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"content": "\u003cp>Most cancer patients are haunted by the same two questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Why now?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not Ashley Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton, 34, actually feels lucky advanced melanoma struck when it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage 4 melanoma used to be a death sentence. The disease doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, and patients survived, on average, less than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over the last decade, doctors are successfully using a new approach, one significantly different than the treatment options available for the last 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells, new medicines unleash the body's natural defenses to fight them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This treatment is called immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444546\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1857px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1857\" height=\"1209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg 1857w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-768x500.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1200x781.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1180x768.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-960x625.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-375x244.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-520x339.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1857px) 100vw, 1857px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton drinks fluid to prepare for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to check on the progress of her melanoma. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beating the Odds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walton was 26, she found a mole on the back of her hip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It started morphing into this ugly, dark, bleeding thing,\" she says, grimacing. \"I just knew something was wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors surgically removed her tumor. But a couple of years later, she discovered a tiny lump in her abdomen. It felt like a popcorn kernel, and within a few weeks grew to the size of a walnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biopsy revealed she had stage 4 melanoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton searched online for information about the disease. She recalls the moment she discovered the average survival rate: six to nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember sort of losing my hearing, almost losing my vision to where I felt like I was in a tunnel,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when she consulted with her oncologist, Dr. Adil Daud of UC San Francisco, he had consoling news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He told me if there's any time to have a melanoma -- right now is a pretty good time to have it -- because there's a lot of stuff opening up to you,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Daud was referring to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which he says are increasing survival rates by at least threefold. These cancer drugs help the immune system do what it’s supposed to -- fight pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells are unusual because they go undetected as harmful. Immune checkpoint inhibitors make them visible for attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1728px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"1166\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg 1728w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-768x518.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1020x688.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1180x796.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-960x648.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton and her mother in a quarterly doctor appointment at UCSF Medical Center. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Treatment Earns Nobel Prize\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor in 2011 marked a breakthrough in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology behind Ipilimumab, which is branded as Yervoy, was developed in a UC Berkeley lab in the 1990s, by a student named Matthew Krummel, now an immunotherapy researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://krummellab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a very frustrated graduate student for a few years, trying to develop an antibody that would do something,\" Krummel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted to influence how cells behave. After many long nights, Krummel noticed one antibody successfully manipulating the movement of immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can drive them like a car; you can accelerate them; or you can brake them,\" Krummel says. \"And then it was really like playtime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He injected the antibodies into mice with cancer. In the very first set of experiments, their tumors shrunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Krummel’s thesis advisor, James Allison, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for their lab's work on immune checkpoint inhibitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Years of Harrowing Treatments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy.'\u003ccite>Dr. Adil Daud, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When Walton started immunotherapy treatment, including Ipilimumab, the 90-minute drips were followed by side effects like fever, diarrhea, rash, vomiting and gastritis. This is not uncommon in immunotherapy, as the drugs can put a patient’s immune system into overdrive provoking an attack on healthy cells, tissues and organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton’s tumors initially shrunk, but within six months, new tumors cropped up, in her abdomen. Her oncologist then ran through the list of available drugs, moving on as each one, sometimes tried in combination, in turn failed to deliver the knockout blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's absolutely exhausting emotionally and physically to know that there's no option for you,” says Walton. “Those were the days when I felt like I will probably die from this, and I’ll die young.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, eight years later, she heard the magic word: remission. Dr. Daud isn't sure if it was the buildup of multiple immunotherapy drugs or some new combination that did the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so many advancements being made in the field of immunotherapy that even if [one] doesn't cure you, it gets you to the next big thing,” says Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she has been off immunotherapy for 10 months, Walton tentatively asked Dr. Daud something that had been her mind for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, what do you think about pregnancy or trying to start a family?\" asked Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a good time to get pregnant, actually,\" responded Dr. Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both doctor and patient could barely contain their glee, punctuating the question-and-answer session with happy giggles. Walton \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">crosses her fingers and smiles. \u003c/span>Throughout her treatment, doctors warned that getting pregnant would be too dangerous. But Daud now trusts her body's ability to support a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hopeful Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like Walton's are sparking a lot of excitement among oncologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So imagine when we’ve gone from a time when we had nothing to offer, to today, and they are talking about a cure for some patients with advanced melanoma,\" says Dr. Leonard Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and major pharmaceutical companies are waging huge bets on immunotherapy. There are currently about 1,000 active trials to develop the next miracle drug. Lichtenfeld is optimistic, but he is also cautious about adding to the hype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know in how many cancers they are going to be effective,” he says. “And we still don’t know how to harness the maximum benefit from these drugs by, say, using them in combination with other drugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, 40 percent of advanced melanoma patients still do not respond to immunotherapy. The statistics are even worse for other cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is still very common to not have immune treatment work at all,” says Dr. Daud. “Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy, so the numbers are much more sobering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hypothesizes that age, gender, concurring autoimmune diseases, or even gut bacteria may influence patient responsiveness, but he says we know very little about these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there's a lot of fundamental questions about the immune system that we just simply don't know the answer to,” says Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And yet I do foresee a day when we use other types of treatment infrequently to treat cancer, and most cancers will be treated with immunotherapy. But we still have a long ways to go.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,' says Ashley Walton, who after eight draining years of treatment has finally heard the magic word: remission.",
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"description": "'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,' says Ashley Walton, who after eight draining years of treatment has finally heard the magic word: remission.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most cancer patients are haunted by the same two questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Why now?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not Ashley Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton, 34, actually feels lucky advanced melanoma struck when it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had been diagnosed five years prior, who knows if I would be here,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage 4 melanoma used to be a death sentence. The disease doesn’t respond to radiation or chemotherapy, and patients survived, on average, less than a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over the last decade, doctors are successfully using a new approach, one significantly different than the treatment options available for the last 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of burning or poisoning cancer cells, new medicines unleash the body's natural defenses to fight them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This treatment is called immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444546\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1857px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1857\" height=\"1209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372.jpg 1857w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-800x521.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-768x500.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1020x664.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1200x781.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-1180x768.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-960x625.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-375x244.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6200-e1537470859372-520x339.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1857px) 100vw, 1857px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton drinks fluid to prepare for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to check on the progress of her melanoma. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beating the Odds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Walton was 26, she found a mole on the back of her hip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It started morphing into this ugly, dark, bleeding thing,\" she says, grimacing. \"I just knew something was wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors surgically removed her tumor. But a couple of years later, she discovered a tiny lump in her abdomen. It felt like a popcorn kernel, and within a few weeks grew to the size of a walnut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biopsy revealed she had stage 4 melanoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton searched online for information about the disease. She recalls the moment she discovered the average survival rate: six to nine months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember sort of losing my hearing, almost losing my vision to where I felt like I was in a tunnel,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when she consulted with her oncologist, Dr. Adil Daud of UC San Francisco, he had consoling news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He told me if there's any time to have a melanoma -- right now is a pretty good time to have it -- because there's a lot of stuff opening up to you,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Daud was referring to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which he says are increasing survival rates by at least threefold. These cancer drugs help the immune system do what it’s supposed to -- fight pathogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally the immune system recognizes disease-causing organisms. But cancer cells are unusual because they go undetected as harmful. Immune checkpoint inhibitors make them visible for attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_444547\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1728px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-444547\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1728\" height=\"1166\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446.jpg 1728w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-800x540.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-768x518.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1020x688.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1200x810.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-1180x796.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-960x648.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-240x162.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-375x253.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/IMG_6291-e1537471184446-520x351.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1728px) 100vw, 1728px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Walton and her mother in a quarterly doctor appointment at UCSF Medical Center. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Treatment Earns Nobel Prize\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor in 2011 marked a breakthrough in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology behind Ipilimumab, which is branded as Yervoy, was developed in a UC Berkeley lab in the 1990s, by a student named Matthew Krummel, now an immunotherapy researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://krummellab.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a very frustrated graduate student for a few years, trying to develop an antibody that would do something,\" Krummel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wanted to influence how cells behave. After many long nights, Krummel noticed one antibody successfully manipulating the movement of immune cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can drive them like a car; you can accelerate them; or you can brake them,\" Krummel says. \"And then it was really like playtime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He injected the antibodies into mice with cancer. In the very first set of experiments, their tumors shrunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, Krummel’s thesis advisor, James Allison, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for their lab's work on immune checkpoint inhibitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Years of Harrowing Treatments\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy.'\u003ccite>Dr. Adil Daud, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When Walton started immunotherapy treatment, including Ipilimumab, the 90-minute drips were followed by side effects like fever, diarrhea, rash, vomiting and gastritis. This is not uncommon in immunotherapy, as the drugs can put a patient’s immune system into overdrive provoking an attack on healthy cells, tissues and organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walton’s tumors initially shrunk, but within six months, new tumors cropped up, in her abdomen. Her oncologist then ran through the list of available drugs, moving on as each one, sometimes tried in combination, in turn failed to deliver the knockout blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's absolutely exhausting emotionally and physically to know that there's no option for you,” says Walton. “Those were the days when I felt like I will probably die from this, and I’ll die young.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, eight years later, she heard the magic word: remission. Dr. Daud isn't sure if it was the buildup of multiple immunotherapy drugs or some new combination that did the trick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are so many advancements being made in the field of immunotherapy that even if [one] doesn't cure you, it gets you to the next big thing,” says Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she has been off immunotherapy for 10 months, Walton tentatively asked Dr. Daud something that had been her mind for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, what do you think about pregnancy or trying to start a family?\" asked Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a good time to get pregnant, actually,\" responded Dr. Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both doctor and patient could barely contain their glee, punctuating the question-and-answer session with happy giggles. Walton \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">crosses her fingers and smiles. \u003c/span>Throughout her treatment, doctors warned that getting pregnant would be too dangerous. But Daud now trusts her body's ability to support a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Hopeful Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like Walton's are sparking a lot of excitement among oncologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So imagine when we’ve gone from a time when we had nothing to offer, to today, and they are talking about a cure for some patients with advanced melanoma,\" says Dr. Leonard Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and major pharmaceutical companies are waging huge bets on immunotherapy. There are currently about 1,000 active trials to develop the next miracle drug. Lichtenfeld is optimistic, but he is also cautious about adding to the hype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know in how many cancers they are going to be effective,” he says. “And we still don’t know how to harness the maximum benefit from these drugs by, say, using them in combination with other drugs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, 40 percent of advanced melanoma patients still do not respond to immunotherapy. The statistics are even worse for other cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is still very common to not have immune treatment work at all,” says Dr. Daud. “Across different tumor types, only about 20 percent of patients with cancer respond to today's immunotherapy, so the numbers are much more sobering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hypothesizes that age, gender, concurring autoimmune diseases, or even gut bacteria may influence patient responsiveness, but he says we know very little about these factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there's a lot of fundamental questions about the immune system that we just simply don't know the answer to,” says Daud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And yet I do foresee a day when we use other types of treatment infrequently to treat cancer, and most cancers will be treated with immunotherapy. But we still have a long ways to go.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Rural Community Decided To Treat Its Opioid Problem Like A Natural Disaster",
"title": "A Rural Community Decided To Treat Its Opioid Problem Like A Natural Disaster",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>When he was police chief of Stanwood, Wash., population 7,000, Ty Trenary thought rural communities like his were immune from the opioid crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, one day, a mother walked through his door and said, \"Chief, you have a heroin problem in your community.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"snF1nVDNKWV8zjCpOVtbCXhNa21X1NeR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I remember thinking, 'Well that's not possible,' \" Trenary recalls. \"This is Stanwood and heroin is in big cities with homeless populations. It's not in rural America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But heroin addiction and abuse are not just a big city problem, as Trenary had thought. While the bulk of fatal overdoses still happen in urban areas, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/ss6619a1.htm?s_cid=ss6619a1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the rural overdose rate has increased \u003c/a>to slightly surpass that of cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rural Americans say drug addiction and abuse are the most urgent health problems facing their local community, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/HARVARD-POLL/rural-health-poll-10-15-18-updated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a new poll\u003c/a> by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. In the poll, 48 percent of people said opioid addiction has gotten worse in their community in the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trenary now agrees. A few years ago, he was elected sheriff of Snohomish County and got a rude awakening. He toured the jail and found it had become a de facto detox center, full of \"very, very sick, very, very sick people,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Detoxing from heroin is like having the worst possible stomach virus you can have. People are proned out, just suffering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At any given time, about half the inmates were withdrawing from heroin, making for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.heraldnet.com/news/lawsuit-against-snohomish-county-focuses-on-inmates-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dangerous\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://komonews.com/news/local/13m-settlement-in-snohomish-county-jail-death-claim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expensive\u003c/a> situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took becoming the sheriff to see the impacts inside the jail with heroin abuse, to see the impacts in the community across the entire county for me to realize that we had to change a lot about what we were doing,\" Trenary says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Disaster Response Approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they did. Snohomish County in Western Washington is taking a unique approach to tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, leaders declared the opioid epidemic a life-threatening emergency. The county is now responding to the drug crisis as if it were a natural disaster, the same way it would mobilize to respond to a landslide or flu pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445267\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-445267\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snohomish County Sheriff Ty Trenary. He wasn't aware of the extent of the opioid epidemic in his county until he became sheriff and realized the jail had become a defacto detox center. \u003ccite>(Leah Nash/Finding Fixes podcast)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snohomish County is the first county in the country to treat it this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea grew out of their experience with another tremendous disaster in the county: the massive 2014 landslide in Oso, Wash., which killed 43 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, the director of communications for the sheriff's office, Shari Ireton, took reporters to see the landslide, and she ended up learning something, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was amazing to see Black Hawk helicopters flying with our helicopter and a fixed wing over the top of that,\" she says. \"All in coordination with each other, all with the same objective, which is life safety.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"EkK9yT8ARJNlHsaGPy5VTEvcCBTT8MS7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ireton thought, what if they used that same coordinated system, of everyone working together across government agencies, to tackle the opioid epidemic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County leaders took the idea and ran with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the response to the opioid epidemic is run out of a special emergency operations center, a lot like during the Oso landslide, where representatives from across local government meet every two weeks, including people in charge of everything from firetrucks to the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technical name for this group is the Multi-Agency Coordination group, or MAC group. It comes straight out of FEMA's emergency response playbook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They talk through PowerPoint slides and rattle off numbers like 7.5 and 6.1, which refer to items on their to-do list. Seven big, overarching goals, which include reducing opioid misuse and reducing damage to the community, are broken down into manageable steps, like distributing needle cleanup kits and a project to train schoolteachers to recognize trauma and addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This to-do list is over 100 items long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of these goals are really long term,\" Ireton says. \"I mean they're going to take years, decades.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"4DNOyEVwXKrhJsxImwngLjd8ofHh3LVo\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to be realistic, says Ireton, who is also the spokesperson for this group. You are never going to be successful if your goal is just \"end the opioid epidemic,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By breaking it down, it's like eating an elephant. You just can eat one piece at a time. Breaking it down into a piece that you can actually digest.\" Ireton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county's program includes small steps, like making transportation easier for people in drug treatment. They train family members and others in the community on steps to reverse overdoses with medicine, and they send teams of police officers and social workers to help addicted homeless people.[contextly_sidebar id=\"tgGunyxLm8dgF9b7x7IdKyEh7K66M6ez\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Marysville, Wash., the woods are full of homeless encampments surrounded by piles of spent syringes and trash. On a recent visit, rain drips through a cedar forest next to a strip mall. Officer Mike Buell is visiting the camp along with social worker Lauren Rainbow. Buell cracks jokes with some illegal campers and introduces himself using his first name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buell's job isn't to arrest the campers, but to help them get drug treatment and housing. He crouches next to the opening of one tent and explains that he and his colleagues will help the campers with food, coffee and transportation to and from appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're basically your Uber,\" Buell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach is paying off. The teams have helped hundreds of people find housing and drug treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's just one item in the county's plan, and problems with opioids are far from solved here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snohomish County will keep working on its large and small goals, one bite at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.findingfixes.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Finding Fixes\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a podcast about solutions to the opioid epidemic, which is a project of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>InvestigateWest\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Rural+Community+Decided+To+Treat+Its+Opioid+Problem+Like+A+Natural+Disaster&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When he was police chief of Stanwood, Wash., population 7,000, Ty Trenary thought rural communities like his were immune from the opioid crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, one day, a mother walked through his door and said, \"Chief, you have a heroin problem in your community.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I remember thinking, 'Well that's not possible,' \" Trenary recalls. \"This is Stanwood and heroin is in big cities with homeless populations. It's not in rural America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But heroin addiction and abuse are not just a big city problem, as Trenary had thought. While the bulk of fatal overdoses still happen in urban areas, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/ss6619a1.htm?s_cid=ss6619a1_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the rural overdose rate has increased \u003c/a>to slightly surpass that of cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rural Americans say drug addiction and abuse are the most urgent health problems facing their local community, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/HARVARD-POLL/rural-health-poll-10-15-18-updated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> a new poll\u003c/a> by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. In the poll, 48 percent of people said opioid addiction has gotten worse in their community in the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trenary now agrees. A few years ago, he was elected sheriff of Snohomish County and got a rude awakening. He toured the jail and found it had become a de facto detox center, full of \"very, very sick, very, very sick people,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Detoxing from heroin is like having the worst possible stomach virus you can have. People are proned out, just suffering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At any given time, about half the inmates were withdrawing from heroin, making for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.heraldnet.com/news/lawsuit-against-snohomish-county-focuses-on-inmates-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dangerous\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://komonews.com/news/local/13m-settlement-in-snohomish-county-jail-death-claim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expensive\u003c/a> situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took becoming the sheriff to see the impacts inside the jail with heroin abuse, to see the impacts in the community across the entire county for me to realize that we had to change a lot about what we were doing,\" Trenary says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Disaster Response Approach\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they did. Snohomish County in Western Washington is taking a unique approach to tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, leaders declared the opioid epidemic a life-threatening emergency. The county is now responding to the drug crisis as if it were a natural disaster, the same way it would mobilize to respond to a landslide or flu pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_445267\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-445267\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-768x511.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/20180823_ff_105_custom-37d326f563ec4055bd7d38d350065ee12644fc95-s800-c85-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snohomish County Sheriff Ty Trenary. He wasn't aware of the extent of the opioid epidemic in his county until he became sheriff and realized the jail had become a defacto detox center. \u003ccite>(Leah Nash/Finding Fixes podcast)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Snohomish County is the first county in the country to treat it this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea grew out of their experience with another tremendous disaster in the county: the massive 2014 landslide in Oso, Wash., which killed 43 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, the director of communications for the sheriff's office, Shari Ireton, took reporters to see the landslide, and she ended up learning something, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was amazing to see Black Hawk helicopters flying with our helicopter and a fixed wing over the top of that,\" she says. \"All in coordination with each other, all with the same objective, which is life safety.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ireton thought, what if they used that same coordinated system, of everyone working together across government agencies, to tackle the opioid epidemic?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County leaders took the idea and ran with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the response to the opioid epidemic is run out of a special emergency operations center, a lot like during the Oso landslide, where representatives from across local government meet every two weeks, including people in charge of everything from firetrucks to the dump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technical name for this group is the Multi-Agency Coordination group, or MAC group. It comes straight out of FEMA's emergency response playbook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They talk through PowerPoint slides and rattle off numbers like 7.5 and 6.1, which refer to items on their to-do list. Seven big, overarching goals, which include reducing opioid misuse and reducing damage to the community, are broken down into manageable steps, like distributing needle cleanup kits and a project to train schoolteachers to recognize trauma and addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This to-do list is over 100 items long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of these goals are really long term,\" Ireton says. \"I mean they're going to take years, decades.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to be realistic, says Ireton, who is also the spokesperson for this group. You are never going to be successful if your goal is just \"end the opioid epidemic,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By breaking it down, it's like eating an elephant. You just can eat one piece at a time. Breaking it down into a piece that you can actually digest.\" Ireton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county's program includes small steps, like making transportation easier for people in drug treatment. They train family members and others in the community on steps to reverse overdoses with medicine, and they send teams of police officers and social workers to help addicted homeless people.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Marysville, Wash., the woods are full of homeless encampments surrounded by piles of spent syringes and trash. On a recent visit, rain drips through a cedar forest next to a strip mall. Officer Mike Buell is visiting the camp along with social worker Lauren Rainbow. Buell cracks jokes with some illegal campers and introduces himself using his first name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buell's job isn't to arrest the campers, but to help them get drug treatment and housing. He crouches next to the opening of one tent and explains that he and his colleagues will help the campers with food, coffee and transportation to and from appointments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're basically your Uber,\" Buell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach is paying off. The teams have helped hundreds of people find housing and drug treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's just one item in the county's plan, and problems with opioids are far from solved here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snohomish County will keep working on its large and small goals, one bite at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported by \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.findingfixes.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Finding Fixes\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, a podcast about solutions to the opioid epidemic, which is a project of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>InvestigateWest\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Rural+Community+Decided+To+Treat+Its+Opioid+Problem+Like+A+Natural+Disaster&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Should Doctors Screen Patients for Intimate Partner Violence?",
"title": "How Should Doctors Screen Patients for Intimate Partner Violence?",
"headTitle": "Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Throughout their lifetimes, one out of four women and one out of 10 men will experience some form of intimate partner violence, including rape, physical abuse and stalking, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportFactsheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey\u003c/a> from 2010, the latest year with available data.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nA9kX1ddg8K8IZWIHwwGowcXfuIRUeGK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How doctors and nurses should screen patients for such intimate partner violence is the subject of updated recommendations issued Tuesday by the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force and \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2708121\">published\u003c/a> in the Journal of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best estimates likely under-represent the true scope and scale of intimate partner violence because victims often are afraid to disclose what has happened to them. Roughly two-thirds of women who have been abused said they remained fearful and concerned for their safety after the abuse, the CDC reported, and half of these women said they developed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, which can cause further physical health consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the latest guidelines, physicians would ask women of reproductive age during appointments if they have experienced violence at the hands of someone they know. Women who indicate they have would then be referred for further services, such as \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1524838016637080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">counseling\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2015.5547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">home visits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations bolster a set of guidelines initially released in 2013. Guidelines are reviewed every five years to adapt standing practices to new evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the #MeToo era, advocates suggest that, anecdotally, they have seen more victims empowered to speak out about what has happened to them. In the last year, the Domestic Violence Hotline reported a 30-percent rise in calls, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/domestic-violence-hotline-me-too.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the many #MeToo experiences revealed on social media, survivors of domestic violence often are not ready to go public in part because of stigma and the idea that domestic violence occurs in a relationship between two consenting adults rather than a situation bound by fear, abuse and threats. Lisa James, director of health at Futures Without Violence, credits the movement with inviting people to be “more comfortable with disclosure.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"KW16iKwutQKVUIspOtLQoZNCrloWfZng\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s all the more reason why we want to have health care providers there, ready and trained on how to open up that conversation,” James said. Making it a routine part of a health checkup may help relieve the onus on victims to protect themselves by speaking out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a closer look at these recommendations and how they can help women at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s new about the guidelines?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females of reproductive age — between 15 and 44 years old — are at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">potential risk for abuse\u003c/a>, according to the guidelines. But other factors, including abuse during childhood, joblessness and difficulty paying bills, marital problems and substance use, raise the chances that a woman may endure violence from someone she knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations suggest clinicians ask all female patients in this age group screening \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipv/ipvandsvscreening.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">questions\u003c/a>, like: Have you ever been emotionally or physically abused by your partner or someone important to you? And, within the last year, have you ever been hit, slapped, kicked or otherwise physically hurt by someone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a woman indicates that she has been the victim of such violence, the clinician should to refer the patient for more intensive, ongoing support services, according to the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Handing a stack of brochures to a patient and suggesting she call a hotline phone number is not enough, said John Epling, a family physician in Roanoke, Virginia, who served on the task force that developed these recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody experiencing intimate partner violence would need lots of support figuring their options,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why weren’t men or seniors or other groups included in these screening recommendations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations address intimate partner violence among adolescent and middle-aged women because the task force develops recommendations based on available research, Epling said. They acknowledge there is not enough evidence that assesses good screening practices to craft guidelines for men, seniors and vulnerable adult populations, even though it is a very common problem.[contextly_sidebar id=\"LpwI1Vg9g6FZYhBogzNZWmIPx9ZOdahX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more research in hand, he suggested the task force can revisit these issues in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the guidelines help prevent violence?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health care system can go further, James said, especially with the understanding that victims of intimate partner violence aren’t always ready to disclose the abuse they face. She suggested a universal education approach where every patient, including men who might be committing or targeted by intimate partner violence, is told about the impact on one’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take time and more data and evidence to determine if these strategies lead to improved access to services for people who endure violence. Rather than waiting until physical and sexual abuse happen, James said these approaches could bolster efforts to prevent harm in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>If you are experiencing domestic violence, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1−800−799−7233 or TTY 1−800−787−3224.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Throughout their lifetimes, one out of four women and one out of 10 men will experience some form of intimate partner violence, including rape, physical abuse and stalking, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportFactsheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey\u003c/a> from 2010, the latest year with available data.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How doctors and nurses should screen patients for such intimate partner violence is the subject of updated recommendations issued Tuesday by the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force and \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2708121\">published\u003c/a> in the Journal of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best estimates likely under-represent the true scope and scale of intimate partner violence because victims often are afraid to disclose what has happened to them. Roughly two-thirds of women who have been abused said they remained fearful and concerned for their safety after the abuse, the CDC reported, and half of these women said they developed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, which can cause further physical health consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the latest guidelines, physicians would ask women of reproductive age during appointments if they have experienced violence at the hands of someone they know. Women who indicate they have would then be referred for further services, such as \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1524838016637080\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">counseling\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2015.5547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">home visits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations bolster a set of guidelines initially released in 2013. Guidelines are reviewed every five years to adapt standing practices to new evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the #MeToo era, advocates suggest that, anecdotally, they have seen more victims empowered to speak out about what has happened to them. In the last year, the Domestic Violence Hotline reported a 30-percent rise in calls, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/domestic-violence-hotline-me-too.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlike the many #MeToo experiences revealed on social media, survivors of domestic violence often are not ready to go public in part because of stigma and the idea that domestic violence occurs in a relationship between two consenting adults rather than a situation bound by fear, abuse and threats. Lisa James, director of health at Futures Without Violence, credits the movement with inviting people to be “more comfortable with disclosure.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s all the more reason why we want to have health care providers there, ready and trained on how to open up that conversation,” James said. Making it a routine part of a health checkup may help relieve the onus on victims to protect themselves by speaking out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a closer look at these recommendations and how they can help women at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s new about the guidelines?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females of reproductive age — between 15 and 44 years old — are at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">potential risk for abuse\u003c/a>, according to the guidelines. But other factors, including abuse during childhood, joblessness and difficulty paying bills, marital problems and substance use, raise the chances that a woman may endure violence from someone she knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recommendations suggest clinicians ask all female patients in this age group screening \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ipv/ipvandsvscreening.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">questions\u003c/a>, like: Have you ever been emotionally or physically abused by your partner or someone important to you? And, within the last year, have you ever been hit, slapped, kicked or otherwise physically hurt by someone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a woman indicates that she has been the victim of such violence, the clinician should to refer the patient for more intensive, ongoing support services, according to the new guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Handing a stack of brochures to a patient and suggesting she call a hotline phone number is not enough, said John Epling, a family physician in Roanoke, Virginia, who served on the task force that developed these recommendations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anybody experiencing intimate partner violence would need lots of support figuring their options,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why weren’t men or seniors or other groups included in these screening recommendations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These recommendations address intimate partner violence among adolescent and middle-aged women because the task force develops recommendations based on available research, Epling said. They acknowledge there is not enough evidence that assesses good screening practices to craft guidelines for men, seniors and vulnerable adult populations, even though it is a very common problem.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more research in hand, he suggested the task force can revisit these issues in the years to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will the guidelines help prevent violence?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health care system can go further, James said, especially with the understanding that victims of intimate partner violence aren’t always ready to disclose the abuse they face. She suggested a universal education approach where every patient, including men who might be committing or targeted by intimate partner violence, is told about the impact on one’s health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will take time and more data and evidence to determine if these strategies lead to improved access to services for people who endure violence. Rather than waiting until physical and sexual abuse happen, James said these approaches could bolster efforts to prevent harm in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>If you are experiencing domestic violence, call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1−800−799−7233 or TTY 1−800−787−3224.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sex and Gender Memo by Trump Administration Is Wrong on All Counts, Say Experts",
"title": "Sex and Gender Memo by Trump Administration Is Wrong on All Counts, Say Experts",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Lately we've been noting the reality-bending statements made by President Trump and those in his administration on matters of the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929060/trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fire\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770/no-president-trump-calif-isnt-diverting-its-water-supply-away-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929627/interior-secretary-ryan-zinke-says-california-fires-have-nothing-to-do-with-climate-change-hes-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/trump-s-effort-roll-back-auto-efficiency-rules-could-hinge-debate-over-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air\u003c/a> — you might say that for science journalists, fact-checking this presidency is now elemental.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'For decades, researchers have recognized that gender is not necessarily determined by a person’s biological sex assigned at birth, which can be physiologically uncertain in some cases.'\u003ccite>American Psychological Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now comes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times report\u003c/a> that the administration is wading into a new area: the complex interplay between biology and gender. On Sunday the paper said that the Dept. of Health and Human Services wants to establish a definition of a person's gender, one that is determined “on a biological basis that is clear, grounded in science, objective and administrable,” as the paper quoted an HHS memo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sex means a person’s status as male or female based on immutable biological traits identifiable by or before birth,” the memo said. “The sex listed on a person’s birth certificate, as originally issued, shall constitute definitive proof of a person’s sex unless rebutted by reliable genetic evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, your genitals at birth determine your gender. End of discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move aims to reverse civil rights protections granted to transgender people under the Obama administration, the Times said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it would also appear to create an official position by the United States government that transgender people simply don't, well, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is going to be news to the roughly \u003ca href=\"http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1.4 million transgender individuals\u003c/a> in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Psychological Association wasted no time in issuing a response to the report. On Monday, it said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/10/erase-transgender-definition.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, researchers have recognized that gender is not necessarily determined by a person’s biological sex assigned at birth, which can be physiologically uncertain in some cases. Purposely ignoring this body of evidence is indefensible and certain to add to the stress and discrimination already experienced by transgender people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Stephen Rosenthal, a pediatric endocrinologist and the medical director of UCSF's Child and Adolescent Gender Center, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"A\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> typical transgender person has genitalia that are not in any way obviously abnormal,\" he said. \"And not in any way a clue that that person is going to end up transgender.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genitalia, he said, does not always predict gender identity, and other physical characteristics most likely contribute to people's fundamental sense of whether they are male, female or some variant. Rosenthal cited a number of studies showing \u003cspan class=\"s1\">certain parts of the brain, shaped differently in men and women, that are more closely aligned with the gender identity of transgender individuals than with their natal sex. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research suggests that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/the-biological-roots-of-gender-identity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">genetic and endocrinological differences \u003c/a>in transgender people play a role in forming a gender identity that is different than their external sexual characteristics might indicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HHS memo's proposition that genetic testing would clear up any dispute around a person's gender is also wrongheaded, said Rosenthal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A\u003cspan class=\"s1\">nyone, even high school students, know that there are plenty of examples of women with female bodies, female genitalia, let's say, and an unequivocal female gender identity, who happen to have XY chromosomes,\" he said, referring to the chromosomal pair typically found in males.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HHS memo would also seem to ignore intersex people — those individuals born with a mix of physical characteristics typically found in only males or females. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.academia.edu/21132481/How_sexually_dimorphic_are_we_Review_and_synthesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2000 review\u003c/a> of the scientific literature by Brown University researchers looked at these deviations from the norm in people born from 1955 on. The survey took into account \u003cspan class=\"a\">chromosomes, gonadal structure, hormone lev\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"a\">els, internal genital structure and external geni\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"a\">tal\u003cspan class=\"l6\">ia, finding that as many as 2 percent of newborns contain some biological trait normally associated with the opposite sex. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the researchers, the biologist Ann Fausto Sterling, put it this way in a seminal 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne_Fausto-Sterling/publication/239657377_The_Five_Sexes_Why_Male_and_Female_are_not_Enough/links/00b7d525802a725b6b000000/The-Five-Sexes-Why-Male-and-Female-are-not-Enough.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">essay\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>If the state and the legal system have an interest in maintaining a two-party sexual system, they are in defiance of nature. For biologically speaking, there are many gradations running from female to male; and depending on how one calls the shots, one can argue that along that spectrum lie at least five sexes — and perhaps even more.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/?fbclid=IwAR01v8tv0iW4E7ve5UEXi-9SrR2ltvAzQBS9PoREKCXREKChBMp-62KoKDU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a> took note of the mounting evidence of a male-female biological spectrum. \"To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum,\" wrote the editors. \"As science looks more closely ... it becomes increasingly clear that a pair of chromosomes do not always suffice to distinguish girl/boy — either from the standpoint of sex (biological traits) or of gender (social identity).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gender Identity: Biopsychosocial\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, of course, has moved beyond tying individuals' biological sexual characteristics to their gender identity. Last year, the state made it easier to officially change genders and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">added a new category\u003c/a> called \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>\" to the \"male\" and \"female\" options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers often describe the roots of gender identity as a complex mix of factors that are \"biopsychosocial.\" Surveys in recent years have revealed younger generations as accepting of more customizable views of gender, with some individuals even eschewing the pronouns \"he\" and \"she\" in favor of \"they\" to indicate the duality or fluidity of their identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Tate, a gender researcher at San Francisco State University, said it's time to move on from debates like the one the Trump administration is trying to foster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Historically, science about gender has contained lots of errors that needed to be corrected or discarded,\" she wrote in an email. \"Pretending that gender identity can be reduced to a person’s genitals is one of those errors that we needed to discard in order to move forward in a way that is scientifically productive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lately we've been noting the reality-bending statements made by President Trump and those in his administration on matters of the environment. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929060/trumps-confusing-tweets-on-california-fires-now-appear-to-be-actual-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fire\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1928770/no-president-trump-calif-isnt-diverting-its-water-supply-away-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929627/interior-secretary-ryan-zinke-says-california-fires-have-nothing-to-do-with-climate-change-hes-wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">earth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/trump-s-effort-roll-back-auto-efficiency-rules-could-hinge-debate-over-safety\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air\u003c/a> — you might say that for science journalists, fact-checking this presidency is now elemental.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'For decades, researchers have recognized that gender is not necessarily determined by a person’s biological sex assigned at birth, which can be physiologically uncertain in some cases.'\u003ccite>American Psychological Association\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now comes a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times report\u003c/a> that the administration is wading into a new area: the complex interplay between biology and gender. On Sunday the paper said that the Dept. of Health and Human Services wants to establish a definition of a person's gender, one that is determined “on a biological basis that is clear, grounded in science, objective and administrable,” as the paper quoted an HHS memo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sex means a person’s status as male or female based on immutable biological traits identifiable by or before birth,” the memo said. “The sex listed on a person’s birth certificate, as originally issued, shall constitute definitive proof of a person’s sex unless rebutted by reliable genetic evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, your genitals at birth determine your gender. End of discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move aims to reverse civil rights protections granted to transgender people under the Obama administration, the Times said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it would also appear to create an official position by the United States government that transgender people simply don't, well, exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is going to be news to the roughly \u003ca href=\"http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1.4 million transgender individuals\u003c/a> in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Psychological Association wasted no time in issuing a response to the report. On Monday, it said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/10/erase-transgender-definition.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For decades, researchers have recognized that gender is not necessarily determined by a person’s biological sex assigned at birth, which can be physiologically uncertain in some cases. Purposely ignoring this body of evidence is indefensible and certain to add to the stress and discrimination already experienced by transgender people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Stephen Rosenthal, a pediatric endocrinologist and the medical director of UCSF's Child and Adolescent Gender Center, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\"A\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> typical transgender person has genitalia that are not in any way obviously abnormal,\" he said. \"And not in any way a clue that that person is going to end up transgender.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genitalia, he said, does not always predict gender identity, and other physical characteristics most likely contribute to people's fundamental sense of whether they are male, female or some variant. Rosenthal cited a number of studies showing \u003cspan class=\"s1\">certain parts of the brain, shaped differently in men and women, that are more closely aligned with the gender identity of transgender individuals than with their natal sex. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other research suggests that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/the-biological-roots-of-gender-identity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">genetic and endocrinological differences \u003c/a>in transgender people play a role in forming a gender identity that is different than their external sexual characteristics might indicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HHS memo's proposition that genetic testing would clear up any dispute around a person's gender is also wrongheaded, said Rosenthal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A\u003cspan class=\"s1\">nyone, even high school students, know that there are plenty of examples of women with female bodies, female genitalia, let's say, and an unequivocal female gender identity, who happen to have XY chromosomes,\" he said, referring to the chromosomal pair typically found in males.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The HHS memo would also seem to ignore intersex people — those individuals born with a mix of physical characteristics typically found in only males or females. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.academia.edu/21132481/How_sexually_dimorphic_are_we_Review_and_synthesis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2000 review\u003c/a> of the scientific literature by Brown University researchers looked at these deviations from the norm in people born from 1955 on. The survey took into account \u003cspan class=\"a\">chromosomes, gonadal structure, hormone lev\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"a\">els, internal genital structure and external geni\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"a\">tal\u003cspan class=\"l6\">ia, finding that as many as 2 percent of newborns contain some biological trait normally associated with the opposite sex. \u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the researchers, the biologist Ann Fausto Sterling, put it this way in a seminal 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne_Fausto-Sterling/publication/239657377_The_Five_Sexes_Why_Male_and_Female_are_not_Enough/links/00b7d525802a725b6b000000/The-Five-Sexes-Why-Male-and-Female-are-not-Enough.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">essay\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"\u003c/strong>If the state and the legal system have an interest in maintaining a two-party sexual system, they are in defiance of nature. For biologically speaking, there are many gradations running from female to male; and depending on how one calls the shots, one can argue that along that spectrum lie at least five sexes — and perhaps even more.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-new-science-of-sex-and-gender/?fbclid=IwAR01v8tv0iW4E7ve5UEXi-9SrR2ltvAzQBS9PoREKCXREKChBMp-62KoKDU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific American\u003c/a> took note of the mounting evidence of a male-female biological spectrum. \"To varying extents, many of us are biological hybrids on a male-female continuum,\" wrote the editors. \"As science looks more closely ... it becomes increasingly clear that a pair of chromosomes do not always suffice to distinguish girl/boy — either from the standpoint of sex (biological traits) or of gender (social identity).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gender Identity: Biopsychosocial\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, of course, has moved beyond tying individuals' biological sexual characteristics to their gender identity. Last year, the state made it easier to officially change genders and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/436110/california-third-gender-nonbinary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">added a new category\u003c/a> called \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/335790/boy-girl-both-neither-a-new-generation-overthrows-gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nonbinary\u003c/a>\" to the \"male\" and \"female\" options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers often describe the roots of gender identity as a complex mix of factors that are \"biopsychosocial.\" Surveys in recent years have revealed younger generations as accepting of more customizable views of gender, with some individuals even eschewing the pronouns \"he\" and \"she\" in favor of \"they\" to indicate the duality or fluidity of their identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Tate, a gender researcher at San Francisco State University, said it's time to move on from debates like the one the Trump administration is trying to foster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Historically, science about gender has contained lots of errors that needed to be corrected or discarded,\" she wrote in an email. \"Pretending that gender identity can be reduced to a person’s genitals is one of those errors that we needed to discard in order to move forward in a way that is scientifically productive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "CDC Chair on Trump’s Transgender Proposal: Stigma is ‘Not in The Interest of Public Health’",
"title": "CDC Chair on Trump’s Transgender Proposal: Stigma is ‘Not in The Interest of Public Health’",
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"content": "\u003cp>The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Tuesday suggested a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11700270/trump-move-to-redefine-gender-could-lead-to-david-and-goliath-battle-with-transgender-californians\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trump administration proposal\u003c/a> that would define someone’s sex at birth risked heightening stigma around transgender people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The director, Robert Redfield, did not directly criticize the proposal. But when asked whether any such effort might hamper efforts to treat HIV, especially among transgender women, he replied: “We need to understand that stigmatizing illness, stigmatizing individuals is not in the interest of public health.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"mVeGOCjwCxD05uYuQsgkbTz0xWyggdvD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made the remarks in an interview with STAT Executive Editor Rick Berke at the opening session of the Milken Institute’s Future of Health Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Redfield said he was not involved in developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the policy\u003c/a>, which was first reported by the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The proposal was criticized by scientists, who pointed out that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/22/scientists-see-a-problem-with-trump-plan-on-defining-sex-biology/\">stands in contradiction to basic biology\u003c/a>, which recognizes that many individuals are born with sex chromosomes or genitalia that don’t conform to the social definitions of “male” and “female.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump addressed the issue Monday, telling reporters that the administration is “looking at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of different concepts right now,” Trump said. “They have a lot of different things happening with respect to transgender right now. You know that as well as I do and we’re looking at it very seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the CDC, has declined to comment on the substance of the proposal directly. On Monday, the Washington Post reported that, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/trump-administration-considering-different-concepts-regarding-transgender-rights-with-some-pushing-back-internally/2018/10/22/0668f4da-d624-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html?utm_term=.5da392e86f59\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HHS is backing the proposal\u003c/a>, the Department of Education is pushing back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield also argued that stigma is harmful more broadly, saying that it interferes with actually treating a disease, such as addiction to opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that the stigma around opioid use now is greater than the stigma around AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing compared to what we’re confronting with drug use,” Redfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For him, the issue is personal — his son has been in recovery for drug use for three years.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SSyvhjTE85ossB5jaH387kntcvQgQVWT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I pray for him every day,” Redfield said. “People don’t realize that addiction is a medical condition, it’s not a moral failing. People don’t realize it’s a chronic medical condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield compared it to another disease, like cancer. We don’t stigmatize people whose cancer goes into remission and then flares back up, he said, so why do we stigmatize people who relapse after treatment for drug use?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that treatment for addiction should be integrated into primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/23/cdc-director-on-trump-transgender-proposal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Tuesday suggested a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11700270/trump-move-to-redefine-gender-could-lead-to-david-and-goliath-battle-with-transgender-californians\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Trump administration proposal\u003c/a> that would define someone’s sex at birth risked heightening stigma around transgender people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The director, Robert Redfield, did not directly criticize the proposal. But when asked whether any such effort might hamper efforts to treat HIV, especially among transgender women, he replied: “We need to understand that stigmatizing illness, stigmatizing individuals is not in the interest of public health.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made the remarks in an interview with STAT Executive Editor Rick Berke at the opening session of the Milken Institute’s Future of Health Summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">Redfield said he was not involved in developing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/21/us/politics/transgender-trump-administration-sex-definition.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the policy\u003c/a>, which was first reported by the New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">The proposal was criticized by scientists, who pointed out that it \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/22/scientists-see-a-problem-with-trump-plan-on-defining-sex-biology/\">stands in contradiction to basic biology\u003c/a>, which recognizes that many individuals are born with sex chromosomes or genitalia that don’t conform to the social definitions of “male” and “female.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump addressed the issue Monday, telling reporters that the administration is “looking at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of different concepts right now,” Trump said. “They have a lot of different things happening with respect to transgender right now. You know that as well as I do and we’re looking at it very seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the CDC, has declined to comment on the substance of the proposal directly. On Monday, the Washington Post reported that, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/trump-administration-considering-different-concepts-regarding-transgender-rights-with-some-pushing-back-internally/2018/10/22/0668f4da-d624-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html?utm_term=.5da392e86f59\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HHS is backing the proposal\u003c/a>, the Department of Education is pushing back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield also argued that stigma is harmful more broadly, saying that it interferes with actually treating a disease, such as addiction to opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that the stigma around opioid use now is greater than the stigma around AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nothing compared to what we’re confronting with drug use,” Redfield said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For him, the issue is personal — his son has been in recovery for drug use for three years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I pray for him every day,” Redfield said. “People don’t realize that addiction is a medical condition, it’s not a moral failing. People don’t realize it’s a chronic medical condition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redfield compared it to another disease, like cancer. We don’t stigmatize people whose cancer goes into remission and then flares back up, he said, so why do we stigmatize people who relapse after treatment for drug use?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that treatment for addiction should be integrated into primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/23/cdc-director-on-trump-transgender-proposal/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A New Prescription For Depression: Join A Team And Get Sweaty",
"title": "A New Prescription For Depression: Join A Team And Get Sweaty",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ryan \"China\" \u003ca href=\"https://adaa.org/living-with-anxiety/personal-stories/becoming-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McCarney\u003c/a> has played sports his entire life, but sometimes he has to force himself to show up on the field to play pick-up soccer with his friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm dreading and I'm anticipating the worst. But I do it anyway. And then, it's a euphoric sensation when you're done with it because you end up having a great time,\" says McCarney.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gwsGwJ2iQLGQmBCouKy4FngfBXYfu4CD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarney was just 22 when he had his first panic attack. As a college and professional baseball player, he says getting help was stigmatized. It took him six years to get professional support. He still struggles with depression and social anxiety, but says exercising helps him — especially when it's with his teammates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows exercise can ease things like panic attacks or mood and sleep disorders, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30227-X/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in the journal, Lancet Psychiatry, found that popular team sports may have a slight edge over the other forms of physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed CDC survey data from 1.2 million adults and found — across age, gender, education status and income — people who exercised reported fewer days of bad mental health than those who didn't. And those who played team sports reported the fewest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the study's authors, \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/people/search/adam_chekroud-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Chekroud\u003c/a>, an assistant adjunct professor at Yale's School of Medicine, thinks team activity could add another layer of relief for sufferers of mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are biological, cognitive and social aspects to mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some sports might just be hitting on more of those elements than other sports,\" he says. \"If you just run on a treadmill for example, it's clear that you're getting that biological stimulation. But perhaps there are other elements of depression that you're not going to be tapping into.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"AnfCcZtwcDai9A2ip7Imx0DEvkjj5q1n\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this study only shows an association between group exercise and improved mental health, and can't prove that the one causes the other. But, given what is known about depression in particular, it adds up, says Jack Raglin, a professor in the department of kinesiology in the School of Public Health at Indiana University, Bloomington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who are depressed often isolate themselves, he says, so exercising in a group setting, \"can help alleviate symptoms and deal with this very pernicious symptom of depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Group exercise or team sports might also have an edge over other forms of exercise because they add an element of accountability, says Raglin. He did a study finding that couples who started an exercise program together had a lower dropout rate than those who started one on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study showed that \"very simple forms of social support can be beneficial,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't know the exact mechanism that makes exercise elevate mood and decrease anxiety, but there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/12/exercise.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a body of research\u003c/a> to show that it does work on the short and long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you conceptualize exercise as a pill it means, well it's a rather small pill and easy to take and easy to tolerate,\" says Raglin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One limitation of the \u003cem>Lancet Psychiatry\u003c/em> study is the data is based on patients self-reporting their symptoms. Dr. Antonia Baum, a psychiatrist and the past president of the \u003ca href=\"https://sportspsychiatry.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Society for Sports Psychiatry\u003c/a> says patients don't always give an accurate picture of their mental health. She says the study is an important step in this research field, but the conclusions shouldn't be taken as scientific gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are animals. We are meant to move and if we don't, a lot of systems slow down, including our mood and cognition,\" says Baum. \"So it makes intuitive sense that exercise is beneficial, but it's nice to try to start to wrap our arms around being able to quantify and qualify that in some ways.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"niLzEHeKc0OvTkkSZEOcmbbxguEskHkj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baum says she works with each of her patients to incorporate exercise into their lives. And she says this study will be a good jumping off point for more research on team sports and mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Baum and other researchers say getting someone who is depressed to start exercising is easier said than done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's all well and good to conclude that exercise whether it's done as a solo or a group pursuit is beneficial, but to get patients to do it is another matter and when you have a depressed patient motivation is often lacking,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chekroud says getting patients in general to stick to any kind of therapy is challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not just exercises that people stop doing, they also stop taking medications. They stopped showing up for therapy,\" he says. \"Adherence is a big problem in health care right now,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the study's findings could lead to more tools to help people reduce the overall burden of mental illness, now the leading contributor to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global burden of disability\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The field is really crying out for things that we can do to help people with mental health issues,\" says Chekroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For McCarney, team sports have helped him get a handle on his symptoms, he says. Before social gatherings, he often feels claustrophobic and panicked, but when he works through the anxiety and gets onto the field, he says it's always worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just gets you around people which I think is another huge thing when you're trying to maybe break out of a depressive cycle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>How to Get Started\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For some people, the idea of joining a team or any kind of group fitness activity is terrifying. Here are a few tips for getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find a sports ambassador. \u003c/strong>Raglin recommends finding a \"sports ambassador,\" a friend who can connect you with a group sport or activity. The friend can get you up to speed on the sport and what's expected of you. Team sports may feel like a leap of faith, says Baum. But, she says the rewards are worth it. \"It's like playing in an orchestra — the sum being greater than the parts — truly thrilling when it all comes together,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Match your skill level.\u003c/strong> It's not hard to find amateur sports teams to join, on sites like meetup.com. A lot of workplaces also have team sport activities, but Raglin says you make sure the skill level is right for you. You're more likely to have a good experience and want to go back. \"There is nothing worse than being on a team where the skill or intensity of the players is way above or below your own level or the level of competition you were looking for,\" Raglin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Join a run or bike club.\u003c/strong> If you're not into team games, go to your local run shop or bike shop to find run communities, bike clubs or community rides to join. Raglin recommends the \u003ca href=\"https://november-project.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">November Project\u003c/a>, which is a free fitness program with chapters in major cities around the world that hosts workouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Put money on the line.\u003c/strong> If you really aren't into team activities, Baum says getting a personal trainer or signing up for a gym can \"help add a social element, and that all important accountability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Try the obvious thing first.\u003c/strong> Baum says to look at the activities you've done throughout your life and think about which ones worked best for you. She says she sometimes takes her patients running or walking with her for a therapy session to start modeling the types of exercises that could work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sasa Woodruff is a freelance radio reporter and producer based in Los Angeles.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Prescription+For+Depression%3A+Join+A+Team+And+Get+Sweaty&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ryan \"China\" \u003ca href=\"https://adaa.org/living-with-anxiety/personal-stories/becoming-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">McCarney\u003c/a> has played sports his entire life, but sometimes he has to force himself to show up on the field to play pick-up soccer with his friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm dreading and I'm anticipating the worst. But I do it anyway. And then, it's a euphoric sensation when you're done with it because you end up having a great time,\" says McCarney.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCarney was just 22 when he had his first panic attack. As a college and professional baseball player, he says getting help was stigmatized. It took him six years to get professional support. He still struggles with depression and social anxiety, but says exercising helps him — especially when it's with his teammates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows exercise can ease things like panic attacks or mood and sleep disorders, and a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30227-X/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> in the journal, Lancet Psychiatry, found that popular team sports may have a slight edge over the other forms of physical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed CDC survey data from 1.2 million adults and found — across age, gender, education status and income — people who exercised reported fewer days of bad mental health than those who didn't. And those who played team sports reported the fewest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the study's authors, \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/people/search/adam_chekroud-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Chekroud\u003c/a>, an assistant adjunct professor at Yale's School of Medicine, thinks team activity could add another layer of relief for sufferers of mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are biological, cognitive and social aspects to mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some sports might just be hitting on more of those elements than other sports,\" he says. \"If you just run on a treadmill for example, it's clear that you're getting that biological stimulation. But perhaps there are other elements of depression that you're not going to be tapping into.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, this study only shows an association between group exercise and improved mental health, and can't prove that the one causes the other. But, given what is known about depression in particular, it adds up, says Jack Raglin, a professor in the department of kinesiology in the School of Public Health at Indiana University, Bloomington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who are depressed often isolate themselves, he says, so exercising in a group setting, \"can help alleviate symptoms and deal with this very pernicious symptom of depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Group exercise or team sports might also have an edge over other forms of exercise because they add an element of accountability, says Raglin. He did a study finding that couples who started an exercise program together had a lower dropout rate than those who started one on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study showed that \"very simple forms of social support can be beneficial,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don't know the exact mechanism that makes exercise elevate mood and decrease anxiety, but there is \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/12/exercise.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a body of research\u003c/a> to show that it does work on the short and long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you conceptualize exercise as a pill it means, well it's a rather small pill and easy to take and easy to tolerate,\" says Raglin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One limitation of the \u003cem>Lancet Psychiatry\u003c/em> study is the data is based on patients self-reporting their symptoms. Dr. Antonia Baum, a psychiatrist and the past president of the \u003ca href=\"https://sportspsychiatry.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Society for Sports Psychiatry\u003c/a> says patients don't always give an accurate picture of their mental health. She says the study is an important step in this research field, but the conclusions shouldn't be taken as scientific gospel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are animals. We are meant to move and if we don't, a lot of systems slow down, including our mood and cognition,\" says Baum. \"So it makes intuitive sense that exercise is beneficial, but it's nice to try to start to wrap our arms around being able to quantify and qualify that in some ways.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baum says she works with each of her patients to incorporate exercise into their lives. And she says this study will be a good jumping off point for more research on team sports and mental illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Baum and other researchers say getting someone who is depressed to start exercising is easier said than done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's all well and good to conclude that exercise whether it's done as a solo or a group pursuit is beneficial, but to get patients to do it is another matter and when you have a depressed patient motivation is often lacking,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chekroud says getting patients in general to stick to any kind of therapy is challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not just exercises that people stop doing, they also stop taking medications. They stopped showing up for therapy,\" he says. \"Adherence is a big problem in health care right now,\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the study's findings could lead to more tools to help people reduce the overall burden of mental illness, now the leading contributor to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">global burden of disability\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The field is really crying out for things that we can do to help people with mental health issues,\" says Chekroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For McCarney, team sports have helped him get a handle on his symptoms, he says. Before social gatherings, he often feels claustrophobic and panicked, but when he works through the anxiety and gets onto the field, he says it's always worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just gets you around people which I think is another huge thing when you're trying to maybe break out of a depressive cycle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>How to Get Started\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>For some people, the idea of joining a team or any kind of group fitness activity is terrifying. Here are a few tips for getting started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Find a sports ambassador. \u003c/strong>Raglin recommends finding a \"sports ambassador,\" a friend who can connect you with a group sport or activity. The friend can get you up to speed on the sport and what's expected of you. Team sports may feel like a leap of faith, says Baum. But, she says the rewards are worth it. \"It's like playing in an orchestra — the sum being greater than the parts — truly thrilling when it all comes together,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Match your skill level.\u003c/strong> It's not hard to find amateur sports teams to join, on sites like meetup.com. A lot of workplaces also have team sport activities, but Raglin says you make sure the skill level is right for you. You're more likely to have a good experience and want to go back. \"There is nothing worse than being on a team where the skill or intensity of the players is way above or below your own level or the level of competition you were looking for,\" Raglin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Join a run or bike club.\u003c/strong> If you're not into team games, go to your local run shop or bike shop to find run communities, bike clubs or community rides to join. Raglin recommends the \u003ca href=\"https://november-project.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">November Project\u003c/a>, which is a free fitness program with chapters in major cities around the world that hosts workouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Put money on the line.\u003c/strong> If you really aren't into team activities, Baum says getting a personal trainer or signing up for a gym can \"help add a social element, and that all important accountability.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Try the obvious thing first.\u003c/strong> Baum says to look at the activities you've done throughout your life and think about which ones worked best for you. She says she sometimes takes her patients running or walking with her for a therapy session to start modeling the types of exercises that could work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sasa Woodruff is a freelance radio reporter and producer based in Los Angeles.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+New+Prescription+For+Depression%3A+Join+A+Team+And+Get+Sweaty&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears",
"title": "Want To Keep Your Brain Sharp? Take Care Of Your Eyes And Ears",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.[contextly_sidebar id=\"6YAV50tRbgqwIJiI86NoTCI17lxry3wy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AfcnhascoCNQ0xP8K2IKX6aiTBhqbp6H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.[contextly_sidebar id=\"I4AgglSmwy1bzyUdMoNKByGDxN5TnrXK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By age 40, about 1 in 10 adults will experience some hearing loss. It happens so slowly and gradually, says audiologist Dina Rollins. \"You don't realize what you're missing.\" And even as it worsens, many people are in denial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time someone is convinced they have a hearing problem, age-related memory loss may have already set in. But there's good news. Restoring hearing with hearing aids can help slow down cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these findings: Researchers tracked about 2,000 older adults in the U.S. both before and after they started using hearing aids. The adults were participants in a big, national study called the \u003ca href=\"http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Retirement Study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 75 percent following the adoption of hearing aids,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/asri.maharani.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asri Maharani\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of Manchester in the division of neuroscience and experimental psychology and an author of the paper. \"It is a surprising result,\" Maharani says. The study was \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15363\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> this spring in the \u003cem>Journal of the American Geriatrics Society\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To assess cognition over time, researchers performed a battery of face-to-face tests with participants. This was done every two years from 1996 to 2014. One test to assess memory required participants to recall a list of 10 words, both immediately after the words were read aloud and then again after the participants had been distracted by other tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We weren't expecting that hearing aid use would eliminate cognitive decline. That's just not going to happen\" because age-related decline is inevitable, explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/piers.dawes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Piers Dawes\u003c/a>, an experimental psychologist and another author of the study. \"But the reduction in the rate of change is quite substantial. It's a very intriguing finding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the findings in context, consider that the slower rate of decline equates to remembering less than one more word on the 10-word recall test. So it's a small but measurable effect. And it adds to the evidence that hearing loss and cognitive decline are strongly linked.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It makes sense, says Rollins. Consider what people are getting when their hearing is restored: \"Stimulating your ears stimulates the nerves that stimulate your brain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you get hearing aids, \"we're giving your ears back what they're missing, and giving your brain what it needs to make sense of what you're hearing,\" Rollins explains. And this can help you stay more stimulated and socially engaged. Rollins was not involved in the study. She's in practice in Silver Spring, Md.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins says people who have hearing loss might decline faster than those with normal hearing due to the loss of social stimulation. \"Social isolation is a huge part of hearing loss, and people will notice their loved ones withdrawing from conversation, or not going to family or social functions like they used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rollins fits a lot of people with hearing aids, and sometimes they come in only after their loved ones insist on it. \"No one \u003cem>wants \u003c/em>to wear a hearing aid,\" Rollins says. \"Typically, there's convincing that needs to be done.\" There's still a stigma attached to wearing hearing aids. People think: \"I don't want to look old!\" But Rollins says the technology has improved a lot in recent years. And often, hearing aids are a lot less noticeable and are covered up by hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another obstacle. With a price tag of $4,500 and upwards for high-end aids, they're not cheap. Less expensive options are available, but insurance plans typically don't cover the full cost. Some plans offer no benefit for hearing aids, and, in general, Medicare \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/11/600895543/can-you-hear-me-now-senate-bill-may-make-the-answer-yes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">does not cover the cost\u003c/a>, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when people decide to get fitted with hearing aids, this step can improve quality of life. This is the case with Rollins' patient Lucien Johnson, 92, who was fitted with hearing aids a few weeks back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was tired of screaming,\" his wife, Carrie Johnson, tells us. And it was frustrating for Lucien as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes she thought I was ignoring her,\" Lucien says. But, really, he just didn't hear her speaking.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Johnsons say they're communicating better now. Lucien went in to see Rollins for an adjustment recently. \"I need some fine-tuning,\" he told her. \"But so far, so good.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common condition as we age is the deterioration of vision, often because of cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence shows that restoring vision by having cataract surgery can also slow cognitive decline. A companion study carried out by the same researchers and \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0204833\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> this month evaluated the outcomes of about 2,000 older adults who had cataract surgery. They were all participants in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.elsa-project.ac.uk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English Longitudinal Study of Ageing,\u003c/a> which is carried out similarly to the U.S. Health and Retirement Survey. Participants are given periodic cognitive assessments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found the rate of cognitive decline was slowed by 50 percent following cataract surgery,\" explains Maharani. As with the outcome in the hearing aid study, restoring good vision can't eliminate cognitive decline, but this study suggests it can significantly slow the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many factors influence healthy aging, including lifestyle habits such as diet and physical activity. But Maharani and her co-authors say it's important to know that steps to correct vision and hearing loss can play into the equation as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Want+To+Keep+Your+Brain+Sharp%3F+Take+Care+Of+Your+Eyes+And+Ears&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EK9hFqM2yZUTzSOgfHFT52apU2Vgh1xK\"]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.[contextly_sidebar id=\"o8Fym2tNlF7cBkD0KG2bbPnUmKXrgLdI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yBQAN1uArOrCWBWhXStG5szdMxIJkw7D\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Young adults and teens who smoke Juul brand e-cigarettes are blissfully unaware of the health risks associated with the popular vape kit, according to a new study out of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger users fail to recognize the addictive potential of Juul e-cigarettes, according to the\u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2707425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> study published Friday\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>JAMA Network Open.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers said they found a \"worrisome disconnect\" between teens’ perceptions of their Juul use and actual addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's troubling since adolescents who use Juul e-cigarettes do so on a more regular basis than adolescents who use other forms of e-cigarettes, according to the study’s senior author and Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/adolescent/research/Research.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">professor Bonnie Halpern-Felsher\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement Juul said, \"We agree that underage use of JUUL is completely unacceptable and it is directly opposed to our mission of eliminating cigarettes by offering existing adult smokers a true alternative to combustible cigarettes. We stand committed to working with those who want to keep nicotine products out of the hands of young people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Growing Up With E-Cigs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first phase of the study, researchers interviewed more than 700 students in ninth and 12th grade in 2014 and 2015. Follow-up questionnaires were completed by 445 of the participants, who were by then in the 12th grade or a few years out of high school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants who used e-cigarettes also completed a separate questionnaire assessing their degree of nicotine dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of all participants said they had heard of Juul, while about 16 percent said they had used it. Other e-cigarette brands were used by about 30 percent of participants, while conventional cigarettes were smoked by about 24 percent of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two-thirds of users reported using more than one type of product. Among those who had tried Juul, nearly 60 percent reported that they had used the product within the last 30 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, participants who had tried other e-cigarette brands or conventional cigarettes, about 30 percent and 28 percent respectively, reported use within the last 30 days — a striking difference between Juul users and users of other tobacco products.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also found that younger users were showing signs of addiction but not reporting it. In other words, there was a disconnect between what they were actually experiencing and their perception of the product's addiction potential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says the findings raise serious concerns about higher rates of addiction among Juul users. Especially since users expressed the view that Juul e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than the other products mentioned in the survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul e-cigarettes account for two-thirds of the nation's e-cigarette market. They contain more nicotine than competing brands of e-cigarettes, according to the study. Nicotine \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/tobacco/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has been\u003c/a> linked to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not clear on the package how much nicotine is in there and how harmful nicotine can be,\" says Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The label says it contains five percent nicotine, but to a young person that may not seem like much, according to Halpern-Felsher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says that Juul products contain 59 mg of nicotine per milliliter, which is comparable to about a pack-and-a-half to two packs of cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other forms of e-cigarettes have anywhere between 0 to around 36 mg per milliliter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>E-cigarette use in adolescents is particularly alarming since nicotine can change the brain of an adolescent, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4560573/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">making it easier\u003c/a> for the user to be calm while addicted to that substance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Halpern-Felsher says there's a higher possibility of addiction during adolescence than if the user had started using the product as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Public Perception\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers blame marketing and advertisements for the gap between reality and public perception among younger users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juul has come under sharp criticism for designing e-cigarettes that appeal to the youth market. Their products use flavored nicotine-containing liquids, such as cool mint and dessert flavors, that are inhaled from colorful pods resembling USB flash drives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/PublicHealthEducation/PublicEducationCampaigns/TheRealCostCampaign/ucm620783.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently launched a\u003c/a> campaign to warn youths about the health risks and to stop Juul sales to young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halpern-Felsher says that youth are more likely to use tobacco products that come in flavors. She notes that only one of the participants in the study used the plain tobacco flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study emphasizes the need for better public-health campaigns highlighting the health risks of e-cigarettes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul users aren't aware of the amount of nicotine in the product,\" says Halpern-Felsher. \"We really need to have a discussion about the amount of nicotine in these products. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also recommends increased regulation of e-cigarette flavors and how they are advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Juul needs to report more accurately and in plain English,\" she says. \"And in a way that everybody understands how much nicotine is in there.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Open Those Blinds: Sunlight Helps Kill Indoor Bacteria",
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"content": "\u003cp>Even before Florence Nightingale advised that hospitals be designed to let daylight in, people observed that sunshine helps keep you healthy. But there was not much research to explain why that's the case, especially inside buildings.[contextly_sidebar id=\"IjvS3scrk3CCEGum7zZ7aa5YWo6TitWh\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Oregon set up a study of dusty, dollhouse-size rooms to compare what happens in rooms exposed to daylight through regular glass, rooms exposed to only ultraviolet light and those kept dark. They used a mix of dust collected from actual homes in the Portland area and let the miniature rooms sit outdoors while keeping the insides at a normal room temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 90 days (because that's how long dust can hang around, even if you vacuumed), they sampled the dust and analyzed the types of bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found surprised them and confirmed what your grandmother already knew: Rooms exposed to daylight have fewer germs. In fact, the study showed that the lit rooms had about half the viable bacteria (those that are able to grow), compared with dark rooms. Rooms that were exposed only to UV light had just slightly less viable bacteria than ones exposed to daylight. Their research was \u003ca href=\"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0559-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Microbiome.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-your-dust-says-about-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so much time indoors\u003c/a>, the new research could give insights into the relationship between air quality and light. \"I think it's a novel study because they looked at the effect of visible light, and they were also looking at real bacterial communities and real household dust,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.cee.vt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in indoor air quality and was not involved with this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author,\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashkaan_Fahimipour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Ashkaan Fahimipour\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oregon's Biology and the Built Environment Center, says he was surprised that the visible light and the UV light performed so similarly to keep bacteria down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at both types of light because UV is known to be a good disinfectant and is used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/27/632393234/which-water-is-best-for-health-hint-dont-discount-the-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean drinking water\u003c/a>. Yet typical window glass filters out most UV light.[contextly_sidebar id=\"4QgoB7NXdj3QdtESGYlnpqlI9RBpqxdt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another surprising thing was the amount of microbes that were viable in dust. Earlier studies didn't suggest it would be as much, says co-author \u003ca href=\"https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/architecture/kevin-van-den-wymelenberg\">Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg\u003c/a>, co-director of the Biology and the Built Environment Center at the University of Oregon. That's because \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indoor dust\u003c/a> is like a desert — it's too dry for most bacteria or other things to grow. This study found 12 percent of bacteria in dark rooms were viable compared to 6.8 percent in rooms with daylight and 6.1 percent in rooms exposed to UV light only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may not sound like much, \"6 percent of millions of cells is still a lot of microbes,\" Van Den Wymelenberg says. \"Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The daylit rooms in the study also had less of the types of bacteria associated with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104662183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human skin\u003c/a>, which people shed as they move around indoors, and more closely resembled outdoor bacterial communities. Some of the human-associated bacteria species that didn't survive in the lighted rooms are from a family of bacteria known to cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894335/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">respiratory disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their future work, the researchers said they'd like to design studies to determine how much light is necessary to kill microbes so architects can begin to design buildings with that in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, researchers have learned from trying to eradicate all germs in hospital and laboratory clean rooms that it's really hard to get rid of microbes wholesale. \"Sanitizing isn't the best approach,\" Fahimipour says. And some microbes are actually good for us, like the ones in yogurt. Someday, he says, \"it may be better to enrich an indoor setting with microbes that are not harmful or even [with those that are] beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen O'Neil is a freelance science writer who lives in the Washington, D.C., area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Grandma+Was+Right%3A+Sunshine+Helps+Kill+Germs+Indoors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even before Florence Nightingale advised that hospitals be designed to let daylight in, people observed that sunshine helps keep you healthy. But there was not much research to explain why that's the case, especially inside buildings.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Oregon set up a study of dusty, dollhouse-size rooms to compare what happens in rooms exposed to daylight through regular glass, rooms exposed to only ultraviolet light and those kept dark. They used a mix of dust collected from actual homes in the Portland area and let the miniature rooms sit outdoors while keeping the insides at a normal room temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 90 days (because that's how long dust can hang around, even if you vacuumed), they sampled the dust and analyzed the types of bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found surprised them and confirmed what your grandmother already knew: Rooms exposed to daylight have fewer germs. In fact, the study showed that the lit rooms had about half the viable bacteria (those that are able to grow), compared with dark rooms. Rooms that were exposed only to UV light had just slightly less viable bacteria than ones exposed to daylight. Their research was \u003ca href=\"https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-018-0559-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Microbiome.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we spend \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/what-your-dust-says-about-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so much time indoors\u003c/a>, the new research could give insights into the relationship between air quality and light. \"I think it's a novel study because they looked at the effect of visible light, and they were also looking at real bacterial communities and real household dust,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.air.cee.vt.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linsey Marr\u003c/a>, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Virginia Tech who specializes in indoor air quality and was not involved with this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study's lead author,\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashkaan_Fahimipour\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Ashkaan Fahimipour\u003c/a>, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oregon's Biology and the Built Environment Center, says he was surprised that the visible light and the UV light performed so similarly to keep bacteria down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at both types of light because UV is known to be a good disinfectant and is used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/07/27/632393234/which-water-is-best-for-health-hint-dont-discount-the-tap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clean drinking water\u003c/a>. Yet typical window glass filters out most UV light.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another surprising thing was the amount of microbes that were viable in dust. Earlier studies didn't suggest it would be as much, says co-author \u003ca href=\"https://archenvironment.uoregon.edu/architecture/kevin-van-den-wymelenberg\">Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg\u003c/a>, co-director of the Biology and the Built Environment Center at the University of Oregon. That's because \u003ca href=\"http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1814/20151139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">indoor dust\u003c/a> is like a desert — it's too dry for most bacteria or other things to grow. This study found 12 percent of bacteria in dark rooms were viable compared to 6.8 percent in rooms with daylight and 6.1 percent in rooms exposed to UV light only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may not sound like much, \"6 percent of millions of cells is still a lot of microbes,\" Van Den Wymelenberg says. \"Until now, daylighting [illuminating a building with natural light] has been about visual comfort or broad health. But now we can say daylighting influences air quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The daylit rooms in the study also had less of the types of bacteria associated with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104662183\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">human skin\u003c/a>, which people shed as they move around indoors, and more closely resembled outdoor bacterial communities. Some of the human-associated bacteria species that didn't survive in the lighted rooms are from a family of bacteria known to cause \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894335/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">respiratory disease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their future work, the researchers said they'd like to design studies to determine how much light is necessary to kill microbes so architects can begin to design buildings with that in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, researchers have learned from trying to eradicate all germs in hospital and laboratory clean rooms that it's really hard to get rid of microbes wholesale. \"Sanitizing isn't the best approach,\" Fahimipour says. And some microbes are actually good for us, like the ones in yogurt. Someday, he says, \"it may be better to enrich an indoor setting with microbes that are not harmful or even [with those that are] beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kathleen O'Neil is a freelance science writer who lives in the Washington, D.C., area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Grandma+Was+Right%3A+Sunshine+Helps+Kill+Germs+Indoors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision",
"title": "Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In order to see the red of a sunset or the green of spring leaves, developing human eyes need to get the right hormone at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the finding of a team of scientists who studied how color vision develops using hundreds of human retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau6348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, could help accelerate current efforts to cure colorblindness. It could also lead to new treatments for diseases including macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important that we understand how nature controls the development of the retina so we can understand better why things go wrong in disease and how we can treat them,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/smbeck2000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Becker\u003c/a>, a scientist at the National Eye Institute. The newly published findings are a step in that direction, says Becker, who has no connection to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of color vision in people has been difficult to study because it usually occurs in the womb — and out of sight. But two scientists at Johns Hopkins University thought they might find some answers using retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CHvLNjg6nI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">retinal organoids\u003c/a>\" have been around for a few years but are difficult and tedious to grow, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kiara-eldred-984b1513/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiara Eldred\u003c/a>, a graduate student at Hopkins who is the paper's first author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes up to a year to turn a batch of immature retinal cells into a functioning organoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the first week of their life, I take care of them every day,\" Eldred says. After a couple of weeks, she says, the cells become \"a little bit more independent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with luck, these clusters of immature cells develop into a 3D structure that \"looks and acts like a developing retina that you would see in a baby,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/johnstonlab/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Johnston\u003c/a>, Eldred's boss and an assistant professor in the biology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston's lab had been studying vision in flies. But he and Eldred saw a chance to try something much more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We discussed this crazy idea of: Could we use these human retinal organoids to study how we get the different color-sensing cells in our eyes?\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using human cells was key because you can't study how humans see color in a fly, or even a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mice don't sense red,\" Johnston says. \"They don't have these red-detecting cells. So we really have to study this in human tissue to get any insight into how it works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston and Eldred knew that in a human fetus, cells that detect blue light appear first. Then come cells that respond to red and green light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research on animals suggested that the thyroid hormone was involved in the development of these color-sensing cells, called cones. So Johnston had Eldred conduct an experiment with immature retinal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I added thyroid hormone to the dish during their development, and we got more red-green cones developing in those organoids,\" she says. \"We got really excited because we were on to something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take years and many more experiments to confirm that the thyroid hormone was actually triggering the emergence of color vision. And the team still hasn't figured out what causes some cones to go on to become even more specialized by detecting only red or only green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Johnston says his lab is now preparing to take on two new goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is to restore color vision to people that are colorblind,\" he says. What his lab is learning, he says, could help speed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/25/395303785/university-and-biotech-firm-team-up-on-colorblindness-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing effort\u003c/a> to use gene therapy to cure colorblindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab's second goal is to use retinal organoids to better understand diseases including glaucoma and \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/maculardegeneration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macular degeneration\u003c/a>, a leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macular degeneration affects the macula, an area of the retina that provides high-resolution vision. The condition has been hard to study, though, because mice don't have a macula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Johnston hopes to learn more by having his lab create macular organoids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing optimism among scientists that new treatments for retinal diseases will emerge from such efforts, Becker says. Initially, he says, researchers had doubts about whether a retina grown in a dish could mimic the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies like this one on color vision, he says, \"show that the similarity is quite high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To encourage scientists to develop more retinal organoids, the National Eye Institute is sponsoring a \u003ca href=\"https://nei.nih.gov/content/nih-solicits-next-generation-retina-organoids-prize-competition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific competition\u003c/a> with $1 million in prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Retinas+Grown+In+A+Dish+Reveal+Origin+Of+Color+Vision&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In order to see the red of a sunset or the green of spring leaves, developing human eyes need to get the right hormone at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the finding of a team of scientists who studied how color vision develops using hundreds of human retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau6348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, could help accelerate current efforts to cure colorblindness. It could also lead to new treatments for diseases including macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important that we understand how nature controls the development of the retina so we can understand better why things go wrong in disease and how we can treat them,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/smbeck2000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Becker\u003c/a>, a scientist at the National Eye Institute. The newly published findings are a step in that direction, says Becker, who has no connection to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of color vision in people has been difficult to study because it usually occurs in the womb — and out of sight. But two scientists at Johns Hopkins University thought they might find some answers using retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CHvLNjg6nI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">retinal organoids\u003c/a>\" have been around for a few years but are difficult and tedious to grow, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kiara-eldred-984b1513/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiara Eldred\u003c/a>, a graduate student at Hopkins who is the paper's first author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes up to a year to turn a batch of immature retinal cells into a functioning organoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the first week of their life, I take care of them every day,\" Eldred says. After a couple of weeks, she says, the cells become \"a little bit more independent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with luck, these clusters of immature cells develop into a 3D structure that \"looks and acts like a developing retina that you would see in a baby,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/johnstonlab/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Johnston\u003c/a>, Eldred's boss and an assistant professor in the biology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston's lab had been studying vision in flies. But he and Eldred saw a chance to try something much more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We discussed this crazy idea of: Could we use these human retinal organoids to study how we get the different color-sensing cells in our eyes?\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using human cells was key because you can't study how humans see color in a fly, or even a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mice don't sense red,\" Johnston says. \"They don't have these red-detecting cells. So we really have to study this in human tissue to get any insight into how it works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston and Eldred knew that in a human fetus, cells that detect blue light appear first. Then come cells that respond to red and green light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research on animals suggested that the thyroid hormone was involved in the development of these color-sensing cells, called cones. So Johnston had Eldred conduct an experiment with immature retinal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I added thyroid hormone to the dish during their development, and we got more red-green cones developing in those organoids,\" she says. \"We got really excited because we were on to something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take years and many more experiments to confirm that the thyroid hormone was actually triggering the emergence of color vision. And the team still hasn't figured out what causes some cones to go on to become even more specialized by detecting only red or only green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Johnston says his lab is now preparing to take on two new goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is to restore color vision to people that are colorblind,\" he says. What his lab is learning, he says, could help speed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/25/395303785/university-and-biotech-firm-team-up-on-colorblindness-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing effort\u003c/a> to use gene therapy to cure colorblindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab's second goal is to use retinal organoids to better understand diseases including glaucoma and \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/maculardegeneration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macular degeneration\u003c/a>, a leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macular degeneration affects the macula, an area of the retina that provides high-resolution vision. The condition has been hard to study, though, because mice don't have a macula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Johnston hopes to learn more by having his lab create macular organoids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing optimism among scientists that new treatments for retinal diseases will emerge from such efforts, Becker says. Initially, he says, researchers had doubts about whether a retina grown in a dish could mimic the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies like this one on color vision, he says, \"show that the similarity is quite high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To encourage scientists to develop more retinal organoids, the National Eye Institute is sponsoring a \u003ca href=\"https://nei.nih.gov/content/nih-solicits-next-generation-retina-organoids-prize-competition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific competition\u003c/a> with $1 million in prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Retinas+Grown+In+A+Dish+Reveal+Origin+Of+Color+Vision&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
"title": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
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"content": "\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wnxqjWPunPnkNxirmoKmxB8OyxTBzMuy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"B44UUm4fmJ0qJhwetu8JjvUYBxbNVQtq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"EdtIiFNqDOAH81r6zsse3iX6ZCM6PiDN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Jewelry Laced With Toxic Metal Showing Up On Shelves of National Retailers",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jewelry with the toxic metal cadmium is showing up on the shelves of national retailers including Ross, Nordstrom Rack and Papaya, according to newly released test results.[contextly_sidebar id=”ALDsOv55bDFULA2So32zIuna6vUPT8ZY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis done for the nonprofit Center for Environmental Health revealed some jewelry sold with women’s dresses and shirts was nearly pure cadmium, which can cause cancer and reproductive harm after prolonged exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumer advocates were hopeful cadmium had disappeared from the U.S. jewelry market following changes prompted by a 2010 Associated Press investigation that found Chinese manufacturers were using the metal to make kids’ jewelry. States including California outlawed cadmium in children’s jewelry, and testing by the center found the chemical had virtually disappeared from jewelry by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No laws address cadmium in adult jewelry, however, and last year the center decided to check those products. Lab testing found 31 adult jewelry items purchased from retail stores were at least 40 percent cadmium, and most were more than 90 percent, according to results shared exclusively with the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s law allows no more than 0.03 percent cadmium in children’s jewelry. The precise health risk from the tested jewelry is unclear because researchers did not assess whether small amounts shed when the jewelry is handled and worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, cadmium accumulates in the body and can damage the kidneys and bones. Most exposure happens by ingesting small amounts or by breathing it, most commonly through tobacco, which can contain cadmium. Researchers also have documented some absorption through skin contact, though the phenomenon is not well-studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Harbut, a practicing doctor who as a university professor has researched cadmium’s cancer-causing properties, noted that contact can trigger skin rashes including psoriasis.[contextly_sidebar id=”9G8nAOWjWB7rKBq3G09Isa3CXvUagJIr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cadmium is bad,” said Harbut, who teaches at Michigan State University’s College of Human Medicine. “Given a choice between wearing something with cadmium in it, or wearing something without cadmium in it, I would take the product without cadmium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based nonprofit bought all the test samples in the San Francisco Bay Area this year or last. The extent to which contaminated jewelry is in stores elsewhere isn’t clear, though a national retailer would not typically limit a product to just one region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center said the problem should not be underestimated because of the limited market sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re the person that buys and is wearing that jewelry, you don’t really care whether it’s a common problem or a rare problem,” said Caroline Cox, senior scientist at the center. “You have a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Cleaveland, executive director of the Fashion Jewelry and Accessories Trade Association, said he does not believe the test results suggest a larger problem. Most major retailers have a stringent system for testing and analyzing what they sell, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the tainted items were sold at Ross, which operates more than 1,400 stores in 38 states. One pendant from a necklace chain was 100 percent cadmium, according to the testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, Ross said it is committed to protecting its customers and has “addressed this issue with our supplier.” The retailer would not say whether it pulled suspect jewelry from stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brands found with high cadmium levels in Ross stores include Tacera and Vibe Sportswear.[contextly_sidebar id=”2hYrwgIWmBjwxEyj6CkS5HFRDE3kS5EJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xinwei Xie, chief executive officer at Trend Textile Inc., which owns Tacera, declined to comment when reached by phone. The Skate Group Inc., which owns Vibe Sportswear, did not respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Papaya said it considers cadmium in its products a serious problem. It operates more than 100 retail locations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Kim, an attorney representing Papaya, said the company has recalled the products where contamination was found and stopped buying from the manufacturer in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our manufacturers are required to represent and warrant that their products are in legal compliance,” Kim said. “Papaya is very strict and stops doing business with any manufacturer which fails to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordstrom spokeswoman Emily Sterken said the company is “reaching out to these vendors to make them aware of the situation and get more information on these items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Environmental Health has long used California law to force companies to reduce levels of harmful materials in consumer products, including cadmium and lead in jewelry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s Proposition 65, businesses must inform consumers about significant exposures to chemicals that cause cancer or other reproductive harm. The nonprofit has settled Proposition 65 claims against 36 companies, including Gap Inc. and Target Corp., which agreed to not sell jewelry with more than 0.03 percent cadmium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limit for children’s jewelry took effect after the AP reported in 2010 that some Chinese jewelry manufacturers were substituting cadmium for lead, the use of which Congress clamped down on following a string of imported-product safety scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jewelry industry helped write voluntary U.S. standards following the AP investigation, but the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission did not mandate any cadmium limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Justin Pritchard contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jewelry with the toxic metal cadmium is showing up on the shelves of national retailers including Ross, Nordstrom Rack and Papaya, according to newly released test results.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Analysis done for the nonprofit Center for Environmental Health revealed some jewelry sold with women’s dresses and shirts was nearly pure cadmium, which can cause cancer and reproductive harm after prolonged exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumer advocates were hopeful cadmium had disappeared from the U.S. jewelry market following changes prompted by a 2010 Associated Press investigation that found Chinese manufacturers were using the metal to make kids’ jewelry. States including California outlawed cadmium in children’s jewelry, and testing by the center found the chemical had virtually disappeared from jewelry by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No laws address cadmium in adult jewelry, however, and last year the center decided to check those products. Lab testing found 31 adult jewelry items purchased from retail stores were at least 40 percent cadmium, and most were more than 90 percent, according to results shared exclusively with the AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s law allows no more than 0.03 percent cadmium in children’s jewelry. The precise health risk from the tested jewelry is unclear because researchers did not assess whether small amounts shed when the jewelry is handled and worn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, cadmium accumulates in the body and can damage the kidneys and bones. Most exposure happens by ingesting small amounts or by breathing it, most commonly through tobacco, which can contain cadmium. Researchers also have documented some absorption through skin contact, though the phenomenon is not well-studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Harbut, a practicing doctor who as a university professor has researched cadmium’s cancer-causing properties, noted that contact can trigger skin rashes including psoriasis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cadmium is bad,” said Harbut, who teaches at Michigan State University’s College of Human Medicine. “Given a choice between wearing something with cadmium in it, or wearing something without cadmium in it, I would take the product without cadmium.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland-based nonprofit bought all the test samples in the San Francisco Bay Area this year or last. The extent to which contaminated jewelry is in stores elsewhere isn’t clear, though a national retailer would not typically limit a product to just one region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center said the problem should not be underestimated because of the limited market sampling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re the person that buys and is wearing that jewelry, you don’t really care whether it’s a common problem or a rare problem,” said Caroline Cox, senior scientist at the center. “You have a problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Cleaveland, executive director of the Fashion Jewelry and Accessories Trade Association, said he does not believe the test results suggest a larger problem. Most major retailers have a stringent system for testing and analyzing what they sell, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the tainted items were sold at Ross, which operates more than 1,400 stores in 38 states. One pendant from a necklace chain was 100 percent cadmium, according to the testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a written statement, Ross said it is committed to protecting its customers and has “addressed this issue with our supplier.” The retailer would not say whether it pulled suspect jewelry from stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brands found with high cadmium levels in Ross stores include Tacera and Vibe Sportswear.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Xinwei Xie, chief executive officer at Trend Textile Inc., which owns Tacera, declined to comment when reached by phone. The Skate Group Inc., which owns Vibe Sportswear, did not respond to multiple requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Papaya said it considers cadmium in its products a serious problem. It operates more than 100 retail locations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steven Kim, an attorney representing Papaya, said the company has recalled the products where contamination was found and stopped buying from the manufacturer in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our manufacturers are required to represent and warrant that their products are in legal compliance,” Kim said. “Papaya is very strict and stops doing business with any manufacturer which fails to comply.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordstrom spokeswoman Emily Sterken said the company is “reaching out to these vendors to make them aware of the situation and get more information on these items.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center for Environmental Health has long used California law to force companies to reduce levels of harmful materials in consumer products, including cadmium and lead in jewelry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the state’s Proposition 65, businesses must inform consumers about significant exposures to chemicals that cause cancer or other reproductive harm. The nonprofit has settled Proposition 65 claims against 36 companies, including Gap Inc. and Target Corp., which agreed to not sell jewelry with more than 0.03 percent cadmium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That limit for children’s jewelry took effect after the AP reported in 2010 that some Chinese jewelry manufacturers were substituting cadmium for lead, the use of which Congress clamped down on following a string of imported-product safety scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jewelry industry helped write voluntary U.S. standards following the AP investigation, but the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission did not mandate any cadmium limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Justin Pritchard contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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