window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"futureofyou_441062": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_441062",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "441062",
"found": true
},
"parent": 441049,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-520x553.png",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 553
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-684x576.png",
"width": 684,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-160x170.png",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 170
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-672x372.png",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-375x399.png",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 399
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM.png",
"width": 684,
"height": 728
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-50x50.png",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-96x96.png",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 96
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-64x64.png",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-32x32.png",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-150x150.png",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 150
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-128x128.png",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/Screen-Shot-2018-04-27-at-8.48.58-AM-240x255.png",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/png",
"height": 255
}
},
"publishDate": 1524844209,
"modified": 1524844298,
"caption": "Joseph James DeAngelo, 72, is shown in his booking photo April 25, 2018 in Sacramento, California. DeAngelo was booked on two counts of murder, but police say he may be responsible for at least 12 murders and 45 rapes in a series of attacks that began more than 40 years ago.",
"description": null,
"title": "Screen Shot 2018-04-27 at 8.48.58 AM",
"credit": "Sacramento County Sheriff's Department",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_441009": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_441009",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "441009",
"found": true
},
"parent": 441008,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94.jpg",
"width": 1533,
"height": 1022
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/autonomous-weapon_slide-3413817827100dfeb43ed9f94b4d8062555c3b94-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1524764498,
"modified": 1524764498,
"caption": null,
"description": "The U.S. Army's Autonomous Remote Engagement System is mounted on the Picatinny Lightweight Remote Weapon System and coupled with an M240B machine gun. It's part of a program that reduces the time to identify targets using automatic target detection and user-specified target selection.",
"title": "The U.S. Army's Autonomous Remote Engagement System is mounted on the Picatinny Lightweight Remote Weapon System and coupled with an M240B machine gun. It's part of a program that reduces the time to identify targets using automatic target detection and user-specified target selection.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_441002": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_441002",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "441002",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440994,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040.jpg",
"width": 5400,
"height": 3600
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-538994040-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1524763812,
"modified": 1524764417,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Seniors getting their Blood pressure tested",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440969": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440969",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440969",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440967,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900.jpg",
"width": 1600,
"height": 900
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1524591261,
"modified": 1524591298,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "teachinghospital_safety_f1-1600x900",
"credit": "Mike Reddy/STAT",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440964": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440964",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440964",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440955,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900.jpg",
"width": 1600,
"height": 900
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1524515746,
"modified": 1524515769,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ILLUSION_PILL-1600x900",
"credit": "Adobe/STAT",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440948": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440948",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440948",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440946,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920.jpg",
"width": 3504,
"height": 2336
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/GettyImages-72126920-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1524506019,
"modified": 1524506150,
"caption": "Lettuce is seen growing in a field October 9, 2006 in Gonzales, California. Romaine grown in coastal and central California, Florida and central Mexico is not at risk of having E. coli, according to the Produce Marketing Association.",
"description": null,
"title": "Lettuce Pulled After Water Tests Positive For E. Coli",
"credit": "David Paul Morris/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440942": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440942",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440942",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440941,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184.jpg",
"width": 1776,
"height": 1332
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/online-self-harm-01-bb9599f16fe12113fe355e257ca253e45eaef184-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1524504148,
"modified": 1524504148,
"caption": null,
"description": "In a study of nearly 5,600 U.S. youths ages 12 to 17, about 6 percent say they've engaged in some sort of digital self-harm. More than half in that subgroup say they've bullied themselves this way more than once.",
"title": "In a study of nearly 5,600 U.S. youths ages 12 to 17, about 6 percent say they've engaged in some sort of digital self-harm. More than half in that subgroup say they've bullied themselves this way more than once.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440870": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440870",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440870",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440869,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583.jpg",
"width": 1776,
"height": 1332
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/hiv-prevention-01-12a98d03cdc60960597a9ba74ca92944a0144583-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1524167607,
"modified": 1524167607,
"caption": null,
"description": "A child is tested for HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa. A single injection of antibodies that target HIV is being developed and analyzed.",
"title": "A child is tested for HIV in Johannesburg, South Africa. A single injection of antibodies that target HIV is being developed and analyzed.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440862": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440862",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440862",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440861,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-520x347.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 347
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492.jpg",
"width": 4000,
"height": 2667
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 680
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1200x800.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/iStock-856184492-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1524167040,
"modified": 1524167091,
"caption": "A prominent biomedical ethics expert says that in 20 to 40 years, many prospective parents may choose from dozens of embryos to become their babies and would be provided with genetic information about each embryo to help make the choice. ",
"description": null,
"title": "A child from a test tube or artificial insemination. Family holding hands",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440767": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440767",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440767",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440766,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-520x520.jpe",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 520
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-1038x576.jpe",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-160x160.jpe",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-960x960.jpe",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 960
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-672x372.jpe",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-375x375.jpe",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 375
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d.jpe",
"width": 1511,
"height": 1511
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-1020x1020.jpe",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1020
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-1180x1180.jpe",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1180
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-1200x1200.jpe",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1200
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-50x50.jpe",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-96x96.jpe",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-800x800.jpe",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-64x64.jpe",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-32x32.jpe",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-1180x1180.jpe",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1180
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-150x150.jpe",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-768x768.jpe",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 768
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-128x128.jpe",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/katie-merriam_sq-8578c4bc5b0ad472ac4b914e95a584528995757d-240x240.jpe",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 240
}
},
"publishDate": 1523556669,
"modified": 1523556890,
"caption": "\n\nDr. Katie Merriam, an OB-GYN resident in Charlotte, N.C., says she loves her mostly female work environment but also appreciates having male colleagues.",
"description": "Dr. Katie Merriam, an OB-GYN resident in Charlotte, N.C., says she loves her mostly female work environment but also appreciates having male colleagues.",
"title": "Dr. Katie Merriam, an OB-GYN resident in Charlotte, N.C., says she loves her mostly female work environment but also appreciates having male colleagues.",
"credit": "Alex Olgin/WFAE ",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_145322": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_145322",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "145322",
"found": true
},
"parent": 145291,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-400x266.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 266
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-e1460580069776.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1278
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-800x532.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 532
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/04/Holmes-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1460580012,
"modified": 1523548902,
"caption": "Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes in 2015.",
"description": "Theranos founder Eliabeth Holmes at the Fortune Global Forum, November 2015.",
"title": "Holmes",
"credit": "Stuart Isett/Fortune Global Forum",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_440729": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_440729",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440729",
"found": true
},
"parent": 440728,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a.jpg",
"width": 1748,
"height": 1311
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/04/plaques-1-54705a5d4229197599541fa58e6d15a02ae8e32a-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1523382289,
"modified": 1523383040,
"caption": "Plaques located in the gray matter of the brain are key indicators of Alzheimer's disease.",
"description": "Plaques located in the gray matter of the brain are key indicators of Alzheimer's disease.",
"title": "Plaques located in the gray matter of the brain are key indicators of Alzheimer's disease.",
"credit": "Cecil Fox/Science Source",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_futureofyou_441049": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_441049",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_441049",
"name": "Michael Balsamo and Jonathan Cooper\u003cbr />Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_441008": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_441008",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_441008",
"name": "Ari Shapiro\u003cbr />NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440994": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440994",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440994",
"name": "Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440967": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440967",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440967",
"name": "Max Blau\u003cbr />STAT News",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440955": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440955",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440955",
"name": "Helen Branswell\u003c/BR>\u003cstrong>STAT\u003c/strong>",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440946": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440946",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440946",
"name": "Terry Tang\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440941": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440941",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440941",
"name": "Juli Fraga\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440869": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440869",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440869",
"name": "Richard Knox, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440861": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440861",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440861",
"name": "Malcolm Ritter\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440766": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440766",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440766",
"name": "Alex Olgin\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440756": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440756",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440756",
"name": "Rebecca Robbins\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_440728": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_440728",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_440728",
"name": "Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"futureofyou_category_future-of-you": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"score": 12.797783
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "KQED Future Of You",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 17
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/futureofyou?category=future-of-you",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 17
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://hls.kqed.org/hls/kqed_app/playlist.m3u8",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"futureofyou_441049": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_441049",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "441049",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524843207000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524843207,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Investigator Says Free DNA Matching Site Used to Catch Golden State Killer",
"title": "Investigator Says Free DNA Matching Site Used to Catch Golden State Killer",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003ch3>\u003cem>An alleged killer is now in custody. But critics say the familial DNA testing that helped track him down allows for searches of innocent people who happen to be related to someone suspected of committing a crime or otherwise provided their DNA for inclusion in a database.\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the main investigators who helped capture Joseph DeAngelo, the alleged California serial rapist and killer, says his team used a public DNA matching website to track DeAngelo down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site allows users who have DNA profiles from commercial companies such as Ancestry.com and 23andMe to expand their search for relatives.Lead investigator Paul Holes tells the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/26/ancestry-23andme-deny-assisting-law-enforcement-in-east-area-rapist-case/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> that one of his team's biggest tools in catching DeAngelo, who eluded law enforcement for four decades, was GEDMatch, a free, Florida-based site that pools DNA profiles that people upload and share publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major companies, such as 23andMe and Ancestry, do not allow law enforcement to access their genetic data unless they get a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holes says officials did not need a court order to access GEDMatch's large database of genetic blueprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privacy concerns have been raised over investigators' use of a genealogical website to find DeAngelo, who was arrested Tuesday. Investigators say they matched crime-scene DNA using genetic material stored by a distant relative on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities say it's an innovative technique that broke open the long-cold case of the Golden State Killer, who slew at least a dozen people and raped 50 women from 1976 to 1986.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Steve Mercer of the Maryland public defender's office says it pinpoints a problem: There aren't strong privacy laws to keep police from trolling such databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says right now, people who submit DNA to be tested to find their ancestors can unwittingly become \"genetic informants\" on family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People who submit DNA for ancestors testing are unwittingly becoming genetic informants on their innocent family,\" Mercer said, adding that they \"have fewer privacy protections than convicted offenders whose DNA is contained in regulated databanks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique that investigators used is known as familial DNA testing, and it has previously raised ethical issues in the forensics community. Typically with the method, investigators search law enforcement databases to identify likely relatives of the person who may have committed the crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say that familial DNA testing allows for searches of innocent people who happen to be related to someone suspected of committing a crime or otherwise provided their DNA for inclusion in a database. Law enforcement officials have argued the technique can provide investigators with valuable leads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, California became the first state in the country to authorize the testing. It since has been used in at least eight other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method led to the arrest of Lonnie Franklin Jr. in the Los Angeles \"Grim Sleeper\" serial killings from 1985 to 2007. Los Angeles County sheriff's officials also used it last year to solve the decades-old killing of the ex-wife of Righteous Brothers singer Bill Medley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DeAngelo Arrest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph James DeAngelo, 72, was arrested Tuesday. After investigators matched crime-scene \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7621f268d720428e87eaacf73b2f7d3b/A-look-at-DNA-testing-that-ID%27d-a-suspected-serial-killer\">DNA\u003c/a> with a relative, they narrowed it down to the Sacramento-area grandfather using DNA obtained from material he'd discarded, Sacramento County District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA potentially may have played an earlier role in the case. It was just coming into use as a criminal investigative tool in 1986 when the predator variously known as the East Area Rapist and the Golden State Killer apparently ended his decade-long wave of attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeAngelo, a former police officer, probably would have known about the new method, experts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He knew police techniques,\" said John Jay College of Criminal Justice professor Louis Schlesinger. \"He was smart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one who knew DeAngelo over the decades connected him with the string of at least a dozen murders, 50 rapes and dozens of burglaries from 1976 to 1986 throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he was identified as the suspect, however, prosecutors rushed to charge him with eight killings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, police in the central California farming town of Visalia said Thursday that DeAngelo is a suspect in a 13th killing and about 100 burglaries in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1975, of community college teacher Claude Snelling was shot while trying to stop a masked intruder from kidnapping his 16-year-old daughter from his home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators lacked DNA evidence so Snelling's death and the burglaries weren't included in the tally of Golden State Killer crimes but fingerprints and shoe tracks will be reviewed for matches to DeAngelo, Visalia Police Chief Jason Salazar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators searched DeAngelo's home on Thursday, looking for class rings, earrings, dishes and other items that were taken from crime scenes as well as weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, DeAngelo's neighbors, relatives and former acquaintances all say they had no inkling that he could be a serial killer. He worked nearly three decades in a Sacramento-area supermarket warehouse as a truck mechanic, retiring last year. As a neighbor, he was known for taking meticulous care of his lawn in suburban Citrus Heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeAngelo worked as a police officer in the farming town of Exeter, not far from Visalia, from 1973 to 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeAngelo was a \"black sheep\" who didn't joke around with other officers, said Farrel Ward, 75, who served on the force with DeAngelo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ward said it's possible that DeAngelo helped with the search for Snelling's killer and the elusive burglar but he doesn't recall DeAngelo directly investigating the killing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been thinking, but there's no indication whatsoever that anything was wrong,\" Ward said. \"How could you just go out and kill somebody and go back and go to work? I don't understand that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, DeAngelo joined the Auburn Police Department outside of Sacramento but was fired in 1979 after he was caught shoplifting a hammer and dog repellent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators say they have linked DeAngelo to 11 killings that occurred after he was fired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Huddle said he always hoped police would catch the killer whose attacks prompted him to buy a pistol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he was stunned to find out the man arrested was DeAngelo, his former brother-in-law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huddle said it was \"still just going crazy in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "441049 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441049",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/27/investigator-says-free-dna-matching-site-used-to-catch-golden-state-killer/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1059,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 36
},
"modified": 1535389164,
"excerpt": "One of the main investigators who helped capture Joseph DeAngelo, an alleged California serial rapist and killer, says his team used a free DNA matching website to track DeAngelo down.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "One of the main investigators who helped capture Joseph DeAngelo, an alleged California serial rapist and killer, says his team used a free DNA matching website to track DeAngelo down.",
"title": "Investigator Says Free DNA Matching Site Used to Catch Golden State Killer | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Investigator Says Free DNA Matching Site Used to Catch Golden State Killer",
"datePublished": "2018-04-27T08:33:27-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-08-27T09:59:24-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "investigator-says-free-dna-matching-site-used-to-catch-golden-state-killer",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Michael Balsamo and Jonathan Cooper\u003cbr />Associated Press",
"source": "Your Genes",
"path": "/futureofyou/441049/investigator-says-free-dna-matching-site-used-to-catch-golden-state-killer",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cem>An alleged killer is now in custody. But critics say the familial DNA testing that helped track him down allows for searches of innocent people who happen to be related to someone suspected of committing a crime or otherwise provided their DNA for inclusion in a database.\u003c/em>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One of the main investigators who helped capture Joseph DeAngelo, the alleged California serial rapist and killer, says his team used a public DNA matching website to track DeAngelo down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site allows users who have DNA profiles from commercial companies such as Ancestry.com and 23andMe to expand their search for relatives.Lead investigator Paul Holes tells the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/04/26/ancestry-23andme-deny-assisting-law-enforcement-in-east-area-rapist-case/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose Mercury News\u003c/a> that one of his team's biggest tools in catching DeAngelo, who eluded law enforcement for four decades, was GEDMatch, a free, Florida-based site that pools DNA profiles that people upload and share publicly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major companies, such as 23andMe and Ancestry, do not allow law enforcement to access their genetic data unless they get a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holes says officials did not need a court order to access GEDMatch's large database of genetic blueprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Privacy concerns have been raised over investigators' use of a genealogical website to find DeAngelo, who was arrested Tuesday. Investigators say they matched crime-scene DNA using genetic material stored by a distant relative on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities say it's an innovative technique that broke open the long-cold case of the Golden State Killer, who slew at least a dozen people and raped 50 women from 1976 to 1986.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Steve Mercer of the Maryland public defender's office says it pinpoints a problem: There aren't strong privacy laws to keep police from trolling such databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says right now, people who submit DNA to be tested to find their ancestors can unwittingly become \"genetic informants\" on family members.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People who submit DNA for ancestors testing are unwittingly becoming genetic informants on their innocent family,\" Mercer said, adding that they \"have fewer privacy protections than convicted offenders whose DNA is contained in regulated databanks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique that investigators used is known as familial DNA testing, and it has previously raised ethical issues in the forensics community. Typically with the method, investigators search law enforcement databases to identify likely relatives of the person who may have committed the crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say that familial DNA testing allows for searches of innocent people who happen to be related to someone suspected of committing a crime or otherwise provided their DNA for inclusion in a database. Law enforcement officials have argued the technique can provide investigators with valuable leads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, California became the first state in the country to authorize the testing. It since has been used in at least eight other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The method led to the arrest of Lonnie Franklin Jr. in the Los Angeles \"Grim Sleeper\" serial killings from 1985 to 2007. Los Angeles County sheriff's officials also used it last year to solve the decades-old killing of the ex-wife of Righteous Brothers singer Bill Medley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DeAngelo Arrest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph James DeAngelo, 72, was arrested Tuesday. After investigators matched crime-scene \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/7621f268d720428e87eaacf73b2f7d3b/A-look-at-DNA-testing-that-ID%27d-a-suspected-serial-killer\">DNA\u003c/a> with a relative, they narrowed it down to the Sacramento-area grandfather using DNA obtained from material he'd discarded, Sacramento County District Attorney Anne Marie Schubert said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA potentially may have played an earlier role in the case. It was just coming into use as a criminal investigative tool in 1986 when the predator variously known as the East Area Rapist and the Golden State Killer apparently ended his decade-long wave of attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeAngelo, a former police officer, probably would have known about the new method, experts said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He knew police techniques,\" said John Jay College of Criminal Justice professor Louis Schlesinger. \"He was smart.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one who knew DeAngelo over the decades connected him with the string of at least a dozen murders, 50 rapes and dozens of burglaries from 1976 to 1986 throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he was identified as the suspect, however, prosecutors rushed to charge him with eight killings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, police in the central California farming town of Visalia said Thursday that DeAngelo is a suspect in a 13th killing and about 100 burglaries in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1975, of community college teacher Claude Snelling was shot while trying to stop a masked intruder from kidnapping his 16-year-old daughter from his home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators lacked DNA evidence so Snelling's death and the burglaries weren't included in the tally of Golden State Killer crimes but fingerprints and shoe tracks will be reviewed for matches to DeAngelo, Visalia Police Chief Jason Salazar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators searched DeAngelo's home on Thursday, looking for class rings, earrings, dishes and other items that were taken from crime scenes as well as weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, DeAngelo's neighbors, relatives and former acquaintances all say they had no inkling that he could be a serial killer. He worked nearly three decades in a Sacramento-area supermarket warehouse as a truck mechanic, retiring last year. As a neighbor, he was known for taking meticulous care of his lawn in suburban Citrus Heights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeAngelo worked as a police officer in the farming town of Exeter, not far from Visalia, from 1973 to 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeAngelo was a \"black sheep\" who didn't joke around with other officers, said Farrel Ward, 75, who served on the force with DeAngelo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ward said it's possible that DeAngelo helped with the search for Snelling's killer and the elusive burglar but he doesn't recall DeAngelo directly investigating the killing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been thinking, but there's no indication whatsoever that anything was wrong,\" Ward said. \"How could you just go out and kill somebody and go back and go to work? I don't understand that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, DeAngelo joined the Auburn Police Department outside of Sacramento but was fired in 1979 after he was caught shoplifting a hammer and dog repellent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators say they have linked DeAngelo to 11 killings that occurred after he was fired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Huddle said he always hoped police would catch the killer whose attacks prompted him to buy a pistol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he was stunned to find out the man arrested was DeAngelo, his former brother-in-law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huddle said it was \"still just going crazy in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/441049/investigator-says-free-dna-matching-site-used-to-catch-golden-state-killer",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_441049"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1494",
"futureofyou_1495",
"futureofyou_80"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_441062",
"label": "source_futureofyou_441049"
},
"futureofyou_441008": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_441008",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "441008",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524776453000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524776453,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Autonomous Weapons May One Day Trigger Robot Warfare",
"title": "Autonomous Weapons May One Day Trigger Robot Warfare",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Killer robots have been a staple of TV and movies for decades, from \u003cem>Westworld\u003c/em> to \u003cem>The Terminator \u003c/em>series. But in the real world, killer robots are officially known as \"autonomous weapons.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"eJw1zUjAAKCjwH7SulfcR9YdigYQG11O\"]At the Pentagon, Paul Scharre helped create the U.S. policy for such weapons. In his new book, \u003cem>Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War, \u003c/em>Scharre discusses the state of these weapons today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Killer robots\" might be a bit sensational, he says, but what he's talking about is a weapon that could \"go out on its own and make its own decisions about who to kill on the battlefield.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 30 countries have autonomous weapons that are supervised by humans for defensive purposes, Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[These are] things that would target incoming missiles and shoot them down entirely on their own,\" he says. \"Humans are sitting there at the console that could turn it off if they need to. But in a simple way, those are autonomous weapons.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharre says while the current weapons are not like those seen in the movies, the technology is advancing, whether people like it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things like more advanced hobby drones, the same technology that will go into self-driving cars, all of those sensors and intelligence will make autonomous weapons also possible,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"WCz51LeCnbE8x0G4ZrsNGroJshUbo3nK\"]In his book, Scharre looks at the question: \"How hard would it be for someone to build a simple, autonomous weapon in their garage?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while that's a scary scenario, he says that it's already happening on some levels as students today are learning programming skills, with free and readily available online resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These tools are available for free download. You can download them online,\" he says. \"[It] took me about three minutes online to find all of the free tools you would need to download this technology and make it happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while high school students aren't creating these autonomous weapons, the ability to do so is a real possibility. Because of that, Scharre says the debate isn't so much about if this type of technology should be created, but more so what should be done about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What do we do with this? Do we build weaponized versions of them? Do you build them en masse? Do militaries invest in this?\" are all questions being asked as this technology would drastically change warfare.[contextly_sidebar id=\"kEIX8BCTWt9GXcGk8DTx7MsEwX0vyuig\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[It would create] a domain of warfare where humans have less control over what happens on the battlefield — where humans are no longer deciding who lives and who dies, and machines are making those decisions,\" Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debates like this are happening in countries all around the world, including those that have repeatedly violated international rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Russia, the military is working to create a fleet of \u003ca href=\"http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russia-building-army-robots-24969\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">armed ground robots.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're building large, ground combat vehicles that have anti-tank missiles on them,\" Scharre says. \"Russian generals have talked about a vision in the future of fully robotized units that are independently conducting operations, so other countries are leaning hard into this technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharre says that one of the fears of this technology advancing is that \"flash wars\" could occur. Much like a \"flash crash\" in the stock market, a \"flash war\" would occur at such as fast pace that humans would not be involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"jrjhwoGs48lNnv3YJd09gywhycA0hUD0\"]\"The worry is that you get an equivalent — a flash war, where algorithms interact in some way and the robots start shooting each other and running amuck, and then humans are scrambling to put a lid back on it,\" Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, though some scenarios are terrifying, other people argue that autonomous weapons could save lives, by making fewer mistakes than might result from human error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just like self-driving cars could someday make the roads much safer, some people have argued, 'Well, maybe autonomous weapons could be more precise and more humane. By avoiding civilian casualties in war and only killing the enemy,' \" Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his own experience in the military serving as a special operations agent, Scharre says he has been in a situation in which an autonomous weapon would have killed a girl that the Taliban was using as a scout, but that soldiers did not target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it's situations like that which highlight differences between what is legal in the laws of war and what is morally right — something that autonomous weapons might not distinguish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is one of the concerns that people raise about autonomous weapons is a lack of an ability to feel empathy and to engage in mercy in war,\" Scharre says. \"And that if we built these weapons, they would take away a powerful restraint in warfare that humans have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a lot to consider and discuss when it comes to autonomous weapons and the increasing technology, Scharre says. But as for whether humans are doomed, he says there is not a clear answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do have the opportunity to shape how we use technology. We're not at the mercy of it,\" Schare says. \"The problem at the end of the day isn't the technology. It's getting humans to cooperate together on how we use the technology and make sure that we're using it for good and not for harm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Noah Caldwell and Emily Kopp produced and edited the audio for this story. Wynne Davis adapted it for Web. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Autonomous+Weapons+Would+Take+Warfare+To+A+New+Domain%2C+Without+Humans&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "441008 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441008",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/26/autonomous-weapons-may-one-day-trigger-robot-warfare/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 927,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 28
},
"modified": 1524765041,
"excerpt": "Former special operations agent Paul Scharre helped create U.S. military guidelines on autonomous weapons. His new book \u003cem>Army of None,\u003c/em> looks at the advances in technology, and the questions they raise.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Former special operations agent Paul Scharre helped create U.S. military guidelines on autonomous weapons. His new book Army of None, looks at the advances in technology, and the questions they raise.",
"title": "Autonomous Weapons May One Day Trigger Robot Warfare | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Autonomous Weapons May One Day Trigger Robot Warfare",
"datePublished": "2018-04-26T14:00:53-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-26T10:50:41-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "autonomous-weapons-may-one-day-trigger-robot-warfare",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=604438311&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Ari Shapiro\u003cbr />NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 23 Apr 2018 20:07:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Mon, 23 Apr 2018 20:50:36 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2018/04/23/604438311/autonomous-weapons-would-take-warfare-to-a-new-domain-without-humans?ft=nprml&f=604438311",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/04/20180423_atc_book_-_army_of_none.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&d=460&p=2&story=604438311&ft=nprml&f=604438311",
"nprImageAgency": "U.S. Army",
"source": "Environment",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1605045051-171f95.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1019&d=460&p=2&story=604438311&ft=nprml&f=604438311",
"nprStoryId": "604438311",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Mon, 23 Apr 2018 21:28:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/441008/autonomous-weapons-may-one-day-trigger-robot-warfare",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/04/20180423_atc_book_-_army_of_none.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1019&d=460&p=2&story=604438311&ft=nprml&f=604438311",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Killer robots have been a staple of TV and movies for decades, from \u003cem>Westworld\u003c/em> to \u003cem>The Terminator \u003c/em>series. But in the real world, killer robots are officially known as \"autonomous weapons.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>At the Pentagon, Paul Scharre helped create the U.S. policy for such weapons. In his new book, \u003cem>Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War, \u003c/em>Scharre discusses the state of these weapons today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Killer robots\" might be a bit sensational, he says, but what he's talking about is a weapon that could \"go out on its own and make its own decisions about who to kill on the battlefield.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least 30 countries have autonomous weapons that are supervised by humans for defensive purposes, Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[These are] things that would target incoming missiles and shoot them down entirely on their own,\" he says. \"Humans are sitting there at the console that could turn it off if they need to. But in a simple way, those are autonomous weapons.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharre says while the current weapons are not like those seen in the movies, the technology is advancing, whether people like it or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Things like more advanced hobby drones, the same technology that will go into self-driving cars, all of those sensors and intelligence will make autonomous weapons also possible,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In his book, Scharre looks at the question: \"How hard would it be for someone to build a simple, autonomous weapon in their garage?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while that's a scary scenario, he says that it's already happening on some levels as students today are learning programming skills, with free and readily available online resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These tools are available for free download. You can download them online,\" he says. \"[It] took me about three minutes online to find all of the free tools you would need to download this technology and make it happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while high school students aren't creating these autonomous weapons, the ability to do so is a real possibility. Because of that, Scharre says the debate isn't so much about if this type of technology should be created, but more so what should be done about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What do we do with this? Do we build weaponized versions of them? Do you build them en masse? Do militaries invest in this?\" are all questions being asked as this technology would drastically change warfare.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[It would create] a domain of warfare where humans have less control over what happens on the battlefield — where humans are no longer deciding who lives and who dies, and machines are making those decisions,\" Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Debates like this are happening in countries all around the world, including those that have repeatedly violated international rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Russia, the military is working to create a fleet of \u003ca href=\"http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russia-building-army-robots-24969\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">armed ground robots.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're building large, ground combat vehicles that have anti-tank missiles on them,\" Scharre says. \"Russian generals have talked about a vision in the future of fully robotized units that are independently conducting operations, so other countries are leaning hard into this technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scharre says that one of the fears of this technology advancing is that \"flash wars\" could occur. Much like a \"flash crash\" in the stock market, a \"flash war\" would occur at such as fast pace that humans would not be involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"The worry is that you get an equivalent — a flash war, where algorithms interact in some way and the robots start shooting each other and running amuck, and then humans are scrambling to put a lid back on it,\" Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, though some scenarios are terrifying, other people argue that autonomous weapons could save lives, by making fewer mistakes than might result from human error.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just like self-driving cars could someday make the roads much safer, some people have argued, 'Well, maybe autonomous weapons could be more precise and more humane. By avoiding civilian casualties in war and only killing the enemy,' \" Scharre says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his own experience in the military serving as a special operations agent, Scharre says he has been in a situation in which an autonomous weapon would have killed a girl that the Taliban was using as a scout, but that soldiers did not target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says it's situations like that which highlight differences between what is legal in the laws of war and what is morally right — something that autonomous weapons might not distinguish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is one of the concerns that people raise about autonomous weapons is a lack of an ability to feel empathy and to engage in mercy in war,\" Scharre says. \"And that if we built these weapons, they would take away a powerful restraint in warfare that humans have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a lot to consider and discuss when it comes to autonomous weapons and the increasing technology, Scharre says. But as for whether humans are doomed, he says there is not a clear answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We do have the opportunity to shape how we use technology. We're not at the mercy of it,\" Schare says. \"The problem at the end of the day isn't the technology. It's getting humans to cooperate together on how we use the technology and make sure that we're using it for good and not for harm.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Noah Caldwell and Emily Kopp produced and edited the audio for this story. Wynne Davis adapted it for Web. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Autonomous+Weapons+Would+Take+Warfare+To+A+New+Domain%2C+Without+Humans&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/441008/autonomous-weapons-may-one-day-trigger-robot-warfare",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_441008"
],
"programs": [
"futureofyou_54"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_849",
"futureofyou_1491",
"futureofyou_365",
"futureofyou_35",
"futureofyou_1490"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_441009",
"label": "source_futureofyou_441008"
},
"futureofyou_440994": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440994",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440994",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524769220000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524769220,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Medicare to Require Hospitals to Post Prices Online",
"title": "Medicare to Require Hospitals to Post Prices Online",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Medicare will require hospitals to post their standard prices online and make electronic medical records more readily available to patients, officials said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is also starting a comprehensive review of how it will pay for costly new forms of immunotherapy to battle cancer.[contextly_sidebar id=\"HODGqRLEtV1B3RpHUo0k0t9wyrSPA5lr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seema Verma, head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, said the new requirement for online prices reflects the Trump administration’s ongoing efforts to encourage patients to become better-educated decision makers in their own care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are just beginning on price transparency,” said Verma. “We know that hospitals have this information and we’re asking them to post what they have online.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are required to disclose prices publicly, but the latest change would put that information online in machine-readable format that can be easily processed by computers. It may still prove to be confusing to consumers, since standard rates are like list prices and don’t reflect what insurers and government programs pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients concerned about their potential out-of-pocket costs from a hospitalization would still be advised to consult with their insurer. Most insurance plans nowadays have an annual limit on how much patients must pay in copays and deductibles — although traditional Medicare does not.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2h9g5iEXdqdOugweYZDg5bWHhS2W2vNa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, many health care providers already make computerized records available to patients, but starting in 2021 Medicare would base part of a hospital’s payments on how good a job they do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using electronic medical records remains a cumbersome task, and the Trump administration has invited technology companies to design secure apps that would let patients access their records from all their providers instead of having to go to different portals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verma also announced Medicare is starting a comprehensive review of how it will pay for a costly new form of immunotherapy called CAR-T. It’s gene therapy that turbocharges a patient’s own immune system cells to attack cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immune system T cells are filtered from the patient’s own blood and reprogrammed to target and kill cancer cells that had managed to evade them. Hundreds of millions of copies of the revved-up cells are then returned to the patient’s blood to take on the cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though only a couple of such treatments have been approved for blood cancers, the cost can exceed $370,000 per patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new area for the agency,” said Verma. “We haven’t seen drugs priced at this level and we’re having to think about our strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440994 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440994",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/26/medicare-to-require-hospitals-to-post-prices-online/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 444,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1524764184,
"excerpt": "Medicare is also starting a comprehensive review of how it will pay for a costly new form of immunotherapy called CAR-T. Though only a couple of such treatments have been approved for blood cancers, the cost can exceed $370,000 per patient.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Medicare is also starting a comprehensive review of how it will pay for a costly new form of immunotherapy called CAR-T. Though only a couple of such treatments have been approved for blood cancers, the cost can exceed $370,000 per patient.",
"title": "Medicare to Require Hospitals to Post Prices Online | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Medicare to Require Hospitals to Post Prices Online",
"datePublished": "2018-04-26T12:00:20-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-26T10:36:24-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "medicare-to-require-hospitals-to-post-prices-online",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/440994/medicare-to-require-hospitals-to-post-prices-online",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Medicare will require hospitals to post their standard prices online and make electronic medical records more readily available to patients, officials said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is also starting a comprehensive review of how it will pay for costly new forms of immunotherapy to battle cancer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seema Verma, head of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, said the new requirement for online prices reflects the Trump administration’s ongoing efforts to encourage patients to become better-educated decision makers in their own care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are just beginning on price transparency,” said Verma. “We know that hospitals have this information and we’re asking them to post what they have online.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are required to disclose prices publicly, but the latest change would put that information online in machine-readable format that can be easily processed by computers. It may still prove to be confusing to consumers, since standard rates are like list prices and don’t reflect what insurers and government programs pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients concerned about their potential out-of-pocket costs from a hospitalization would still be advised to consult with their insurer. Most insurance plans nowadays have an annual limit on how much patients must pay in copays and deductibles — although traditional Medicare does not.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, many health care providers already make computerized records available to patients, but starting in 2021 Medicare would base part of a hospital’s payments on how good a job they do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using electronic medical records remains a cumbersome task, and the Trump administration has invited technology companies to design secure apps that would let patients access their records from all their providers instead of having to go to different portals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Verma also announced Medicare is starting a comprehensive review of how it will pay for a costly new form of immunotherapy called CAR-T. It’s gene therapy that turbocharges a patient’s own immune system cells to attack cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immune system T cells are filtered from the patient’s own blood and reprogrammed to target and kill cancer cells that had managed to evade them. Hundreds of millions of copies of the revved-up cells are then returned to the patient’s blood to take on the cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though only a couple of such treatments have been approved for blood cancers, the cost can exceed $370,000 per patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new area for the agency,” said Verma. “We haven’t seen drugs priced at this level and we’re having to think about our strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440994/medicare-to-require-hospitals-to-post-prices-online",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440994"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1077",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_1008",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_419",
"futureofyou_686"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_441002",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440994"
},
"futureofyou_440967": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440967",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440967",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524596434000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524596434,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Not All Teaching Hospitals Alike in Training Quality for Doctors",
"title": "Not All Teaching Hospitals Alike in Training Quality for Doctors",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The patient’s breaths had become labored. He struggled to pull air from his mouth to his lungs. It got so bad late one Saturday night that he decided to say something about it the next time his nurse made rounds at Jackson South Community Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint traveled from the nurse to a doctor, who looked at the patient’s records and quickly saw the problem: a feeding tube had been placed into the side of his lung. An anesthesiology trainee had inserted the tube without proper supervision, a federal health inspection later determined, and over the coming weeks, the patient developed pneumonia and sepsis related to the medical error. He was in the hospital two months longer than initially planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Sometimes they’ll find minor violations. But the things that are really a threat to patients being alive, it’s hard to discount those.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Teaching hospitals like Jackson South, located in metro Miami, are where physician trainees get practice treating patients. They prepare the next generation of doctors, and they have a reputation as places of cutting-edge patient care, given their ties to academic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some of these hospitals, residents may be learning bad habits. A STAT analysis of federal inspection data finds that there’s a wide gap in the quality of training at teaching hospitals, as shown by how frequently these hospitals are cited for deficiencies by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. While the majority of the roughly 1,200 teaching hospitals received no citations each year from 2014 to 2017, others racked up dozens of safety violations in that time period — putting patients at risk, and compromising the training that students receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the places where young doctors-in-training practice, what they learn can affect how the person will practice for decades to come,” said Rosemary Gibson, a patient safety advocate and the author of the book “Wall of Silence.” “They’re developing habits … and it’s essential for trainees to learn in clinical settings where patient safety is baked into the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Jackson South, even before the hospital received a citation from CMS, administrators were analyzing how the feeding tube mistake happened and how to prevent similar errors in the future. They realized that the issue had to do with the initial reading of the X-ray, which is used to make sure doctors don’t misplace feeding tubes. The hospital put in place a pilot program to verify that feeding tubes are properly placed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take every deficiency seriously and thoroughly investigate each safety violation,” a Jackson spokesperson said in a statement. “We implement plans to correct them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teaching hospitals are making some positive changes, and according to STAT’s analysis, that’s led the average number of violations per teaching hospital to drop to its lowest point in three years, following a major spike in 2015 and 2016. But experts worry that the remaining mishaps mean that America’s future doctors aren’t always being prepared to practice medicine safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If residents train in a program where patients aren’t receiving safe care, [they’re] likely at increased risk of burning out or leaving clinical medicine entirely, or providing not as good of care if they stay in clinical medicine,” said Dr. Sumant Ranji, chief of the division of hospital medicine at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals that participate in Medicaid or Medicare must follow federal safety regulations, and the agency sends inspectors to verify that they are doing so every three to four years, or when a complaint triggers the need for an investigation. Those regulations cover everything from the storage of drugs and supplies to the protection of patient rights.[contextly_sidebar id=\"7lJLROPoNI8V35CnfpV5eDACtFqnGekB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspections by CMS represent a fraction of all the inspections that hospitals undergo. Independent accreditors and state agencies perform the majority of routine hospital surveys, but rarely make detailed findings public. So STAT’s analysis was based only on the CMS reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When [CMS] inspections are done and violations are found, especially the more severe violations, they’re important,” said Dr. Ashish Jha, professor of health policy at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “Sometimes they’ll find minor violations. But the things that are really a threat to patients being alive, it’s hard to discount those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT’s review — aided by the Association of Health Care Journalists’ HospitalInspections.org database — looked at medical facilities that fit the CMS definition of a teaching hospital: those that received Medicare direct graduate medical education or indirect medical education payments from the agency between 2014 and 2017. Collectively, more than 5,500 safety violations occurred at teaching hospitals over that four-year span. In each of those years, more than a quarter of the roughly 1,200 teaching hospitals had at least one safety violation documented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest number of citations went to West Valley Medical Center in Idaho (45 violations), Regional Health Rapid City Hospital in South Dakota (44), Howard University Hospital in Washington, D.C. (37), and Jackson Memorial Hospital (36), which is part of the same health care system as Jackson South. Among the others cited were some of the nation’s most prestigious medical centers — including ones affiliated with Columbia, Harvard, and Case Western Reserve universities — as well as rural hospitals that dot the western half of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"THZMAaNUzKC8OTx4ttfJlX7FiRQBtJZy\"]Many teaching hospitals STAT contacted for interviews declined to provide information about their violations. The spokespeople who responded generally said administrators had taken appropriate action to address deficiencies cited by CMS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some violations, like the Jackson South one, directly concerned medical trainees, while others implicated the leaders responsible for overseeing their education. Jha said CMS inspection reports, known as 2567 forms, provide valuable insight into hospital safety — particularly regarding the quality of training and oversight for medical trainees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the neonatal intensive care unit of Cooper University Hospital in Camden, N.J., pediatric residents shadow staff physicians as they care for newborns in precarious health. Before entering, staff and visitors are required to wash, rinse, and lather their hands for at least 15 seconds and decontaminate personal items such as cellphones, according to hospital policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over a three-hour period last April, an inspector observed nearly a dozen doctors and nurses break those rules. Additionally, the inspector could find no evidence that, after an infant in the ward contracted a superbug, the staff took these precautions to limit the spread of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, these types of infections are not uncommon in NICUs around the country due to the highly fragile nature of this patient population,” Cooper University Health Care spokeswoman Wendy Marano told STAT. “Cooper promptly reported the infections to the New Jersey Department of Health. … We have not experienced any recurrence of MRSA cross-contamination in the NICU.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring of 2017, inspectors cited Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx after two patients committed suicide in an eight-day period. One of those patients was a 76-year-old man who had collapsed in grief after attending a friend’s funeral. Upon admission to Montefiore, doctors didn’t record a plan for psychiatric treatment, even though hospital policy called for suicide screenings in cases of potential emotional or behavioral disorder. Three days later, the man hanged himself in a shower at the hospital.[contextly_sidebar id=\"LQm8J4f2TTS7MUuL7J4WTevB2RamynKs\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, he would have been someone who we would have liked to have seen before he died,” one doctor told an inspector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson told STAT that Montefiore is “singularly focused on providing the best education and training for the doctors of tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical trainees were at the center of some of the violations listed in reports STAT reviewed. A team of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital residents didn’t notify an attending physician for hours about a patient’s rapid heart rate and drop in blood pressure, and the patient died the following morning. And a resident started a fire in a Nebraska Medicine operating room by accidentally bringing a cautery too close to a flammable liquid medical adhesive. In that case, hospital spokesperson Taylor Wilson told STAT, no patients were harmed. But the incident spurred “new, stronger safety measures” that included training of all surgical staff and trainees, Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts caution that inspection reports don’t tell the whole story. Dr. Tejal Gandhi, chief clinical and safety officer for the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, said each of the leading ways to assess quality and safety “alone won’t give you an overall view” of hospital performance. Matt Austin, a professor of anesthesiology and critical care medicine at Johns Hopkins University’s medical school, said they reflect an “important, but not a complete, picture of patient safety” in hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you find the problem on an inspection, it’s worrisome,” Jha said. “If you fail to find problems, it’s not a get-out-of-jail-free card.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many decades, preventable medical errors in hospitals were chalked up as an inevitable cost of training new doctors, according to Peter Rivard, associate professor of health care administration at Suffolk University in Boston. If something went awry, health administrators reprimanded trainees or their supervisors instead of focusing on the underlying systems that allowed for a mistake to occur in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1999, the Institute of Medicine released the landmark “To Err Is Human” report, which concluded that as many as 98,000 Americans were killed in the process of receiving medical care. Hospitals scrambled for answers: They began tracking errors more closely, hiring airline pilots as safety consultants, and expanding patient safety as a subject of medical education. But by the mid-2000s, only 54 percent of residents surveyed knew how to report errors at their facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranji, at San Francisco General, said a “pernicious old-school culture” still pervades much of medical education and espouses minimal oversight of trainees, in addition to the belief that learning happens through making mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part due to their frequent turnover, medical trainees told STAT that they don’t always feel empowered like permanent staffers to suggest improvements to hospital safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainees who are involved in medical errors can experience “profound psychological consequences,” Ranji said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The patients I remember best were the adverse ones,” he added. “Those experiences made me more cynical, and sucked the joy out of patient care for me. If something bad happened to patients, [the mindset was to] sweep under the rug, and keep your chin up. But they were profound emotional experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizing that teaching hospitals present specific challenges for patient safety, the leading medical education accreditation group has stepped up its oversight policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2012, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education — which accredits more than half of the nation’s teaching hospitals — has sent staff to these hospitals to conduct an evaluation that includes interviewing administrators, observing doctors, and walking the halls with residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"mRbgvSyd1XTMQNaYv6256AYB0fx6mOsY\"]Dr. Kevin Weiss, senior vice president of institution accreditation for the ACGME, said these mandatory site visits are intended to “increase awareness of residents in formal patient safety activities” like reporting medical errors or participating in debriefs of those errors after the fact, something that makes trainees more mindful of practicing medicine safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And teaching hospitals are taking matters into their own hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Chicago Medical Center, every resident must undergo patient safety training. As part of it, they must spot medical errors in a simulated environment dubbed the “\u003ca href=\"https://news.aamc.org/medical-education/article/patient-safety-residency-training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">horror room\u003c/a>.” They’re also strongly encouraged to report adverse patient events or “near misses,” and are expected, in collaboration with superiors, to reverse engineer incidents where patients were harmed under their watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really focused on changing behavior,” said Dr. Vineet Arora, director of graduate medical education clinical learning. “It’s important that someone raises their hands, wherever they are on the hierarchy, and can say, ‘I see a problem.’ That’s a mindset change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participation in this curriculum, Arora noted, was associated with “three times more event reports by those programs.” University of Chicago Medical Center hasn’t received a safety violation in over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital created \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/news-and-events/2012/april-2012/i-pass-standardizing-patient-handoffs-to-reduce-medical-errors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“I-PASS,” a mnemonic device\u003c/a> that’s bundled with training and lectures in order to help \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/01/communication-failures-malpractice-study/\">improve patient handoffs\u003c/a>. A resident whose shift is ending relays information to his or her successor by running through five pieces of information: illness severity, patient summary, action list, situation awareness and contingency planning, and synthesis by receiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worked so well in pediatric units — one study found its use was associated with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medpagetoday.com/hospitalbasedmedicine/generalhospitalpractice/48817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23 percent drop in medical errors\u003c/a> — that \u003ca href=\"http://app.ihi.org/FacultyDocuments/Events/Event-2613/Presentation-12369/Document-10285/Presentation_C12_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts General Hospital\u003c/a>decided to adopt it throughout the institution. Dr. Elizabeth Mort, senior vice president of quality and safety at Mass. General, said the program led to a “fivefold increase” in safety reporting from trainees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An understanding of patient safety is something we’re not born with,” said Dr. Anai Kothari, a fourth-year surgery resident at Loyola University. “But it can be learned and applied — and can make a difference when we do it well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/20/doctors-learn-bad-habits-teaching-hospitals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440967 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440967",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/24/the-next-generation-of-doctors-may-be-learning-bad-habits-at-teaching-hospitals-with-many-safety-violations/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2337,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 44
},
"modified": 1524693356,
"excerpt": "Special report finds that by the mid-2000s, only 54 percent of residents surveyed knew how to report errors.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Special report finds that by the mid-2000s, only 54 percent of residents surveyed knew how to report errors.",
"title": "Not All Teaching Hospitals Alike in Training Quality for Doctors | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Not All Teaching Hospitals Alike in Training Quality for Doctors",
"datePublished": "2018-04-24T12:00:34-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-25T14:55:56-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-next-generation-of-doctors-may-be-learning-bad-habits-at-teaching-hospitals-with-many-safety-violations",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Max Blau\u003cbr />STAT News",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/440967/the-next-generation-of-doctors-may-be-learning-bad-habits-at-teaching-hospitals-with-many-safety-violations",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The patient’s breaths had become labored. He struggled to pull air from his mouth to his lungs. It got so bad late one Saturday night that he decided to say something about it the next time his nurse made rounds at Jackson South Community Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint traveled from the nurse to a doctor, who looked at the patient’s records and quickly saw the problem: a feeding tube had been placed into the side of his lung. An anesthesiology trainee had inserted the tube without proper supervision, a federal health inspection later determined, and over the coming weeks, the patient developed pneumonia and sepsis related to the medical error. He was in the hospital two months longer than initially planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Sometimes they’ll find minor violations. But the things that are really a threat to patients being alive, it’s hard to discount those.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Teaching hospitals like Jackson South, located in metro Miami, are where physician trainees get practice treating patients. They prepare the next generation of doctors, and they have a reputation as places of cutting-edge patient care, given their ties to academic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some of these hospitals, residents may be learning bad habits. A STAT analysis of federal inspection data finds that there’s a wide gap in the quality of training at teaching hospitals, as shown by how frequently these hospitals are cited for deficiencies by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. While the majority of the roughly 1,200 teaching hospitals received no citations each year from 2014 to 2017, others racked up dozens of safety violations in that time period — putting patients at risk, and compromising the training that students receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the places where young doctors-in-training practice, what they learn can affect how the person will practice for decades to come,” said Rosemary Gibson, a patient safety advocate and the author of the book “Wall of Silence.” “They’re developing habits … and it’s essential for trainees to learn in clinical settings where patient safety is baked into the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Jackson South, even before the hospital received a citation from CMS, administrators were analyzing how the feeding tube mistake happened and how to prevent similar errors in the future. They realized that the issue had to do with the initial reading of the X-ray, which is used to make sure doctors don’t misplace feeding tubes. The hospital put in place a pilot program to verify that feeding tubes are properly placed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We take every deficiency seriously and thoroughly investigate each safety violation,” a Jackson spokesperson said in a statement. “We implement plans to correct them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teaching hospitals are making some positive changes, and according to STAT’s analysis, that’s led the average number of violations per teaching hospital to drop to its lowest point in three years, following a major spike in 2015 and 2016. But experts worry that the remaining mishaps mean that America’s future doctors aren’t always being prepared to practice medicine safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If residents train in a program where patients aren’t receiving safe care, [they’re] likely at increased risk of burning out or leaving clinical medicine entirely, or providing not as good of care if they stay in clinical medicine,” said Dr. Sumant Ranji, chief of the division of hospital medicine at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals that participate in Medicaid or Medicare must follow federal safety regulations, and the agency sends inspectors to verify that they are doing so every three to four years, or when a complaint triggers the need for an investigation. Those regulations cover everything from the storage of drugs and supplies to the protection of patient rights.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inspections by CMS represent a fraction of all the inspections that hospitals undergo. Independent accreditors and state agencies perform the majority of routine hospital surveys, but rarely make detailed findings public. So STAT’s analysis was based only on the CMS reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When [CMS] inspections are done and violations are found, especially the more severe violations, they’re important,” said Dr. Ashish Jha, professor of health policy at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. “Sometimes they’ll find minor violations. But the things that are really a threat to patients being alive, it’s hard to discount those.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT’s review — aided by the Association of Health Care Journalists’ HospitalInspections.org database — looked at medical facilities that fit the CMS definition of a teaching hospital: those that received Medicare direct graduate medical education or indirect medical education payments from the agency between 2014 and 2017. Collectively, more than 5,500 safety violations occurred at teaching hospitals over that four-year span. In each of those years, more than a quarter of the roughly 1,200 teaching hospitals had at least one safety violation documented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest number of citations went to West Valley Medical Center in Idaho (45 violations), Regional Health Rapid City Hospital in South Dakota (44), Howard University Hospital in Washington, D.C. (37), and Jackson Memorial Hospital (36), which is part of the same health care system as Jackson South. Among the others cited were some of the nation’s most prestigious medical centers — including ones affiliated with Columbia, Harvard, and Case Western Reserve universities — as well as rural hospitals that dot the western half of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Many teaching hospitals STAT contacted for interviews declined to provide information about their violations. The spokespeople who responded generally said administrators had taken appropriate action to address deficiencies cited by CMS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some violations, like the Jackson South one, directly concerned medical trainees, while others implicated the leaders responsible for overseeing their education. Jha said CMS inspection reports, known as 2567 forms, provide valuable insight into hospital safety — particularly regarding the quality of training and oversight for medical trainees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the neonatal intensive care unit of Cooper University Hospital in Camden, N.J., pediatric residents shadow staff physicians as they care for newborns in precarious health. Before entering, staff and visitors are required to wash, rinse, and lather their hands for at least 15 seconds and decontaminate personal items such as cellphones, according to hospital policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over a three-hour period last April, an inspector observed nearly a dozen doctors and nurses break those rules. Additionally, the inspector could find no evidence that, after an infant in the ward contracted a superbug, the staff took these precautions to limit the spread of infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, these types of infections are not uncommon in NICUs around the country due to the highly fragile nature of this patient population,” Cooper University Health Care spokeswoman Wendy Marano told STAT. “Cooper promptly reported the infections to the New Jersey Department of Health. … We have not experienced any recurrence of MRSA cross-contamination in the NICU.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring of 2017, inspectors cited Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx after two patients committed suicide in an eight-day period. One of those patients was a 76-year-old man who had collapsed in grief after attending a friend’s funeral. Upon admission to Montefiore, doctors didn’t record a plan for psychiatric treatment, even though hospital policy called for suicide screenings in cases of potential emotional or behavioral disorder. Three days later, the man hanged himself in a shower at the hospital.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, he would have been someone who we would have liked to have seen before he died,” one doctor told an inspector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson told STAT that Montefiore is “singularly focused on providing the best education and training for the doctors of tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical trainees were at the center of some of the violations listed in reports STAT reviewed. A team of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital residents didn’t notify an attending physician for hours about a patient’s rapid heart rate and drop in blood pressure, and the patient died the following morning. And a resident started a fire in a Nebraska Medicine operating room by accidentally bringing a cautery too close to a flammable liquid medical adhesive. In that case, hospital spokesperson Taylor Wilson told STAT, no patients were harmed. But the incident spurred “new, stronger safety measures” that included training of all surgical staff and trainees, Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts caution that inspection reports don’t tell the whole story. Dr. Tejal Gandhi, chief clinical and safety officer for the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, said each of the leading ways to assess quality and safety “alone won’t give you an overall view” of hospital performance. Matt Austin, a professor of anesthesiology and critical care medicine at Johns Hopkins University’s medical school, said they reflect an “important, but not a complete, picture of patient safety” in hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you find the problem on an inspection, it’s worrisome,” Jha said. “If you fail to find problems, it’s not a get-out-of-jail-free card.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many decades, preventable medical errors in hospitals were chalked up as an inevitable cost of training new doctors, according to Peter Rivard, associate professor of health care administration at Suffolk University in Boston. If something went awry, health administrators reprimanded trainees or their supervisors instead of focusing on the underlying systems that allowed for a mistake to occur in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1999, the Institute of Medicine released the landmark “To Err Is Human” report, which concluded that as many as 98,000 Americans were killed in the process of receiving medical care. Hospitals scrambled for answers: They began tracking errors more closely, hiring airline pilots as safety consultants, and expanding patient safety as a subject of medical education. But by the mid-2000s, only 54 percent of residents surveyed knew how to report errors at their facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranji, at San Francisco General, said a “pernicious old-school culture” still pervades much of medical education and espouses minimal oversight of trainees, in addition to the belief that learning happens through making mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In part due to their frequent turnover, medical trainees told STAT that they don’t always feel empowered like permanent staffers to suggest improvements to hospital safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trainees who are involved in medical errors can experience “profound psychological consequences,” Ranji said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The patients I remember best were the adverse ones,” he added. “Those experiences made me more cynical, and sucked the joy out of patient care for me. If something bad happened to patients, [the mindset was to] sweep under the rug, and keep your chin up. But they were profound emotional experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recognizing that teaching hospitals present specific challenges for patient safety, the leading medical education accreditation group has stepped up its oversight policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2012, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education — which accredits more than half of the nation’s teaching hospitals — has sent staff to these hospitals to conduct an evaluation that includes interviewing administrators, observing doctors, and walking the halls with residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dr. Kevin Weiss, senior vice president of institution accreditation for the ACGME, said these mandatory site visits are intended to “increase awareness of residents in formal patient safety activities” like reporting medical errors or participating in debriefs of those errors after the fact, something that makes trainees more mindful of practicing medicine safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And teaching hospitals are taking matters into their own hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Chicago Medical Center, every resident must undergo patient safety training. As part of it, they must spot medical errors in a simulated environment dubbed the “\u003ca href=\"https://news.aamc.org/medical-education/article/patient-safety-residency-training/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">horror room\u003c/a>.” They’re also strongly encouraged to report adverse patient events or “near misses,” and are expected, in collaboration with superiors, to reverse engineer incidents where patients were harmed under their watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really focused on changing behavior,” said Dr. Vineet Arora, director of graduate medical education clinical learning. “It’s important that someone raises their hands, wherever they are on the hierarchy, and can say, ‘I see a problem.’ That’s a mindset change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participation in this curriculum, Arora noted, was associated with “three times more event reports by those programs.” University of Chicago Medical Center hasn’t received a safety violation in over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital created \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/news-and-events/2012/april-2012/i-pass-standardizing-patient-handoffs-to-reduce-medical-errors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“I-PASS,” a mnemonic device\u003c/a> that’s bundled with training and lectures in order to help \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/02/01/communication-failures-malpractice-study/\">improve patient handoffs\u003c/a>. A resident whose shift is ending relays information to his or her successor by running through five pieces of information: illness severity, patient summary, action list, situation awareness and contingency planning, and synthesis by receiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worked so well in pediatric units — one study found its use was associated with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medpagetoday.com/hospitalbasedmedicine/generalhospitalpractice/48817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">23 percent drop in medical errors\u003c/a> — that \u003ca href=\"http://app.ihi.org/FacultyDocuments/Events/Event-2613/Presentation-12369/Document-10285/Presentation_C12_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Massachusetts General Hospital\u003c/a>decided to adopt it throughout the institution. Dr. Elizabeth Mort, senior vice president of quality and safety at Mass. General, said the program led to a “fivefold increase” in safety reporting from trainees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An understanding of patient safety is something we’re not born with,” said Dr. Anai Kothari, a fourth-year surgery resident at Loyola University. “But it can be learned and applied — and can make a difference when we do it well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/20/doctors-learn-bad-habits-teaching-hospitals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440967/the-next-generation-of-doctors-may-be-learning-bad-habits-at-teaching-hospitals-with-many-safety-violations",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440967"
],
"programs": [
"futureofyou_54"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_190",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_177",
"futureofyou_80",
"futureofyou_1256"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440969",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440967"
},
"futureofyou_440955": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440955",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440955",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524524430000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524524430,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "The Vaccine Dilemma: How Experts Weigh Benefits For Many Against Risks for a Few",
"title": "The Vaccine Dilemma: How Experts Weigh Benefits For Many Against Risks for a Few",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>You’ve likely seen a version of the image above. Some people observe two faces in profile. Others see a vase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same phenomenon can occur when scientists look at data, particularly when they try to weigh the benefits and risks of individual vaccines. Vaccines protect huge numbers of people, generally children, from serious diseases, but in rare cases, certain vaccines can tragically cause harm. How do those scientists figure out which to value more?[contextly_sidebar id=\"vM6M1R2zIUt7PSfniSijCNeI1SXmNMTL\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dilemma was at the center of last week’s decision by an expert committee advising the World Health Organization to sharply scale back use of a controversial vaccine called Dengvaxia, the first to protect against dengue infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, many of the same experts concluded the vaccine was safe to use in children 9 and older in places where dengue infection is almost unavoidable — even though there were strong theoretical concerns the vaccine might put some vaccinated kids at higher risk of developing a severe form of dengue. Severe dengue can lead to internal bleeding, shock, and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last year, theory was shown to be reality. After reviewing the data, the WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations — knows as the SAGE — shifted its stance, recommending last week that the vaccine be given only to children who test positive for a previous dengue infection. A point-of-care blood test doesn’t currently exist, leaving the vaccine’s future in limbo for now.[contextly_sidebar id=\"j6YzLYuARPhSnQ2nKylAVpIU8wdsgIj2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benefits trumped theoretical risks. But real risks trumped real benefits — even though the latter outnumbered the former.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A variety of factors influence these decisions, according to interviews with public health experts and ethicists who have made or studied them. The severity of disease being prevented and the treatability of the side effects being caused are crucial, as are ethics, public perceptions, and politics. And critically, these days, so is the likelihood that any negative attention generated by one vaccine might stain the reputations of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Art Reingold has been involved in countless debates of this type, having served for more than a dozen years on first the SAGE, and later on the corresponding body that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or ACIP.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xdscPdRSoRoclTtqbEFBgO7cpt3QJHtx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say that for many individuals having to vote or being on these committees and weigh in, many of them spend an awful lot of time looking at data and reviewing it and struggling with it when it’s not a slam dunk,” said Reingold, who teaches infectious diseases epidemiology at the University of California, Berkeley’s school of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold, whose term on ACIP concluded at the end of last year, noted that while many of that panel’s votes are close to unanimous, some recommendations — or decisions not to recommend a vaccine — are decided by a narrow vote. “And obviously in that instance pretty smart people have come down on different sides of the same question by weighing effectively all the same evidence,’’ he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Vaccine Calculus\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In some cases, these decisions aren’t that difficult. A flu shot can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome, though this adverse event is very rare. But influenza infection can also provoke this disorder, a form of progressive paralysis from which most people recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other circumstances, the position of the scales — which side is higher, which is lower — tilts over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oral polio vaccine has saved untold millions of children from paralysis in the more than half-century it has been in use. But in rare instances the vaccine also paralyzes, a fact that became clear in the first year of its use, back in the early 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the paralysis occurs in the child who got the dose of vaccine, or in a close contact of that child, as was reported in 1962. Other times the weakened viruses in the vaccine circulate among unvaccinated children, who ingest them in water or food contaminated with traces of feces. As the viruses travel from gut to gut, they can go rogue — regain the power to paralyze. That phenomenon was first observed in 2000. Yet oral polio vaccine is still used today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"4xoAKYJE6AnYbA5mfYOPli4oSCgYa7Q4\"]As polio eradication efforts have driven down the polio case count to very low levels, the toll of vaccine-related paralysis can surpass the damage caused by the viruses themselves. Last year there were 22 children in the world paralyzed by polioviruses; vaccine viruses crippled 96.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shifting of the risk-benefit ratio for oral polio vaccine led the United States to switch exclusively to injectable polio vaccine in 2000. In 1996, when the decision to phase out oral vaccine was made, eight or nine children a year were being paralyzed by the vaccine, though polio itself hadn’t paralyzed a child in the United States for over a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk posed by the oral vaccine became intolerable, given there was a safer, albeit more expensive alternative — the injectable polio vaccine does not paralyze. “Obviously thinking on these things can change. The risks and benefits relatively speaking can change,” Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the formulation of the oral vaccines was altered to drop the component that protected against type 2 polioviruses. That part of the vaccine was the most likely to regain the power to paralyze. Type 2 viruses had disappeared in 1999; there was too little benefit and too much risk associated with keeping them in the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Dengvaxia, the calculus is not as clear cut. Evidence suggests that in places where about 70 percent of people have been infected at least once with dengue, the vaccine would prevent seven children from getting sick enough to need hospital care for every additional hospitalized case it provoked. In places where 85 percent of people have been infected, there would be 18 hospitalized cases prevented for every one the vaccine created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dengue experts have argued those benefits should not be ignored. Others argue those risks cannot ethically be incurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YfGTYns6XDY9Onrzu1EUV5DkCwM08fCc\"]The SAGE deliberated over whether it was permissible to use rates of local dengue infection as a substitute for individual testing — in other words, could the vaccine be given, as it had previously recommended, in places where studies show most people have been infected at least once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They concluded both options pose real-world challenges, given the current lack of a rapid, accurate test. But they also noted there is no evidence to date that children who have never been infected with dengue — the ones the vaccine could harm — would ever experience a benefit from Dengvaxia. They worried that wide-scale dengue vaccination programs might be “ethically problematic and have adverse implications for trust and the long-term success of public health programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting Distrust\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Why have oral polio vaccine risks been tolerated, but Dengvaxia’s deemed serious enough to effectively shelve the vaccine? Here the factors named above plus timing surely play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts making these types of decisions these days are doing so in a climate of litigiousness and mounting vaccine refusal and hesitancy. Headlines questioning the safety of one vaccine threaten to fuel rejection of others. The government of the Philippines, where Dengvaxia has been given to more than 800,000 children, has threatened legal action against its manufacturer, Sanofi Pasteur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public has a whole new understanding of science, data, facts, and fake news,” said Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy. “We’ve surely had an anti-science movement well before the current situation, but it’s never been as acute.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"MRQx4tKZn53WSvNmnqGKkUDbBGs0RMX9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the issue of who gets vaccinated. Most of these products are designed to protect children, who hold a special position in discussions of the ethics of medical treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ethical bar must be placed higher when it comes to kids, because they cannot make an informed decision for themselves, said Art Caplan, a professor of bioethics at New York University’s school of medicine. “So I think the issue is not just: Could we accept huge benefits for small risks? Because I think the answer to that is yes. But I think it’s: Can we accept huge benefits for small risks to very vulnerable children?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have that child population put knowingly at risk, it gets really hard from the ethics point of view to ignore that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And society’s tolerance of risk has changed, Caplan argued, pointing to the so-called Cutter incident to make his case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1955, it was discovered that children had been mistakenly injected with polio vaccine that contained live viruses. The process by which the viruses in the vaccine were supposed to be inactivated — killed — hadn’t worked. Fifty-one children in the U.S. were paralyzed and five died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 1950s, polio was an enormous threat. Parents lived in fear their children would end up in an iron lung. Polio vaccination resumed. The company that made the vaccine, Cutter Laboratories, didn’t even go out of business. If a similar incident were to happen today, Caplan said, “it would have shut everything down forever.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"TB4CDGkuuXqcHsBv1pEbtZgMooHhybmV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that to the case of RotaShield, the first vaccine licensed to protect against rotavirus infection. These common viruses cause devastating bouts of diarrhea in young children, who can end up in the hospital as a result. Every year some children died of these infections in the U.S., but rotaviruses did more damage in the developing world, where stricken kids didn’t have easy access to hospital care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RotaShield was approved in the U.S. in 1998. A year later, Wyeth Laboratories withdrew it from the market after studies showed babies who got it were at greater risk of developing intussusception, a type of bowel blockage that can kill if it isn’t corrected in time. The CDC estimated that for every 10,000 children vaccinated with RotaShield there would be one or two additional cases of intussusception over what is normally seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts argued that the vaccine should still be marketed in the developing world, where the number of lives saved would far outstrip the cases of intussusception. The WHO estimated that in 2004, more than half a million children died from rotavirus infections, the lion’s share in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about the risk-benefit equation in a poor country, almost certainly it would have been far better in terms of illness — preventable deaths averted, cost of care reduced — to continue to use that initial rotavirus vaccine or rather to introduce it and use it in poor countries,” Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vaccine’s fate was sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact is that the politics around the thing — this vaccine isn’t good enough for rich white children in the United States but it’s OK for poor black children in poor countries — were a non-starter,” he said. “I mean, it just doesn’t sell. Even if that’s still the wisest thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was nearly six years before another, safer rotavirus vaccine made it to market, six years during which more than half a million children a year died from rotavirus infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/23/vaccine-dilemma-weigh-benefits-risks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440955 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440955",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/23/the-vaccine-dilemma-how-experts-weigh-benefits-for-many-against-risks-for-a-few/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1990,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 41
},
"modified": 1524516855,
"excerpt": "Headlines questioning the safety of one vaccine threaten to fuel rejection of others. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Headlines questioning the safety of one vaccine threaten to fuel rejection of others. ",
"title": "The Vaccine Dilemma: How Experts Weigh Benefits For Many Against Risks for a Few | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Vaccine Dilemma: How Experts Weigh Benefits For Many Against Risks for a Few",
"datePublished": "2018-04-23T16:00:30-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-23T13:54:15-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-vaccine-dilemma-how-experts-weigh-benefits-for-many-against-risks-for-a-few",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Helen Branswell\u003c/BR>\u003cstrong>STAT\u003c/strong>",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/440955/the-vaccine-dilemma-how-experts-weigh-benefits-for-many-against-risks-for-a-few",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ve likely seen a version of the image above. Some people observe two faces in profile. Others see a vase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same phenomenon can occur when scientists look at data, particularly when they try to weigh the benefits and risks of individual vaccines. Vaccines protect huge numbers of people, generally children, from serious diseases, but in rare cases, certain vaccines can tragically cause harm. How do those scientists figure out which to value more?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This dilemma was at the center of last week’s decision by an expert committee advising the World Health Organization to sharply scale back use of a controversial vaccine called Dengvaxia, the first to protect against dengue infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, many of the same experts concluded the vaccine was safe to use in children 9 and older in places where dengue infection is almost unavoidable — even though there were strong theoretical concerns the vaccine might put some vaccinated kids at higher risk of developing a severe form of dengue. Severe dengue can lead to internal bleeding, shock, and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late last year, theory was shown to be reality. After reviewing the data, the WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations — knows as the SAGE — shifted its stance, recommending last week that the vaccine be given only to children who test positive for a previous dengue infection. A point-of-care blood test doesn’t currently exist, leaving the vaccine’s future in limbo for now.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benefits trumped theoretical risks. But real risks trumped real benefits — even though the latter outnumbered the former.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A variety of factors influence these decisions, according to interviews with public health experts and ethicists who have made or studied them. The severity of disease being prevented and the treatability of the side effects being caused are crucial, as are ethics, public perceptions, and politics. And critically, these days, so is the likelihood that any negative attention generated by one vaccine might stain the reputations of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Art Reingold has been involved in countless debates of this type, having served for more than a dozen years on first the SAGE, and later on the corresponding body that advises the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or ACIP.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say that for many individuals having to vote or being on these committees and weigh in, many of them spend an awful lot of time looking at data and reviewing it and struggling with it when it’s not a slam dunk,” said Reingold, who teaches infectious diseases epidemiology at the University of California, Berkeley’s school of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold, whose term on ACIP concluded at the end of last year, noted that while many of that panel’s votes are close to unanimous, some recommendations — or decisions not to recommend a vaccine — are decided by a narrow vote. “And obviously in that instance pretty smart people have come down on different sides of the same question by weighing effectively all the same evidence,’’ he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Vaccine Calculus\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>In some cases, these decisions aren’t that difficult. A flu shot can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome, though this adverse event is very rare. But influenza infection can also provoke this disorder, a form of progressive paralysis from which most people recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other circumstances, the position of the scales — which side is higher, which is lower — tilts over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oral polio vaccine has saved untold millions of children from paralysis in the more than half-century it has been in use. But in rare instances the vaccine also paralyzes, a fact that became clear in the first year of its use, back in the early 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the paralysis occurs in the child who got the dose of vaccine, or in a close contact of that child, as was reported in 1962. Other times the weakened viruses in the vaccine circulate among unvaccinated children, who ingest them in water or food contaminated with traces of feces. As the viruses travel from gut to gut, they can go rogue — regain the power to paralyze. That phenomenon was first observed in 2000. Yet oral polio vaccine is still used today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As polio eradication efforts have driven down the polio case count to very low levels, the toll of vaccine-related paralysis can surpass the damage caused by the viruses themselves. Last year there were 22 children in the world paralyzed by polioviruses; vaccine viruses crippled 96.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shifting of the risk-benefit ratio for oral polio vaccine led the United States to switch exclusively to injectable polio vaccine in 2000. In 1996, when the decision to phase out oral vaccine was made, eight or nine children a year were being paralyzed by the vaccine, though polio itself hadn’t paralyzed a child in the United States for over a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk posed by the oral vaccine became intolerable, given there was a safer, albeit more expensive alternative — the injectable polio vaccine does not paralyze. “Obviously thinking on these things can change. The risks and benefits relatively speaking can change,” Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the formulation of the oral vaccines was altered to drop the component that protected against type 2 polioviruses. That part of the vaccine was the most likely to regain the power to paralyze. Type 2 viruses had disappeared in 1999; there was too little benefit and too much risk associated with keeping them in the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Dengvaxia, the calculus is not as clear cut. Evidence suggests that in places where about 70 percent of people have been infected at least once with dengue, the vaccine would prevent seven children from getting sick enough to need hospital care for every additional hospitalized case it provoked. In places where 85 percent of people have been infected, there would be 18 hospitalized cases prevented for every one the vaccine created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dengue experts have argued those benefits should not be ignored. Others argue those risks cannot ethically be incurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The SAGE deliberated over whether it was permissible to use rates of local dengue infection as a substitute for individual testing — in other words, could the vaccine be given, as it had previously recommended, in places where studies show most people have been infected at least once?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They concluded both options pose real-world challenges, given the current lack of a rapid, accurate test. But they also noted there is no evidence to date that children who have never been infected with dengue — the ones the vaccine could harm — would ever experience a benefit from Dengvaxia. They worried that wide-scale dengue vaccination programs might be “ethically problematic and have adverse implications for trust and the long-term success of public health programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting Distrust\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Why have oral polio vaccine risks been tolerated, but Dengvaxia’s deemed serious enough to effectively shelve the vaccine? Here the factors named above plus timing surely play a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts making these types of decisions these days are doing so in a climate of litigiousness and mounting vaccine refusal and hesitancy. Headlines questioning the safety of one vaccine threaten to fuel rejection of others. The government of the Philippines, where Dengvaxia has been given to more than 800,000 children, has threatened legal action against its manufacturer, Sanofi Pasteur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public has a whole new understanding of science, data, facts, and fake news,” said Michael Osterholm, director of the University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Policy. “We’ve surely had an anti-science movement well before the current situation, but it’s never been as acute.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the issue of who gets vaccinated. Most of these products are designed to protect children, who hold a special position in discussions of the ethics of medical treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ethical bar must be placed higher when it comes to kids, because they cannot make an informed decision for themselves, said Art Caplan, a professor of bioethics at New York University’s school of medicine. “So I think the issue is not just: Could we accept huge benefits for small risks? Because I think the answer to that is yes. But I think it’s: Can we accept huge benefits for small risks to very vulnerable children?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have that child population put knowingly at risk, it gets really hard from the ethics point of view to ignore that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And society’s tolerance of risk has changed, Caplan argued, pointing to the so-called Cutter incident to make his case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1955, it was discovered that children had been mistakenly injected with polio vaccine that contained live viruses. The process by which the viruses in the vaccine were supposed to be inactivated — killed — hadn’t worked. Fifty-one children in the U.S. were paralyzed and five died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the 1950s, polio was an enormous threat. Parents lived in fear their children would end up in an iron lung. Polio vaccination resumed. The company that made the vaccine, Cutter Laboratories, didn’t even go out of business. If a similar incident were to happen today, Caplan said, “it would have shut everything down forever.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that to the case of RotaShield, the first vaccine licensed to protect against rotavirus infection. These common viruses cause devastating bouts of diarrhea in young children, who can end up in the hospital as a result. Every year some children died of these infections in the U.S., but rotaviruses did more damage in the developing world, where stricken kids didn’t have easy access to hospital care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>RotaShield was approved in the U.S. in 1998. A year later, Wyeth Laboratories withdrew it from the market after studies showed babies who got it were at greater risk of developing intussusception, a type of bowel blockage that can kill if it isn’t corrected in time. The CDC estimated that for every 10,000 children vaccinated with RotaShield there would be one or two additional cases of intussusception over what is normally seen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts argued that the vaccine should still be marketed in the developing world, where the number of lives saved would far outstrip the cases of intussusception. The WHO estimated that in 2004, more than half a million children died from rotavirus infections, the lion’s share in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about the risk-benefit equation in a poor country, almost certainly it would have been far better in terms of illness — preventable deaths averted, cost of care reduced — to continue to use that initial rotavirus vaccine or rather to introduce it and use it in poor countries,” Reingold said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the vaccine’s fate was sealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact is that the politics around the thing — this vaccine isn’t good enough for rich white children in the United States but it’s OK for poor black children in poor countries — were a non-starter,” he said. “I mean, it just doesn’t sell. Even if that’s still the wisest thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was nearly six years before another, safer rotavirus vaccine made it to market, six years during which more than half a million children a year died from rotavirus infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/23/vaccine-dilemma-weigh-benefits-risks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440955/the-vaccine-dilemma-how-experts-weigh-benefits-for-many-against-risks-for-a-few",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440955"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_662",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_173",
"futureofyou_1488",
"futureofyou_652"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440964",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440955"
},
"futureofyou_440946": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440946",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440946",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524517221000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "americans-told-to-toss-romaine-lettuce-over-e-coli-fears",
"title": "Americans Told to Toss Romaine Lettuce Over E. coli Fears",
"publishDate": 1524517221,
"format": "standard",
"headTitle": "Americans Told to Toss Romaine Lettuce Over E. coli Fears | KQED",
"labelTerm": {},
"content": "\u003cp>U.S. health officials on Friday told consumers to throw away any store-bought romaine lettuce they have in their kitchens and warned restaurants not to serve it amid an E. coli outbreak that has sickened more than 50 people in several states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expanded its warning about tainted romaine from Arizona, saying information from new illnesses led it to caution against eating any forms of the lettuce that may have come from the city of Yuma. Officials have not found the origin of the contaminated vegetables.[contextly_sidebar id=”2rlLWi81zSsmjwZxnnH20Wd2rPVuQm08″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, CDC officials had only warned against chopped romaine by itself or as part of salads and salad mixes. But they are now extending the risk to heads or hearts of romaine lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People at an Alaska correctional facility recently reported feeling ill after eating from whole heads of romaine lettuce. They were traced to lettuce harvested in the Yuma region, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Danielle Venton reports so far there are 31 hospitalizations, and 53 cases, around the country due to this E. coli strain. One case is from California. No deaths have been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of E. coli infection include diarrhea, severe stomach cramps and vomiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s updated advisory said consumers nationwide should not buy or eat romaine lettuce from a grocery store or restaurant unless they can get confirmation it did not come from Yuma. People also should toss any romaine they already have at home unless it’s known it didn’t come from the area, the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants and retailers were warned not to serve or sell romaine lettuce from Yuma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romaine grown in coastal and central California, Florida and central Mexico is not at risk, according to the Produce Marketing Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yuma region, which is roughly 185 miles southwest of Phoenix and close to the California border, is referred to as the country’s “winter vegetable capital.” It is known for its agriculture and often revels in it with events like a lettuce festival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Alameda, president of the Yuma Fresh Vegetable Association, which represents local growers, said the outbreak has weighed heavily on him and other farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to know what happened,” Alameda said. “We can’t afford to lose consumer confidence. It’s heartbreaking to us. We take this very personally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers in Yuma typically plant romaine lettuce between September and January. During the peak of the harvest season, which runs from mid-November until the beginning of April, the Yuma region supplies most of the romaine sold in the U.S., Alameda said. The outbreak came as the harvest of romaine was already near its end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Alameda has not met with anyone from the CDC, he is reviewing his own business. He is going over food safety practices and auditing operations in the farming fields.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "So far there are 53 reported cases of E. coli infections around the country. One is from California. ",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1721115813,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 16,
"wordCount": 497
},
"headData": {
"title": "Americans Told to Toss Romaine Lettuce Over E. coli Fears",
"description": "So far there are 53 reported cases of E. coli infections around the country. One is from California. ",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Americans Told to Toss Romaine Lettuce Over E. coli Fears",
"datePublished": "2018-04-23T14:00:21-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-07-16T00:43:33-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Health",
"sticky": false,
"nprByline": "Terry Tang\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"path": "/futureofyou/440946/americans-told-to-toss-romaine-lettuce-over-e-coli-fears",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>U.S. health officials on Friday told consumers to throw away any store-bought romaine lettuce they have in their kitchens and warned restaurants not to serve it amid an E. coli outbreak that has sickened more than 50 people in several states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expanded its warning about tainted romaine from Arizona, saying information from new illnesses led it to caution against eating any forms of the lettuce that may have come from the city of Yuma. Officials have not found the origin of the contaminated vegetables.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, CDC officials had only warned against chopped romaine by itself or as part of salads and salad mixes. But they are now extending the risk to heads or hearts of romaine lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People at an Alaska correctional facility recently reported feeling ill after eating from whole heads of romaine lettuce. They were traced to lettuce harvested in the Yuma region, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Danielle Venton reports so far there are 31 hospitalizations, and 53 cases, around the country due to this E. coli strain. One case is from California. No deaths have been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Symptoms of E. coli infection include diarrhea, severe stomach cramps and vomiting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC’s updated advisory said consumers nationwide should not buy or eat romaine lettuce from a grocery store or restaurant unless they can get confirmation it did not come from Yuma. People also should toss any romaine they already have at home unless it’s known it didn’t come from the area, the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants and retailers were warned not to serve or sell romaine lettuce from Yuma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romaine grown in coastal and central California, Florida and central Mexico is not at risk, according to the Produce Marketing Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yuma region, which is roughly 185 miles southwest of Phoenix and close to the California border, is referred to as the country’s “winter vegetable capital.” It is known for its agriculture and often revels in it with events like a lettuce festival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Alameda, president of the Yuma Fresh Vegetable Association, which represents local growers, said the outbreak has weighed heavily on him and other farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to know what happened,” Alameda said. “We can’t afford to lose consumer confidence. It’s heartbreaking to us. We take this very personally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers in Yuma typically plant romaine lettuce between September and January. During the peak of the harvest season, which runs from mid-November until the beginning of April, the Yuma region supplies most of the romaine sold in the U.S., Alameda said. The outbreak came as the harvest of romaine was already near its end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Alameda has not met with anyone from the CDC, he is reviewing his own business. He is going over food safety practices and auditing operations in the farming fields.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440946/americans-told-to-toss-romaine-lettuce-over-e-coli-fears",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440946"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_854",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_1486",
"futureofyou_426",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_1485",
"futureofyou_1487"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440948",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440946"
},
"futureofyou_440941": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440941",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440941",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524510027000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "digital-self-harm-when-teens-cyberbully-themselves",
"title": "Digital Self-Harm: When Teens Cyberbully Themselves",
"publishDate": 1524510027,
"format": "standard",
"headTitle": "Digital Self-Harm: When Teens Cyberbully Themselves | KQED",
"labelTerm": {},
"content": "\u003cp>During the stressful teen years, most adolescents experience emotional highs and lows, but for more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-by-the-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20 percent\u003c/a> of teenagers, their worries and sad feelings turn into something more serious, like anxiety or depression. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5954\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that 13 percent to 18 percent of distressed teens physically injure themselves via cutting, burning or other forms of self-harm as a way to cope with their pain.[contextly_sidebar id=”DrtrOIrhwdXvJWg13P3oHysKbwZZeMlt”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research and clinical psychologists now suggest that some adolescents are engaging in a newer form of self-aggression — \u003ca href=\"http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(17)30313-0/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">digital self-harm\u003c/a>. They’re anonymously posting mean and derogatory comments about themselves on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Child psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://denverchildtherapy.com/about-us/sheryl-ziegler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sheryl Gonzalez-Ziegler\u003c/a> of Denver says it’s a growing problem among teens whom she counsels. One recent client, an adolescent girl, told Gonzalez-Ziegler that she anonymously cyberbullied herself because, as a gay teen, she felt vulnerable and exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She set up ghost accounts on Instagram and posted mean comments about herself, saying things like, ‘I think you’re creepy and gay’ and ‘Don’t sit next to me again,’ ” Ziegler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said these things because she feared being mocked by her peers,” the psychologist explains. “She thought their teasing wouldn’t be so bad if she beat them to the punch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a survey \u003ca href=\"http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(17)30313-0/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> late last year in the \u003cem>Journal of Adolescent Health\u003c/em>, teens are bullying themselves online as a way to manage feelings of sadness and self-hatred and to gain attention from their friends. For the study, 5,593 middle and high school students from across the U.S., ages 12 to 17, completed a series of questionnaires that asked about their experiences with digital self-harm and cyberbullying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HCX9vH8V4cXCVb46T0BO94RkguEqSp86″]”We were alarmed to learn that 6 percent of the youth who participated in our study engaged in some form of digital self-harm,” says \u003ca href=\"http://hinduja.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sameer Hinduja\u003c/a>, co-author of the study and a professor of criminology at Florida Atlantic University. He is also the co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cyberbullying.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyberbullying Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hinduja and a colleague found that more than half the teens who cyberbullied themselves had done so more than once. When asked why they had participated in this behavior, the teens said things like, “I already felt bad about myself, and I wanted to make myself feel worse” and “I wanted to see if someone was really my friend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists have seen inklings of this type of self-aggression before. In a smaller, \u003ca href=\"https://webhost.bridgew.edu/marc/DIGITAL%20SELF%20HARM%20report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2012\u003c/a> study of 617 high school freshmen, researchers found that 9 percent of the teens had bullied themselves online. Teens who participated in that study reported harming themselves as a way to encourage others to worry about them, to prove how “tough” they were or to get an adult’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4WLViXQpKTG5m375AY6olZ1s9VjHu8hm”]”Because teens’ online and offline worlds overlap, digital self-harm is a concern for some youth, making online self-harm an emerging area of research,” says, \u003ca href=\"https://cehs.unl.edu/edpsych/faculty/susan-swearer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Susan Swearer\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln who also studies bullying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2664031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statistical analysis\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of more than a decade’s worth of emergency room visits in the U.S. suggests that since 2009, the number of girls ages 10 to 14 years who are physically harming themselves has been rising steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/2015/07-08/who-self-injures.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the American Psychological Association\u003c/a>, teens who physically injure themselves often struggle with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or difficulties with emotional regulation. Not all adolescents who cyberbully themselves have a psychiatric illness, Ziegler notes, but that doesn’t mean their behavior should be taken lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar to teens who self-harm by cutting, kids who cyberbully themselves often suffer silently, feeling like they don’t have a friend or adult to confide in,” says Ziegler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If these teens don’t receive mental health treatment, she says, their feelings of loneliness and sadness can cause them to become depressed and, in rare cases, suicidal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the advent of social media has changed the way many teens form and experience relationships, normal adolescent feelings of insecurity, anxiety and loneliness can become magnified as they scroll through their peers’ social media reels. Hinduja says some teens cope with that distress by turning their angst on themselves online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some parents are quick to limit a teen’s social media use in response, that doesn’t adequately address the problem, Hinduja says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the best thing parents can do is to promote open, nonjudgmental lines of communication with their kids,” he says. “Validating a teen’s experience can encourage them to confide in adults about their distressing experiences — offline or online.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Teens+Cyberbully+Themselves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "The latest form of self-harming behavior is a way of managing feelings of sadness or self-loathing.",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1721115833,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 19,
"wordCount": 835
},
"headData": {
"title": "Digital Self-Harm: When Teens Cyberbully Themselves",
"description": "The latest form of self-harming behavior is a way of managing feelings of sadness or self-loathing.",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Digital Self-Harm: When Teens Cyberbully Themselves",
"datePublished": "2018-04-23T12:00:27-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-07-16T00:43:53-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Health",
"sticky": false,
"nprImageCredit": "Jasmin Merdan",
"nprByline": "Juli Fraga\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprStoryId": "604073315",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=604073315&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/21/604073315/when-teens-cyberbully-themselves?ft=nprml&f=604073315",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Sat, 21 Apr 2018 13:03:00 -0400",
"nprStoryDate": "Sat, 21 Apr 2018 07:00:24 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Sat, 21 Apr 2018 13:03:48 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/440941/digital-self-harm-when-teens-cyberbully-themselves",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During the stressful teen years, most adolescents experience emotional highs and lows, but for more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-by-the-numbers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20 percent\u003c/a> of teenagers, their worries and sad feelings turn into something more serious, like anxiety or depression. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g5954\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> show that 13 percent to 18 percent of distressed teens physically injure themselves via cutting, burning or other forms of self-harm as a way to cope with their pain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent research and clinical psychologists now suggest that some adolescents are engaging in a newer form of self-aggression — \u003ca href=\"http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(17)30313-0/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">digital self-harm\u003c/a>. They’re anonymously posting mean and derogatory comments about themselves on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Child psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://denverchildtherapy.com/about-us/sheryl-ziegler/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sheryl Gonzalez-Ziegler\u003c/a> of Denver says it’s a growing problem among teens whom she counsels. One recent client, an adolescent girl, told Gonzalez-Ziegler that she anonymously cyberbullied herself because, as a gay teen, she felt vulnerable and exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She set up ghost accounts on Instagram and posted mean comments about herself, saying things like, ‘I think you’re creepy and gay’ and ‘Don’t sit next to me again,’ ” Ziegler says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She said these things because she feared being mocked by her peers,” the psychologist explains. “She thought their teasing wouldn’t be so bad if she beat them to the punch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a survey \u003ca href=\"http://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(17)30313-0/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> late last year in the \u003cem>Journal of Adolescent Health\u003c/em>, teens are bullying themselves online as a way to manage feelings of sadness and self-hatred and to gain attention from their friends. For the study, 5,593 middle and high school students from across the U.S., ages 12 to 17, completed a series of questionnaires that asked about their experiences with digital self-harm and cyberbullying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”We were alarmed to learn that 6 percent of the youth who participated in our study engaged in some form of digital self-harm,” says \u003ca href=\"http://hinduja.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sameer Hinduja\u003c/a>, co-author of the study and a professor of criminology at Florida Atlantic University. He is also the co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://cyberbullying.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyberbullying Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hinduja and a colleague found that more than half the teens who cyberbullied themselves had done so more than once. When asked why they had participated in this behavior, the teens said things like, “I already felt bad about myself, and I wanted to make myself feel worse” and “I wanted to see if someone was really my friend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists have seen inklings of this type of self-aggression before. In a smaller, \u003ca href=\"https://webhost.bridgew.edu/marc/DIGITAL%20SELF%20HARM%20report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2012\u003c/a> study of 617 high school freshmen, researchers found that 9 percent of the teens had bullied themselves online. Teens who participated in that study reported harming themselves as a way to encourage others to worry about them, to prove how “tough” they were or to get an adult’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”Because teens’ online and offline worlds overlap, digital self-harm is a concern for some youth, making online self-harm an emerging area of research,” says, \u003ca href=\"https://cehs.unl.edu/edpsych/faculty/susan-swearer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Susan Swearer\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln who also studies bullying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2664031\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statistical analysis\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of more than a decade’s worth of emergency room visits in the U.S. suggests that since 2009, the number of girls ages 10 to 14 years who are physically harming themselves has been rising steadily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/2015/07-08/who-self-injures.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the American Psychological Association\u003c/a>, teens who physically injure themselves often struggle with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder or difficulties with emotional regulation. Not all adolescents who cyberbully themselves have a psychiatric illness, Ziegler notes, but that doesn’t mean their behavior should be taken lightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Similar to teens who self-harm by cutting, kids who cyberbully themselves often suffer silently, feeling like they don’t have a friend or adult to confide in,” says Ziegler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If these teens don’t receive mental health treatment, she says, their feelings of loneliness and sadness can cause them to become depressed and, in rare cases, suicidal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the advent of social media has changed the way many teens form and experience relationships, normal adolescent feelings of insecurity, anxiety and loneliness can become magnified as they scroll through their peers’ social media reels. Hinduja says some teens cope with that distress by turning their angst on themselves online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some parents are quick to limit a teen’s social media use in response, that doesn’t adequately address the problem, Hinduja says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the best thing parents can do is to promote open, nonjudgmental lines of communication with their kids,” he says. “Validating a teen’s experience can encourage them to confide in adults about their distressing experiences — offline or online.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+Teens+Cyberbully+Themselves&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440941/digital-self-harm-when-teens-cyberbully-themselves",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440941"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_26",
"futureofyou_204",
"futureofyou_35",
"futureofyou_872"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440942",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440941"
},
"futureofyou_440869": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440869",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440869",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524250800000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524250800,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Chasing A New Way To Prevent HIV: Passive Immunization",
"title": "Chasing A New Way To Prevent HIV: Passive Immunization",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>After decades of intense effort, an effective vaccine against HIV is not on the horizon — and, some say, may never be possible. So some AIDS researchers are going passive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in passive immunization.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Xmf3XI2gbMPO20A46mYbeYfSv5R7TcOk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active immunization is what an effective vaccine does. It stimulates the recipient to make antibodies that protect against a disease. Passive immunization involves the direct injection of antibodies extracted from survivors of a particular infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/51/2/239/303856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">old method\u003c/a> of preventing infection when a vaccine isn't available — once used, for instance, to protect at-risk people from hepatitis before vaccines were developed. Instead of the lifelong protection from a really good vaccine, passive immunization is a temporary bulwark against infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0001-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature Medicine \u003c/em>gives reason to believe it can work against HIV — at least, so far, in monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7iTJpxzoihSEFdeAGr40HVv2JFxPnQpZ\"]A single injection of two anti-HIV antibodies protected five of six macaque monkeys from infection for six to nine months as they got weekly inoculations of a potent human-simian hybrid of the virus called SHIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think this approach might be an important way to prevent transmission in humans, particularly in regions of the world where HIV is endemic,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://irp.nih.gov/pi/malcolm-martin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malcolm Martin\u003c/a>, chief of the viral pathogenesis and viral section of the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases and a senior author of the paper. \"This is not a vaccine but a way to prevention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Global-Health/Emilio-Emini\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emilio Emini\u003c/a>, director of the Gates Foundation's HIV program, a funder of the new research, agrees the approach is worth pushing. \"The potential is there for the development of a neutralizing antibody cocktail that could be injected to provide many months of protection against HIV infection,\" Emini says. (The Gates Foundation is also a funder of NPR and this blog.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last few years, scientists have identified something like 100 of these anti-HIV antibodies, giving them plenty of opportunities to mix and match for maximum effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that an injection of these antibodies every six to 12 months could protect large numbers of people from HIV in parts of the world where most infections are occurring. Currently 1.8 million people are newly infected with HIV every year. And other means of prevention, such as a daily pill containing anti-HIV drugs, have proved too cumbersome. \"Taking a pill every day can be just about impossible to do in a population of young people, even under the best of circumstances,\" Emini says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And protecting that young population is key. \"In southern Africa, in particular, over the past 10 or 15 years there's been an explosion of young people,\" Emini says. \"In many of these countries the average age is in the 20s. Having the means to protect these young people is something that will be absolutely critical to controlling the epidemic.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"jyiWKAHmWck20bKRGd11NV0NQ6LVdv2F\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Nature Medicine \u003c/em>paper is just the latest report from a burgeoning new branch of HIV research that's gathering momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is not just about doing cool science — and this is cool science,\" says Mitchell Warren, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.avac.org/\">AVAC\u003c/a>, a global HIV prevention advocacy group. \"People are excited about this antibody research as a whole new prevention approach. The long-term goal is still a vaccine. But in HIV prevention we will take what we can get.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you've been following AIDS, you might be wondering how antibodies from HIV-infected people could possibly protect against infection. After all, the hallmark of HIV infection is that immune defenses don't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that researchers are using antibodies derived from a tiny fraction of HIV-infected people — about 1 percent — called \"elite controllers\" or (the term Martin prefers) \"elite neutralizers.\" As his term indicates, these \"elite\" patients make antibodies that can neutralize, or kill, HIV. The patients typically have low levels of the virus and can live longer without virus-suppressing drugs before they get symptoms of immune system collapse, or AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, most elite neutralizers do progress to AIDS if they don't take antiviral drugs. The reason, Martin says, is that during the initial stages of their HIV infection, their immune system \"takes a major hit from which it never recovers.\" That allows HIV to establish hideaways, or reservoirs, in the body. By the time their immune systems start generating antibodies to neutralize HIV, Martin says, \"it's too late\" to keep the infection under control forever. The horse is out of the barn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"w4gEpTxAayvKFMwRczIPppV0noiBfi2u\"]In the new work and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/31/242093426/aids-scientists-encouraged-by-antibodies-that-hit-monkey-virus)\">previous experiments\u003c/a>, Martin and colleagues have identified the particular antibodies from these rare patients that can prevent HIV infection in the test tube. They then harvest these antibodies from patients and test them in monkeys to see if they prevent HIV infection from getting established in the first place. They've also learned to tweak the antibodies, introducing mutations that extend their lifetime in the bloodstream. And they've found that passive immunization works best when they combine two types of antibodies in one injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other findings improve the prospects that passive immunization may work in the real world:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It can be given by subcutaneous injections — a simple jab just under the skin — a much simpler and cheaper maneuver than the intravenous infusions used in earlier studies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Small doses — three times lower than earlier IV doses — were enough to give many months of protection. That will bring the cost down too.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>These elements \"make this report very important,\" Emini says. \"Everything is moving in the right direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin says another promising factor is the likelihood that the injected antibodies will stick around longer in humans' bloodstream than they do in monkeys' – thus offering more durable protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a monkey's immune system recognizes the human-derived antibodies as foreign and so generate antibodies against the antibodies, clearing them from the blood. In studies when humans have been injected with these antibodies, Martin says, \"so far, there has been no report of humans ever developing anti-antibodies. So it's very likely, though we don't have proof of this, that these antibodies will last longer when we give them to humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antibody cocktail researchers envision would contain neutralizing antibodies directed at multiple parts of the HIV outer coat. That would work against various strains of HIV circulating around the world and reduce the risk the virus would develop resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, genetically engineered antibodies \"are actually quite expensive to produce,\" Emini acknowledges. \"So we need to develop ways to produce them at cost levels that are realistic for countries where most of the infection still occurs.\" The Gates Foundation's target price is no more than $150 per person per year — an amount comparable to the cost of HIV drug treatments now \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/31/242093426/aids-scientists-encouraged-by-antibodies-that-hit-monkey-virus)\">reaching 21 million people a year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentum behind the passive immunization against HIV is [contextly_sidebar id=\"qBSUXVbfErfptQT2yYDrSIGwPatdWI2n\"]growing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avac.org/trial-search?field_prevention_option_tid%5B%5D=1&keys=&title=&field_status_value=Ongoing&field_phase_value=All\">Eight human studies are underway\u003c/a> using the approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of them are enrolling a total of 5,000 people at risk of HIV infection — men who have sex with men in the United States, Latin America and South Africa, and women in seven African countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those trials are using one of the first of the 100 anti-HIV antibodies to be discovered, called VRC01. But it has to be delivered every two months in 45-minute intravenous infusions. So even if that's shown to be effective in preventing HIV infections, it's not going to be practical as a real-world prevention strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two-antibody combination in the new report might be. It's being injected into humans in a small study that began last August. It's designed to see if any adverse effects arise, but it can also yield useful data on how long the antibody persists in humans and whether humans mount an immune defense against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the monkey studies and human trials are preliminary, there's a sense of urgency behind the passive-immunization approach. Despite surprising success in getting anti-HIV treatment to infected people in most-affected nations, nobody thinks the world can treat its way out of the HIV pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concern is that if we don't control the pandemic, 15 or 20 years from now we'll have more people with HIV in southern Africa than we had 15 years ago,\" Emini says. \"So the urgency remains very strong, and getting stronger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Knox is a New Hampshire-based health and science reporter, former NPR science correspondent and currently senior correspondent for WBUR in Boston. He's been reporting on HIV/AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. Contact him @DickKnox\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Chasing+A+New+Way+To+Prevent+HIV%3A+Passive+Immunization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440869 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440869",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/20/chasing-a-new-way-to-prevent-hiv-passive-immunization/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1474,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 32
},
"modified": 1524244262,
"excerpt": "The idea is to inject anti-HIV antibodies that would kill the virus when people get exposed. A new study is promising — although it was conducted on monkeys.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The idea is to inject anti-HIV antibodies that would kill the virus when people get exposed. A new study is promising — although it was conducted on monkeys.",
"title": "Chasing A New Way To Prevent HIV: Passive Immunization | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Chasing A New Way To Prevent HIV: Passive Immunization",
"datePublished": "2018-04-20T12:00:00-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-20T10:11:02-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "chasing-a-new-way-to-prevent-hiv-passive-immunization",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=603525972&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Richard Knox, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 18 Apr 2018 13:41:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 19 Apr 2018 11:21:15 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/04/18/603525972/chasing-a-new-way-to-prevent-hiv-passive-immunization?ft=nprml&f=603525972",
"nprImageAgency": "Gallo Images/Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Foto24",
"source": "Hope/Hype",
"nprStoryId": "603525972",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 19 Apr 2018 11:21:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/440869/chasing-a-new-way-to-prevent-hiv-passive-immunization",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After decades of intense effort, an effective vaccine against HIV is not on the horizon — and, some say, may never be possible. So some AIDS researchers are going passive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in passive immunization.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Active immunization is what an effective vaccine does. It stimulates the recipient to make antibodies that protect against a disease. Passive immunization involves the direct injection of antibodies extracted from survivors of a particular infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/51/2/239/303856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">old method\u003c/a> of preventing infection when a vaccine isn't available — once used, for instance, to protect at-risk people from hepatitis before vaccines were developed. Instead of the lifelong protection from a really good vaccine, passive immunization is a temporary bulwark against infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0001-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature Medicine \u003c/em>gives reason to believe it can work against HIV — at least, so far, in monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A single injection of two anti-HIV antibodies protected five of six macaque monkeys from infection for six to nine months as they got weekly inoculations of a potent human-simian hybrid of the virus called SHIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think this approach might be an important way to prevent transmission in humans, particularly in regions of the world where HIV is endemic,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://irp.nih.gov/pi/malcolm-martin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Malcolm Martin\u003c/a>, chief of the viral pathogenesis and viral section of the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases and a senior author of the paper. \"This is not a vaccine but a way to prevention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/General-Information/Leadership/Global-Health/Emilio-Emini\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emilio Emini\u003c/a>, director of the Gates Foundation's HIV program, a funder of the new research, agrees the approach is worth pushing. \"The potential is there for the development of a neutralizing antibody cocktail that could be injected to provide many months of protection against HIV infection,\" Emini says. (The Gates Foundation is also a funder of NPR and this blog.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last few years, scientists have identified something like 100 of these anti-HIV antibodies, giving them plenty of opportunities to mix and match for maximum effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that an injection of these antibodies every six to 12 months could protect large numbers of people from HIV in parts of the world where most infections are occurring. Currently 1.8 million people are newly infected with HIV every year. And other means of prevention, such as a daily pill containing anti-HIV drugs, have proved too cumbersome. \"Taking a pill every day can be just about impossible to do in a population of young people, even under the best of circumstances,\" Emini says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And protecting that young population is key. \"In southern Africa, in particular, over the past 10 or 15 years there's been an explosion of young people,\" Emini says. \"In many of these countries the average age is in the 20s. Having the means to protect these young people is something that will be absolutely critical to controlling the epidemic.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Nature Medicine \u003c/em>paper is just the latest report from a burgeoning new branch of HIV research that's gathering momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is not just about doing cool science — and this is cool science,\" says Mitchell Warren, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.avac.org/\">AVAC\u003c/a>, a global HIV prevention advocacy group. \"People are excited about this antibody research as a whole new prevention approach. The long-term goal is still a vaccine. But in HIV prevention we will take what we can get.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you've been following AIDS, you might be wondering how antibodies from HIV-infected people could possibly protect against infection. After all, the hallmark of HIV infection is that immune defenses don't work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is that researchers are using antibodies derived from a tiny fraction of HIV-infected people — about 1 percent — called \"elite controllers\" or (the term Martin prefers) \"elite neutralizers.\" As his term indicates, these \"elite\" patients make antibodies that can neutralize, or kill, HIV. The patients typically have low levels of the virus and can live longer without virus-suppressing drugs before they get symptoms of immune system collapse, or AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, most elite neutralizers do progress to AIDS if they don't take antiviral drugs. The reason, Martin says, is that during the initial stages of their HIV infection, their immune system \"takes a major hit from which it never recovers.\" That allows HIV to establish hideaways, or reservoirs, in the body. By the time their immune systems start generating antibodies to neutralize HIV, Martin says, \"it's too late\" to keep the infection under control forever. The horse is out of the barn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the new work and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/31/242093426/aids-scientists-encouraged-by-antibodies-that-hit-monkey-virus)\">previous experiments\u003c/a>, Martin and colleagues have identified the particular antibodies from these rare patients that can prevent HIV infection in the test tube. They then harvest these antibodies from patients and test them in monkeys to see if they prevent HIV infection from getting established in the first place. They've also learned to tweak the antibodies, introducing mutations that extend their lifetime in the bloodstream. And they've found that passive immunization works best when they combine two types of antibodies in one injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other findings improve the prospects that passive immunization may work in the real world:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>It can be given by subcutaneous injections — a simple jab just under the skin — a much simpler and cheaper maneuver than the intravenous infusions used in earlier studies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Small doses — three times lower than earlier IV doses — were enough to give many months of protection. That will bring the cost down too.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>These elements \"make this report very important,\" Emini says. \"Everything is moving in the right direction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin says another promising factor is the likelihood that the injected antibodies will stick around longer in humans' bloodstream than they do in monkeys' – thus offering more durable protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a monkey's immune system recognizes the human-derived antibodies as foreign and so generate antibodies against the antibodies, clearing them from the blood. In studies when humans have been injected with these antibodies, Martin says, \"so far, there has been no report of humans ever developing anti-antibodies. So it's very likely, though we don't have proof of this, that these antibodies will last longer when we give them to humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The antibody cocktail researchers envision would contain neutralizing antibodies directed at multiple parts of the HIV outer coat. That would work against various strains of HIV circulating around the world and reduce the risk the virus would develop resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, genetically engineered antibodies \"are actually quite expensive to produce,\" Emini acknowledges. \"So we need to develop ways to produce them at cost levels that are realistic for countries where most of the infection still occurs.\" The Gates Foundation's target price is no more than $150 per person per year — an amount comparable to the cost of HIV drug treatments now \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/10/31/242093426/aids-scientists-encouraged-by-antibodies-that-hit-monkey-virus)\">reaching 21 million people a year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Momentum behind the passive immunization against HIV is \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>growing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.avac.org/trial-search?field_prevention_option_tid%5B%5D=1&keys=&title=&field_status_value=Ongoing&field_phase_value=All\">Eight human studies are underway\u003c/a> using the approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of them are enrolling a total of 5,000 people at risk of HIV infection — men who have sex with men in the United States, Latin America and South Africa, and women in seven African countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those trials are using one of the first of the 100 anti-HIV antibodies to be discovered, called VRC01. But it has to be delivered every two months in 45-minute intravenous infusions. So even if that's shown to be effective in preventing HIV infections, it's not going to be practical as a real-world prevention strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two-antibody combination in the new report might be. It's being injected into humans in a small study that began last August. It's designed to see if any adverse effects arise, but it can also yield useful data on how long the antibody persists in humans and whether humans mount an immune defense against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the monkey studies and human trials are preliminary, there's a sense of urgency behind the passive-immunization approach. Despite surprising success in getting anti-HIV treatment to infected people in most-affected nations, nobody thinks the world can treat its way out of the HIV pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The concern is that if we don't control the pandemic, 15 or 20 years from now we'll have more people with HIV in southern Africa than we had 15 years ago,\" Emini says. \"So the urgency remains very strong, and getting stronger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Knox is a New Hampshire-based health and science reporter, former NPR science correspondent and currently senior correspondent for WBUR in Boston. He's been reporting on HIV/AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. Contact him @DickKnox\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Chasing+A+New+Way+To+Prevent+HIV%3A+Passive+Immunization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440869/chasing-a-new-way-to-prevent-hiv-passive-immunization",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440869"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_650",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_651",
"futureofyou_1056"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440870",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440869"
},
"futureofyou_440861": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440861",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440861",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1524244072000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1524244072,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Parenting of the Future: Converting Ordinary Cells Into Sperm and Eggs",
"title": "Parenting of the Future: Converting Ordinary Cells Into Sperm and Eggs",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>So you want to have a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you like a dark-haired girl with a high risk of someday getting colon cancer, but a good chance of above-average music ability?[contextly_sidebar id=\"hGdwiHda2M4gvFM3sXPeB5lpQehOV9JO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or would you prefer a girl with a good prospect for high SAT scores and a good shot at being athletic, but who also is likely to run an above-average risk of bipolar disorder and lupus as an adult?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about a boy with a good shot at having musical ability and dodging asthma, but who also would be predisposed to cataracts and type 2 diabetes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused? You’re just getting started. There are dozens more choices for which of your embryos should be placed in the womb to become your child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the future a biomedical ethics expert envisions for 20 to 40 years from now — soon enough that today’s children may face it when they start their own families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of babies of people who have good health coverage will be conceived this way,” predicts Henry Greely, a Stanford University law professor who works in bioethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read about concerns over “designer babies,” whose DNA is shaped by gene editing. Greely is focused on a different technology that has gotten much less attention: In a startling bit of biological alchemy, scientists have shown that in mice, they can turn ordinary cells into sperm and eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"caption\">[contextly_sidebar id=\"eTManZd4WaqVP8G2asFbvl91UNkETnUW\"]A prominent biomedical ethics expert says that in 20 to 40 years, many prospective parents may choose from dozens of embryos to become their babies and would be provided with genetic information about each embryo to help make the choice. (April 18)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too soon to know if it could be done in people. But if it can, it could become a powerful infertility treatment, permitting genetic parenthood for people who can’t make their own sperm or eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also would mean that a woman who wants to get pregnant could produce dozens more eggs per attempt than with the current procedure of harvesting some from her ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that means a lot of choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Array of Embryos\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere’s what Greely envisions: A man and woman walk into a fertility clinic. The man drops off some sperm. The woman leaves some skin cells, which are turned into eggs and fertilized with the man’s sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in vitro fertilization today, which typically yields around eight eggs per try, the new method could result in 100 embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos’ complete library of DNA would be decoded and analyzed to reveal genetic predispositions, both for disease and personal traits. The man and woman would get dossiers on the embryos that pass minimum tests for suitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of, say, 80 suitable embryos, the couple would then choose one or two to implant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibilities don’t stop there. The technology might also help open the door to same-sex couples having children genetically related to both of them, though the additional twist of making eggs from men or sperm from women would be a huge biological challenge.[contextly_sidebar id=\"SrDdSI0zE6VxuvIcDgGVohz7igj80GaU\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More worrisome is the so-called Brad Pitt scenario: We all shed a bit of sloughed-off DNA every day, like on the lip of a coffee cup. Such discarded material could be secretly snatched up to turn an unwitting celebrity into a genetic parent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a long way in the future, but real life is already creeping toward it. Some scientists are trying to make human eggs and sperm in the lab. They are working with “iPS cells,” which are ordinary body cells that have been morphed into a malleable state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amander Clark of the University of California, Los Angeles, says her goal is to aid basic research into why some people are infertile. She acknowledges the technique might itself be used to treat some infertility, particularly in young people made sterile by cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for decoding the complete DNA library of embryos, Dr. Louanne Hudgins, who studies prenatal genetic screening and diagnosis at Stanford, says some pregnant patients there say they’ve already had fertility clinics do that. They didn’t reveal why, Hudgins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudgins, who’s president of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, said no national medical association has endorsed decoding all the DNA of an embryo, which is called its genome. So she believes no insurance company would pay for that now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Easy' Prenatal Diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreely, who lays out his ideas in a book called “The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction,” calls his vision “easy PGD,” or prenatal genetic diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ordinary PGD has been done for decades. When a couple is known to be at risk for having a child with a specific genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, the woman undergoes a procedure to remove some eggs. After fertilization, some cells are plucked from the embryos and examined to identify those without carry the disease-causing abnormality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That procedure looks for a specific problem in a few embryos, not entire genomes from dozens of them. If a couple wants to select a “super baby,” says Dr. Richard Scott Jr., a founding partner of Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, “we tell them we can’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Scott and others say, even wide-ranging analysis would not provide a precise forecast of how a child will turn out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"izPvBHygWyTNurqnYm1uuauGvc2JdDjo\"]If DNA is the hardware, there’s also the software: chemical modifications that determine when and where particular genes turn on and off. Much of this “epigenome” would develop after an embryo’s genes are sampled, Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your child may not turn out to be the three-sport All-American at Stanford,” because “the epigenome didn’t work out,” Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely agrees that predictions about behavioral traits like intelligence and athletic ability will be imprecise, because of epigenetics and because of basic uncertainties about what genes are involved and how they interact. And a person’s upbringing and life experiences have a big effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Couples Do?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Even if the predictions aren’t perfect, would couples want to take steps to control their child’s genetics? Many experts doubt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a “very small minority” seek a perfect baby, says Stanford’s Hudgins. In her practice, she said she often finds women pass up all screening because they figure the baby’s fate is “in God’s hands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Grifo of the New York University Fertility Center also questions how popular the idea would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No patient has ever came to me and said, ’I want a designer baby,’” said Grifo, who’s performed in vitro fertilization since 1988.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"hN50KvG8BIKoBQkiV9DDiJW3PjvffZIF\"]Greely doubts that influencing brainpower or athleticism would be a major draw for parents. Instead, he thinks they would care most about avoiding awful diseases that strike in infancy or childhood. They’ll probably be less concerned about illnesses that might show up later in life, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. For one thing, he says, parents-to-be may see them as becoming treatable by the time a child becomes vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks easy PGD is coming, and it would be better if properly handled. He says it should be proven safe, subsidized, monitored for long-term effects, and regulated so that parents can choose whether to use it and decide what embryonic traits to focus on. And he’d outlaw stealing somebody’s DNA and unwittingly making them a parent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Others See Pitfalls\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOnce the genetic profile is done, could it come back to haunt a child if, say, a life insurer or nursing home demanded to see it to assess disease risk? How would the large number of rejected embryos be handled ethically and politically?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps future regulation could limit the number of embryos created, as well as what traits a couple could select for, said I. Glenn Cohen, a Harvard law professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lori B. Andrews, a professor at the Chicago-Kent College of Law, summed up her views in a review of Greely’s book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of easy PGD,” she wrote, “should make us uneasy indeed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even some who doubt the idea’s feasibility say Greely is right to raise the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly something we have to take seriously and think through now,” said Marcy Darnovsky, who writes on the politics of human biotechnology as executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society in Berkeley, California. “This is not just a technical or science question.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003cbr>\nThis Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/tag/GeneticFrontiers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440861 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440861",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/20/parenting-of-the-future-converting-ordinary-cells-into-sperm-and-eggs/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1539,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 42
},
"modified": 1524244072,
"excerpt": "The tool may one day permit \"genetic parenthood\" for people who can’t make their own sperm or eggs.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The tool may one day permit "genetic parenthood" for people who can’t make their own sperm or eggs.",
"title": "Parenting of the Future: Converting Ordinary Cells Into Sperm and Eggs | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Parenting of the Future: Converting Ordinary Cells Into Sperm and Eggs",
"datePublished": "2018-04-20T10:07:52-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-20T10:07:52-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "parenting-of-the-future-converting-ordinary-cells-into-sperm-and-eggs",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Malcolm Ritter\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"source": "DIY Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/440861/parenting-of-the-future-converting-ordinary-cells-into-sperm-and-eggs",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So you want to have a baby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you like a dark-haired girl with a high risk of someday getting colon cancer, but a good chance of above-average music ability?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or would you prefer a girl with a good prospect for high SAT scores and a good shot at being athletic, but who also is likely to run an above-average risk of bipolar disorder and lupus as an adult?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about a boy with a good shot at having musical ability and dodging asthma, but who also would be predisposed to cataracts and type 2 diabetes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused? You’re just getting started. There are dozens more choices for which of your embryos should be placed in the womb to become your child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the future a biomedical ethics expert envisions for 20 to 40 years from now — soon enough that today’s children may face it when they start their own families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of babies of people who have good health coverage will be conceived this way,” predicts Henry Greely, a Stanford University law professor who works in bioethics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve probably read about concerns over “designer babies,” whose DNA is shaped by gene editing. Greely is focused on a different technology that has gotten much less attention: In a startling bit of biological alchemy, scientists have shown that in mice, they can turn ordinary cells into sperm and eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"caption\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A prominent biomedical ethics expert says that in 20 to 40 years, many prospective parents may choose from dozens of embryos to become their babies and would be provided with genetic information about each embryo to help make the choice. (April 18)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too soon to know if it could be done in people. But if it can, it could become a powerful infertility treatment, permitting genetic parenthood for people who can’t make their own sperm or eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also would mean that a woman who wants to get pregnant could produce dozens more eggs per attempt than with the current procedure of harvesting some from her ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that means a lot of choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Array of Embryos\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nHere’s what Greely envisions: A man and woman walk into a fertility clinic. The man drops off some sperm. The woman leaves some skin cells, which are turned into eggs and fertilized with the man’s sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in vitro fertilization today, which typically yields around eight eggs per try, the new method could result in 100 embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The embryos’ complete library of DNA would be decoded and analyzed to reveal genetic predispositions, both for disease and personal traits. The man and woman would get dossiers on the embryos that pass minimum tests for suitability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out of, say, 80 suitable embryos, the couple would then choose one or two to implant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibilities don’t stop there. The technology might also help open the door to same-sex couples having children genetically related to both of them, though the additional twist of making eggs from men or sperm from women would be a huge biological challenge.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More worrisome is the so-called Brad Pitt scenario: We all shed a bit of sloughed-off DNA every day, like on the lip of a coffee cup. Such discarded material could be secretly snatched up to turn an unwitting celebrity into a genetic parent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a long way in the future, but real life is already creeping toward it. Some scientists are trying to make human eggs and sperm in the lab. They are working with “iPS cells,” which are ordinary body cells that have been morphed into a malleable state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amander Clark of the University of California, Los Angeles, says her goal is to aid basic research into why some people are infertile. She acknowledges the technique might itself be used to treat some infertility, particularly in young people made sterile by cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for decoding the complete DNA library of embryos, Dr. Louanne Hudgins, who studies prenatal genetic screening and diagnosis at Stanford, says some pregnant patients there say they’ve already had fertility clinics do that. They didn’t reveal why, Hudgins said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hudgins, who’s president of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, said no national medical association has endorsed decoding all the DNA of an embryo, which is called its genome. So she believes no insurance company would pay for that now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Easy' Prenatal Diagnosis\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreely, who lays out his ideas in a book called “The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction,” calls his vision “easy PGD,” or prenatal genetic diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ordinary PGD has been done for decades. When a couple is known to be at risk for having a child with a specific genetic disorder, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia, the woman undergoes a procedure to remove some eggs. After fertilization, some cells are plucked from the embryos and examined to identify those without carry the disease-causing abnormality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That procedure looks for a specific problem in a few embryos, not entire genomes from dozens of them. If a couple wants to select a “super baby,” says Dr. Richard Scott Jr., a founding partner of Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, “we tell them we can’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Scott and others say, even wide-ranging analysis would not provide a precise forecast of how a child will turn out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>If DNA is the hardware, there’s also the software: chemical modifications that determine when and where particular genes turn on and off. Much of this “epigenome” would develop after an embryo’s genes are sampled, Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your child may not turn out to be the three-sport All-American at Stanford,” because “the epigenome didn’t work out,” Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greely agrees that predictions about behavioral traits like intelligence and athletic ability will be imprecise, because of epigenetics and because of basic uncertainties about what genes are involved and how they interact. And a person’s upbringing and life experiences have a big effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Would Couples Do?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Even if the predictions aren’t perfect, would couples want to take steps to control their child’s genetics? Many experts doubt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a “very small minority” seek a perfect baby, says Stanford’s Hudgins. In her practice, she said she often finds women pass up all screening because they figure the baby’s fate is “in God’s hands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Grifo of the New York University Fertility Center also questions how popular the idea would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No patient has ever came to me and said, ’I want a designer baby,’” said Grifo, who’s performed in vitro fertilization since 1988.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Greely doubts that influencing brainpower or athleticism would be a major draw for parents. Instead, he thinks they would care most about avoiding awful diseases that strike in infancy or childhood. They’ll probably be less concerned about illnesses that might show up later in life, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. For one thing, he says, parents-to-be may see them as becoming treatable by the time a child becomes vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks easy PGD is coming, and it would be better if properly handled. He says it should be proven safe, subsidized, monitored for long-term effects, and regulated so that parents can choose whether to use it and decide what embryonic traits to focus on. And he’d outlaw stealing somebody’s DNA and unwittingly making them a parent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Others See Pitfalls\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOnce the genetic profile is done, could it come back to haunt a child if, say, a life insurer or nursing home demanded to see it to assess disease risk? How would the large number of rejected embryos be handled ethically and politically?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps future regulation could limit the number of embryos created, as well as what traits a couple could select for, said I. Glenn Cohen, a Harvard law professor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lori B. Andrews, a professor at the Chicago-Kent College of Law, summed up her views in a review of Greely’s book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of easy PGD,” she wrote, “should make us uneasy indeed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even some who doubt the idea’s feasibility say Greely is right to raise the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s certainly something we have to take seriously and think through now,” said Marcy Darnovsky, who writes on the politics of human biotechnology as executive director of the Center for Genetics and Society in Berkeley, California. “This is not just a technical or science question.”\u003cbr>\n__\u003cbr>\nThis Associated Press \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/tag/GeneticFrontiers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">series\u003c/a> was produced in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ap.org/press-releases/2018/ap-hhmi-expand-collaboration-to-bolster-health-science-coverage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440861/parenting-of-the-future-converting-ordinary-cells-into-sperm-and-eggs",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440861"
],
"programs": [
"futureofyou_54"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_221",
"futureofyou_927",
"futureofyou_466",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_347"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440862",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440861"
},
"futureofyou_440766": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440766",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440766",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1523559658000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1523559658,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Male OB-GYNs Are Rare, But Is That A Problem?",
"title": "Male OB-GYNs Are Rare, But Is That A Problem?",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>As she leaves a 12-hour-day on the labor and delivery shift, Dr. Katie Merriam turns off her pager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know what I'd do without it, you know? It's another limb. I always know where it is,\" she says and laughs.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YNjmmIvrIhdA4E5WvQFE9ShsbCebY22H\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third-year resident in obstetrics and gynecology at the Carolinas Medical Center hospital in Charlotte, N.C., works in a medical specialty dominated by women, treating women. Merriam says she feels a special connection to her patients.\"You just, you can feel what they feel and understand why they feel certain ways. I do feel a special bond,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, 82 percent of doctors \u003ca href=\"https://m.acog.org/~/media/BB3A7629943642ADA47058D0BDCD1521.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">matching into OB-GYN residency programs\u003c/a> are women. Many OB-GYN patients say they prefer female doctors. Merriam's residency class is a bit of an anomaly — half of its members are men. Though it's nice to work with so many women, Merriam says, she and some of her female colleagues also like the perspective that men bring to the work environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one could really pinpoint about what balance they bring, but there's something nice about having them,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xxd0pnJ8BiRSq6Um262jL74IFF2B4Gk9\"]It's important to have men in the field, she says, if only to continue to give patients options in their choice of providers. But most of her friends and other women she talks to, she says, want female doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blake Butterworth, a fourth-year obstetrics and gynecology resident at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, says he doesn't take it personally when he hears that sort of thing from a patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't get discouraged; I don't get offended,\" Butterworth says. \"I gladly hand that patient off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's one of only two male residents in the program of 24 at MUSC and says he finds it rewarding when he can win a new patient's confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have patients that clearly express disdain to have to see a guy,\" he says. \"Then I develop rapport with her. And she says, 'I expected you to be x-y-z, and you were better than that.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterworth says he chose obstetrics and gynecology because it lets him develop long-term relationships with patients — providing routine OB-GYN care and more complicated surgeries if need be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you really get into it, and get involved in it, I don't think that bias [that the field is best left to women] holds true,\" he says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JAYbqyJrlg0qXG2TGj01PA9aZ68oHdWG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterworth believes it is incumbent on male OB-GYNs to talk to male medical students about the benefits of having men in the field. Students need to know it's OK to have an interest in the field, he says, and that they will find work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, says \u003ca href=\"http://academicdepartments.musc.edu/facultydirectory/Savage-Ashlyn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Ashlyn Savage \u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at MUSC, it may be the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In an effort to really diversify the applicant pool, we will apply in some cases different screening standards to decide who we are going to interview,\" Savage says. \"For example, we might consider an applicant with a slightly lower board score — just to enhance how many men we are interviewing and considering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been a challenge to find male OB-GYNs for the program, she says. The gender that at one time dominated the field is now at some schools considered a diversity hire. But Savage questions whether balancing the number of men and women in the specialty is as important as racial or ethnic diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The interesting thing to me is the primary motivation to [seek a diverse candidate pool] is so that patients have the opportunity to seek out physicians who might ... feel like themselves,\" she says. \"In this particular case ... all of the patients for OB-GYNs are women.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"SJnnFVMkAgJrTRRKA7yFicLNPD1xw46Z\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among practicing OB-GYNs in the U.S., a \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/The-Ob-Gyn-Workforce/The-Obstetrician-Gynecologist-Workforce-in-the-United-States\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">little less than half are men\u003c/a>, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. But ACOG predicts that 10 years from now, two-thirds of the doctors in that specialty will be female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, male doctors hold a lot of the key positions in OB-GYN professional organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Leadership tends to be held by people who are older,\" Savage says. \"And we are still in a scenario where [more of] our older faculty tend to be men.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2017/10000/Geographic_Comparison_of_Women_in_Academic.26.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study \u003c/a> published last fall found the women are underrepresented in leadership roles in medical school departments of obstetrics and gynecology all around the country. That ratio was most lopsided in men's favor in the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's perhaps only a matter of time before that, too, changes. Savage says she just learned that her program's incoming class of OB-GYN residents next year will be all female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with WFAE and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Kaiser Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WFAE. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wfae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WFAE\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Male+OB-GYNs+Are+Rare%2C+But+Is+That+A+Problem%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440766 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440766",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/12/male-ob-gyns-are-rare-but-is-that-a-problem/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 830,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 25
},
"modified": 1523557947,
"excerpt": "Heads of training programs now wonder if they should go out of their way to recruit more men.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Heads of training programs now wonder if they should go out of their way to recruit more men.",
"title": "Male OB-GYNs Are Rare, But Is That A Problem? | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Male OB-GYNs Are Rare, But Is That A Problem?",
"datePublished": "2018-04-12T12:00:58-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-12T11:32:27-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "male-ob-gyns-are-rare-but-is-that-a-problem",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=596396698&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Alex Olgin\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 12 Apr 2018 05:00:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 12 Apr 2018 10:51:12 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/12/596396698/male-ob-gyns-are-rare-but-is-that-a-problem?ft=nprml&f=596396698",
"nprImageAgency": "Alex Olgin/WFAE",
"source": "Health",
"nprStoryId": "596396698",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 12 Apr 2018 10:51:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/440766/male-ob-gyns-are-rare-but-is-that-a-problem",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As she leaves a 12-hour-day on the labor and delivery shift, Dr. Katie Merriam turns off her pager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know what I'd do without it, you know? It's another limb. I always know where it is,\" she says and laughs.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third-year resident in obstetrics and gynecology at the Carolinas Medical Center hospital in Charlotte, N.C., works in a medical specialty dominated by women, treating women. Merriam says she feels a special connection to her patients.\"You just, you can feel what they feel and understand why they feel certain ways. I do feel a special bond,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationally, 82 percent of doctors \u003ca href=\"https://m.acog.org/~/media/BB3A7629943642ADA47058D0BDCD1521.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">matching into OB-GYN residency programs\u003c/a> are women. Many OB-GYN patients say they prefer female doctors. Merriam's residency class is a bit of an anomaly — half of its members are men. Though it's nice to work with so many women, Merriam says, she and some of her female colleagues also like the perspective that men bring to the work environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one could really pinpoint about what balance they bring, but there's something nice about having them,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>It's important to have men in the field, she says, if only to continue to give patients options in their choice of providers. But most of her friends and other women she talks to, she says, want female doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blake Butterworth, a fourth-year obstetrics and gynecology resident at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, says he doesn't take it personally when he hears that sort of thing from a patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't get discouraged; I don't get offended,\" Butterworth says. \"I gladly hand that patient off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's one of only two male residents in the program of 24 at MUSC and says he finds it rewarding when he can win a new patient's confidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have patients that clearly express disdain to have to see a guy,\" he says. \"Then I develop rapport with her. And she says, 'I expected you to be x-y-z, and you were better than that.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterworth says he chose obstetrics and gynecology because it lets him develop long-term relationships with patients — providing routine OB-GYN care and more complicated surgeries if need be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you really get into it, and get involved in it, I don't think that bias [that the field is best left to women] holds true,\" he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butterworth believes it is incumbent on male OB-GYNs to talk to male medical students about the benefits of having men in the field. Students need to know it's OK to have an interest in the field, he says, and that they will find work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, says \u003ca href=\"http://academicdepartments.musc.edu/facultydirectory/Savage-Ashlyn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Ashlyn Savage \u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at MUSC, it may be the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In an effort to really diversify the applicant pool, we will apply in some cases different screening standards to decide who we are going to interview,\" Savage says. \"For example, we might consider an applicant with a slightly lower board score — just to enhance how many men we are interviewing and considering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has been a challenge to find male OB-GYNs for the program, she says. The gender that at one time dominated the field is now at some schools considered a diversity hire. But Savage questions whether balancing the number of men and women in the specialty is as important as racial or ethnic diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The interesting thing to me is the primary motivation to [seek a diverse candidate pool] is so that patients have the opportunity to seek out physicians who might ... feel like themselves,\" she says. \"In this particular case ... all of the patients for OB-GYNs are women.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among practicing OB-GYNs in the U.S., a \u003ca href=\"https://www.acog.org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/The-Ob-Gyn-Workforce/The-Obstetrician-Gynecologist-Workforce-in-the-United-States\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">little less than half are men\u003c/a>, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. But ACOG predicts that 10 years from now, two-thirds of the doctors in that specialty will be female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, male doctors hold a lot of the key positions in OB-GYN professional organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Leadership tends to be held by people who are older,\" Savage says. \"And we are still in a scenario where [more of] our older faculty tend to be men.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2017/10000/Geographic_Comparison_of_Women_in_Academic.26.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study \u003c/a> published last fall found the women are underrepresented in leadership roles in medical school departments of obstetrics and gynecology all around the country. That ratio was most lopsided in men's favor in the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's perhaps only a matter of time before that, too, changes. Savage says she just learned that her program's incoming class of OB-GYN residents next year will be all female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with WFAE and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Kaiser Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WFAE. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wfae.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WFAE\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Male+OB-GYNs+Are+Rare%2C+But+Is+That+A+Problem%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440766/male-ob-gyns-are-rare-but-is-that-a-problem",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440766"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_190",
"futureofyou_1182",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_595",
"futureofyou_275"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440767",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440766"
},
"futureofyou_440756": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440756",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440756",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1523548938000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1523548938,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "8 Advance Tidbits From the Upcoming Theranos Book",
"title": "8 Advance Tidbits From the Upcoming Theranos Book",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Theranos this week \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-lays-off-most-of-its-remaining-workforce-1523382373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laid off\u003c/a> all but about two dozen of its remaining employees — the latest indignity for the once fabulously rich blood-testing company that’s become a parable for Silicon Valley hubris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">As with much of the flood of bad news for Theranos, word of the layoffs came from John Carreyrou, the investigative reporter at the Wall Street Journal who was the first to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">break the story\u003c/a> of the company’s troubles in October 2015 and who later landed a string of Theranos-related scoops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Carreyrou also happens to be the author of a new book on the company, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/549478/bad-blood-by-john-carreyrou/9781524731656/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup\u003c/a>,” which is being released on May 21. The first print, from the publishing house Alfred A. Knopf, will be 100,000 copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">STAT obtained an advance copy of the roughly 300-page book. Through countless details and episodes reported for the first time, Carreyrou paints a damning portrait of the culture of dysfunction and deception overseen by CEO Elizabeth Holmes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are the eight most remarkable things we learned from reading “Bad Blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, we should add, didn’t return STAT’s request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>1. Theranos was lying as early as 2006\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Much of the attention on Theranos’ misdeeds has been focused on what happened (and what failed to happen) \u003ci>after\u003c/i> the company launched its blood-testing services to the public in Walgreens drugstores in September 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carreyrou says there was deception going on far earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an episode reported for the first time in the book, Carreyrou describes a surreal scene from 2006, in which the company’s first chief financial officer learned that Theranos had deceived Novartis executives in demonstrating its technology at a pitch meeting in Switzerland. The trick: Because the blood-testing system was inconsistent in generating results, Theranos staffers had recorded a result from one of the times it worked to display in the demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the CFO raised concern about that with Holmes? He was fired on the spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>2. Theranos’s technology was more amateurish than previously known\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Theranos has largely taken heat for lying. But Carreyrou also found absurdity and amateurism at the heart of the company’s technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one revealing incident, Holmes and an associate spent two hours pricking their fingers in a hotel before a big meeting with Novartis in a futile effort to get the buggy technology to work. In another, an executive bragged that he could write the code for the technology’s software faster using Flash — before a “Learn Flash” book turned up on his desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>3. It didn’t take much to get fired or fall out of favor at Theranos\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for a fast-growing startup to see some employee turnover. But Carreyrou’s book describes Theranos’s corporate culture as far more toxic and chaotic than previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/19/theranos-ramesh-balwani/\">Sunny Balwani\u003c/a>, Theranos’s shadowy former No. 2 executive, fired employees without explanation to the rest of the staff so frequently that surviving employees referred to dismissed colleagues with a memorable turn of phrase. “‘Sunny disappeared him,’ they would say, conjuring up the image of a Mafia hit in 1970s Brooklyn,” Carreyrou writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when Theranos employees didn’t get sacked, even the smallest incidents could cause them to offend Holmes and Balwani and lose their status within the company hierarchy. In one surreal incident Carreyrou describes, an employee was castigated for a weekend project in which he invented a new type of bike light — seen by Holmes and Balwani as a major conflict of interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>4. Holmes’s younger brother led a pack of ‘Therabros’\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Among the hires at Theranos: Holmes’s younger brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s book details for the first time the strange role that Christian Holmes played at the company. Despite no relevant qualifications, Christian Holmes joined Theranos’ product management team just a few years after graduating from Duke University. He cut a very different figure than his sister, coming off as more interested in having fun than in changing the world, Carreyrou reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christian Holmes recruited several of his fraternity brothers from Duke to join Theranos, forming a clique with an outsized status in the corporate hierarchy that other employees called “the Frat Pack.” In one of the most memorable lines of Carreyrou’s book, one staffer at an ad agency that worked with Theranos referred to Christian Holmes’s clique as the “Therabros.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear if Christian Holmes still works at Theranos, though his \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/christian-holmes-20233414/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LinkedIn page \u003c/a>still lists him as the company’s senior director of business development.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>5. Super-lawyer David Boies comes off looking bad\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>David Boies, the legendary lawyer who represented Al Gore in Florida and took on Bill Gates in a massive antitrust case, has had a bad few months: He took a reputation hit for his role in silencing the women who’ve accused Harvey Weinstein of sexual harrassment and assault. The New York Times fired him. So did a\u003ca href=\"https://abovethelaw.com/2017/11/david-boies-loses-more-work-over-weinstein-debacle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Florida city\u003c/a>, on a pro bono case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s new book might not help Boies’ ailing image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad Blood” paints a vivid portrait of the central role that Boies played in unsuccessfully trying to pressure the Wall Street Journal to kill Carreyrou’s original story — and in trying to intimidate Tyler Schultz, the young Stanford graduate who briefly worked at Theranos and blew the whistle on the company’s misdeeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>6. Holmes wasn’t manipulated — but her deep voice may be\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The public fascination with the Theranos scandal has been driven in no small part by the cult of personality around Holmes, the charismatic, turtleneck-clad young woman who dropped out of Stanford at age 19 to revolutionize blood testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Theranos’s misdeeds have come to light, her mystique has centered around a key question: Was she the key figure behind the deception — or simply a pawn of Balwani, who happened to also be her boyfriend for a time? (More on that in a second.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s account gives every reason to believe Holmes was the decision-maker. Scene after scene in the book shows her convincing people to do her bidding, often in the face of overwhelming reason to do otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes also comes off as supremely in control of her own image. In one memorable incident, she slipped out of her trademark baritone into a voice many octaves higher, leading one former employee to suspect that the deep voice may be affected to fit in in a corporate world dominated by men.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>7. Balwani is even more central to the Theranos saga than you thought\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Balwani was in the public spotlight last month when he was charged with fraud by the Securities and Exchange Commission. While Holmes and her company settled analogous charges, Balwani is going to court to fight the SEC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s book paints the most detailed portrait to date of Balwani. The book describes him as a man who drove statement sports cars, wore way too much cologne to the office, and mercilessly bullied employees even though he understood little about blood testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The book also provides new details about the timeline of the romantic relationship between Holmes and Balwani, who is nearly 20 years Holmes’s senior. According to Carreyrou, they became romantically involved not long after she dropped out of Stanford at age 19. And they broke up in the spring of 2016, when Holmes pushed him out of the company as Theranos’ problems were growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>8. Carreyrou has a reporter’s notebook for the ages\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first-person account of how a journalist got a big story, known in the news business as a reporter’s notebook, has become a familiar genre. In the book, Carreyrou for the first time pens his own account of how he landed one of the biggest business stories of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou writes vividly about getting the tip that sparked the story (it came by phone, from a pathology blogger), taking a breakthrough call while watching his sons play at a Brooklyn park, and getting information that led him to conclude that he or Schultz was being surveilled by Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s own story, like the rest of the book, does not disappoint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/12/theranos-bad-blood-carreyrou/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440756 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440756",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/12/8-advance-tidbits-from-the-upcoming-theranos-book/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1467,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 31
},
"modified": 1535389256,
"excerpt": "STAT obtained an advance copy of the upcoming book about Theranos by The Wall Street Journal reporter whose investigation marked the beginning of the end for the company, now on the brink of bankruptcy.\r\n ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "STAT obtained an advance copy of the upcoming book about Theranos by The Wall Street Journal reporter whose investigation marked the beginning of the end for the company, now on the brink of bankruptcy.\r\n ",
"title": "8 Advance Tidbits From the Upcoming Theranos Book | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "8 Advance Tidbits From the Upcoming Theranos Book",
"datePublished": "2018-04-12T09:02:18-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-08-27T10:00:56-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "8-advance-tidbits-from-the-upcoming-theranos-book",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Rebecca Robbins\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/440756/8-advance-tidbits-from-the-upcoming-theranos-book",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Theranos this week \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-lays-off-most-of-its-remaining-workforce-1523382373\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laid off\u003c/a> all but about two dozen of its remaining employees — the latest indignity for the once fabulously rich blood-testing company that’s become a parable for Silicon Valley hubris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">As with much of the flood of bad news for Theranos, word of the layoffs came from John Carreyrou, the investigative reporter at the Wall Street Journal who was the first to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-has-struggled-with-blood-tests-1444881901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">break the story\u003c/a> of the company’s troubles in October 2015 and who later landed a string of Theranos-related scoops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Carreyrou also happens to be the author of a new book on the company, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/549478/bad-blood-by-john-carreyrou/9781524731656/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup\u003c/a>,” which is being released on May 21. The first print, from the publishing house Alfred A. Knopf, will be 100,000 copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">STAT obtained an advance copy of the roughly 300-page book. Through countless details and episodes reported for the first time, Carreyrou paints a damning portrait of the culture of dysfunction and deception overseen by CEO Elizabeth Holmes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are the eight most remarkable things we learned from reading “Bad Blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company, we should add, didn’t return STAT’s request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>1. Theranos was lying as early as 2006\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Much of the attention on Theranos’ misdeeds has been focused on what happened (and what failed to happen) \u003ci>after\u003c/i> the company launched its blood-testing services to the public in Walgreens drugstores in September 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carreyrou says there was deception going on far earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an episode reported for the first time in the book, Carreyrou describes a surreal scene from 2006, in which the company’s first chief financial officer learned that Theranos had deceived Novartis executives in demonstrating its technology at a pitch meeting in Switzerland. The trick: Because the blood-testing system was inconsistent in generating results, Theranos staffers had recorded a result from one of the times it worked to display in the demonstration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the CFO raised concern about that with Holmes? He was fired on the spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>2. Theranos’s technology was more amateurish than previously known\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Theranos has largely taken heat for lying. But Carreyrou also found absurdity and amateurism at the heart of the company’s technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one revealing incident, Holmes and an associate spent two hours pricking their fingers in a hotel before a big meeting with Novartis in a futile effort to get the buggy technology to work. In another, an executive bragged that he could write the code for the technology’s software faster using Flash — before a “Learn Flash” book turned up on his desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>3. It didn’t take much to get fired or fall out of favor at Theranos\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for a fast-growing startup to see some employee turnover. But Carreyrou’s book describes Theranos’s corporate culture as far more toxic and chaotic than previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/19/theranos-ramesh-balwani/\">Sunny Balwani\u003c/a>, Theranos’s shadowy former No. 2 executive, fired employees without explanation to the rest of the staff so frequently that surviving employees referred to dismissed colleagues with a memorable turn of phrase. “‘Sunny disappeared him,’ they would say, conjuring up the image of a Mafia hit in 1970s Brooklyn,” Carreyrou writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when Theranos employees didn’t get sacked, even the smallest incidents could cause them to offend Holmes and Balwani and lose their status within the company hierarchy. In one surreal incident Carreyrou describes, an employee was castigated for a weekend project in which he invented a new type of bike light — seen by Holmes and Balwani as a major conflict of interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>4. Holmes’s younger brother led a pack of ‘Therabros’\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Among the hires at Theranos: Holmes’s younger brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s book details for the first time the strange role that Christian Holmes played at the company. Despite no relevant qualifications, Christian Holmes joined Theranos’ product management team just a few years after graduating from Duke University. He cut a very different figure than his sister, coming off as more interested in having fun than in changing the world, Carreyrou reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christian Holmes recruited several of his fraternity brothers from Duke to join Theranos, forming a clique with an outsized status in the corporate hierarchy that other employees called “the Frat Pack.” In one of the most memorable lines of Carreyrou’s book, one staffer at an ad agency that worked with Theranos referred to Christian Holmes’s clique as the “Therabros.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear if Christian Holmes still works at Theranos, though his \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/christian-holmes-20233414/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LinkedIn page \u003c/a>still lists him as the company’s senior director of business development.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>5. Super-lawyer David Boies comes off looking bad\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>David Boies, the legendary lawyer who represented Al Gore in Florida and took on Bill Gates in a massive antitrust case, has had a bad few months: He took a reputation hit for his role in silencing the women who’ve accused Harvey Weinstein of sexual harrassment and assault. The New York Times fired him. So did a\u003ca href=\"https://abovethelaw.com/2017/11/david-boies-loses-more-work-over-weinstein-debacle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Florida city\u003c/a>, on a pro bono case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s new book might not help Boies’ ailing image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bad Blood” paints a vivid portrait of the central role that Boies played in unsuccessfully trying to pressure the Wall Street Journal to kill Carreyrou’s original story — and in trying to intimidate Tyler Schultz, the young Stanford graduate who briefly worked at Theranos and blew the whistle on the company’s misdeeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>6. Holmes wasn’t manipulated — but her deep voice may be\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The public fascination with the Theranos scandal has been driven in no small part by the cult of personality around Holmes, the charismatic, turtleneck-clad young woman who dropped out of Stanford at age 19 to revolutionize blood testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Theranos’s misdeeds have come to light, her mystique has centered around a key question: Was she the key figure behind the deception — or simply a pawn of Balwani, who happened to also be her boyfriend for a time? (More on that in a second.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s account gives every reason to believe Holmes was the decision-maker. Scene after scene in the book shows her convincing people to do her bidding, often in the face of overwhelming reason to do otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holmes also comes off as supremely in control of her own image. In one memorable incident, she slipped out of her trademark baritone into a voice many octaves higher, leading one former employee to suspect that the deep voice may be affected to fit in in a corporate world dominated by men.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>7. Balwani is even more central to the Theranos saga than you thought\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Balwani was in the public spotlight last month when he was charged with fraud by the Securities and Exchange Commission. While Holmes and her company settled analogous charges, Balwani is going to court to fight the SEC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s book paints the most detailed portrait to date of Balwani. The book describes him as a man who drove statement sports cars, wore way too much cologne to the office, and mercilessly bullied employees even though he understood little about blood testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The book also provides new details about the timeline of the romantic relationship between Holmes and Balwani, who is nearly 20 years Holmes’s senior. According to Carreyrou, they became romantically involved not long after she dropped out of Stanford at age 19. And they broke up in the spring of 2016, when Holmes pushed him out of the company as Theranos’ problems were growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>8. Carreyrou has a reporter’s notebook for the ages\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first-person account of how a journalist got a big story, known in the news business as a reporter’s notebook, has become a familiar genre. In the book, Carreyrou for the first time pens his own account of how he landed one of the biggest business stories of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou writes vividly about getting the tip that sparked the story (it came by phone, from a pathology blogger), taking a breakthrough call while watching his sons play at a Brooklyn park, and getting information that led him to conclude that he or Schultz was being surveilled by Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou’s own story, like the rest of the book, does not disappoint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/12/theranos-bad-blood-carreyrou/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440756/8-advance-tidbits-from-the-upcoming-theranos-book",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440756"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1481",
"futureofyou_814",
"futureofyou_751",
"futureofyou_617"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_145322",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440756"
},
"futureofyou_440728": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_440728",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "440728",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1523386836000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1523386836,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Scientists Push Plan To Change How Researchers Define Alzheimer's",
"title": "Scientists Push Plan To Change How Researchers Define Alzheimer's",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>An international coalition of brain researchers is suggesting a new way of looking at Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of defining the disease through symptoms like memory problems or fuzzy thinking, the scientists want to focus on biological changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's. These include the plaques and tangles that build up in the brains of people with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they say the new approach is intended only for research studies, and isn't yet ready for use by most doctors who treat Alzheimer's patients.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Zc2PdHyXHi6M2lDV49kQiFVNaKeIPoB0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new approach is widely adopted, it would help researchers study patients whose brain function is still normal, but are likely to develop dementia caused by Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a stage of the disease where there are no symptoms and we need to have some sort of a marker,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/blog/2016/09/meet-director-division-neuroscience\">Eliezer Masliah\u003c/a>, who directs the Division of Neuroscience at the National Institute on Aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach would be a dramatic departure from the traditional way of looking at Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/jack-clifford-r-jr-m-d/bio-00026247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clifford Jack\u003c/a>, an Alzheimer's researcher at Mayo Clinic Rochester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, \"a person displayed a certain set of signs and symptoms and it was expected that they had Alzheimer's pathology,\" says Jack, who is the first author of the central paper describing the proposed new \"research framework.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"cR0O5c7lGyXeCBcMlKvsHUcXDud9KX3K\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers began to see the flaws in that approach when they took a close look at the brains of people receiving experimental drugs for the disease, Jack says. \"About 30 percent of people who met all the appropriate clinical criteria did not have Alzheimer's disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their memory or thinking problems were being caused by something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have been looking for more reliable ways of determining whether someone really has Alzheimer's. And they've focused on the two best-known brain changes associated with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're seeing now is that Alzheimer's disease is defined by the presence of plaques and tangles in your brain,\" Jack says. And in this way of thinking, he says, \"symptoms become the result of the disease, not the definition of the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it was virtually impossible to detect plaques and tangles in a living person. But over time, scientists have developed a number of ways to spot the abnormalities using special brain scans or tests of spinal fluid.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YZk4pmpKdzGmEy59QhebIBpZRwnapuqb\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tests for what are known as biomarkers of Alzheimer's are allowing scientists to do experiments that would have been impossible relying on symptoms alone. \"One could, let's say, start preventive treatment five years before the onset of the symptoms,\" Masliah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach has detractors, who argue that it's not yet a reliable replacement for clinical symptoms in research. And proponents have responded to these complaints by including symptom measures in their proposal, and acknowledging that biomarkers are still in an early stage of development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents have also stressed that the biomarker approach is not yet the right tool for most doctors who treat Alzheimer's patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a research framework meant to be tested, a tool for researchers, not for the doctor's office,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/research/funding/advisory_council_alzheimers_association.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Carrillo\u003c/a>, chief scientific officer of the Alzheimer's Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carrillo hopes that when drugs to prevent Alzheimer's finally arrive, biomarker tests can show who should get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, and several commentaries supporting it, appears Tuesday in the April 2018 issue of \u003ca href=\"http://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Alzheimer's & Dementia: The journal of the Alzheimer's Association\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Push+Plan+To+Change+How+Researchers+Define+Alzheimer%27s+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "440728 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440728",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/04/10/scientists-push-plan-to-change-how-researchers-define-alzheimers/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 604,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 20
},
"modified": 1523383386,
"excerpt": "The new approach would be a dramatic departure from the traditional way of looking at Alzheimer's.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The new approach would be a dramatic departure from the traditional way of looking at Alzheimer's.",
"title": "Scientists Push Plan To Change How Researchers Define Alzheimer's | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Scientists Push Plan To Change How Researchers Define Alzheimer's",
"datePublished": "2018-04-10T12:00:36-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-04-10T11:03:06-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "scientists-push-plan-to-change-how-researchers-define-alzheimers",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=600944750&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprStoryDate": "Tue, 10 Apr 2018 05:04:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 10 Apr 2018 05:50:56 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/10/600944750/scientists-push-plan-to-change-how-researchers-define-alzheimers?ft=nprml&f=600944750",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/04/20180410_me_scientists_push_plan_to_change_how_researchers_define_alzheimers_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=174&p=3&story=600944750&ft=nprml&f=600944750",
"nprImageAgency": "Science Source",
"source": "Health",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1601072306-f70dc6.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=174&p=3&story=600944750&ft=nprml&f=600944750",
"nprStoryId": "600944750",
"nprByline": "Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"nprImageCredit": "Cecil Fox",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 10 Apr 2018 11:34:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/440728/scientists-push-plan-to-change-how-researchers-define-alzheimers",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/04/20180410_me_scientists_push_plan_to_change_how_researchers_define_alzheimers_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=174&p=3&story=600944750&ft=nprml&f=600944750",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An international coalition of brain researchers is suggesting a new way of looking at Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of defining the disease through symptoms like memory problems or fuzzy thinking, the scientists want to focus on biological changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's. These include the plaques and tangles that build up in the brains of people with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they say the new approach is intended only for research studies, and isn't yet ready for use by most doctors who treat Alzheimer's patients.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the new approach is widely adopted, it would help researchers study patients whose brain function is still normal, but are likely to develop dementia caused by Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a stage of the disease where there are no symptoms and we need to have some sort of a marker,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/research/blog/2016/09/meet-director-division-neuroscience\">Eliezer Masliah\u003c/a>, who directs the Division of Neuroscience at the National Institute on Aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach would be a dramatic departure from the traditional way of looking at Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/jack-clifford-r-jr-m-d/bio-00026247\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clifford Jack\u003c/a>, an Alzheimer's researcher at Mayo Clinic Rochester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, \"a person displayed a certain set of signs and symptoms and it was expected that they had Alzheimer's pathology,\" says Jack, who is the first author of the central paper describing the proposed new \"research framework.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers began to see the flaws in that approach when they took a close look at the brains of people receiving experimental drugs for the disease, Jack says. \"About 30 percent of people who met all the appropriate clinical criteria did not have Alzheimer's disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their memory or thinking problems were being caused by something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have been looking for more reliable ways of determining whether someone really has Alzheimer's. And they've focused on the two best-known brain changes associated with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're seeing now is that Alzheimer's disease is defined by the presence of plaques and tangles in your brain,\" Jack says. And in this way of thinking, he says, \"symptoms become the result of the disease, not the definition of the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it was virtually impossible to detect plaques and tangles in a living person. But over time, scientists have developed a number of ways to spot the abnormalities using special brain scans or tests of spinal fluid.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These tests for what are known as biomarkers of Alzheimer's are allowing scientists to do experiments that would have been impossible relying on symptoms alone. \"One could, let's say, start preventive treatment five years before the onset of the symptoms,\" Masliah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new approach has detractors, who argue that it's not yet a reliable replacement for clinical symptoms in research. And proponents have responded to these complaints by including symptom measures in their proposal, and acknowledging that biomarkers are still in an early stage of development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents have also stressed that the biomarker approach is not yet the right tool for most doctors who treat Alzheimer's patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a research framework meant to be tested, a tool for researchers, not for the doctor's office,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/research/funding/advisory_council_alzheimers_association.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Carrillo\u003c/a>, chief scientific officer of the Alzheimer's Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Carrillo hopes that when drugs to prevent Alzheimer's finally arrive, biomarker tests can show who should get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal, and several commentaries supporting it, appears Tuesday in the April 2018 issue of \u003ca href=\"http://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Alzheimer's & Dementia: The journal of the Alzheimer's Association\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Push+Plan+To+Change+How+Researchers+Define+Alzheimer%27s+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/440728/scientists-push-plan-to-change-how-researchers-define-alzheimers",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_440728"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_999",
"futureofyou_56",
"futureofyou_1023",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_1056"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_440729",
"label": "source_futureofyou_440728"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026PresidentialReducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/futureofyou?category=future-of-you": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 192,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 809,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"futureofyou_441049",
"futureofyou_441008",
"futureofyou_440994",
"futureofyou_440967",
"futureofyou_440955",
"futureofyou_440946",
"futureofyou_440941",
"futureofyou_440869",
"futureofyou_440861",
"futureofyou_440766",
"futureofyou_440756",
"futureofyou_440728"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou_category_future-of-you": {
"isLoading": true
},
"futureofyou_1": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"
},
"source_futureofyou_441049": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_441049",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Your Genes",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_441008": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_441008",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Environment",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440994": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440994",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440967": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440967",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440955": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440955",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440946": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440946",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440941": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440941",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440869": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440869",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440861": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440861",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "DIY Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440766": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440766",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440756": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440756",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_440728": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_440728",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"futureofyou_73": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_73",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "73",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED News Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 73,
"slug": "kqed-news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"
},
"futureofyou_1064": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1064",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1064",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1064,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_1494": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1494",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1494",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Golden State Killer",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Golden State Killer Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1494,
"slug": "golden-state-killer",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/golden-state-killer"
},
"futureofyou_1495": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1495",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1495",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Joseph DeAngelo",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Joseph DeAngelo Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1495,
"slug": "joseph-deangelo",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/joseph-deangelo"
},
"futureofyou_80": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_80",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "80",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "kqedscience",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "kqedscience Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 80,
"slug": "kqedscience",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/kqedscience"
},
"futureofyou_54": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_54",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "54",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "program",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Future of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 54,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/program/future-of-you"
},
"futureofyou_849": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_849",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "849",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "artificial intelligence",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "artificial intelligence Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 849,
"slug": "artificial-intelligence",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/artificial-intelligence"
},
"futureofyou_1491": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1491",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1491",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "military",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "military Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1491,
"slug": "military",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/military"
},
"futureofyou_365": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_365",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "365",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "robot",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "robot Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 365,
"slug": "robot",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/robot"
},
"futureofyou_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "technology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "technology Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "technology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/technology"
},
"futureofyou_1490": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1490",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1490",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "weapons",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "weapons Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1490,
"slug": "weapons",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/weapons"
},
"futureofyou_1077": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1077",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1077",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cancer treatment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cancer treatment Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1077,
"slug": "cancer-treatment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cancer-treatment"
},
"futureofyou_952": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_952",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "952",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "drugs",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "drugs Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 952,
"slug": "drugs",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/drugs"
},
"futureofyou_1008": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1008",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1008",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "elderly",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "elderly Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1008,
"slug": "elderly",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/elderly"
},
"futureofyou_61": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_61",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "61",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 61,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/health"
},
"futureofyou_419": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_419",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "419",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "health insurance",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "health insurance Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 419,
"slug": "health-insurance",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/health-insurance"
},
"futureofyou_686": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_686",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "686",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "immunotherapy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "immunotherapy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 686,
"slug": "immunotherapy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/immunotherapy"
},
"futureofyou_190": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_190",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "190",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "doctors",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "doctors Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 190,
"slug": "doctors",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/doctors"
},
"futureofyou_177": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_177",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "177",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "hospitals",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "hospitals Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 177,
"slug": "hospitals",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/hospitals"
},
"futureofyou_1256": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1256",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1256",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medical schools",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medical schools Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1256,
"slug": "medical-schools",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medical-schools"
},
"futureofyou_141": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_141",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "141",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "disease",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "disease Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 141,
"slug": "disease",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/disease"
},
"futureofyou_662": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_662",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "662",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "flu",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "flu Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 662,
"slug": "flu",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/flu"
},
"futureofyou_173": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_173",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "173",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medicine",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medicine Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 173,
"slug": "medicine",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medicine"
},
"futureofyou_1488": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1488",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1488",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "vaccine",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "vaccine Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1488,
"slug": "vaccine",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/vaccine"
},
"futureofyou_652": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_652",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "652",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "virus",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "virus Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 652,
"slug": "virus",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/virus"
},
"futureofyou_854": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_854",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "854",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CDC",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CDC Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 854,
"slug": "cdc",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cdc"
},
"futureofyou_1486": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1486",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1486",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "E. coli",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "E. coli Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1486,
"slug": "e-coli",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/e-coli"
},
"futureofyou_426": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_426",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "426",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "food",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "food Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 426,
"slug": "food",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/food"
},
"futureofyou_1485": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1485",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1485",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "lettuce",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "lettuce Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1485,
"slug": "lettuce",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/lettuce"
},
"futureofyou_1487": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1487",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1487",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "outbreak",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "outbreak Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1487,
"slug": "outbreak",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/outbreak"
},
"futureofyou_26": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_26",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "26",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "digital health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "digital health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 26,
"slug": "digital-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/digital-health"
},
"futureofyou_204": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_204",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "204",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "mental health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "mental health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 204,
"slug": "mental-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/mental-health"
},
"futureofyou_872": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_872",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "872",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "teens",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "teens Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 872,
"slug": "teens",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/teens"
},
"futureofyou_1062": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1062",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1062",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1062,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_650": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_650",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "650",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "AIDS",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "AIDS Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 650,
"slug": "aids",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/aids"
},
"futureofyou_651": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_651",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "651",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "HIV",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "HIV Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 651,
"slug": "hiv",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/hiv"
},
"futureofyou_1056": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1056",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1056",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medical treatment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medical treatment Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1056,
"slug": "medical-treatment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medical-treatment"
},
"futureofyou_1097": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1097",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1097",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1097,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_1060": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1060",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1060",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1060,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_221": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_221",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "221",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "baby",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "baby Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 221,
"slug": "baby",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/baby"
},
"futureofyou_927": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_927",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "927",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "embryos",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "embryos Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 927,
"slug": "embryos",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/embryos"
},
"futureofyou_466": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_466",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "466",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "family",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "family Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 466,
"slug": "family",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/family"
},
"futureofyou_347": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_347",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "347",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "reproductive health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "reproductive health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 347,
"slug": "reproductive-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/reproductive-health"
},
"futureofyou_1093": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1093",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1093",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1093,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_1094": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1094",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1094",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1094,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_1182": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1182",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1182",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "gender",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "gender Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1182,
"slug": "gender",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/gender"
},
"futureofyou_595": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_595",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "595",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medical school",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medical school Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 595,
"slug": "medical-school",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medical-school"
},
"futureofyou_275": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_275",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "275",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "women's health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "women's health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 275,
"slug": "womens-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/womens-health"
},
"futureofyou_1481": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1481",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1481",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Bad Blood",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Bad Blood Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1481,
"slug": "bad-blood",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/bad-blood"
},
"futureofyou_814": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_814",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "814",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Elizabeth Holmes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Elizabeth Holmes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 814,
"slug": "elizabeth-holmes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/elizabeth-holmes"
},
"futureofyou_751": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_751",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "751",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "John Carreyrou",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "John Carreyrou Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 751,
"slug": "john-carreyrou",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/john-carreyrou"
},
"futureofyou_617": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_617",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "617",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "theranos",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "theranos Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 617,
"slug": "theranos",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/theranos"
},
"futureofyou_452": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_452",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "452",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health Policy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Policy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 452,
"slug": "health-policy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/health-policy"
},
"futureofyou_999": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_999",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "999",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Alzheimer's",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Alzheimer's Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 999,
"slug": "alzheimers",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/alzheimers"
},
"futureofyou_56": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_56",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "56",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "brain",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "brain Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 56,
"slug": "brain",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/brain"
},
"futureofyou_1023": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1023",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1023",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "dementia",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "dementia Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1023,
"slug": "dementia",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/dementia"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
},
"navPromosReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": true,
"promos": {
"news": {
"name": "2026 Voter Guide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"imageURL": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Nav-News-Nov2026ElectionCoverage@2x-7bd4aad4.png",
"description": "Get informed in minutes with our Voter Guide for California’s November 3 election."
},
"podcasts-radio": {},
"video-tv": {},
"events": {},
"support": {}
}
}
}