francisco dietitian,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">emphasizes that the ketogenic diet is not high-protein, like the famous Atkins diet; she says protein is also processed in the body as glucose, and too much of it can kick the body out of ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Cheskin, of Johns Hopkins, while concerned over the high fat content of many ketogenic diets, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">says low carbohydrate intake is the only important consideration for inducing ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume, the guy who has lost 25 pounds on the diet, says, “I started by eating tons of bacon like everybody, but eventually you take a step back from that.” Now he eats mostly green vegetables and gets his fats from butter, coconut oil, cheese and nuts, plus a little bit of meat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who Will Benefit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dietitians and doctors I talked to all think the diet can be beneficial and effective for those patients who have a lot of weight to lose or suffer from Type 2 diabetes and need to control their blood sugar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437478\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-768x960.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-520x650.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg 1176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Keto dieter Louison Labeaume is loving it -- he says he's lost 25 pounds. \u003ccite>(Dana Smith/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it's a good diet to jumpstart weight loss, more than some of the other popular diets I've seen,” Reisenberg, the dietitian for the Stanford Health Care network, says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies in mice suggest that ketosis can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30490-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304904%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">increase lifespan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30489-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304898%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">enhance cognition \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">prevent tumor growth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and followers of the diet anecdotally report mental clarity, alertness and sustained energy,\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(14)00044-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-term research\u003c/a> on the diet in humans is scarce, and \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reisenberg and Cheskin think it's primarily the lost weight and not ketosis itself that drives any health improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is always true that when you go on a strict diet, your health numbers almost immediately start looking better, and it doesn't matter if it's a ketogenic diet or just cutting calories,” he says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Are the risks?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the most part, the experts said the diet is safe for healthy people. However, all four talked about a risk of vitamin and mineral\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">deficiencies. Constipation is also a common side effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary advantage of a ketogenic diet is that it basically enables you to comply with a low-calorie diet better,” says Cheskin. “The benefit is primarily from the perspective of what it feels like to be on a diet, that you are generally less hungry for a different calorie level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, a diet with a lot of bacon, cheese, cream and butter can -- surprise, surprise -- take a toll on your cholesterol. Followers of the diet often initially see a spike in LDL; that’s the “bad” kind of cholesterol,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">linked to cardiovascular disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better.'\u003ccite>Dr. Larry Cheskin, Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Campos, the internist, says he’s seen some patients’ cholesterol initially go up, then drop to pre-diet levels after 6 months, potentially \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">due to lower insulin levels, he speculates\u003c/span>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Reisenberg, who specializes in working with cardiology patients, says that many of the people she sees come to her precisely because they are experiencing dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cheskin agrees. “The long-term health consequences of a high fat\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially a high saturated fat—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diet is still generally believed to be not good for you … which is why I encourage people to make it moderate-to-low fat as well as low-carbohydrate.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos and Ferrara say the bigger risk may come from frequently starting and stopping the diet. “People who go into those yo‐yo diets, they tend to have increased \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cardiovascular risk\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” Campos says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_35/_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> people who went in\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ketosis \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">for just one day \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">had\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a higher blood sugar\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> level than when they began the diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s other \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/health/yoyo-dieting-harms-hearts/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139007/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">indicates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> flitting up and down the weight scale can be \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bad\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for your health. Cheskin, however, thinks it's even worse to simply remain overweight. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“To stay at a steady heavy weight is more dangerous,” he said, than frequently dropping and adding back pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So Would They Recommend it?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three out of four of our experts say the ketogenic diet is so restrictive, they would not recommend it for healthy patients who just want to lose a little weight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m hoping it’s another fad diet,” says Reisenberg. Instead, she advises her patients to follow the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/mediterranean-diet/art-20047801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mediterranean diet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “There is so much research out there showing that following a mostly plant-based diet that's got a reasonable amount of carbohydrates [and] a little bit of lean protein, whether it's animal-based or plant-based, and then lots … of nonstarchy vegetables reduces all risk factors for all causes of mortality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos agrees but recommends the ketogenic diet for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not been able to meet their goals using other strategies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Cheskin endorsed the ketogenic diet as relatively effective for the average person who wants to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There's a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He added, however, that, \"Long-term, no diet works very well. It's more are you going to make long-term changes that you're going to be able to stick with for the rest of your life.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, research continues into the fats versus carbs debate: A recent large-scale \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32252-3/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that tracked 135,000 people in 18 countries over 7 years found that a diet high in carbohydrates was associated with increased risk of mortality, while a high-fat diet was linked to a lower risk. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global dietary guidelines should be reconsidered in light of these findings,” the authors said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, as you probably know by now, every expert will tell you reducing food intake is just one- half of the weight-loss equation. The other half? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quit reading about diets on the internet and get yourself some exercise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Louison Labeaume believes a ketogenic diet has done him a lot of good. Not only has he lost 25 pounds on the popular low carb/high fat regimen, he even wonders if it helped push his prostate cancer into remission. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While some \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/05/468285545/fighting-cancer-by-putting-tumor-cells-on-a-diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has been conducted into the diet’s ability to starve cancer cells, there has been little evidence to date that this could be the case.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The upshot: The ketogenic diet can be effective for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not had success using other strategies. But as a long-term lifestyle, there are health risks involved in adopting a high-fat food regime.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’m not going to say that the diet did it. I don’t know what did it,” says Labeaume, a database administrator for Alameda County. “But it was very stunning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume is not alone in his avid fandom of the ketogenic diet, which is designed to coax the body into burning fat instead of glucose. The diet is everywhere these days, endorsed by \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/ketogenic-dieting-101-how-to-use-fat-as-fuel.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bodybuilders\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-keto-diet-ketosis-2017-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">biohackers\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and patients suffering from an assortment of ailments, including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/02/08/WNL.0000000000003690.short?rss=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">epilepsy\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(12)00073-1/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diabetes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=ketogenic+diet&oq=ketogenic+diet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search on the term\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> returns well over 1 million results. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ketogenic diets run counter to the traditional dietary recommendation of limited fat intake. Can they really help you lose weight? And are they safe?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I asked four experts to weigh in: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Dr. Larry Cheskin, director of the Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center in its school of public health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Amy Reisenberg, a registered dietitian in the Stanford Health Care network\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Norae Ferrara, a registered dietitian at the San Francisco Nutrition Clinic, which provides personalized nutrition therapy\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Dr. Marcelo Campos, a lecturer at Harvard Medical School and clinical assistant professor at Tufts University. Campos is also \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a doctor of internal medicine who has seen dozens of patients on the diet and has written about it.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Exactly Is the Ketogenic Diet?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the body is starved of carbohydrates, stored fat is broken down into fatty acids and metabolized into molecules called ketone bodies, which are then used by the body for fuel. This process is called ketosis. Weight loss occurs from the depletion of fat stores.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A dietitian who works with cardiology patients says many come to her precisely because of dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>A diet that induces ketosis calls for approximately 60 to 70 percent of daily calories from fat, and the remaining 30 to 40 percent from carbohydrates and protein -- different diets call for different ratios. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A standard daily serving of carbohydrates on the diet ranges from 20 to 30 grams, which equates roughly to one banana or two slices of bread.\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For comparison, the World Health Organization's \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dietary recommendations\u003c/a> allow for as much as 50 grams of different types of sugar \u003cem>alone, \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and state that fat make up no more than 30 percent of a person’s daily calories. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ferrara, the San Francisco dietitian,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">emphasizes that the ketogenic diet is not high-protein, like the famous Atkins diet; she says protein is also processed in the body as glucose, and too much of it can kick the body out of ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Cheskin, of Johns Hopkins, while concerned over the high fat content of many ketogenic diets, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">says low carbohydrate intake is the only important consideration for inducing ketosis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Labeaume, the guy who has lost 25 pounds on the diet, says, “I started by eating tons of bacon like everybody, but eventually you take a step back from that.” Now he eats mostly green vegetables and gets his fats from butter, coconut oil, cheese and nuts, plus a little bit of meat.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Who Will Benefit?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The dietitians and doctors I talked to all think the diet can be beneficial and effective for those patients who have a lot of weight to lose or suffer from Type 2 diabetes and need to control their blood sugar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_437478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-437478\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-1020x1275.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-800x1000.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-768x960.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-960x1200.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-240x300.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-375x469.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2-520x650.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/12/ketodieter2.jpg 1176w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Keto dieter Louison Labeaume is loving it -- he says he's lost 25 pounds. \u003ccite>(Dana Smith/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it's a good diet to jumpstart weight loss, more than some of the other popular diets I've seen,” Reisenberg, the dietitian for the Stanford Health Care network, says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies in mice suggest that ketosis can \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30490-4?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304904%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">increase lifespan\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(17)30489-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1550413117304898%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">enhance cognition \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">prevent tumor growth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and followers of the diet anecdotally report mental clarity, alertness and sustained energy,\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(14)00044-6/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">long-term research\u003c/a> on the diet in humans is scarce, and \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reisenberg and Cheskin think it's primarily the lost weight and not ketosis itself that drives any health improvements.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It is always true that when you go on a strict diet, your health numbers almost immediately start looking better, and it doesn't matter if it's a ketogenic diet or just cutting calories,” he says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Are the risks?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the most part, the experts said the diet is safe for healthy people. However, all four talked about a risk of vitamin and mineral\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">deficiencies. Constipation is also a common side effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary advantage of a ketogenic diet is that it basically enables you to comply with a low-calorie diet better,” says Cheskin. “The benefit is primarily from the perspective of what it feels like to be on a diet, that you are generally less hungry for a different calorie level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, a diet with a lot of bacon, cheese, cream and butter can -- surprise, surprise -- take a toll on your cholesterol. Followers of the diet often initially see a spike in LDL; that’s the “bad” kind of cholesterol,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">linked to cardiovascular disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There’s a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better.'\u003ccite>Dr. Larry Cheskin, Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Campos, the internist, says he’s seen some patients’ cholesterol initially go up, then drop to pre-diet levels after 6 months, potentially \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">due to lower insulin levels, he speculates\u003c/span>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Reisenberg, who specializes in working with cardiology patients, says that many of the people she sees come to her precisely because they are experiencing dangerously high cholesterol levels after years on a ketogenic diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cheskin agrees. “The long-term health consequences of a high fat\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">especially a high saturated fat—\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">diet is still generally believed to be not good for you … which is why I encourage people to make it moderate-to-low fat as well as low-carbohydrate.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos and Ferrara say the bigger risk may come from frequently starting and stopping the diet. “People who go into those yo‐yo diets, they tend to have increased \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cardiovascular risk\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” Campos says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tjem/243/1/243_35/_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> found that\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> people who went in\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">to \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ketosis \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">for just one day \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">had\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> a higher blood sugar\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> level than when they began the diet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s other \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/health/yoyo-dieting-harms-hearts/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139007/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">indicates\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> flitting up and down the weight scale can be \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/01/526048767/-yo-yo-dieting-poses-serious-risks-for-heart-patients\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">bad\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> for your health. Cheskin, however, thinks it's even worse to simply remain overweight. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“To stay at a steady heavy weight is more dangerous,” he said, than frequently dropping and adding back pounds.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So Would They Recommend it?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Three out of four of our experts say the ketogenic diet is so restrictive, they would not recommend it for healthy patients who just want to lose a little weight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I’m hoping it’s another fad diet,” says Reisenberg. Instead, she advises her patients to follow the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/mediterranean-diet/art-20047801\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mediterranean diet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “There is so much research out there showing that following a mostly plant-based diet that's got a reasonable amount of carbohydrates [and] a little bit of lean protein, whether it's animal-based or plant-based, and then lots … of nonstarchy vegetables reduces all risk factors for all causes of mortality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Campos agrees but recommends the ketogenic diet for short periods of time for patients who need to make a drastic change and have not been able to meet their goals using other strategies.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only Cheskin endorsed the ketogenic diet as relatively effective for the average person who wants to lose weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“There's a steady accumulation of evidence that, at least for compliance and initial weight loss, the low-carbohydrate dieting approach is better,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He added, however, that, \"Long-term, no diet works very well. It's more are you going to make long-term changes that you're going to be able to stick with for the rest of your life.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, research continues into the fats versus carbs debate: A recent large-scale \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32252-3/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that tracked 135,000 people in 18 countries over 7 years found that a diet high in carbohydrates was associated with increased risk of mortality, while a high-fat diet was linked to a lower risk. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global dietary guidelines should be reconsidered in light of these findings,” the authors said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, as you probably know by now, every expert will tell you reducing food intake is just one- half of the weight-loss equation. The other half? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quit reading about diets on the internet and get yourself some exercise.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tylenol May Help Ease The Pain Of Hurt Feelings",
"title": "Tylenol May Help Ease The Pain Of Hurt Feelings",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nobody likes the feeling of being left out, and when it happens, we tend to describe these experiences with the same words we use to talk about the physical pain of, say, a toothache.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People say, 'Oh, that hurts,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/njdewa2\">Nathan DeWall\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Pain pills seemed to dim activity in regions of the brain involved in processing social pain.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>DeWall and his colleagues were curious about the crossover between physical pain and emotional pain, so they began a series of experiments several years back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, they found that acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol) seemed to reduce the sting of rejection that people experienced after they were excluded from a virtual ball-tossing game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pain pills seemed to dim activity in regions of the brain involved in processing social pain, according to brain imaging. \"People knew they were getting left out [of the game], it just didn't bother them as much,\" DeWall explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, participants were given either acetaminophen or a placebo for three weeks. None of the participants knew which one they were given. Each evening, participants completed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.midss.org/content/hurt-feelings-scale\">Hurt Feelings Scale\u003c/a>, designed as a standardized measure of emotional pain. They were asked to rank themselves on statements such as: \"Today, being teased hurt my feelings.\" It turned out that the pain medicine reduced reports of social pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"I1v1EslvGhTVuAuQUjZcfhFYZvYaKLVz\"]The emotional dampening documented in these experiments is not huge, but it appears significant enough to nudge people into a less-sensitive emotional state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that study was \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20548058\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em> back in 2010, a body of evidence has accumulated that points to a range of subtle psychological effects attributed to acetaminophen. For instance, a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862546?dopt=Abstract\">published\u003c/a> in 2015 found that the pain medicine seems to diminish our emotional highs and lows. Another study pointed to a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/scan/article/11/9/1345/2224135\">reduction in empathy \u003c/a>among people taking acetaminophen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2167702617731374\">study \u003c/a>published in October suggests the drug may dampen the tendency to distrust in people with borderline personality disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Through reducing our attention to the outside world, acetaminophen appears to nudge us into a more psychologically insulated state,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psych.ubc.ca/persons/todd-handy/\">Todd Handy\u003c/a>, a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Handy also studies mind-wandering. In one recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884318/\">experiment\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience\u003c/em>, he and his collaborators found that acetaminophen seemed to make people care less about the mistakes they made when they zoned out. During the experiment, participants were asked to sit in front of a computer screen and complete a repetitive task. \"Once every couple seconds, something flashes on the screen and you have to hit a button,\" Handy explains. \"We try to bore people so they will actually mind wander.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Handy found that people taking the painkiller mind-wandered at about the same rate as people on the placebo, but their reactions were different. \"When people on Tylenol mind-wander, they're shutting stuff out more effectively than people who aren't on Tylenol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, whether these subtle effects are good or bad depends on the context. \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/way/\">Baldwin Way\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Ohio State University who has also published on the effects of acetaminophen, says that in some instances, the emotional dampening could work against us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're speaking to your romantic partner and their emotions are blunted,\" Way says, \"and they react blunted and less emotional, that can probably have a negative effect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, say you're anxious about an upcoming medical procedure, social situation or a job interview, \"maybe having blunted emotions can help you perform more effectively,\" Way says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no one is recommending that people start popping the over-the-counter medication regularly to protect against social pain. Though it's among the most common drugs in Americans' medicine cabinets, it can be \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a681004.html\">risky\u003c/a>. Taking acetaminophen can cause gastrointestinal problems and taking large doses increases the risk of liver failure. People often don't realize that acetaminophen is an ingredient in many different products, so they can inadvertently take too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tylenol+May+Help+Ease+The+Pain+Of+Hurt+Feelings&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Acetaminophen, the world's most popular painkiller, doesn't just dull physical aches, it also has subtle psychological effects, researchers say. But blunting emotions isn't always a good thing.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nobody likes the feeling of being left out, and when it happens, we tend to describe these experiences with the same words we use to talk about the physical pain of, say, a toothache.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People say, 'Oh, that hurts,' \" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/njdewa2\">Nathan DeWall\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Pain pills seemed to dim activity in regions of the brain involved in processing social pain.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>DeWall and his colleagues were curious about the crossover between physical pain and emotional pain, so they began a series of experiments several years back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one study, they found that acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol) seemed to reduce the sting of rejection that people experienced after they were excluded from a virtual ball-tossing game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pain pills seemed to dim activity in regions of the brain involved in processing social pain, according to brain imaging. \"People knew they were getting left out [of the game], it just didn't bother them as much,\" DeWall explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, participants were given either acetaminophen or a placebo for three weeks. None of the participants knew which one they were given. Each evening, participants completed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.midss.org/content/hurt-feelings-scale\">Hurt Feelings Scale\u003c/a>, designed as a standardized measure of emotional pain. They were asked to rank themselves on statements such as: \"Today, being teased hurt my feelings.\" It turned out that the pain medicine reduced reports of social pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The emotional dampening documented in these experiments is not huge, but it appears significant enough to nudge people into a less-sensitive emotional state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that study was \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20548058\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Psychological Science\u003c/em> back in 2010, a body of evidence has accumulated that points to a range of subtle psychological effects attributed to acetaminophen. For instance, a study \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25862546?dopt=Abstract\">published\u003c/a> in 2015 found that the pain medicine seems to diminish our emotional highs and lows. Another study pointed to a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/scan/article/11/9/1345/2224135\">reduction in empathy \u003c/a>among people taking acetaminophen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2167702617731374\">study \u003c/a>published in October suggests the drug may dampen the tendency to distrust in people with borderline personality disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Through reducing our attention to the outside world, acetaminophen appears to nudge us into a more psychologically insulated state,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psych.ubc.ca/persons/todd-handy/\">Todd Handy\u003c/a>, a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Handy also studies mind-wandering. In one recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884318/\">experiment\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience\u003c/em>, he and his collaborators found that acetaminophen seemed to make people care less about the mistakes they made when they zoned out. During the experiment, participants were asked to sit in front of a computer screen and complete a repetitive task. \"Once every couple seconds, something flashes on the screen and you have to hit a button,\" Handy explains. \"We try to bore people so they will actually mind wander.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Handy found that people taking the painkiller mind-wandered at about the same rate as people on the placebo, but their reactions were different. \"When people on Tylenol mind-wander, they're shutting stuff out more effectively than people who aren't on Tylenol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, whether these subtle effects are good or bad depends on the context. \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/way/\">Baldwin Way\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Ohio State University who has also published on the effects of acetaminophen, says that in some instances, the emotional dampening could work against us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're speaking to your romantic partner and their emotions are blunted,\" Way says, \"and they react blunted and less emotional, that can probably have a negative effect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, say you're anxious about an upcoming medical procedure, social situation or a job interview, \"maybe having blunted emotions can help you perform more effectively,\" Way says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no one is recommending that people start popping the over-the-counter medication regularly to protect against social pain. Though it's among the most common drugs in Americans' medicine cabinets, it can be \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a681004.html\">risky\u003c/a>. Taking acetaminophen can cause gastrointestinal problems and taking large doses increases the risk of liver failure. People often don't realize that acetaminophen is an ingredient in many different products, so they can inadvertently take too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tylenol+May+Help+Ease+The+Pain+Of+Hurt+Feelings&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Francisco Company Breaks a Few Eggs in Making Sustainable Food",
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"content": "\u003cp>Leave it to a San Francisco restaurant to serve up egg dishes with eggs that aren't, well, eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Hampton Creek tries to recover from a spate of bad news with its new artificial egg product.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the cozy Flore cafe in the Castro district, the thick, yellow liquid chef Ben Roche pours into a sizzling pan looks just like eggs. But nope -- it’s actually a mixture of mung beans, canola oil and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a little bit of spinach, some mushrooms, and we are going to finish it with some goat cheese,\" Roche says, divulging his not-so-secret recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluffy yellow curds form rapidly. I'm more than game. Roche scoops a savory-looking scramble onto my plate. A couple of bites later:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can honestly say I would not know the difference,\" I proclaim. \"It tastes like scrambled eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flore's $14 concoction makes the eatery the first in the Bay Area to put the imitation eggs, which are called Just Scramble, on the menu. The egg substitute is made by San Francisco food company Hampton Creek, which has been itself scrambling, trying to recover from a series of missteps and adverse events. In September the company\u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/14/hampton-creek-rises-again-with-new-directors-and-patents-for-a-new-direction/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> replenished\u003c/a> its board of directors, several months after a mass exodus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s CEO, Josh Tetrick, says it tried a multitude of plants before getting Just Scramble right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kidney beans, black beans, and navy beans, sorghum and yellow peas,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hampton Creek's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eatjust.com/en-us/stories/mission\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mission statement\u003c/a> says the company is trying to change a \"mindset\" that \"does not believe it’s possible to have healthier, sustainable food that is also affordable and delicious.\" To that end, the company also offers Just Mayo, Just Cookies and Just Dressing. Hampton Creek \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/r0lsd4hw4xzltg8/HC_Sustainability_Indicator_Methods_FINAL_11-2017.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says\u003c/a> making mung beans into artificial eggs requires a lot less water and has a lighter carbon footprint than producing the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breaking a Few Eggs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make an omelette, you have to break a few eggs, and the company has certainly done that in recent years. In 2016, Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-04/food-startup-ran-undercover-project-to-buy-up-its-own-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that Hampton Creek bought back hundreds of jars of Just Mayo from supermarkets across the U.S. The purpose of the program was to \"make sales look better to potential investors,\" according to former employees who spoke with Bloomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, \"contractors were told to call store managers pretending they were customers and ask about Just Mayo,\" Bloomberg said. The company claimed this was a quality control effort, though e-mails, receipts and expense reports reviewed by the news organization seemed to suggest otherwise. Hampton Creek spokesperson Andrew Noyes says federal inquiries and an audit by a \"Big Four accounting firm\" found no evidence of wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in June this year, four of the company's board members topped off a year of infighting by\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-17/hampton-creek-s-entire-board-is-said-to-leave-except-for-ceo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> quitting\u003c/a>, leaving co-founder Tetrick as the sole survivor. Also that month, Target removed Hampton Creek products from its shelves after receiving unconfirmed allegations they were unsafe. The FDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2017/08/fda-ends-hampton-creek-query-gives-gras-status-to-protein/#.WiXS4ITysxF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleared the company\u003c/a> of any concerns, but Target stuck with its decision nonetheless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, however, is forging ahead, with plant-based meat, butter and ice cream all in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with Hampton Creek's response to Bloomberg's reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To engineer an egg substitute, the food tech firm Hampton Creek removed starch from mung beans. The company is trying to recover after a run of bad news the last couple of years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leave it to a San Francisco restaurant to serve up egg dishes with eggs that aren't, well, eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Hampton Creek tries to recover from a spate of bad news with its new artificial egg product.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>At the cozy Flore cafe in the Castro district, the thick, yellow liquid chef Ben Roche pours into a sizzling pan looks just like eggs. But nope -- it’s actually a mixture of mung beans, canola oil and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a little bit of spinach, some mushrooms, and we are going to finish it with some goat cheese,\" Roche says, divulging his not-so-secret recipe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fluffy yellow curds form rapidly. I'm more than game. Roche scoops a savory-looking scramble onto my plate. A couple of bites later:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can honestly say I would not know the difference,\" I proclaim. \"It tastes like scrambled eggs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flore's $14 concoction makes the eatery the first in the Bay Area to put the imitation eggs, which are called Just Scramble, on the menu. The egg substitute is made by San Francisco food company Hampton Creek, which has been itself scrambling, trying to recover from a series of missteps and adverse events. In September the company\u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/14/hampton-creek-rises-again-with-new-directors-and-patents-for-a-new-direction/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> replenished\u003c/a> its board of directors, several months after a mass exodus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s CEO, Josh Tetrick, says it tried a multitude of plants before getting Just Scramble right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kidney beans, black beans, and navy beans, sorghum and yellow peas,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hampton Creek's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eatjust.com/en-us/stories/mission\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mission statement\u003c/a> says the company is trying to change a \"mindset\" that \"does not believe it’s possible to have healthier, sustainable food that is also affordable and delicious.\" To that end, the company also offers Just Mayo, Just Cookies and Just Dressing. Hampton Creek \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/r0lsd4hw4xzltg8/HC_Sustainability_Indicator_Methods_FINAL_11-2017.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says\u003c/a> making mung beans into artificial eggs requires a lot less water and has a lighter carbon footprint than producing the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Breaking a Few Eggs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make an omelette, you have to break a few eggs, and the company has certainly done that in recent years. In 2016, Bloomberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-04/food-startup-ran-undercover-project-to-buy-up-its-own-products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that Hampton Creek bought back hundreds of jars of Just Mayo from supermarkets across the U.S. The purpose of the program was to \"make sales look better to potential investors,\" according to former employees who spoke with Bloomberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, \"contractors were told to call store managers pretending they were customers and ask about Just Mayo,\" Bloomberg said. The company claimed this was a quality control effort, though e-mails, receipts and expense reports reviewed by the news organization seemed to suggest otherwise. Hampton Creek spokesperson Andrew Noyes says federal inquiries and an audit by a \"Big Four accounting firm\" found no evidence of wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in June this year, four of the company's board members topped off a year of infighting by\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-17/hampton-creek-s-entire-board-is-said-to-leave-except-for-ceo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> quitting\u003c/a>, leaving co-founder Tetrick as the sole survivor. Also that month, Target removed Hampton Creek products from its shelves after receiving unconfirmed allegations they were unsafe. The FDA \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2017/08/fda-ends-hampton-creek-query-gives-gras-status-to-protein/#.WiXS4ITysxF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleared the company\u003c/a> of any concerns, but Target stuck with its decision nonetheless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, however, is forging ahead, with plant-based meat, butter and ice cream all in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with Hampton Creek's response to Bloomberg's reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Investors Sense Big Money in Getting Young Women to Worry About Future Fertility",
"title": "Investors Sense Big Money in Getting Young Women to Worry About Future Fertility",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Investors searching for a new way to make big money in medicine have hit upon an age-old problem: infertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money isn’t just in treating older women who have spent years trying to conceive. It’s in persuading younger women, still in their 20s, to start worrying about their future fertility now — and to pay for pricey tests and services, such as egg freezing, as a hedge against problems down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some doctors worry that the new ethos of treating fertility medicine as a cash cow may lead to clinics pushing patients toward unnecessary tests and services.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sensing a lucrative market, private equity firms are pouring money into building national chains of fertility clinics. Some are spending on splashy advertising and a deliberate strategy of reaching out to young women who are not yet trying to conceive. Venture capitalists are getting into the business, too; this year alone, PitchBook has tallied more than $178 million flowing into startups developing fertility products, such as a test that promises a credit-score-style rating of a woman’s fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new investors say they leave decisions about clinical practice to physicians. But they’re nonetheless transforming an industry that has long been \u003ca href=\"http://www.capstonellc.com/sites/default/files/Capstone%20Fertility%20Clinics%20Report%20Q1%202017.pdf#page=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dominated\u003c/a> by standalone clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Sr5RzB3poUkuwtUVBjpNDN1jeSfdjBKn\"]Fertility experts see real benefits for patients: Clinics united into national chains have been sharing best practices, introducing newer technologies, and offering more flexible payment plans for customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some doctors see potential drawbacks, too. They worry that the new ethos of treating fertility medicine as a cash cow may lead to clinics pushing patients toward unnecessary tests and services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are concerned about the ethics of aggressively promoting fertility care such as egg freezing — which can cost \u003ca href=\"https://www.fertilityiq.com/egg-freezing/the-costs-of-egg-freezing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">between $14,000 and $18,000\u003c/a> per cycle in some cities — to healthy young women who may never need it. The procedure carries some risks to the woman and is no guarantee of a future pregnancy; IVF using frozen eggs has just a middling success rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a fine line that must be walked to steer clear of “preying on someone’s emotions,” said Dr. Ravi Gada, who co-owns Dallas Fort Worth Fertility Associates, which has turned away multiple overtures from private equity firms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has nearly 500 fertility clinics. Among the recent shifts in ownership and approach:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Lee Equity Partners, a New York private equity firm, last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lee-equity-partners-martin-varsavsky-reproductive-biology-associates-and-my-egg-bank-north-america-launch-prelude-to-revolutionize-the-way-people-start-a-family-300345476.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought into\u003c/a> a large Atlanta fertility clinic and a frozen egg bank to launch a \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/miguelhelft/2016/10/17/prelude-fertility-200-million-startup-stop-biological-clock/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$200 million network\u003c/a> called Prelude Fertility. This fall, Prelude bought a majority share of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/prelude-fertility-expands-network-with-pacific-fertility-center-in-san-francisco-300524534.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large San Francisco clinic\u003c/a> and then went even bigger by \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/prelude-fertility-partners-with-houston-fertility-institute-expanding-the-prelude-network-through-acquisition-of-vivere-health-300545071.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acquiring 22 new locations\u003c/a> stretching from Connecticut to Texas to Las Vegas. Prelude promotes itself both to patients “ready to build a family now” and those who “want to keep [their] options open for the future.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>TA Associates, a private equity firm with five offices around the globe, in 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ta.com/about/news/ta-associates-announces-investment-in-ccrm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought into\u003c/a> the Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, which had already begun to expand around the U.S. The investment has allowed to CCRM to “grow a bit faster,” by speeding hiring and infrastructure investments, according to Jon Pardew, CCRM’s CEO. New CCRM clinics opened in \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ccrm-network-to-open-innovative-fertility-treatment-center-in-boston-300462844.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boston\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ccrm-to-open-state-of-the-art-fertility-clinic-in-san-francisco-bay-area-300480200.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a> in June, with another new U.S. location under construction.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>MTS Health Investors, a New York private equity firm, in 2015 created the Ovation Fertility chain by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ovationfertility.com/pressreleases/fertility-center-las-vegas-unites-leading-ivf-labs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scooping up four clinics\u003c/a> spanning the Sun Belt from Southern California to Nashville. This fall, Ovation \u003ca href=\"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/10/prweb14848816.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought two more clinics\u003c/a> in Louisiana. The chain touts its scale as an advantage for patients seeking help, saying on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ovationfertility.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> that “many heads are better than one.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>New services crop up to monitor fertility\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, entrepreneurs are promoting an array of new products aimed at assessing fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A $950 genetic test launched this year, called Fertilome, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/02/infertility-genetic-test-fertilome/\" rel=\"noopener\">reports on the likelihood\u003c/a>that women have certain conditions linked to fertility problems, in an effort to help guide their next steps. The company behind it has marketed it with evening seminars aimed at working women, promising to outline “proactive steps you can take today to reach your future family building goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another startup called Modern Fertility has begun \u003ca href=\"https://modernfertility.com/product/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rolling out its test\u003c/a>, which measures various hormone levels including several correlated with how many eggs a women has in her ovaries. (Such “ovarian reserve” testing is an increasingly popular metric, though it has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/10/ovarian-reserve-tests-fertility/\" rel=\"noopener\">some limitations\u003c/a>.) The Modern Fertility test, which reports a number akin to a credit score meant to be monitored over time, is now available for $149 at Quest Diagnostics laboratories and will soon be available for use at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"neAHvJ8RwQvOLndVFzPCL5SWB5qFRvx7\"]Then there’s egg freezing, a procedure pioneered for women trying to preserve their fertility before undergoing cancer treatments. In the last few years, it’s been rebranded as option for women who intend to put off pregnancy, perhaps because they want to pursue their careers or haven’t yet found a partner during their prime reproductive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top Silicon Valley companies like Google, Apple, and Facebook now \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/egg-freezing-at-facebook-apple-google-hot-new-perk-2017-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer egg freezing as a benefit\u003c/a> to employees, while some clinics are hosting “\u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/sip-wine-and-chat-about-postponing-motherhood-at-an-egg-social/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">egg socials\u003c/a>” with wine and hors d’oeuvres to pitch women on its benefits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/09/200-million-start-up-prelude-wants-to-stop-your-biological-clock.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More than 6,200\u003c/a> women froze their eggs at fertility clinics in the U.S. in 2015, up from 475 in 2009, according to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors clearly see the opportunity: Extend Fertility, which says it’s \u003ca href=\"https://extendfertility.com/blog/extend-fertility-first-egg-freezing-practice-nyc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first practice\u003c/a> in the U.S. dedicated solely to freezing eggs, opened in Manhattan a year and a half ago. It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.northpeakcapital.com/private-equity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">backed by\u003c/a> the New York private equity firm North Peak Capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sensing a market ready to take off\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The business minds at Lee Equity were first drawn to the fertility field by data showing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/01/14/moms-still-getting-older/\" rel=\"noopener\">climbing age of first-time mothers\u003c/a> in the U.S. They were intrigued, too, by the legalization of same-sex marriage, which could expand the pool of couples eager to seek out services such as in vitro fertilization, which costs an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fertilityiq.com/ivf/the-cost-of-ivf-by-city\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">average of $12,000\u003c/a> for a cycle but can double in price with extra services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as they began investigating the field, they found the potential market was greater still.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably the biggest surprise to us as we started to work on our investment thesis in this industry was just how low awareness is of fertility services — not only IVF, but also egg freezing, as well as donor eggs,” said Collins Ward, a partner at Lee Equity who’s leading the investment in Prelude, the chain of fertility clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cform id=\"mc4wp-form-1\" method=\"post\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/form>\n\u003cp>So Ward and his team built Prelude in part to help its newly acquired clinics revamp their marketing strategy. (Dr. Mehmet Oz, who’s perhaps medicine’s most influential marketer as host of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/03/dr-oz-show-faith-healing/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Dr. Oz Show\u003c/a>,” sits on Prelude’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.preludefertility.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">board of directors\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the clinics joining the Prelude network, that’s meant ad campaigns at the local level, both on social media and online as well on traditional channels like radio and print. Prelude is also pushing a national ad campaign on social media and digital channels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prelude’s goal: to pitch the chain as an one-stop-shop for fertility care, starting long before a woman is ready to conceive. We’re “making [the ads] more modern and speak to younger patients and younger Americans who live in social and digital media,” Ward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that marketing, plus the aggressive expansion push, has “added significant costs,” Ward said — and the firm has been willing to invest in them, because of the promise of a sizable upside in years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You hear about private equity coming in, firing people, slashing jobs, cutting things down to the bone, and then trying to find an exit. That really hasn’t been the case in the IVF industry. The quality of care has remained very high … or gone up,” said Dr. David Sable, who previously spent years as an IVF doctor and now invests in biotech for a fund on Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When investors come calling, some doctors resist\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Fertility clinics are just the latest in a long list of medical practices that have caught the eye of private equity firms. They’ve already been buying up \u003ca href=\"http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150418/MAGAZINE/304189980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">primary care practices\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/practice-management/news/print/ocular-surgery-news/%7B8d1790ce-902b-4d3f-8678-4d281bd366eb%7D/private-equity-offers-new-option-for-ophthalmology-practice-consolidation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ophthalmology practices\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/health/dermatology-skin-cancer.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dermatology clinics\u003c/a>. In some cases, doctors nearing retirement jump at the chance to sell stakes in their clinics, with an eye toward bolstering their own financial security and tapping into the business expertise of the new investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other doctors have resisted the movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shady Grove Fertility, a fast-growing network of clinics in the mid-Atlantic region, has considered private equity investment “from time to time,” but hasn’t bitten yet, said CEO Mark Segal. Instead, it remains co-owned by 28 of its physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: concern that outside investors could push the clinic toward “more of a focus on just continuing to add more patients,” Segal said, “without necessarily focusing on how that would impact patient care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to maintain that control of operations and decisions is important to us,” said Gada, one of the four doctors who co-owns Dallas Fort Worth Fertility Associates and has brushed off interest from private equity firms. He worries that the impromptu flexibility possible in a clinic like his — such as offering a discount to a woman coming back for a second or third IVF cycle — wouldn’t be possible in a chain backed by private equity money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence so far that the consolidation of clinics is driving up costs for fertility treatment. But there’s no evidence it’s driving them down, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sable said despite their benefits, the growing chains aren’t providing what the industry truly needs: more affordable options that would open up fertility treatments to less wealthy Americans. As he put it: “We need the IVF version of the Holiday Inn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/04/infertility-industry-investment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The new push is to get young women to pay for pricey tests and services like freezing their eggs.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Investors searching for a new way to make big money in medicine have hit upon an age-old problem: infertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money isn’t just in treating older women who have spent years trying to conceive. It’s in persuading younger women, still in their 20s, to start worrying about their future fertility now — and to pay for pricey tests and services, such as egg freezing, as a hedge against problems down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Some doctors worry that the new ethos of treating fertility medicine as a cash cow may lead to clinics pushing patients toward unnecessary tests and services.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sensing a lucrative market, private equity firms are pouring money into building national chains of fertility clinics. Some are spending on splashy advertising and a deliberate strategy of reaching out to young women who are not yet trying to conceive. Venture capitalists are getting into the business, too; this year alone, PitchBook has tallied more than $178 million flowing into startups developing fertility products, such as a test that promises a credit-score-style rating of a woman’s fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new investors say they leave decisions about clinical practice to physicians. But they’re nonetheless transforming an industry that has long been \u003ca href=\"http://www.capstonellc.com/sites/default/files/Capstone%20Fertility%20Clinics%20Report%20Q1%202017.pdf#page=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dominated\u003c/a> by standalone clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Fertility experts see real benefits for patients: Clinics united into national chains have been sharing best practices, introducing newer technologies, and offering more flexible payment plans for customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some doctors see potential drawbacks, too. They worry that the new ethos of treating fertility medicine as a cash cow may lead to clinics pushing patients toward unnecessary tests and services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are concerned about the ethics of aggressively promoting fertility care such as egg freezing — which can cost \u003ca href=\"https://www.fertilityiq.com/egg-freezing/the-costs-of-egg-freezing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">between $14,000 and $18,000\u003c/a> per cycle in some cities — to healthy young women who may never need it. The procedure carries some risks to the woman and is no guarantee of a future pregnancy; IVF using frozen eggs has just a middling success rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a fine line that must be walked to steer clear of “preying on someone’s emotions,” said Dr. Ravi Gada, who co-owns Dallas Fort Worth Fertility Associates, which has turned away multiple overtures from private equity firms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. has nearly 500 fertility clinics. Among the recent shifts in ownership and approach:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Lee Equity Partners, a New York private equity firm, last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lee-equity-partners-martin-varsavsky-reproductive-biology-associates-and-my-egg-bank-north-america-launch-prelude-to-revolutionize-the-way-people-start-a-family-300345476.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought into\u003c/a> a large Atlanta fertility clinic and a frozen egg bank to launch a \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/miguelhelft/2016/10/17/prelude-fertility-200-million-startup-stop-biological-clock/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$200 million network\u003c/a> called Prelude Fertility. This fall, Prelude bought a majority share of a \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/prelude-fertility-expands-network-with-pacific-fertility-center-in-san-francisco-300524534.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large San Francisco clinic\u003c/a> and then went even bigger by \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/prelude-fertility-partners-with-houston-fertility-institute-expanding-the-prelude-network-through-acquisition-of-vivere-health-300545071.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acquiring 22 new locations\u003c/a> stretching from Connecticut to Texas to Las Vegas. Prelude promotes itself both to patients “ready to build a family now” and those who “want to keep [their] options open for the future.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>TA Associates, a private equity firm with five offices around the globe, in 2015 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ta.com/about/news/ta-associates-announces-investment-in-ccrm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought into\u003c/a> the Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, which had already begun to expand around the U.S. The investment has allowed to CCRM to “grow a bit faster,” by speeding hiring and infrastructure investments, according to Jon Pardew, CCRM’s CEO. New CCRM clinics opened in \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ccrm-network-to-open-innovative-fertility-treatment-center-in-boston-300462844.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boston\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ccrm-to-open-state-of-the-art-fertility-clinic-in-san-francisco-bay-area-300480200.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a> in June, with another new U.S. location under construction.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>MTS Health Investors, a New York private equity firm, in 2015 created the Ovation Fertility chain by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ovationfertility.com/pressreleases/fertility-center-las-vegas-unites-leading-ivf-labs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scooping up four clinics\u003c/a> spanning the Sun Belt from Southern California to Nashville. This fall, Ovation \u003ca href=\"http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/10/prweb14848816.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought two more clinics\u003c/a> in Louisiana. The chain touts its scale as an advantage for patients seeking help, saying on its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ovationfertility.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a> that “many heads are better than one.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>New services crop up to monitor fertility\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, entrepreneurs are promoting an array of new products aimed at assessing fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A $950 genetic test launched this year, called Fertilome, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/02/infertility-genetic-test-fertilome/\" rel=\"noopener\">reports on the likelihood\u003c/a>that women have certain conditions linked to fertility problems, in an effort to help guide their next steps. The company behind it has marketed it with evening seminars aimed at working women, promising to outline “proactive steps you can take today to reach your future family building goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another startup called Modern Fertility has begun \u003ca href=\"https://modernfertility.com/product/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rolling out its test\u003c/a>, which measures various hormone levels including several correlated with how many eggs a women has in her ovaries. (Such “ovarian reserve” testing is an increasingly popular metric, though it has \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/10/ovarian-reserve-tests-fertility/\" rel=\"noopener\">some limitations\u003c/a>.) The Modern Fertility test, which reports a number akin to a credit score meant to be monitored over time, is now available for $149 at Quest Diagnostics laboratories and will soon be available for use at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Then there’s egg freezing, a procedure pioneered for women trying to preserve their fertility before undergoing cancer treatments. In the last few years, it’s been rebranded as option for women who intend to put off pregnancy, perhaps because they want to pursue their careers or haven’t yet found a partner during their prime reproductive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Top Silicon Valley companies like Google, Apple, and Facebook now \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/egg-freezing-at-facebook-apple-google-hot-new-perk-2017-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">offer egg freezing as a benefit\u003c/a> to employees, while some clinics are hosting “\u003ca href=\"https://khn.org/news/sip-wine-and-chat-about-postponing-motherhood-at-an-egg-social/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">egg socials\u003c/a>” with wine and hors d’oeuvres to pitch women on its benefits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/09/200-million-start-up-prelude-wants-to-stop-your-biological-clock.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More than 6,200\u003c/a> women froze their eggs at fertility clinics in the U.S. in 2015, up from 475 in 2009, according to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors clearly see the opportunity: Extend Fertility, which says it’s \u003ca href=\"https://extendfertility.com/blog/extend-fertility-first-egg-freezing-practice-nyc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the first practice\u003c/a> in the U.S. dedicated solely to freezing eggs, opened in Manhattan a year and a half ago. It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.northpeakcapital.com/private-equity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">backed by\u003c/a> the New York private equity firm North Peak Capital.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Sensing a market ready to take off\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The business minds at Lee Equity were first drawn to the fertility field by data showing the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/01/14/moms-still-getting-older/\" rel=\"noopener\">climbing age of first-time mothers\u003c/a> in the U.S. They were intrigued, too, by the legalization of same-sex marriage, which could expand the pool of couples eager to seek out services such as in vitro fertilization, which costs an \u003ca href=\"https://www.fertilityiq.com/ivf/the-cost-of-ivf-by-city\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">average of $12,000\u003c/a> for a cycle but can double in price with extra services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as they began investigating the field, they found the potential market was greater still.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably the biggest surprise to us as we started to work on our investment thesis in this industry was just how low awareness is of fertility services — not only IVF, but also egg freezing, as well as donor eggs,” said Collins Ward, a partner at Lee Equity who’s leading the investment in Prelude, the chain of fertility clinics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cform id=\"mc4wp-form-1\" method=\"post\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/form>\n\u003cp>So Ward and his team built Prelude in part to help its newly acquired clinics revamp their marketing strategy. (Dr. Mehmet Oz, who’s perhaps medicine’s most influential marketer as host of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/03/dr-oz-show-faith-healing/\" rel=\"noopener\">The Dr. Oz Show\u003c/a>,” sits on Prelude’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.preludefertility.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">board of directors\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the clinics joining the Prelude network, that’s meant ad campaigns at the local level, both on social media and online as well on traditional channels like radio and print. Prelude is also pushing a national ad campaign on social media and digital channels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prelude’s goal: to pitch the chain as an one-stop-shop for fertility care, starting long before a woman is ready to conceive. We’re “making [the ads] more modern and speak to younger patients and younger Americans who live in social and digital media,” Ward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that marketing, plus the aggressive expansion push, has “added significant costs,” Ward said — and the firm has been willing to invest in them, because of the promise of a sizable upside in years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You hear about private equity coming in, firing people, slashing jobs, cutting things down to the bone, and then trying to find an exit. That really hasn’t been the case in the IVF industry. The quality of care has remained very high … or gone up,” said Dr. David Sable, who previously spent years as an IVF doctor and now invests in biotech for a fund on Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>When investors come calling, some doctors resist\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Fertility clinics are just the latest in a long list of medical practices that have caught the eye of private equity firms. They’ve already been buying up \u003ca href=\"http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20150418/MAGAZINE/304189980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">primary care practices\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healio.com/ophthalmology/practice-management/news/print/ocular-surgery-news/%7B8d1790ce-902b-4d3f-8678-4d281bd366eb%7D/private-equity-offers-new-option-for-ophthalmology-practice-consolidation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ophthalmology practices\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/health/dermatology-skin-cancer.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dermatology clinics\u003c/a>. In some cases, doctors nearing retirement jump at the chance to sell stakes in their clinics, with an eye toward bolstering their own financial security and tapping into the business expertise of the new investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other doctors have resisted the movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shady Grove Fertility, a fast-growing network of clinics in the mid-Atlantic region, has considered private equity investment “from time to time,” but hasn’t bitten yet, said CEO Mark Segal. Instead, it remains co-owned by 28 of its physicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason: concern that outside investors could push the clinic toward “more of a focus on just continuing to add more patients,” Segal said, “without necessarily focusing on how that would impact patient care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being able to maintain that control of operations and decisions is important to us,” said Gada, one of the four doctors who co-owns Dallas Fort Worth Fertility Associates and has brushed off interest from private equity firms. He worries that the impromptu flexibility possible in a clinic like his — such as offering a discount to a woman coming back for a second or third IVF cycle — wouldn’t be possible in a chain backed by private equity money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence so far that the consolidation of clinics is driving up costs for fertility treatment. But there’s no evidence it’s driving them down, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sable said despite their benefits, the growing chains aren’t providing what the industry truly needs: more affordable options that would open up fertility treatments to less wealthy Americans. As he put it: “We need the IVF version of the Holiday Inn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/12/04/infertility-industry-investment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>People who experience frequent migraines may soon have access to a new class of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a pair of large studies, two drugs that tweak brain circuits involved in migraine each showed they could reduce the frequency of attacks without causing side effects, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1712559\">report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They offer the first migraine treatment that's actually aimed at the disorder,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ion/synaptopathies/PI/goadsby\">Peter Goadsby\u003c/a>, an author of one of the studies and a professor of neurology at King's College in London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6O2VXtRGuux5BtAqwkGgFiJitAbr9nte\"]Current migraine prevention treatments consist primarily of drugs designed to treat high blood pressure, epilepsy and depression. \"We give [patients] a choice between a beta blocker where they'll feel tired, or we tell them they can go on an antidepressant, which will make them sleepy and put on weight,\" Goadsby says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new drugs use special antibodies to dampen a system in the brain that modulates pain. The effect is a bit like soundproofing, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jefferson.edu/university/jmc/departments/neurology/programs/headache.html\">Stephen Silberstein\u003c/a>, a study author and director of the Jefferson Headache Center in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have a kid next door making a lot of noise, you put in soundproofing and all of a sudden you're quiet,\" Silberstein says. \"That's what the antibodies do. They prevent the noise from aggravating the system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to prevent the full range of migraine symptoms including headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silberstein's study gave monthly or quarterly injections of an antibody called fremanezumab to more than 700 patients who have chronic migraines. \"These patients are having almost daily attacks and they're greatly impaired by it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half the people who got the drug experienced fewer migraine attacks. And in some people the attacks all but vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Goadsby's study, a different antibody called erenumab produced similar results in patients who had up to 14 migraines a month. Neither drug appeared to cause more side effects than a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest a brighter future for migraine patients, who have had quite limited options until now, Goadsby says. \"I hope it shows patients that this is not an impossible problem. It's a tractable problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the drugs did not work for everyone, and their effectiveness was aided by a powerful placebo effect, says Andrew Hershey, who directs the headache center at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Even people who got the placebo saw migraine attacks drop by more than 20 percent, meaning the treatment group did better than the placebo group, but not hugely better. Hershey, who was not associated with either study, wrote an editorial accompanying the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it, he describes the benefit of these drugs as \"modest but meaningful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"every indication is that they will be fairly expensive compounds,\" Hershey says, possibly costing thousands of dollars a month. That means they will probably be reserved for patients who are severely disabled by migraines and haven't been helped by other, less expensive treatments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is expected to review the new drugs in the next few months. One or both could reach the market in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Drugs+Could+Prevent+Migraine+Headaches+For+Some+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People who experience frequent migraines may soon have access to a new class of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a pair of large studies, two drugs that tweak brain circuits involved in migraine each showed they could reduce the frequency of attacks without causing side effects, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1712559\">report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They offer the first migraine treatment that's actually aimed at the disorder,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ion/synaptopathies/PI/goadsby\">Peter Goadsby\u003c/a>, an author of one of the studies and a professor of neurology at King's College in London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Current migraine prevention treatments consist primarily of drugs designed to treat high blood pressure, epilepsy and depression. \"We give [patients] a choice between a beta blocker where they'll feel tired, or we tell them they can go on an antidepressant, which will make them sleepy and put on weight,\" Goadsby says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new drugs use special antibodies to dampen a system in the brain that modulates pain. The effect is a bit like soundproofing, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jefferson.edu/university/jmc/departments/neurology/programs/headache.html\">Stephen Silberstein\u003c/a>, a study author and director of the Jefferson Headache Center in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have a kid next door making a lot of noise, you put in soundproofing and all of a sudden you're quiet,\" Silberstein says. \"That's what the antibodies do. They prevent the noise from aggravating the system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to prevent the full range of migraine symptoms including headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silberstein's study gave monthly or quarterly injections of an antibody called fremanezumab to more than 700 patients who have chronic migraines. \"These patients are having almost daily attacks and they're greatly impaired by it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half the people who got the drug experienced fewer migraine attacks. And in some people the attacks all but vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Goadsby's study, a different antibody called erenumab produced similar results in patients who had up to 14 migraines a month. Neither drug appeared to cause more side effects than a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest a brighter future for migraine patients, who have had quite limited options until now, Goadsby says. \"I hope it shows patients that this is not an impossible problem. It's a tractable problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the drugs did not work for everyone, and their effectiveness was aided by a powerful placebo effect, says Andrew Hershey, who directs the headache center at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Even people who got the placebo saw migraine attacks drop by more than 20 percent, meaning the treatment group did better than the placebo group, but not hugely better. Hershey, who was not associated with either study, wrote an editorial accompanying the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it, he describes the benefit of these drugs as \"modest but meaningful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"every indication is that they will be fairly expensive compounds,\" Hershey says, possibly costing thousands of dollars a month. That means they will probably be reserved for patients who are severely disabled by migraines and haven't been helped by other, less expensive treatments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is expected to review the new drugs in the next few months. One or both could reach the market in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Drugs+Could+Prevent+Migraine+Headaches+For+Some+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Eli Wheatley and Christian Guardino are among a growing number of patients whose lives are apparently being saved or radically improved by gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think that the gene therapy is a miracle. I can't imagine what my life would be like without it.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wheatley, 3, of Lebanon, Ky., and Guardino, 17, of Patchogue, N.Y., were both diagnosed with what were long thought to be incurable genetic disorders. In the past, Wheatley's condition would have probably killed him before his first birthday. Guardino's would have blinded him early in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after receiving experimental gene therapies, both seem to be doing fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a very exciting time for the field,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://osp.od.nih.gov/carrie-wolinetz-2/\">Carrie Wolinetz\u003c/a>, the associate director for science policy at the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, gene therapy has only been tested on a relatively small number of patients who have been followed for relatively short periods of time. Many more patients will have to be studied for longer periods before anyone really knows how well the therapies work, how long the benefits last, and whether the therapies are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doctors and families of those helped so far are elated at the progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really an important time in gene therapy,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/david-a-williams-md/\">Dr. David Williams\u003c/a>, professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and chief scientific officer at Boston Children's Hospital, who was not involved in these children's treatment, but has recently achieved similar success with another genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eli's mother, Natalie Wheatley, had been terrified there was something wrong with Eli even before he was born. He barely moved during her pregnancy, she recalls, and never seemed quite right in the first weeks of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, doctors told her that her worst fears were true: Her son had \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/spinal-muscular-atrophy\">spinal muscular atrophy\u003c/a>, a disease of motor neurons that was destroying his muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They basically told me he wouldn't make it to his first birthday,\" says Wheatley. Take him home and love him and spend as much time with him as you can, she remembers the health team telling her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was devastated — devastated,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guardino was diagnosed with a different condition — \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leber-congenital-amaurosis\">Leber's congenital amaurosis\u003c/a>, a disease of the eye's retina — when he was born. The disorder isn't fatal. But it was destroying his vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wouldn't be able to walk around outside on my own,\" says Guardino. During the day, he says, the world looked \"incredibly dark\" and blurry. \"It was sort of like watching your world fade away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Guardino can see things he'd only dreamed about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the gene therapy treatment, he says, \"I was able to see things for the first time — like the moon. I was able to see stars for the first time – fireworks — all these amazing things that I've never been able to see before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Wheatley's son, Eli, seems to be thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He just started preschool in September,\" his mom says. \"He goes to preschool alone. He eats in the cafeteria with all the other kids. He's doing extremely well. It's been amazing — truly amazing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent success in these different cases \"really shows us we're able to harness this therapy for some pretty terrible diseases,\" says Williams, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1700554\">reported last month\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> that gene therapy can also halt the progression of disease in boys suffering from \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/x-linked-adrenoleukodystrophy\">adrenoleukodystrophy\u003c/a>, a fatal genetic brain disease \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/04/555091418/parents-lobby-states-to-expand-newborn-screening-test-for-rare-brain-disorder\">made famous\u003c/a> by the movie \u003cem>Lorenzo's Oil\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists thought this sort of success would come decades ago. But their first attempts to save people born with defective genes by giving them new, healthy genes fizzled. Some patients who volunteered for early experiments \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5369307\">developed cancer\u003c/a>. At least one person \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1069810\">died\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that caused a setback in the field, which caused a lot of concern that maybe gene therapy was not ready for prime time,\" the NIH's Wolinetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists feared gene therapy might never work. Researchers went back to the drawing board to come up with better, safer ways to use viruses to deliver healthy genes into a person's body. It's those decades of research that finally seem to be paying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have reached a point of maturation in the science and in some of the new approaches to gene therapy that have allowed us to make rapid advancements in a fairly short period of time,\" Wolinetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price tag of such a treatment remains a looming question. The first gene therapy product approved by the Food and Drug Administration (a treatment for a form of leukemia, approved last summer) costs hundreds of thousands of dollars for each infusion. Some drug industry analysts predict the next gene therapy could cost close to $1 million per patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/profile/peter-bach\">Dr. Peter Bach\u003c/a>, director of the center for health policy and outcomes at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, says he's thrilled with the scientific progress that's been made in the field — but the cost of gene therapy drugs troubles him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The model by which every innovation is turned around to extract the maximum amount of profit is ultimately taking away our ability to adequately fund many other things that promote health,\" Bach says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the questions and costs, people who have been helped by these treatments so far seem delighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that the gene therapy is a miracle,\" Guardino says. \"I can't imagine what my life would be like without it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Wheatley, whose son Eli was among those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1706198\">described in another study\u003c/a>, published early this month in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>, says her son seems to continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I see progress every day,\" Wheatley says. \"So that, to me, offers hope that gene therapy has saved his life. And I think eventually gene therapy will give the world hope. That's my hope anyways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA could soon approve for non-experimental use the \u003ca href=\"../../sections/health-shots/2017/10/12/557183740/fda-panel-endorses-gene-therapy-for-a-form-of-childhood-blindness\">first gene therapy for a genetic disorder\u003c/a> — the treatment Guardino received to save his vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, scientists are starting to test other forms of gene therapy for a long list of other diseases, including many that are much more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Gene+Therapy+Shows+Promise+For+A+Growing+List+Of+Diseases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Eli Wheatley and Christian Guardino are among a growing number of patients whose lives are apparently being saved or radically improved by gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think that the gene therapy is a miracle. I can't imagine what my life would be like without it.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wheatley, 3, of Lebanon, Ky., and Guardino, 17, of Patchogue, N.Y., were both diagnosed with what were long thought to be incurable genetic disorders. In the past, Wheatley's condition would have probably killed him before his first birthday. Guardino's would have blinded him early in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after receiving experimental gene therapies, both seem to be doing fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a very exciting time for the field,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://osp.od.nih.gov/carrie-wolinetz-2/\">Carrie Wolinetz\u003c/a>, the associate director for science policy at the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, gene therapy has only been tested on a relatively small number of patients who have been followed for relatively short periods of time. Many more patients will have to be studied for longer periods before anyone really knows how well the therapies work, how long the benefits last, and whether the therapies are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doctors and families of those helped so far are elated at the progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is really an important time in gene therapy,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/insider/member-detail/member/david-a-williams-md/\">Dr. David Williams\u003c/a>, professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and chief scientific officer at Boston Children's Hospital, who was not involved in these children's treatment, but has recently achieved similar success with another genetic condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eli's mother, Natalie Wheatley, had been terrified there was something wrong with Eli even before he was born. He barely moved during her pregnancy, she recalls, and never seemed quite right in the first weeks of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, doctors told her that her worst fears were true: Her son had \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/spinal-muscular-atrophy\">spinal muscular atrophy\u003c/a>, a disease of motor neurons that was destroying his muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They basically told me he wouldn't make it to his first birthday,\" says Wheatley. Take him home and love him and spend as much time with him as you can, she remembers the health team telling her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was devastated — devastated,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guardino was diagnosed with a different condition — \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/leber-congenital-amaurosis\">Leber's congenital amaurosis\u003c/a>, a disease of the eye's retina — when he was born. The disorder isn't fatal. But it was destroying his vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wouldn't be able to walk around outside on my own,\" says Guardino. During the day, he says, the world looked \"incredibly dark\" and blurry. \"It was sort of like watching your world fade away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Guardino can see things he'd only dreamed about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the gene therapy treatment, he says, \"I was able to see things for the first time — like the moon. I was able to see stars for the first time – fireworks — all these amazing things that I've never been able to see before.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Wheatley's son, Eli, seems to be thriving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He just started preschool in September,\" his mom says. \"He goes to preschool alone. He eats in the cafeteria with all the other kids. He's doing extremely well. It's been amazing — truly amazing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent success in these different cases \"really shows us we're able to harness this therapy for some pretty terrible diseases,\" says Williams, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1700554\">reported last month\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em> that gene therapy can also halt the progression of disease in boys suffering from \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/x-linked-adrenoleukodystrophy\">adrenoleukodystrophy\u003c/a>, a fatal genetic brain disease \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/04/555091418/parents-lobby-states-to-expand-newborn-screening-test-for-rare-brain-disorder\">made famous\u003c/a> by the movie \u003cem>Lorenzo's Oil\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists thought this sort of success would come decades ago. But their first attempts to save people born with defective genes by giving them new, healthy genes fizzled. Some patients who volunteered for early experiments \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5369307\">developed cancer\u003c/a>. At least one person \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1069810\">died\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that caused a setback in the field, which caused a lot of concern that maybe gene therapy was not ready for prime time,\" the NIH's Wolinetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists feared gene therapy might never work. Researchers went back to the drawing board to come up with better, safer ways to use viruses to deliver healthy genes into a person's body. It's those decades of research that finally seem to be paying off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have reached a point of maturation in the science and in some of the new approaches to gene therapy that have allowed us to make rapid advancements in a fairly short period of time,\" Wolinetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price tag of such a treatment remains a looming question. The first gene therapy product approved by the Food and Drug Administration (a treatment for a form of leukemia, approved last summer) costs hundreds of thousands of dollars for each infusion. Some drug industry analysts predict the next gene therapy could cost close to $1 million per patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/profile/peter-bach\">Dr. Peter Bach\u003c/a>, director of the center for health policy and outcomes at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, says he's thrilled with the scientific progress that's been made in the field — but the cost of gene therapy drugs troubles him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The model by which every innovation is turned around to extract the maximum amount of profit is ultimately taking away our ability to adequately fund many other things that promote health,\" Bach says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the questions and costs, people who have been helped by these treatments so far seem delighted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that the gene therapy is a miracle,\" Guardino says. \"I can't imagine what my life would be like without it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natalie Wheatley, whose son Eli was among those \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1706198\">described in another study\u003c/a>, published early this month in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>, says her son seems to continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I see progress every day,\" Wheatley says. \"So that, to me, offers hope that gene therapy has saved his life. And I think eventually gene therapy will give the world hope. That's my hope anyways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA could soon approve for non-experimental use the \u003ca href=\"../../sections/health-shots/2017/10/12/557183740/fda-panel-endorses-gene-therapy-for-a-form-of-childhood-blindness\">first gene therapy for a genetic disorder\u003c/a> — the treatment Guardino received to save his vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, scientists are starting to test other forms of gene therapy for a long list of other diseases, including many that are much more common.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Gene+Therapy+Shows+Promise+For+A+Growing+List+Of+Diseases&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NEW YORK — A new look at cancer in the U.S. finds that nearly half of cancer deaths are caused by smoking, poor diet, and other unhealthy behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s less than commonly cited estimates from more than 35 years ago, a result of new research methods and changes in American society. Smoking rates have plummeted, for example, while obesity rates have risen dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that 45 percent of cancer deaths and 42 percent of diagnosed cancer cases could be attributed to what the authors call “modifiable” risk factors. These are risks that are not inherited, and mostly the result of behavior that can be changed, like exposure to sun, not eating enough fruits and vegetables, drinking alcohol, and, most importantly, smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A British study conducted in 1981 attributed more than two-thirds of cancer deaths to these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21440/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> used 2014 data and was conducted by the American Cancer Society. It was published online Tuesday in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"OL6DASqODWQT2LLlK6M5Z8NonZdtdXBC\"]“We thought it was time to redo those estimates,” said Dr. Otis Brawley, the cancer society’s chief medical officer and one of the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoking was the leading risk by far, accounting for 29 percent of deaths. Excess body weight was next at 6.5 percent, and alcohol consumption was third at 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors ran separate calculations for different types of cancer by age group and gender to try to account for how risk factors affect different groups of people, then added them together to understand the national picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Smoking accounted for 82 percent of lung cancers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Excess body weight was associated with 60 percent of uterine cancers and about one-third of liver cancers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alcohol intake was associated with 25 percent of liver cancers in men and 12 percent in women; 17 percent of colorectal cancers in men and 8 percent in women; and 16 percent of breast cancers in women.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight or tanning beds was associated with 96 percent of skin cancers in men and 94 percent in women.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Richard Clapp, a professor emeritus of environmental health at Boston University, expects the new numbers to be will widely cited and used to make decisions about how to spend money on cancer prevention, just as the influential British study from 1981 by researchers Richard Doll and Richard Peto has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clapp said there is still room for improvement, however. He said the study doesn’t address how two or more risk factors, like smoking and drinking, might work together in some cancer cases and deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, aside from secondhand cigarette smoke, the researchers did not to include outdoor or indoor air pollution because the data on the cancer risk from pollution is not detailed enough to understand the national impact, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Farhad Islami.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NEW YORK — A new look at cancer in the U.S. finds that nearly half of cancer deaths are caused by smoking, poor diet, and other unhealthy behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s less than commonly cited estimates from more than 35 years ago, a result of new research methods and changes in American society. Smoking rates have plummeted, for example, while obesity rates have risen dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that 45 percent of cancer deaths and 42 percent of diagnosed cancer cases could be attributed to what the authors call “modifiable” risk factors. These are risks that are not inherited, and mostly the result of behavior that can be changed, like exposure to sun, not eating enough fruits and vegetables, drinking alcohol, and, most importantly, smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A British study conducted in 1981 attributed more than two-thirds of cancer deaths to these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21440/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> used 2014 data and was conducted by the American Cancer Society. It was published online Tuesday in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“We thought it was time to redo those estimates,” said Dr. Otis Brawley, the cancer society’s chief medical officer and one of the study’s authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoking was the leading risk by far, accounting for 29 percent of deaths. Excess body weight was next at 6.5 percent, and alcohol consumption was third at 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors ran separate calculations for different types of cancer by age group and gender to try to account for how risk factors affect different groups of people, then added them together to understand the national picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Smoking accounted for 82 percent of lung cancers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Excess body weight was associated with 60 percent of uterine cancers and about one-third of liver cancers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alcohol intake was associated with 25 percent of liver cancers in men and 12 percent in women; 17 percent of colorectal cancers in men and 8 percent in women; and 16 percent of breast cancers in women.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight or tanning beds was associated with 96 percent of skin cancers in men and 94 percent in women.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Richard Clapp, a professor emeritus of environmental health at Boston University, expects the new numbers to be will widely cited and used to make decisions about how to spend money on cancer prevention, just as the influential British study from 1981 by researchers Richard Doll and Richard Peto has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clapp said there is still room for improvement, however. He said the study doesn’t address how two or more risk factors, like smoking and drinking, might work together in some cancer cases and deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, aside from secondhand cigarette smoke, the researchers did not to include outdoor or indoor air pollution because the data on the cancer risk from pollution is not detailed enough to understand the national impact, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Farhad Islami.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When was the last time you were asked to sit without saying a word for five minutes before your blood pressure was measured? If your answer was \"I never remember doing that,\" you're in good company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet that is one of the many rules that medical professionals are supposed to follow when measuring your blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Whelton, a cardiovascular specialist at the Tulane University School of Public Health, says airplane pilots always run down a safety checklist before taking off. \"We would be shocked if a pilot told us he was in a rush and just didn't have time to do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet he says clinicians aren't taking enough care to make an important measurement when it comes to health: reading blood pressure values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is topical right now because Whelton is among a group of physicians who have just recommended \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/14/564038552/with-stricter-guidelines-do-you-have-high-blood-pressure-now\">new standards for blood pressure\u003c/a>. Now, if your blood pressure tops 130 over 80, you are in unhealthy territory. Having an accurate measure is important because more people than ever may be keeping a close eye on their blood pressure and trying to keep it in a healthy range through diet, exercise and potentially medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2017/11/08/11/47/mon-5pm-bp-guideline-aha-2017\">guidelines\u003c/a> from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, released Tuesday, which lowered the threshold for diagnosing high blood pressure from 140/90, mean that nearly half of the U.S. population will be considered as having high blood pressure, with the greatest impact on younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Whelton and his committee members rolled out a checklist for medical professionals to follow when they're taking your blood pressure. Here are the do's and don'ts from a patient's perspective, aimed at making it less likely that you'll get a reading that is falsely high, or low:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Do:\u003c/strong> Sit in a chair, feet flat on the ground, legs uncrossed, with your back supported and without talking, for at least five minutes before you get your blood pressure measured.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Don't:\u003c/strong> Exercise, consume caffeine or smoke within 30 minutes of your test.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Do:\u003c/strong> Empty your bladder before your blood pressure is taken.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Don't:\u003c/strong> Sit or lie on the exam table. Whelton says that can result in a falsely low blood pressure reading.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Do:\u003c/strong> Roll up your sleeve so the blood pressure cuff rests on bare skin, not clothing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Don't:\u003c/strong> Let your arm dangle or rest in your lap during the reading. It should be supported on a surface such as a desk.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If your blood pressure appears high, your doctor's office should take a reading in both arms. And next time you come in, the reading should be from the arm that showed the higher blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no single number that determines your blood pressure — it can vary throughout the day and be influenced by something as simple as being approached by a well-meaning nurse carrying a blood pressure cuff. So the new checklist says the diagnosis of high blood pressure requires at least two readings on separate occasions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Odds+Are%2C+They%27re+Taking+Your+Blood+Pressure+All+Wrong&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When was the last time you were asked to sit without saying a word for five minutes before your blood pressure was measured? If your answer was \"I never remember doing that,\" you're in good company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet that is one of the many rules that medical professionals are supposed to follow when measuring your blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Whelton, a cardiovascular specialist at the Tulane University School of Public Health, says airplane pilots always run down a safety checklist before taking off. \"We would be shocked if a pilot told us he was in a rush and just didn't have time to do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet he says clinicians aren't taking enough care to make an important measurement when it comes to health: reading blood pressure values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is topical right now because Whelton is among a group of physicians who have just recommended \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/14/564038552/with-stricter-guidelines-do-you-have-high-blood-pressure-now\">new standards for blood pressure\u003c/a>. Now, if your blood pressure tops 130 over 80, you are in unhealthy territory. Having an accurate measure is important because more people than ever may be keeping a close eye on their blood pressure and trying to keep it in a healthy range through diet, exercise and potentially medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2017/11/08/11/47/mon-5pm-bp-guideline-aha-2017\">guidelines\u003c/a> from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, released Tuesday, which lowered the threshold for diagnosing high blood pressure from 140/90, mean that nearly half of the U.S. population will be considered as having high blood pressure, with the greatest impact on younger people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Whelton and his committee members rolled out a checklist for medical professionals to follow when they're taking your blood pressure. Here are the do's and don'ts from a patient's perspective, aimed at making it less likely that you'll get a reading that is falsely high, or low:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Do:\u003c/strong> Sit in a chair, feet flat on the ground, legs uncrossed, with your back supported and without talking, for at least five minutes before you get your blood pressure measured.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Don't:\u003c/strong> Exercise, consume caffeine or smoke within 30 minutes of your test.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Do:\u003c/strong> Empty your bladder before your blood pressure is taken.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Don't:\u003c/strong> Sit or lie on the exam table. Whelton says that can result in a falsely low blood pressure reading.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Do:\u003c/strong> Roll up your sleeve so the blood pressure cuff rests on bare skin, not clothing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Don't:\u003c/strong> Let your arm dangle or rest in your lap during the reading. It should be supported on a surface such as a desk.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If your blood pressure appears high, your doctor's office should take a reading in both arms. And next time you come in, the reading should be from the arm that showed the higher blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no single number that determines your blood pressure — it can vary throughout the day and be influenced by something as simple as being approached by a well-meaning nurse carrying a blood pressure cuff. So the new checklist says the diagnosis of high blood pressure requires at least two readings on separate occasions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Odds+Are%2C+They%27re+Taking+Your+Blood+Pressure+All+Wrong&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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