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"content": "\u003cp>Post by Nancy Shute, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/27/173072382/chinas-horses-may-end-up-in-russias-kabobs\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/28/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China isn't a good place to be a horse, if your goal is to avoid ending up as the Russian kabobs known as shashlik.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China exports the most horse meat to the global market, while Russia has the biggest appetite for horseflesh, according to a new infographic on the continuing European \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/15/172124931/romanian-horsement-in-british-lasagna-reveals-complex-global-food-trade\">scandal over horse meat\u003c/a> sold as beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Stewart, editor of the newish blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/news/\">Australian Food Safety News\u003c/a>, tried to write a post untangling the many threads of the European horse meat scandal. \"But it was all so complex and confusing, it seemed like the simplest way to explain it was to do an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/2013/02/the-great-horsemeat-scandal-explained/\">infographic,\u003c/a>\" he told The Salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he dug into data from the U.N.'s \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/index_en.htm\">Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a> on horse meat production, import and export, to find that some of the biggest players in the global market aren't in Europe at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd fancy a more Eurocentric version, England's \u003cem>The Guardian\u003c/em> did a nice job \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/datablog/interactive/2013/feb/15/europe-trade-horsemeat-map-interactive?CMP=twt_gu\">tracking\u003c/a> the (legal) movement of horseflesh through Europe. \u003cem>Polpettine\u003c/em>, anyone? The Italians imported twice as much horse meat as the French in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/infographics/horsemeat\">\u003cimg width=\"560\" src=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/infographic-horsemeat.jpg\" alt=\"Horsemeat Scandal [Infographic]\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>Via: \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/news/\">The Australian Institute of Food Safety\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Post by Nancy Shute, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/27/173072382/chinas-horses-may-end-up-in-russias-kabobs\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/28/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China isn't a good place to be a horse, if your goal is to avoid ending up as the Russian kabobs known as shashlik.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China exports the most horse meat to the global market, while Russia has the biggest appetite for horseflesh, according to a new infographic on the continuing European \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/15/172124931/romanian-horsement-in-british-lasagna-reveals-complex-global-food-trade\">scandal over horse meat\u003c/a> sold as beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike Stewart, editor of the newish blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/news/\">Australian Food Safety News\u003c/a>, tried to write a post untangling the many threads of the European horse meat scandal. \"But it was all so complex and confusing, it seemed like the simplest way to explain it was to do an \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.com.au/2013/02/the-great-horsemeat-scandal-explained/\">infographic,\u003c/a>\" he told The Salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he dug into data from the U.N.'s \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/index_en.htm\">Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a> on horse meat production, import and export, to find that some of the biggest players in the global market aren't in Europe at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/26/172969363/how-the-food-industry-manipulates-taste-buds-with-salt-sugar-fat\">Fresh Air from WHYY:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2013/02/20130226_fa_01.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Nell Boeschenstein, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/26/172969363/how-the-food-industry-manipulates-taste-buds-with-salt-sugar-fat\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a> (2/26/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/salt-sugar-fat-cover-191x290.jpg\" alt=\"Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. by Michael Moss\" width=\"191\" height=\"290\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-57473\">\u003c/a>Dealing Coke to customers called \"heavy users.\" Selling to teens in an attempt to hook them for life. Scientifically tweaking ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize consumer bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Moss goes inside the world of processed and packaged foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss begins his tale back in 1999, when a vice president at Kraft addressed a meeting of top executives of America's biggest food companies. His topic: the growing public health concerns over the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/136462878/living-large-obesity-in-america\">obesity epidemic\u003c/a> and the role packaged and processed foods were playing in it. Michael Mudd stated his case, pleading with his colleagues to pay attention to the health crisis and consider what companies could do to hold themselves accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Moss, the first response came from the CEO of General Mills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[He] got up and made some very forceful points from his perspective,\" Moss tells \u003cem>Fresh Air's\u003c/em> Dave Davies, \"and his points included this: We at General Mills have been responsible not only to consumers but to shareholders. We offer products that are low-fat, low-sugar, have whole grains in them, to people who are concerned about eating those products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bottom line being, though, that we need to ensure that our products taste good, because our accountability is also to our shareholders. And there's no way we could start down-formulating the usage of salt, sugar, fat if the end result is going to be something that people do not want to eat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57472\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 209px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss-209x290.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for <em>The New York Times.</em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\" width=\"209\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for \u003cem>The New York Times.\u003c/em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat\u003c/em>, Moss details how those three ingredients became key to the success of processed and packaged foods — and how they are fueling the nationwide obesity epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employing scientists to dissect elements of the palate and tweak ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize taste, the processed food industry, Moss says, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/03/166395677/can-big-food-kick-its-obesity-habit-does-it-really-want-to\">hooked consumers\u003c/a> on their products the same way the cigarette industry hooked smokers on nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that meeting in 1999, when executives declined to craft an industrywide standard for more healthful products, some companies, like Kraft, have tackled the issue unilaterally, altering recipes to cut down on salt, sugar and fat. Moss' research, however, indicates that government regulation may be necessary to implement industrywide standards in the interest of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was surprised to hear from the former CEO of Philip Morris, who is no friend of government, no friend of government regulation,\" says Moss, \"to tell me that, 'Look, Michael, in the case of the processed food industry, what you're looking at is a total inability on their part to collectively decide to do the right thing by consumers on the health profile of their products. In this case, I can see how you might need government regulation if [for] nothing else [than] to give the companies cover from the pressure of Wall Street.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the marketing campaign for Frosted Mini-Wheats that called the cereal \"brain food\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"What they came up with was some science that they had generated that they said showed that kids who ate Frosted Mini-Wheats for breakfast would be as much as or almost 20 percent more alert in the classroom, which the company translated into better grades for kids. ... You could almost see parents trying to do the math: 'Well, you know, Johnny got a C+ on that test, and if we bumped it up by 20 percent, hey, he's in an A-minus category.' That campaign went on for a while until the FTC jumped in and said, 'Hey, wait a minute, we're looking at your study and it doesn't really show anything near that kind of gain,' and not only that, but they weren't even looking at other breakfasts to compare to the Frosted Mini-Wheats.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Coke's marketing strategy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Within Coke they referred to their best customers not as you might think — 'consumers' or 'loyal fans' or something like that. They became known as 'heavy users.' And Coke had a formula ... that basically said, '20 percent of the people will use 80 percent of the product.' And, as Coke saw it, it was worth their while more to focus on those 20 percent using 80 percent of the product than to try to generate more consumption by the other 80 percent. So the heavy users of soda became those people who were drinking as many as 1,000 cans of soda a year, sometimes even more.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On hooking teens on brand loyalty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The clientele were kids — teenagers — who were going out on their own for the first time with a little bit of change into an environment where they could make the decision about what to buy and, for $1 or $2, they could go in there and choose a soda or a snack and decide between brands. And this was critical to Coke, as it is to other companies, because those decisions early on, especially in the teen years, will develop brand loyalties. So a child that chooses Pepsi at age 13 or 14 is likely to maintain that brand loyalty through the rest of their life.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Kraft owner Philip Morris' foresight with regards to processed foods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"As Philip Morris came under pressure for nicotine and cigarettes, it eventually started looking at the food divisions in light of the emerging obesity crisis. And there were moments in these internal documents where Philip Morris officials were saying to the food division, 'You guys are going to face a problem with salt, sugar, fat in terms of obesity of the same magnitude, if not more than [what] we're facing with nicotine right now. And you've got to start thinking about this issue and how you're going to deal with that.' \"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On visiting Kellogg \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"They made for me special versions of some of their most iconic products ... without any salt in it to show me why they were having trouble cutting back. And, I have to say, it was a god-awful experience. ... starting with Cheez-Its, which normally I could eat all day long. The Cheez-Its without salt stuck to the roof of my mouth and I could barely swallow. Then we moved onto frozen waffles, which tasted like straw. The real moment came in tasting a cereal — I think it was Corn Flakes — which tasted hugely, awfully metallic. It was almost like a filling had come out of my mouth and it was sloshing around.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Nell Boeschenstein, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/26/172969363/how-the-food-industry-manipulates-taste-buds-with-salt-sugar-fat\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a> (2/26/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/salt-sugar-fat-cover-191x290.jpg\" alt=\"Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. by Michael Moss\" width=\"191\" height=\"290\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-57473\">\u003c/a>Dealing Coke to customers called \"heavy users.\" Selling to teens in an attempt to hook them for life. Scientifically tweaking ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize consumer bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/172614586/salt-sugar-fat-how-the-food-giants-hooked-us\">\u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Moss goes inside the world of processed and packaged foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moss begins his tale back in 1999, when a vice president at Kraft addressed a meeting of top executives of America's biggest food companies. His topic: the growing public health concerns over the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/136462878/living-large-obesity-in-america\">obesity epidemic\u003c/a> and the role packaged and processed foods were playing in it. Michael Mudd stated his case, pleading with his colleagues to pay attention to the health crisis and consider what companies could do to hold themselves accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Moss, the first response came from the CEO of General Mills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[He] got up and made some very forceful points from his perspective,\" Moss tells \u003cem>Fresh Air's\u003c/em> Dave Davies, \"and his points included this: We at General Mills have been responsible not only to consumers but to shareholders. We offer products that are low-fat, low-sugar, have whole grains in them, to people who are concerned about eating those products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bottom line being, though, that we need to ensure that our products taste good, because our accountability is also to our shareholders. And there's no way we could start down-formulating the usage of salt, sugar, fat if the end result is going to be something that people do not want to eat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57472\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 209px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/michael-moss-209x290.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for <em>The New York Times.</em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\" width=\"209\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57472\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Moss is a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter for \u003cem>The New York Times.\u003c/em> Photo: Tony Cenicola/The New York Times\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Salt Sugar Fat\u003c/em>, Moss details how those three ingredients became key to the success of processed and packaged foods — and how they are fueling the nationwide obesity epidemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employing scientists to dissect elements of the palate and tweak ratios of salt, sugar and fat to optimize taste, the processed food industry, Moss says, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/03/166395677/can-big-food-kick-its-obesity-habit-does-it-really-want-to\">hooked consumers\u003c/a> on their products the same way the cigarette industry hooked smokers on nicotine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that meeting in 1999, when executives declined to craft an industrywide standard for more healthful products, some companies, like Kraft, have tackled the issue unilaterally, altering recipes to cut down on salt, sugar and fat. Moss' research, however, indicates that government regulation may be necessary to implement industrywide standards in the interest of public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was surprised to hear from the former CEO of Philip Morris, who is no friend of government, no friend of government regulation,\" says Moss, \"to tell me that, 'Look, Michael, in the case of the processed food industry, what you're looking at is a total inability on their part to collectively decide to do the right thing by consumers on the health profile of their products. In this case, I can see how you might need government regulation if [for] nothing else [than] to give the companies cover from the pressure of Wall Street.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the marketing campaign for Frosted Mini-Wheats that called the cereal \"brain food\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"What they came up with was some science that they had generated that they said showed that kids who ate Frosted Mini-Wheats for breakfast would be as much as or almost 20 percent more alert in the classroom, which the company translated into better grades for kids. ... You could almost see parents trying to do the math: 'Well, you know, Johnny got a C+ on that test, and if we bumped it up by 20 percent, hey, he's in an A-minus category.' That campaign went on for a while until the FTC jumped in and said, 'Hey, wait a minute, we're looking at your study and it doesn't really show anything near that kind of gain,' and not only that, but they weren't even looking at other breakfasts to compare to the Frosted Mini-Wheats.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Coke's marketing strategy \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Within Coke they referred to their best customers not as you might think — 'consumers' or 'loyal fans' or something like that. They became known as 'heavy users.' And Coke had a formula ... that basically said, '20 percent of the people will use 80 percent of the product.' And, as Coke saw it, it was worth their while more to focus on those 20 percent using 80 percent of the product than to try to generate more consumption by the other 80 percent. So the heavy users of soda became those people who were drinking as many as 1,000 cans of soda a year, sometimes even more.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On hooking teens on brand loyalty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The clientele were kids — teenagers — who were going out on their own for the first time with a little bit of change into an environment where they could make the decision about what to buy and, for $1 or $2, they could go in there and choose a soda or a snack and decide between brands. And this was critical to Coke, as it is to other companies, because those decisions early on, especially in the teen years, will develop brand loyalties. So a child that chooses Pepsi at age 13 or 14 is likely to maintain that brand loyalty through the rest of their life.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Kraft owner Philip Morris' foresight with regards to processed foods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"As Philip Morris came under pressure for nicotine and cigarettes, it eventually started looking at the food divisions in light of the emerging obesity crisis. And there were moments in these internal documents where Philip Morris officials were saying to the food division, 'You guys are going to face a problem with salt, sugar, fat in terms of obesity of the same magnitude, if not more than [what] we're facing with nicotine right now. And you've got to start thinking about this issue and how you're going to deal with that.' \"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On visiting Kellogg \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"They made for me special versions of some of their most iconic products ... without any salt in it to show me why they were having trouble cutting back. And, I have to say, it was a god-awful experience. ... starting with Cheez-Its, which normally I could eat all day long. The Cheez-Its without salt stuck to the roof of my mouth and I could barely swallow. Then we moved onto frozen waffles, which tasted like straw. The real moment came in tasting a cereal — I think it was Corn Flakes — which tasted hugely, awfully metallic. It was almost like a filling had come out of my mouth and it was sloshing around.\"\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 890px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/supermarket.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/supermarket.jpg\" alt=\"Oxfam's "report card" evaluates giants of the supermarket aisle on their commitment to social and environmental issues. Photo: iStockphoto.com\" width=\"890\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57454\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oxfam's \"report card\" evaluates giants of the supermarket aisle on their commitment to social and environmental issues. Photo: iStockphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/25/172892327/oxfam-gives-big-food-companies-bad-behavior-grades\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/26/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do failing grades inspire more effort? \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxfamamerica.org/\">Oxfam\u003c/a> hopes so. The activist group on behalf of the poor has just handed out \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxfamamerica.org/behindthebrands\">report cards\u003c/a> to 10 of the world's top food companies, grading their commitments to protect the environment and treat people fairly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam doesn't grade on the curve, evidently. Every company flunked. But two European-based companies, Nestle and Unilever, were at least better than the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both companies have policies that are supposed to ensure that workers around the globe are treated fairly, for instance, and they're better than average at trying to limit greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nestle.com/brands\">Nestle\u003c/a> (Taster's Choice; Perrier) got especially high grades for its efforts to conserve water. \u003ca href=\"http://www.unileverusa.com/brands-in-action/\">Unilever\u003c/a> (Lipton Tea; Hellman's mayonnaise) got extra credit for policies aimed at helping small farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam also assigned grades for how companies protect women's rights, contribute to climate change and provide information about their suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.abf.co.uk/about_us/our_group/our_grocery_brands\">Associated British Foods\u003c/a> (Mazola corn oil; Twinings Tea) came in at the bottom of Oxfam's rankings, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.kelloggs.com/en_US/our-brands.html\">Kellogg's\u003c/a> (Pop Tarts) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.generalmills.com/Brands.aspx\">General Mills\u003c/a> (Cheerios, Yoplait) weren't much better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These grades, it should be noted, are based on official policies, not actual behavior. Neither Oxfam nor any other independent group has the resources to travel the globe to see firsthand how these policies are implemented on, say, tea plantations in remote corners of Sri Lanka and Mozambique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam calls its new campaign \"Behind the Brands.\" This strategy — targeting companies that own popular consumer brands — is increasingly popular among environmentalists and other groups devoted to social change. \u003ca href=\"http://worldwildlife.org/experts/jason-clay\">Jason Clay\u003c/a>, a vice president of the World Wildlife Fund, laid out the reasons a couple of years ago in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/jason_clay_how_big_brands_can_save_biodiversity.html\">TED talk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes down to what's practical, Clay said. We could try to convince millions of farmers to work differently. We could try to persuade billions of consumers to buy different products. But it's a lot easier to put pressure on a few dozen companies — huge conglomerates that order commodities from every corner of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those companies are extraordinarily sensitive when it comes to the image of their consumer brands. They already have very specific rules for their suppliers when it comes to quality and safety. How about associating those brands with environmental quality and worker well-being?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam says it will be happy to revise its grades when companies improve their performance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 890px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/supermarket.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/supermarket.jpg\" alt=\"Oxfam's "report card" evaluates giants of the supermarket aisle on their commitment to social and environmental issues. Photo: iStockphoto.com\" width=\"890\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57454\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oxfam's \"report card\" evaluates giants of the supermarket aisle on their commitment to social and environmental issues. Photo: iStockphoto.com\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/25/172892327/oxfam-gives-big-food-companies-bad-behavior-grades\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (3/26/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do failing grades inspire more effort? \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxfamamerica.org/\">Oxfam\u003c/a> hopes so. The activist group on behalf of the poor has just handed out \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxfamamerica.org/behindthebrands\">report cards\u003c/a> to 10 of the world's top food companies, grading their commitments to protect the environment and treat people fairly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam doesn't grade on the curve, evidently. Every company flunked. But two European-based companies, Nestle and Unilever, were at least better than the others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both companies have policies that are supposed to ensure that workers around the globe are treated fairly, for instance, and they're better than average at trying to limit greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nestle.com/brands\">Nestle\u003c/a> (Taster's Choice; Perrier) got especially high grades for its efforts to conserve water. \u003ca href=\"http://www.unileverusa.com/brands-in-action/\">Unilever\u003c/a> (Lipton Tea; Hellman's mayonnaise) got extra credit for policies aimed at helping small farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam also assigned grades for how companies protect women's rights, contribute to climate change and provide information about their suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.abf.co.uk/about_us/our_group/our_grocery_brands\">Associated British Foods\u003c/a> (Mazola corn oil; Twinings Tea) came in at the bottom of Oxfam's rankings, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.kelloggs.com/en_US/our-brands.html\">Kellogg's\u003c/a> (Pop Tarts) and \u003ca href=\"http://www.generalmills.com/Brands.aspx\">General Mills\u003c/a> (Cheerios, Yoplait) weren't much better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These grades, it should be noted, are based on official policies, not actual behavior. Neither Oxfam nor any other independent group has the resources to travel the globe to see firsthand how these policies are implemented on, say, tea plantations in remote corners of Sri Lanka and Mozambique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam calls its new campaign \"Behind the Brands.\" This strategy — targeting companies that own popular consumer brands — is increasingly popular among environmentalists and other groups devoted to social change. \u003ca href=\"http://worldwildlife.org/experts/jason-clay\">Jason Clay\u003c/a>, a vice president of the World Wildlife Fund, laid out the reasons a couple of years ago in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/jason_clay_how_big_brands_can_save_biodiversity.html\">TED talk\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It comes down to what's practical, Clay said. We could try to convince millions of farmers to work differently. We could try to persuade billions of consumers to buy different products. But it's a lot easier to put pressure on a few dozen companies — huge conglomerates that order commodities from every corner of the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those companies are extraordinarily sensitive when it comes to the image of their consumer brands. They already have very specific rules for their suppliers when it comes to quality and safety. How about associating those brands with environmental quality and worker well-being?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxfam says it will be happy to revise its grades when companies improve their performance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/meatballs.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/meatballs-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"For many, Swedish meatballs are part of the allure of shopping at Ikea. Photo: Marit & Toomas Hinnosaar/Flickr\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For many, Swedish meatballs are part of the allure of shopping at Ikea. Photo: Marit & Toomas Hinnosaar/Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> Post by Maria Godoy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/25/172869585/horsemeat-found-in-ikeas-meatballs\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (2/25/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bad news for those whose shopping trips at Ikea are partly motivated by the allure of the store's famous meatballs: The giant Swedish furniture retailer on Monday said it had recalled a batch of frozen meatballs sent to more than a dozen European countries after tests detected traces of horse meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food inspectors in the Czech Republic discovered the horse meat DNA last week in 2.2-pound packs of frozen meatballs labeled as beef and pork and sold under the name \u003cem>Kottbullar\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ikea says it has pulled frozen meatballs from the same batch that were sent to its stores in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, France, the U.K., Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, Ireland, Cyprus, Greece, Spain and Belgium, \u003cem>The Wall Street Journal\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323384604578325864020138732.html\">reports\u003c/a>. The product was also removed from Ikea stores in Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As soon as we received information from the Czech authorities, we stopped sales of that particular production batch,\" Ikea spokeswoman Ylva Magnusson told the \u003cem>Journal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our own checks have shown no traces of horse meat. Now we must of course look into this further,\" Ikea said in a \u003ca href=\"http://translate.google.com/translate?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/pressroom/ikea/pressrelease/view/viktig-information-om-test-i-tjeckien-840231\">statement\u003c/a> posted on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the meatballs come from the same supplier, Magnusson \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/horse-meat-found-danish-pizzas-18580498\">told\u003c/a> The Associated Press, but she says shipments to the U.S. and other countries weren't affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ikea is primarily known for its ready-to-assemble furniture kits, it also does a brisk business selling specialty foods in its retail outlets, which include an in-store restaurant. Food sales brought in $1.72 billion in 2012, according to \u003cem>the Journal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ikea is the latest retailer to be swept up in the ever-widening European horse meat scandal. Horse meat has been detected in a wide array of products, from frozen lasagnas to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/01/170873657/wheres-the-beef-burger-king-finds-horsemeat-in-its-patties\">burger meat\u003c/a> sold to Burger King's U.K. operations, and in a meat \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-02-15/wal-mart-uk-chain-horsemeat-found-in-pasta-sauce\">pasta sauce\u003c/a> sold by Wal-Mart's U.K. supermarket chain, Asda. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our own checks have shown no traces of horse meat. Now we must of course look into this further,\" Ikea said in a \u003ca href=\"http://translate.google.com/translate?act=url&depth=1&hl=en&ie=UTF8&prev=_t&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/pressroom/ikea/pressrelease/view/viktig-information-om-test-i-tjeckien-840231\">statement\u003c/a> posted on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the meatballs come from the same supplier, Magnusson \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/horse-meat-found-danish-pizzas-18580498\">told\u003c/a> The Associated Press, but she says shipments to the U.S. and other countries weren't affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Ikea is primarily known for its ready-to-assemble furniture kits, it also does a brisk business selling specialty foods in its retail outlets, which include an in-store restaurant. Food sales brought in $1.72 billion in 2012, according to \u003cem>the Journal\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ikea is the latest retailer to be swept up in the ever-widening European horse meat scandal. Horse meat has been detected in a wide array of products, from frozen lasagnas to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/01/170873657/wheres-the-beef-burger-king-finds-horsemeat-in-its-patties\">burger meat\u003c/a> sold to Burger King's U.K. operations, and in a meat \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-02-15/wal-mart-uk-chain-horsemeat-found-in-pasta-sauce\">pasta sauce\u003c/a> sold by Wal-Mart's U.K. supermarket chain, Asda. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Former Peanut Firm Executives Indicted Over 2009 Salmonella Outbreak",
"title": "Former Peanut Firm Executives Indicted Over 2009 Salmonella Outbreak",
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"content": "\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/21/172605596/former-peanut-firm-executives-indicted-over-2009-salmonella-outbreak\">All Things Considered:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/02/20130221_atc_05.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a> and Maria Godoy, The Salt at NPR Food (2/21/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/steve-parnell-peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/steve-parnell-peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Stewart Parnell (center), former president of the now-defunct Peanut Corp. of America, is one of four executives indicted over a 2009 outbreak of salmonella. Photo: Mark Wilson/Getty Images\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stewart Parnell (center), former president of the now-defunct Peanut Corp. of America, is one of four executives indicted over a 2009 outbreak of salmonella. Photo: Mark Wilson/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four former executives from Peanut Corp. of America and a related company are facing federal criminal charges for covering up information that their peanut butter was contaminated with salmonella bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges are related to a nationwide outbreak of salmonella \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99763921\">back in 2009\u003c/a>. More than 700 people became ill, and federal investigators traced the source of the bacteria to peanut butter manufactured in Blakely, Ga., by the Peanut Corp. of America. The company is no longer in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 76-count indictment was unsealed Wednesday in federal court in Georgia. The charges include conspiracy, mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice, and others related to distributing adulterated or misbranded food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials say executives at the company were aware that their products had tested positive for salmonella, but they failed to alert their customers, and also lied about those test results to inspectors from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executives also allegedly falsified documents that stated \"that shipments of peanut products were free of pathogens when, in fact, there had been no tests on the products at all or when the laboratory results showed that a sample tested positive for salmonella,\" according to a Justice Department \u003ca href=\"http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/February/13-civ-220.html\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57275\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The four people indicted include Stewart Parnell, the former company president; Samuel Lightsey, former Blakely plant operations manager; and Mary Wilkerson, a quality assurance manager. Also indicted was Michael Parnell, who worked as a food broker on behalf of the peanut company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former executives could face up to 20 years in prison if convicted. Another executive, Daniel Kilgore, who served as a plant manager from 2002 through 2008, has already pleaded guilty in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Charles will have more on this story on \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> later today, so stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 4:36 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>: Attorneys for Stewart Parnell, the former owner of Peanut Corp. of America, have released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gentrylocke.com/1820\">statement\u003c/a> promising to defend Parnell against the charges. According to the statement, officials from the FDA had visited the Georgia factory regularly, were \"well aware\" of the company's testing procedures, and \"made no objection\" to them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a> and Maria Godoy, The Salt at NPR Food (2/21/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/steve-parnell-peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/steve-parnell-peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"Stewart Parnell (center), former president of the now-defunct Peanut Corp. of America, is one of four executives indicted over a 2009 outbreak of salmonella. Photo: Mark Wilson/Getty Images\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57276\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stewart Parnell (center), former president of the now-defunct Peanut Corp. of America, is one of four executives indicted over a 2009 outbreak of salmonella. Photo: Mark Wilson/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four former executives from Peanut Corp. of America and a related company are facing federal criminal charges for covering up information that their peanut butter was contaminated with salmonella bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges are related to a nationwide outbreak of salmonella \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99763921\">back in 2009\u003c/a>. More than 700 people became ill, and federal investigators traced the source of the bacteria to peanut butter manufactured in Blakely, Ga., by the Peanut Corp. of America. The company is no longer in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 76-count indictment was unsealed Wednesday in federal court in Georgia. The charges include conspiracy, mail and wire fraud, obstruction of justice, and others related to distributing adulterated or misbranded food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal officials say executives at the company were aware that their products had tested positive for salmonella, but they failed to alert their customers, and also lied about those test results to inspectors from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The executives also allegedly falsified documents that stated \"that shipments of peanut products were free of pathogens when, in fact, there had been no tests on the products at all or when the laboratory results showed that a sample tested positive for salmonella,\" according to a Justice Department \u003ca href=\"http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/February/13-civ-220.html\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57275\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/peanut-corp-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57275\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign outside the Peanut Corp. of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga. Photo: Ric Feld/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The four people indicted include Stewart Parnell, the former company president; Samuel Lightsey, former Blakely plant operations manager; and Mary Wilkerson, a quality assurance manager. Also indicted was Michael Parnell, who worked as a food broker on behalf of the peanut company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former executives could face up to 20 years in prison if convicted. Another executive, Daniel Kilgore, who served as a plant manager from 2002 through 2008, has already pleaded guilty in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Charles will have more on this story on \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> later today, so stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update at 4:36 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>: Attorneys for Stewart Parnell, the former owner of Peanut Corp. of America, have released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.gentrylocke.com/1820\">statement\u003c/a> promising to defend Parnell against the charges. According to the statement, officials from the FDA had visited the Georgia factory regularly, were \"well aware\" of the company's testing procedures, and \"made no objection\" to them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "One In Three Fish Sold At Restaurants And Grocery Stores Is Mislabeled",
"title": "One In Three Fish Sold At Restaurants And Grocery Stores Is Mislabeled",
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"content": "\u003cp>Post by Eliza Barclay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/21/172589997/one-in-three-fish-sold-at-restaurants-and-grocery-stores-is-mislabeled\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-fraud.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-fraud-290x162.jpg\" alt=\"Escolar, right, is often substituted for more expensive Albacore tuna (left), a report on mislabeled seafood found. Photo: Yoon S. Byun/Boston Globe via Getty Images\" width=\"290\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57265\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Escolar, right, is often substituted for more expensive Albacore tuna (left), a report on mislabeled seafood found. Photo: Yoon S. Byun/Boston Globe via Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are so many fish in the sea. But from a diner's viewpoint, peering down at a sliver of white fish atop a bed of sushi rice, a lot of them look the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a \u003ca href=\"http://oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/oceana-study-reveals-seafood-fraud-nationwide\">report\u003c/a> from the ocean conservation group Oceana confirms that there's a pretty decent chance that fish on the plate or on ice in the seafood case is not what it's labeled to be. That means that seafood wallet cards designed by conservation groups to help steer consumers towards \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/171717418/the-meaning-of-sustainable-labeled-seafood\">sustainable\u003c/a> choices may not be doing much good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2010 and 2012, Oceana took 1,215 seafood samples from 674 retail outlets in 21 states. When they tested the \u003ca href=\"http://barcoding.si.edu/dnabarcoding.htm\">DNA\u003c/a>, they found that 33 percent were mislabeled. Sushi vendors and grocery stores were the most likely outlets to sell mislabeled food, though Oceana says the fraud can happen before it reaches them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/11/166981454/seafood-sleuthing-reveals-pervasive-fish-fraud-in-new-york-city?ft=1&f=139941248\">investigations\u003c/a> by Oceana and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2012/12/01/dnasidebar/maoPlTvCRdnKmzKdmhHxpO/story.html?p1=News_links\">Boston Globe\u003c/a> revealed that seafood mislabeling is common in cities like New York and Boston, where people eat a lot of fish. But the report out Thursday shows it's happening across the country, and is as bad or worse in places like Texas and Colorado. Some 49 percent of the retail outlets sampled in Austin and Houston sold mislabeled seafood, while 36 percent in Colorado did so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the big deal with fish sold under a pseudonym? Well, for one, it's often just a form of swindling – a cheap fish like tilapia sold as red snapper. But Oceana says the practice also can put consumers at health risk when species like king mackerel, which is high in mercury, or escolar, which contains a naturally occurring toxin than can cause gastrointestinal problems, are marketed as grouper and white tuna, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana's also concerned that substituting cheaper, easier-to-find fish for rarer, more valuable ones gives consumers a distorted sense of the market. Of the fish types most heavily sampled by Oceana, those sold as snapper and tuna had the highest mislabeling rates — 87 and 59 percent. Only seven of the 120 samples of red snapper purchased nationwide were actually red snapper, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of fraud is various fish standing in for snapper – it's used as catch-all name for all kinds of white fleshed fish,\" says Oceana senior scientist \u003ca href=\"http://oceana.org/en/about-us/people-partners/oceana-staff/kimberly-warner\">Kimberly Warner\u003c/a>. \"But there are real conservation concerns when you slip in things in place of the real thing. People think snapper must be doing great because it's everywhere, but it's overfished.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers using wallet cards from groups like the Monterey Bay Aquarium and NRDC could end up buying exactly the species they're trying to avoid, Warner says, because mislabeling is so prevalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason mislabeling has gotten so rampant is that the U.S. now imports 90 percent of its seafood and less than 2 percent is inspected for fraud. That means would-be fraudsters have a lot new options for substitutions.The Food and Drug Administration regularly updates \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/Seafood/ucm313510.htm\">its list\u003c/a> of seafood approved for sale – in 2012 alone, 19 new species were added to the list, including cornetfish, sampa and claresse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the government or a consumer to do about all this? Oceana would like to see an international traceability system where retailers would be required to tell consumers where and when a fish was caught and what gear was used. Requirements like these would help the industry — one of the least transparent in the food system — more accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Fisheries Institute argues that the problem is one of enforcement — the FDA needs to do a better job of enforcing laws that are already on the books to discourage fraud. And they encourage consumers to seek out retailers through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aboutseafood.com/about/about-nfi/better-seafood-board\">Better Seafood Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fish fraud is often just a form of swindling when a cheap fish, like tilapia, is sold as pricy red snapper. But a conservation group says it also puts consumers at risk of health issues and makes it harder to avoid buying fish that are being overfished.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Post by Eliza Barclay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/21/172589997/one-in-three-fish-sold-at-restaurants-and-grocery-stores-is-mislabeled\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-fraud.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-fraud-290x162.jpg\" alt=\"Escolar, right, is often substituted for more expensive Albacore tuna (left), a report on mislabeled seafood found. Photo: Yoon S. Byun/Boston Globe via Getty Images\" width=\"290\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57265\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Escolar, right, is often substituted for more expensive Albacore tuna (left), a report on mislabeled seafood found. Photo: Yoon S. Byun/Boston Globe via Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are so many fish in the sea. But from a diner's viewpoint, peering down at a sliver of white fish atop a bed of sushi rice, a lot of them look the same.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a \u003ca href=\"http://oceana.org/en/news-media/publications/reports/oceana-study-reveals-seafood-fraud-nationwide\">report\u003c/a> from the ocean conservation group Oceana confirms that there's a pretty decent chance that fish on the plate or on ice in the seafood case is not what it's labeled to be. That means that seafood wallet cards designed by conservation groups to help steer consumers towards \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/171717418/the-meaning-of-sustainable-labeled-seafood\">sustainable\u003c/a> choices may not be doing much good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 2010 and 2012, Oceana took 1,215 seafood samples from 674 retail outlets in 21 states. When they tested the \u003ca href=\"http://barcoding.si.edu/dnabarcoding.htm\">DNA\u003c/a>, they found that 33 percent were mislabeled. Sushi vendors and grocery stores were the most likely outlets to sell mislabeled food, though Oceana says the fraud can happen before it reaches them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/12/11/166981454/seafood-sleuthing-reveals-pervasive-fish-fraud-in-new-york-city?ft=1&f=139941248\">investigations\u003c/a> by Oceana and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2012/12/01/dnasidebar/maoPlTvCRdnKmzKdmhHxpO/story.html?p1=News_links\">Boston Globe\u003c/a> revealed that seafood mislabeling is common in cities like New York and Boston, where people eat a lot of fish. But the report out Thursday shows it's happening across the country, and is as bad or worse in places like Texas and Colorado. Some 49 percent of the retail outlets sampled in Austin and Houston sold mislabeled seafood, while 36 percent in Colorado did so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the big deal with fish sold under a pseudonym? Well, for one, it's often just a form of swindling – a cheap fish like tilapia sold as red snapper. But Oceana says the practice also can put consumers at health risk when species like king mackerel, which is high in mercury, or escolar, which contains a naturally occurring toxin than can cause gastrointestinal problems, are marketed as grouper and white tuna, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oceana's also concerned that substituting cheaper, easier-to-find fish for rarer, more valuable ones gives consumers a distorted sense of the market. Of the fish types most heavily sampled by Oceana, those sold as snapper and tuna had the highest mislabeling rates — 87 and 59 percent. Only seven of the 120 samples of red snapper purchased nationwide were actually red snapper, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of fraud is various fish standing in for snapper – it's used as catch-all name for all kinds of white fleshed fish,\" says Oceana senior scientist \u003ca href=\"http://oceana.org/en/about-us/people-partners/oceana-staff/kimberly-warner\">Kimberly Warner\u003c/a>. \"But there are real conservation concerns when you slip in things in place of the real thing. People think snapper must be doing great because it's everywhere, but it's overfished.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers using wallet cards from groups like the Monterey Bay Aquarium and NRDC could end up buying exactly the species they're trying to avoid, Warner says, because mislabeling is so prevalent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason mislabeling has gotten so rampant is that the U.S. now imports 90 percent of its seafood and less than 2 percent is inspected for fraud. That means would-be fraudsters have a lot new options for substitutions.The Food and Drug Administration regularly updates \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/Seafood/ucm313510.htm\">its list\u003c/a> of seafood approved for sale – in 2012 alone, 19 new species were added to the list, including cornetfish, sampa and claresse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's the government or a consumer to do about all this? Oceana would like to see an international traceability system where retailers would be required to tell consumers where and when a fish was caught and what gear was used. Requirements like these would help the industry — one of the least transparent in the food system — more accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Fisheries Institute argues that the problem is one of enforcement — the FDA needs to do a better job of enforcing laws that are already on the books to discourage fraud. And they encourage consumers to seek out retailers through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aboutseafood.com/about/about-nfi/better-seafood-board\">Better Seafood Board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pictures Don't Lie: Corn And Soybeans Are Conquering U.S. Grasslands",
"title": "Pictures Don't Lie: Corn And Soybeans Are Conquering U.S. Grasslands",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/cornfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/cornfield-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"A corn field is shrouded in mist at sunrise in rural Springfield, Neb. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-57070\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A corn field is shrouded in mist at sunrise in rural Springfield, Neb. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/14/172021095/pictures-dont-lie-corn-and-soybeans-are-conquering-u-s-grasslands\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I've been hearing stories about the changing agricultural landscape of the northern plains. Grasslands are disappearing, farmers told me. They're being replaced by fields of corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, those stories got a big dose of scientific, peer-reviewed validation. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/02/13/1215404110.abstract?sid=6beb2b07-ff9f-4090-a5dc-ec4811e46f7a\">study\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em> shows actual pictures — derived from satellite data — of that changing landscape. The images show that farmers in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska converted 1.3 million acres of grassland into soybean and corn production between 2006 and 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is kind of the worst-kept secret in the Northern Plains. We just put some numbers on it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://globalmonitoring.sdstate.edu/people.php?view=6&a=show&id=69\">Christopher Wright\u003c/a>, from South Dakota State University, who got funding from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy to take a close look at this phenomenon. Earlier studies from the \u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/pdf/plowed_under.pdf\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> and the USDA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/128019/err120.pdf\">Economic Research Service\u003c/a> have also looked at it, each using slightly different methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/map.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/map-279x290.jpg\" alt=\"Hot spots of grassland conversion: This map shows the percentage of existing grasslands that were converted into corn or soybean fields between 2006 and 2011. Photo: Christopher K. Wright/South Dakota State University\" width=\"279\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hot spots of grassland conversion: This map shows the percentage of existing grasslands that were converted into corn or soybean fields between 2006 and 2011. Photo: Christopher K. Wright/South Dakota State University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, Wright's images are striking, and these changes are having profound effects on the environment of this region. For instance, it's bad news for wildlife, because corn fields are much less inviting habitat for a wide range of wild creatures, from ground-nesting birds to insects, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/02/14/146872577/why-california-almonds-need-north-dakota-flowers-and-a-few-billion-bees\">bees\u003c/a>. Corn and soybean fields are increasingly encroaching into the Prairie Pothole region of the Dakotas and Minnesota, the most important breeding habitat for waterfowl in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In southern Iowa, Wright says, much of the land conversion is taking place on hillsides. The soil of those fields, without permanent grass to hold it in place, is now much more likely to wash into streams and ponds. And on the western edge of this region, farmers are taking a chance on corn and soybeans in places that sometimes don't get enough rainfall for these thirsty crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? There's one very simple reason: Corn and soybean prices are high, so farmers can earn a lot of money growing those crops. Meanwhile, funding has been declining for one important alternative — the government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4736044\">Conservation Reserve Program\u003c/a>, which pays farmers to protect wildlife and water quality by keeping land in grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason, however, is getting increasing attention: crop insurance. The government subsidizes private insurance policies that cover the risks of poor harvests, or even that prices will fall. Because farmers don't pay for the full cost of this insurance, critics of crop insurance say that it encourages risky behavior: planting crops in areas that don't drain well, where rainfall is unreliable, or on hillsides where soil erosion is a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say that the government should drastically reduce its subsidies for such insurance. Not only is it \u003ca href=\"http://www.card.iastate.edu/policy_briefs/display.aspx?id=1154\">fiscally irresponsible\u003c/a>, they say. It's encouraging farmers to \u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/pdf/plowed_under.pdf\">destroy the grasslands\u003c/a> of the northern plains, a priceless and increasingly scarce natural treasure.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Farmers in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska converted 1.3 million acres of grassland into soybean and corn production between 2006 and 2011. Images derived from satellite data confirmed that changing landscape, which spells bad news wildlife and for soil integrity in some parts.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/cornfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/cornfield-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"A corn field is shrouded in mist at sunrise in rural Springfield, Neb. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-57070\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A corn field is shrouded in mist at sunrise in rural Springfield, Neb. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/14/172021095/pictures-dont-lie-corn-and-soybeans-are-conquering-u-s-grasslands\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, I've been hearing stories about the changing agricultural landscape of the northern plains. Grasslands are disappearing, farmers told me. They're being replaced by fields of corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, those stories got a big dose of scientific, peer-reviewed validation. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/02/13/1215404110.abstract?sid=6beb2b07-ff9f-4090-a5dc-ec4811e46f7a\">study\u003c/a> published in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em> shows actual pictures — derived from satellite data — of that changing landscape. The images show that farmers in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska converted 1.3 million acres of grassland into soybean and corn production between 2006 and 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is kind of the worst-kept secret in the Northern Plains. We just put some numbers on it,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://globalmonitoring.sdstate.edu/people.php?view=6&a=show&id=69\">Christopher Wright\u003c/a>, from South Dakota State University, who got funding from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy to take a close look at this phenomenon. Earlier studies from the \u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/pdf/plowed_under.pdf\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a> and the USDA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/128019/err120.pdf\">Economic Research Service\u003c/a> have also looked at it, each using slightly different methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57071\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 279px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/map.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/map-279x290.jpg\" alt=\"Hot spots of grassland conversion: This map shows the percentage of existing grasslands that were converted into corn or soybean fields between 2006 and 2011. Photo: Christopher K. Wright/South Dakota State University\" width=\"279\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-57071\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hot spots of grassland conversion: This map shows the percentage of existing grasslands that were converted into corn or soybean fields between 2006 and 2011. Photo: Christopher K. Wright/South Dakota State University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, Wright's images are striking, and these changes are having profound effects on the environment of this region. For instance, it's bad news for wildlife, because corn fields are much less inviting habitat for a wide range of wild creatures, from ground-nesting birds to insects, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/02/14/146872577/why-california-almonds-need-north-dakota-flowers-and-a-few-billion-bees\">bees\u003c/a>. Corn and soybean fields are increasingly encroaching into the Prairie Pothole region of the Dakotas and Minnesota, the most important breeding habitat for waterfowl in North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In southern Iowa, Wright says, much of the land conversion is taking place on hillsides. The soil of those fields, without permanent grass to hold it in place, is now much more likely to wash into streams and ponds. And on the western edge of this region, farmers are taking a chance on corn and soybeans in places that sometimes don't get enough rainfall for these thirsty crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? There's one very simple reason: Corn and soybean prices are high, so farmers can earn a lot of money growing those crops. Meanwhile, funding has been declining for one important alternative — the government's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4736044\">Conservation Reserve Program\u003c/a>, which pays farmers to protect wildlife and water quality by keeping land in grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason, however, is getting increasing attention: crop insurance. The government subsidizes private insurance policies that cover the risks of poor harvests, or even that prices will fall. Because farmers don't pay for the full cost of this insurance, critics of crop insurance say that it encourages risky behavior: planting crops in areas that don't drain well, where rainfall is unreliable, or on hillsides where soil erosion is a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say that the government should drastically reduce its subsidies for such insurance. Not only is it \u003ca href=\"http://www.card.iastate.edu/policy_briefs/display.aspx?id=1154\">fiscally irresponsible\u003c/a>, they say. It's encouraging farmers to \u003ca href=\"http://static.ewg.org/pdf/plowed_under.pdf\">destroy the grasslands\u003c/a> of the northern plains, a priceless and increasingly scarce natural treasure.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/BoozeShelf.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/BoozeShelf.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: Getty Images\" width=\"248\" height=\"140\" class=\"size-full wp-image-57053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201302190900\">KQED's Forum Original Broadcast\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nTuesday, Feb 19, 2013 -- 9:00 AM\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/forum/2013/02/20130219aforum.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study finds that even moderate alcohol consumption can increase the risk of cancer-related death. KQED's Forum hears from one of the study's authors, who says alcohol is responsible for 20,000 cancer deaths every year. But the study is not without controversy. Some researchers say alcohol may have certain health benefits, and that it's risky to advocate total abstinence. Forum looks at the mechanism by which alcohol may increase cancer death. Should you give up booze altogether?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Host:\u003c/strong> Michael Krasny\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guests:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Christina Clarke, research scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpic.org/site/c.skI0L6MKJpE/b.5730233/k.A600/Cancer_Prevention.htm\">Cancer Prevention Institute of California\u003c/a> (CPIC)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Curt Ellison, Scientific Co-Director, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/alcohol-forum/\">International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Thomas Greenfield, center director and scientific director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arg.org/\">Alcohol Research Group at the Public Health Institute\u003c/a>, and one of study's authors\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>More info:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301199\">Study from American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/news-events/411/drinking-causes-35-of-cancer-deaths-more-than-from-melanoma-new-study-finds\">Drinking Causes 3.5% of Cancer Deaths : Public Health Institute\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study finds that even moderate alcohol consumption can increase the risk of cancer-related death. KQED's Forum hears from one of the study's authors, who says alcohol is responsible for 20,000 cancer deaths every year. But the study is not without controversy. Some researchers say alcohol may have certain health benefits, and that it's risky to advocate total abstinence. Forum looks at the mechanism by which alcohol may increase cancer death. Should you give up booze altogether?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study finds that even moderate alcohol consumption can increase the risk of cancer-related death. KQED's Forum hears from one of the study's authors, who says alcohol is responsible for 20,000 cancer deaths every year. But the study is not without controversy. Some researchers say alcohol may have certain health benefits, and that it's risky to advocate total abstinence. Forum looks at the mechanism by which alcohol may increase cancer death. Should you give up booze altogether?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Host:\u003c/strong> Michael Krasny\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guests:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Christina Clarke, research scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpic.org/site/c.skI0L6MKJpE/b.5730233/k.A600/Cancer_Prevention.htm\">Cancer Prevention Institute of California\u003c/a> (CPIC)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Curt Ellison, Scientific Co-Director, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/alcohol-forum/\">International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Thomas Greenfield, center director and scientific director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arg.org/\">Alcohol Research Group at the Public Health Institute\u003c/a>, and one of study's authors\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>More info:\u003c/strong>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301199\">Study from American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.phi.org/news-events/411/drinking-causes-35-of-cancer-deaths-more-than-from-melanoma-new-study-finds\">Drinking Causes 3.5% of Cancer Deaths : Public Health Institute\u003c/a> \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farmer's Fight With Monsanto Reaches The Supreme Court",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\" alt=\"Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"393\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56991\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/18/171896311/farmers-fight-with-monsanto-reaches-the-supreme-court\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/02/20130218_me_10.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, The Salt at NPR Food (2/18/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, the Supreme Court will take up a classic David-and-Goliath \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/bowman-v-monsanto-co/\">case\u003c/a>. On one side, there's a 75-year-old farmer in Indiana named Vernon Hugh Bowman; on the other, the agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farmer is fighting the long reach of Monsanto's patents on seeds — but he's up against more than just Monsanto. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_biotech.authcheckdam.pdf\">biotech\u003c/a> and computer \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_bsa.authcheckdam.pdf\">software\u003c/a> industries are taking Monsanto's side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman also is battling a historic shift that's transformed the nation's seed business over the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all that, Bowman seems remarkably cheerful about his situation. \"Confrontation does not take a toll on me!\" he says. \"You and me can argue about the Bible; we can argue about religion. I'll pound my fist and we can argue all day, and I won't lose a bit of sleep at night!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is leaning back in an easy chair, where he says he also sleeps at night. He lives alone in a modest white frame house outside the small town of Sandborn, in southwestern Indiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out back, there's an array of old farm equipment collected during decades of growing corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is wearing a Monsanto hat. It's probably an ironic gesture, but in fact, he's been a pleased and loyal customer of the company's seeds. He thinks the genes that Monsanto inserted into soybeans are just great. They let soybeans survive the country's most popular weedkiller: \u003ca href=\"http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html\">glyphosate\u003c/a>, also known as Roundup. He can spray that one chemical to get rid of the weeds without harming his crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made things so much simpler and better. No question about that,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman uses these \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/weedmanagement/Pages/roundup-ready-system.aspx\">Roundup Ready\u003c/a>\" soybeans for his main crop, which he plants in the spring, and he signs a standard agreement not to save any of his harvest and replant it the next year. Monsanto demands exclusive rights to supply that seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56992\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But here's where Bowman got into trouble: He also likes to plant a second crop of soybeans, later in the year, in fields where he just harvested wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those late-season soybeans are risky. The yield is smaller. Bowman decided that for this crop, he didn't want to pay top dollar for Monsanto's seed. \"What I wanted was a cheap source of seed,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1999, he bought some ordinary soybeans from a small grain elevator where local farmers drop off their harvest. \"They made sure they didn't sell it as seed. Their ticket said, 'Outbound grain,\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knew that these beans probably had Monsanto's Roundup Ready gene in them, because that's mainly what farmers plant these days. But Bowman didn't think Monsanto controlled these soybeans anymore, and in any case, he was getting a motley collection of different varieties, hardly a threat to Monsanto's seed business. \"I couldn't imagine that they'd give a rat's behind,\" he snorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman told his neighbors what he was doing. It turned out that Monsanto did, in fact, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wanted to use our technology without paying for it,\" says David Snively, Monsanto's general counsel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto took Bowman to court, and Bowman was ordered to pay Monsanto $84,000 for infringing the company's patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman appealed. To the surprise of many, the highest court in the land agreed to hear his case. \"I'm not a-gonna give in! Because I think I've done nothing wrong!\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawyers, who are representing him for free, have come up with a legal argument for why he did nothing wrong. If they succeed in persuading the court, it could pull the rug out from under Monsanto, and some other industries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman's lawyer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flhlaw.com/professionals/xprAttorneyDetails2.aspx?xpST=AttorneyDetail&attorney=227\">Mark Walters\u003c/a> from the firm of Frommer Lawrence and Haug, says there's a very old principle in patent law: If you buy something that's covered by a patent — let's say it's a cell phone — you own it, outright. \"You're allowed to put it on Craigslist and sell it, you're allowed to use it for your 'ordinary pursuits of life' is the quote from some of the old cases that we're relying on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a valuable principle, Walters says. \"Imagine how commerce would work if patents owners could come out of nowhere and surprise purchasers and tell them, 'Oh, you need to pay me a royalty, because I own a patent on this thing that you just bought.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So according to this principle of \"patent exhaustion,\" Bowman bought that seed and can do with it what he wants. Patent holders have no right to stop him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto's \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/david-snively-bio.aspx\">David Snively\u003c/a>, for his part, says this argument completely misses the point. Yes, we can buy an iPhone and do whatever we want with it, \"but we're not going to go out and make copies of the iPhone and put Apple out of business,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what Bowman did, says Snively. When he planted this patented seed, he made copies of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, if farmers were allowed to do this with patented seeds, the patents would be worthless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of industry organizations have come to Monsanto's defense, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.org/\">Biotechnology Industry Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Sauer, deputy general counsel at BIO, says many biotech products are a lot like seeds. \"They are easily replicated. They are difficult to make, but once created they are relatively easy to reproduce.\" The same is true of computer software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56990\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56990\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these are new technologies. Farmers' seeds are old; they're the original self-replicating technology, and for centuries, nobody tried to claim them as intellectual property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why Monsanto's patents and lawsuits against farmers have stirred up so much \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/pubs/CFSMOnsantovsFarmerReport1.13.05.pdf\">anger\u003c/a> and received so much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's less well known, however, is that the practice of patenting seeds has moved far beyond Monsanto and other biotech companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's standard practice now even among small companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatheartseed.com/\">Great Heart Seed\u003c/a>, in Paris, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great Heart Seed's warehouse is filled to the rafters with white bags of soybean seed. The company sells 45 different varieties in all. Some grow better in the south, others in the north. Most have Monsanto's Roundup resistance genes, while others do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet all of these varieties are patented. \"Nearly everything out there has a patent on it now,\" says Nels Kasey, one of the Great Heart's owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, that wasn't the case. Many seed dealers sold \"public\" varieties that came from breeders at universities like Iowa State or Purdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, most new varieties come from private companies, and even universities acquire patents on most of the varieties that they do release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers aren't supposed to save and replant those seeds, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kasey says, the new system gives soybean breeders and seed companies more profits, and a stronger incentive to create and sell even better plant varieties. \"I'm really proud of the varieties that we have today. When I started in this company, you had a handful of varieties. Today, there's more money in it, more profit in it, so I can support 45 lines,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those seeds, though, are also more expensive. Soybean seeds have tripled in price over the past 20 years. And a farmer like Bowman who just wants some cheap, generic seeds can't easily find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman can see towering bins filled with soybeans all around southwestern Indiana, but according to the seed companies, he can't plant any of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, after Monsanto took Bowman to court, his search for unrestricted seeds took him all the way to Ohio, one of the very few places in the country where the state still \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohseed.org/downloads/NonGmoSoybeans2.pdf\">distributes\u003c/a> non-patented soybean varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman acquired some of that seed — a variety called Dennison — and grew it last year. He saved part of his harvest. Those soybeans are now sitting in an old combine in a shed behind his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Supreme Court rules against him, Bowman can still use those beans for seed this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On its surface, the case is about whether farmers can use seeds derived from patented crops. But the bigger question is, how much control does a company have over its patented products once they're in the hands of consumers?",
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"description": "On its surface, the case is about whether farmers can use seeds derived from patented crops. But the bigger question is, how much control does a company have over its patented products once they're in the hands of consumers?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56991\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman.jpg\" alt=\"Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"393\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56991\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vernon Hugh Bowman lives outside the small town of Sandborn, Ind. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story on\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/18/171896311/farmers-fight-with-monsanto-reaches-the-supreme-court\">Morning Edition:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, The Salt at NPR Food (2/18/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, the Supreme Court will take up a classic David-and-Goliath \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/bowman-v-monsanto-co/\">case\u003c/a>. On one side, there's a 75-year-old farmer in Indiana named Vernon Hugh Bowman; on the other, the agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The farmer is fighting the long reach of Monsanto's patents on seeds — but he's up against more than just Monsanto. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_biotech.authcheckdam.pdf\">biotech\u003c/a> and computer \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v2/11-796_resp_amcu_bsa.authcheckdam.pdf\">software\u003c/a> industries are taking Monsanto's side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman also is battling a historic shift that's transformed the nation's seed business over the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all that, Bowman seems remarkably cheerful about his situation. \"Confrontation does not take a toll on me!\" he says. \"You and me can argue about the Bible; we can argue about religion. I'll pound my fist and we can argue all day, and I won't lose a bit of sleep at night!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is leaning back in an easy chair, where he says he also sleeps at night. He lives alone in a modest white frame house outside the small town of Sandborn, in southwestern Indiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out back, there's an array of old farm equipment collected during decades of growing corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman is wearing a Monsanto hat. It's probably an ironic gesture, but in fact, he's been a pleased and loyal customer of the company's seeds. He thinks the genes that Monsanto inserted into soybeans are just great. They let soybeans survive the country's most popular weedkiller: \u003ca href=\"http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/glyphosate-ext.html\">glyphosate\u003c/a>, also known as Roundup. He can spray that one chemical to get rid of the weeds without harming his crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made things so much simpler and better. No question about that,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman uses these \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/weedmanagement/Pages/roundup-ready-system.aspx\">Roundup Ready\u003c/a>\" soybeans for his main crop, which he plants in the spring, and he signs a standard agreement not to save any of his harvest and replant it the next year. Monsanto demands exclusive rights to supply that seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-bowman-grainelevator-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56992\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But here's where Bowman got into trouble: He also likes to plant a second crop of soybeans, later in the year, in fields where he just harvested wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those late-season soybeans are risky. The yield is smaller. Bowman decided that for this crop, he didn't want to pay top dollar for Monsanto's seed. \"What I wanted was a cheap source of seed,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1999, he bought some ordinary soybeans from a small grain elevator where local farmers drop off their harvest. \"They made sure they didn't sell it as seed. Their ticket said, 'Outbound grain,\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He knew that these beans probably had Monsanto's Roundup Ready gene in them, because that's mainly what farmers plant these days. But Bowman didn't think Monsanto controlled these soybeans anymore, and in any case, he was getting a motley collection of different varieties, hardly a threat to Monsanto's seed business. \"I couldn't imagine that they'd give a rat's behind,\" he snorts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman told his neighbors what he was doing. It turned out that Monsanto did, in fact, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wanted to use our technology without paying for it,\" says David Snively, Monsanto's general counsel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto took Bowman to court, and Bowman was ordered to pay Monsanto $84,000 for infringing the company's patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman appealed. To the surprise of many, the highest court in the land agreed to hear his case. \"I'm not a-gonna give in! Because I think I've done nothing wrong!\" says Bowman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawyers, who are representing him for free, have come up with a legal argument for why he did nothing wrong. If they succeed in persuading the court, it could pull the rug out from under Monsanto, and some other industries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman's lawyer, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flhlaw.com/professionals/xprAttorneyDetails2.aspx?xpST=AttorneyDetail&attorney=227\">Mark Walters\u003c/a> from the firm of Frommer Lawrence and Haug, says there's a very old principle in patent law: If you buy something that's covered by a patent — let's say it's a cell phone — you own it, outright. \"You're allowed to put it on Craigslist and sell it, you're allowed to use it for your 'ordinary pursuits of life' is the quote from some of the old cases that we're relying on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a valuable principle, Walters says. \"Imagine how commerce would work if patents owners could come out of nowhere and surprise purchasers and tell them, 'Oh, you need to pay me a royalty, because I own a patent on this thing that you just bought.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So according to this principle of \"patent exhaustion,\" Bowman bought that seed and can do with it what he wants. Patent holders have no right to stop him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto's \u003ca href=\"http://www.monsanto.com/whoweare/Pages/david-snively-bio.aspx\">David Snively\u003c/a>, for his part, says this argument completely misses the point. Yes, we can buy an iPhone and do whatever we want with it, \"but we're not going to go out and make copies of the iPhone and put Apple out of business,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what Bowman did, says Snively. When he planted this patented seed, he made copies of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he says, if farmers were allowed to do this with patented seeds, the patents would be worthless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of industry organizations have come to Monsanto's defense, including the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bio.org/\">Biotechnology Industry Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hans Sauer, deputy general counsel at BIO, says many biotech products are a lot like seeds. \"They are easily replicated. They are difficult to make, but once created they are relatively easy to reproduce.\" The same is true of computer software.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56990\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/monsanto-nels-kasey-290x216.jpg\" alt=\"Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR \" width=\"290\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56990\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bowman bought ordinary soybeans from this small grain elevator and used them for seed. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But these are new technologies. Farmers' seeds are old; they're the original self-replicating technology, and for centuries, nobody tried to claim them as intellectual property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why Monsanto's patents and lawsuits against farmers have stirred up so much \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/pubs/CFSMOnsantovsFarmerReport1.13.05.pdf\">anger\u003c/a> and received so much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's less well known, however, is that the practice of patenting seeds has moved far beyond Monsanto and other biotech companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's standard practice now even among small companies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatheartseed.com/\">Great Heart Seed\u003c/a>, in Paris, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great Heart Seed's warehouse is filled to the rafters with white bags of soybean seed. The company sells 45 different varieties in all. Some grow better in the south, others in the north. Most have Monsanto's Roundup resistance genes, while others do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet all of these varieties are patented. \"Nearly everything out there has a patent on it now,\" says Nels Kasey, one of the Great Heart's owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, that wasn't the case. Many seed dealers sold \"public\" varieties that came from breeders at universities like Iowa State or Purdue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, most new varieties come from private companies, and even universities acquire patents on most of the varieties that they do release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers aren't supposed to save and replant those seeds, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kasey says, the new system gives soybean breeders and seed companies more profits, and a stronger incentive to create and sell even better plant varieties. \"I'm really proud of the varieties that we have today. When I started in this company, you had a handful of varieties. Today, there's more money in it, more profit in it, so I can support 45 lines,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those seeds, though, are also more expensive. Soybean seeds have tripled in price over the past 20 years. And a farmer like Bowman who just wants some cheap, generic seeds can't easily find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman can see towering bins filled with soybeans all around southwestern Indiana, but according to the seed companies, he can't plant any of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, after Monsanto took Bowman to court, his search for unrestricted seeds took him all the way to Ohio, one of the very few places in the country where the state still \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohseed.org/downloads/NonGmoSoybeans2.pdf\">distributes\u003c/a> non-patented soybean varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bowman acquired some of that seed — a variety called Dennison — and grew it last year. He saved part of his harvest. Those soybeans are now sitting in an old combine in a shed behind his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Supreme Court rules against him, Bowman can still use those beans for seed this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable? ",
"title": "Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable? ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56694\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">All Things Considered:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[audio:http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/02/20130211_atc_06.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1150&aggIds=171717418&ft=3&f=171376509 |titles=Is Sustainable-Labeled Seafood Really Sustainable?]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/4173096/daniel-zwerdling\">Daniel Zwerdling\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/139449124/margot-williams\">Margot Williams\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">NPR Special Series\u003c/a> (2/11/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part one of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/171717418/the-meaning-of-sustainable-labeled-seafood\">three-part series\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Weel pushes a baby stroller with her 18-month-old up to the seafood case at Whole Foods, near ground zero in New York. As she peers at shiny fillets of salmon, halibut and Chilean sea bass labeled \"certified sustainable,\" Weel believes that if she purchases this seafood, she will help protect the world's oceans from overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some leading environmentalists have a different take: Consumers like Weel are being misled by a global program that amounts to \"greenwashing\" — a strategy that makes consumers think they are protecting the planet, when actually they are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Whole Foods, the seafood counter displays blue labels from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a> (MSC), an international, nonprofit organization. The MSC is a prime example of an economic trend: Private groups, not the government, are telling consumers what is good or bad for the environment. The MSC says its label guarantees that the wild seafood was caught using methods that do not deplete the natural supply. It also guarantees that fishing companies do not cause serious harm to other life in the sea, from coral to dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is spreading fast throughout the food industry. Megachains like Target, Costco and Kroger are selling seafood with the MSC label. McDonald's says you are munching on \"certified sustainable\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=058E2W21Wl0\" target=\"_blank\">wild Alaskan pollock\u003c/a> every time you eat a Filet-O-Fish sandwich. The fast-food company has used MSC-certified fish since 2007 in the U.S., and as of February, they are putting the MSC logo on their fish sandwich boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\" alt=\"Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling. Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points Credit: Matt Stiles\" width=\"256\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56697\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling.\u003cbr>Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers like Weel say the labels help them feel better about the products they buy. \"I want to feel that I'm doing the right thing,\" says Weel, a pediatrician, as her 4 1/2-year-old daughter bolts into the vegetable aisle in neon-colored boots. When Weel shops for seafood, she says, she wants to make choices \"that will help preserve the wild fish populations in the oceans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executives at Whole Foods say they are helping consumers do exactly that, by pledging in recent years to sell as many MSC-certified products as possible. Seafood is the last major food that people catch in the wild, and \"we can't just go out and find more fish to catch,\" says Carrie Brownstein, global seafood quality standards coordinator for Whole Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brownstein cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htm\" target=\"_blank\">2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> that warned that almost 30 percent of the world's wild fisheries are \"overexploited,\" and more than 57 percent of wild fisheries are \"at or very close\" to the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groups have devised ranking systems for seafood. The Monterey Bay Aquarium labels products like a traffic light — green, yellow or red — to urge shoppers to buy or avoid a particular fish. The Blue Ocean Institute has a similar system. The MSC reports it has labeled roughly 8 percent of the global seafood catch, worth more than $3 billion. That makes it the most widespread and best-known rating scheme around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, suggests that a majority of consumers want to feel good about the seafood they buy. The poll by Truven Health Analytics found that almost 80 percent of the people who eat seafood regularly said it is \"important\" or \"very important\" that their seafood is sustainably caught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they buy MSC-labeled seafood, they may be paying a premium. Brownstein says Whole Foods charges more for some of its seafood labeled \"certified sustainable,\" although she wouldn't give numbers. Some fishing industry executives told NPR that they are getting roughly 10 percent more for their MSC-labeled products than for seafood that's not certified sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why many environmentalists who supported the MSC in the past say you might be troubled to know what the MSC and supermarkets like Whole Foods are not telling you:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would prefer they didn't use the word \u003cem>sustainable\u003c/em>,\" says Gerry Leape, an oceans specialist at the Pew Environment Group, one of the major foundations working on oceans policies. Leape has supported the MSC for more than a decade as a member of its advisory Stakeholder Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he and other critics say that the MSC system has been certifying some fisheries despite evidence that the target fish are in trouble, or that the fishing industry is harming the environment. And critics say the MSC system has certified other fisheries as sustainable even though there is not enough evidence to know how they are affecting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a customer sees the MSC's sustainable label at the supermarket, \"the consumer looks at the fish and says, 'Oh, it has the label on it, it must be sustainable,' \" Leape says. \"And in some fisheries that the MSC has certified, that's not necessarily the case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Susanna Fuller, co-director of marine programs at Canada's Ecology Action Centre, agrees. \"We know ... that blue stamp doesn't mean that you're sustainable,\" she says. When asked if consumers should choose MSC-labeled seafood, Fuller pauses. \"It's a gamble,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even the MSC's sharpest critics say they support the broad ideas behind the organization and its stated goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Originally I thought it was a good idea,\" says Jim Barnes, director of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, a network of dozens of environmental groups around the world. \"The world needed something like this to help steer consumer decisions, and so I wasn't against it at all at the beginning. And I'm not totally against it now.\" But Barnes worries that the MSC is straying from its mission and needs a dramatic overhaul. \"It can be a force for good. If it continues on the path that it's on, however, and doesn't solve a lot of these issues that have been raised,\" he says, \"I don't think it will be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting The Oceans And The Bottom Line\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC was born because of a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Sutton, one of its founders, says that he and his colleagues dreamed up the idea after the cod industry collapsed off the Nova Scotia coast in 1992. Cod fishing had been the foundation of the region's economy and culture, worth an estimated $700 million each year. But when the cod population plunged to a fraction of previous levels, the Canadian government banned cod fishing — putting thousands of people out of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56699\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC-290x217.jpg\" alt='Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council' width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56699\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It was so bad in some of these coastal communities, the government had to send in suicide-prevention teams,\" recalls Sutton, who was then vice president of the World Wildlife Fund. \"We were not only trashing our marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutton and other environmental advocates, and many scientists, warned that the cod collapse taught the world a sobering lesson: Government agencies that were supposed to monitor and regulate fishing were often doing a lousy job. Cod weren't the only fish in trouble. Studies showed that populations of major species like swordfish, marlin and tuna were plunging too. \"So we needed to do something drastic,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues decided to convince industry executives that protecting the oceans would also protect their bottom line. Sutton made a pilgrimage to the Unilever conglomerate, then one of the largest producers of frozen seafood — including fish sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pitch to Unilever was, 'The future of their frozen fish business is at stake,' \" Sutton remembers. \"Overfishing is not only bad for the environment, but it's really bad for business, because it means that they're not going to have fish in the future the way they have them today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unilever and the World Wildlife Fund joined hands in 1997, and set up the MSC. Unilever eventually sold its seafood subsidiary and left the program, but the founding partner left its mark: From the day the MSC opened its doors in London, it has been a balancing act between industry and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the MSC has more than 100 employees worldwide, including about 60 at its headquarters in a renovated building down the street from St. Paul's Cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"MSC has a global vision,\" says Rupert Howes, the organization's chief executive officer. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MSC's System Of Certification\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56701\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish-218x290.jpg\" alt=\"Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\" width=\"218\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's the MSC's basic idea: Executives of a growing number of food companies want to be \"green.\" Some genuinely want to protect the environment; others may be mainly seeking a marketing edge. But when it comes to seafood, those executives don't have the time or knowledge to figure out which fishing companies are plundering the ocean and which ones are doing a good job. So the MSC does the work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC does not certify fisheries itself. Instead, a fishery that wants the label hires one of roughly a dozen commercial auditing companies to decide whether its practices comply with the MSC's definition of \"sustainable.\" The MSC's standard for sustainability includes dozens of items, but they're designed to assess whether the population of a fishery's target species is healthy; if the fishing practices don't cause serious harm to other life in the sea — including by accidentally catching other animals, which is called bycatch; and if the fishery has good management. If the commercial auditors give the fishery a passing score, then the fishery gets the right to use the blue \"Certified Sustainable Seafood\" label. It can be a long and expensive process. Some certifications have taken years, and the fisheries have paid the auditing firms up to $150,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes says that when a store sells MSC-certified seafood, the label announces to consumers, \"We care where our fish comes from.\" He adds that as a growing number of food companies sell MSC-labeled seafood, executives of fisheries that don't have it are motivated to join the program. That catalyzes \"real and lasting change in the way the oceans are fished,\" Howe says.\u003cstrong> \u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the MSC's first decade, there wasn't much demand for sustainable seafood by the U.S. food industry, and the MSC \"almost went bankrupt,\" Sutton says. And that put the spotlight on the MSC's financial model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that executives structured it, MSC's budget comes partly from foundation grants. But some revenue comes from the licensing fees that MSC charges businesses for the right to sell seafood with the MSC label. So as long as many supermarket chains were not promoting it, the MSC wasn't getting much money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2006, everything changed. The MSC and its supporters had sent a series of delegations to Bentonville, Ark., world headquarters of Wal-Mart. The delegations helped convince Wal-Mart executives to promise that all the seafood they sell in the U.S. would be MSC-certified by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to get Wal-Mart,\" Sutton says. \"The significance of their commitment, of course, is that once Wal-Mart made a commitment to the Marine Stewardship Council, every other major retailer had to follow suit, because none of them wanted to be less progressive than Wal-Mart.\" Sure enough, other discount chains promised to go sustainable, too. \"Overnight, the demand far outstripped the supply,\" says Sutton, \"and so the suppliers had to catch up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Wal-Mart made its pledge in 2006, the MSC system has certified seven times as many fisheries as it did during the same period before, according to NPR's analysis. Still, the MSC system has not been able to certify enough seafood for Wal-Mart to meet its 2012 deadline, according to Bob Fields, a senior buyer for Wal-Mart and Sam's Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explosion in sales of MSC-labeled products at leading chain stores has transformed the organization's finances. The year that Wal-Mart pledged to promote MSC-labeled seafood, the MSC received most of its income from foundation grants — 75 percent, according to the MSC annual report. Meanwhile, it received only 7 percent of its income from label licensing fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, those licensing fees generate more than half of the MSC's revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since Wal-Mart executives embraced sustainable seafood, the MSC has also received millions of dollars in grant money from the Walton Family Foundation, which was created by Wal-Mart's founder and is governed by his descendants. The Walton Family Foundation has become one of the MSC's largest donors, according to financial reports. The director of the foundation's environment programs, Scott Burns, served on the MSC's board of directors before he went to Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\" alt=\" Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\" width=\"800\" height=\"352\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56698\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Critics say that the day Wal-Mart embraced sustainable seafood, it was a blessing for the MSC system — and a curse. The critics charge that the MSC system has compromised its standards to keep up with the booming demand from Wal-Mart and other chains that followed suit. Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre, says she has watched the MSC system \"struggling with meeting the demands of the system that they helped create ... They have ended up having to lower the bar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ocean specialist Daniel Pauly, a fisheries professor at the University of British Columbia, talks about the MSC today, he sounds dispirited. Pauly took part in early meetings in London that helped create the MSC and now says he has lost faith in the system. \"The MSC is doing the business of the business community,\" Pauly says, not the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56695\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing 'Sustainable' Swordfish With At-Risk Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Some environmentalists and scientists say if you want to understand why they're losing faith in the MSC, look at the battle over certifying Canadian swordfish. Next time you buy swordfish at a store like Whole Foods, it might come from a controversial fishery off the coast of Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishermen have known for ages that when they go swordfishing in some parts of the Atlantic, they will accidentally catch sharks — lots of sharks, says Steve Campana, who runs the Canadian government's Shark Research Laboratory, near Halifax, Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56700\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL-290x193.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56700\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When NPR caught up with Campana one morning, he and his research crew were heading into the Atlantic on a 34-foot trawler, the Dig It. They were planning to attach sophisticated satellite transmitters to blue sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, from what we've seen over the years, the swordfishermen catch about five blue sharks for every one swordfish,\" Campana said, holding onto a metal strut as the Dig It bounced through the waves. Add it up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/campana%20et%20al%202011%20shark%20discard%20Res%20Doc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">studies suggest\u003c/a>, and Canada's long-line swordfish boats — so named because they typically let out 30 or 40 miles of fishing line, dangling more than 1,000 hooks — accidentally catch tens of thousands of sharks every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This touches on one of MSC's three fundamental rules, even though studies show swordfish are plentiful. The second rule says that a fishery is not sustainable if it does not maintain \"the integrity of ecosystems\" — which means, in part, that it's not sustainable if there is too much bycatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, which is funded and appointed by the Canadian government, has warned that the main kinds of sharks that swordfishermen accidentally catch are \"threatened\" or \"endangered\" or \"of special concern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swordfishermen generally release the sharks. But there had been few studies on what happens to those sharks after fishermen let them off the hooks — until Campana and his colleagues came along. About six years ago, they started tagging sharks with satellite transmitters before fishermen set them free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\" alt=\"Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"749\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56696\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released.\u003cbr> Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During one outing, the crew showed how they do it: They snagged a 5-foot blue shark on a hook baited with mackerel, reeled it in, and then pinned the thrashing shark against the boat's broad, flat railing. They jabbed a satellite transmitter, which looks like a turkey baster with a barb on one end, into the shark's leathery skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then they let the shark go, the transmitter protruding like an unsightly growth. The device is equipped with a computer chip that records data every 10 seconds, including where the shark goes, how deep it goes, and how long it stays there. After about 10 months, the tube pops off the shark and floats to the surface, beaming all the information via satellite to Campana. When the transmitter shows that a shark went to the deepest part of the sea and just stayed there, Campana knows when and where the shark died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana and his colleagues published some of their first findings based on these studies in July 2009, in the journal \u003cem>Marine Ecology Progress Series.\u003c/em> Their studies showed that up to 35 percent of the sharks caught by swordfish boats die, either right on the hook or within days after the fishermen set them free. The \u003ca href=\"http://dev.atlanticsharks.biology.dal.ca/papers/campana%20et%20al%202009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">findings\u003c/a> suggested that Canadian swordfish boats accidentally kill almost two sharks for every swordfish they catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana says that when you put these findings in context, it is troubling. Other studies suggest that the populations of major kinds of sharks in the North Atlantic have plunged as much as 40 to 60 percent in just the past few decades. \"Any time you see consistent declines like that, and the fact that all of these large sharks seem to have declined all over the world,\" Campana says, \"it's just a worrisome pattern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president of Canada's swordfish industry, the Nova Scotia Swordsfishermen's Association, dismisses Campana's conclusions. Campana's report on shark deaths could not have come at a worse time for Canada's swordfish industry. Only months before the report was published, the association, which catches most of Canada's commercial swordfish, had applied to the MSC for certification. The industry sells much of its swordfish to Whole Foods and other stores in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those conclusions \"were not close to what the industry felt was reality,\" Troy Atkinson, president of the association, says while sitting in his store, crammed with giant spools of plastic fishing line and boxes of heavy metal hooks. He runs the main business that supplies equipment to Canada's swordfishing fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sometimes portrayed as a bunch of cowboys out to harvest the last buffalo,\" he says. \"We're portrayed as some of the worst in the world. And it's just not correct.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson cites reports by other researchers that conclude that the population of blue sharks off the coast of Canada is healthy – especially \u003ca href=\"http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Meetings/Docs/SCRC2011-Report-ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reports\u003c/a> by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), which represents dozens of governments whose nations fish the Atlantic. So, Atkinson says, Canada's swordfishermen could catch and kill even more sharks without hurting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies suggest the evidence is contradictory, and that scientists don't know for sure what is happening to sharks across the Atlantic. For example, the optimistic ICCAT researchers whom Atkinson cites acknowledge that their conclusions are \"highly uncertain\" because they're based on unproven assumptions and incomplete data. However, studies showing that blue sharks have sharply declined focus on a limited region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So scientists and environmentalists were dumbfounded in early 2012 when the MSC system decided that Canada's swordfish industry can use the label \"Certified Sustainable Seafood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is absolutely the kind of fishery that should not be certified,\" says Leape of Pew Environment Group. \"That fishery is outrageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certifying Canadian swordfish \"is the worst thing they can do, says Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre. \"That is not at all the way it should go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Program Based On 'Science And Evidence'\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ecology Action Centre and dozens of other environmental groups denounced the MSC. The groups said in a letter to the MSC system that roughly 10 percent of Canada's swordfish are caught with harpoons — a method environmentalists support because there is hardly any bycatch. But the long-line boats that supply most of the swordfish catch a \"staggering\" number of sharks, as the environmentalists put it. \"Certifying [Canada's long-line swordfish boats] compromises the credibility of the MSC,\" the groups warned, \"and the sustainable seafood movement as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes, from the MSC, disagrees. He says the controversy over Canadian swordfish \"illustrates a key feature of the MSC program, which is the fact that the program is premised on science and evidence. That fishery has met the MSC standard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysts who evaluated the fishery for the MSC system agreed that the swordfish boats do kill large numbers of sharks. They acknowledged that the optimistic studies on sharks that the swordfish industry cites are uncertain, but they concluded that the weight of evidence suggests it is \"highly likely\" there are plenty of blue sharks left in the sea. The analysts also stressed that, by all accounts, other countries kill far more sharks than Canada's swordfishermen do. So, they said, Canada causes only a small part of the bycatch problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are not saying that shark bycatch doesn't matter,\" says Howes. \"What we're saying implicit within the labeling of that fishery is, the shark bycatch of that unique individual certified fishery is safe. It's within ecological limits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnes, of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, says the controversy over Canadian swordfish illustrates why the booming demand for sustainable seafood actually threatens to hurt the movement more than help it. \"The bottom line is that there are not enough truly sustainable fisheries on the earth to sustain the demand,\" Barnes says. \"The retailers and wholesalers all want access to this kind of label because they're trying to ... make money with their consumers. There's nothing wrong with that; that's how the world works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Barnes charges that the MSC is labeling some fisheries as sustainable — even when they are not — partly to fill the seafood counters at Wal-Mart and other large chains. \"I'm not down on Wal-Mart at all, don't get me wrong,\" he says. \"But to get on line with big chains as your goal leads you down a path that I don't think the originators of the MSC intended.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes could hardly disagree more. \"If you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you've got to engage with the big guys. And therefore, I absolutely welcome Wal-Mart's commitment,\" he says. \"That will drive change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes continues: \"Will that overload the MSC system? No.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues that there's no way the MSC could label problem fisheries sustainable just to satisfy demand, because, he says, the certifiers evaluate each fishery based only on scientific evidence. But he adds, \"We want to see oceans fished sustainably forever. We're not going to achieve that by becoming a small niche organization that engages with a handful of perfect fisheries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Researcher Barbara Van Woerkom contributed to this story.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Web Resources\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional studies and information on sustainable fishing and labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">The Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanrep.geomar.de/14215/\">Evaluation And Legal Assessment Of Certified Seafood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043765\">Reliable Information on Fish Stock Health to Seafood Consumers\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/1055\">Beyond Duplicity And Ignorance In Global Fisheries\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fni.no/publ/marine.html#msc\">The Emergence and Effectiveness of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Industry demand for the \"sustainable seafood\" label, issued by the Marine Stewardship Council, is increasing. But some environmentalists fear fisheries are being certified despite evidence showing that the fish population is in trouble — or when there's not enough information to know the impact on the oceans.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blue-shark.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56694\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark that was caught during a research trip in Nova Scotia. Scientists are studying the impact of swordfish fishing methods on the shark population. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listen to the Story on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">All Things Considered:\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/4173096/daniel-zwerdling\">Daniel Zwerdling\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/139449124/margot-williams\">Margot Williams\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/02/11/171376509/is-sustainable-labeled-seafood-really-sustainable\">NPR Special Series\u003c/a> (2/11/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Part one of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/171717418/the-meaning-of-sustainable-labeled-seafood\">three-part series\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rebecca Weel pushes a baby stroller with her 18-month-old up to the seafood case at Whole Foods, near ground zero in New York. As she peers at shiny fillets of salmon, halibut and Chilean sea bass labeled \"certified sustainable,\" Weel believes that if she purchases this seafood, she will help protect the world's oceans from overfishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some leading environmentalists have a different take: Consumers like Weel are being misled by a global program that amounts to \"greenwashing\" — a strategy that makes consumers think they are protecting the planet, when actually they are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Whole Foods, the seafood counter displays blue labels from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a> (MSC), an international, nonprofit organization. The MSC is a prime example of an economic trend: Private groups, not the government, are telling consumers what is good or bad for the environment. The MSC says its label guarantees that the wild seafood was caught using methods that do not deplete the natural supply. It also guarantees that fishing companies do not cause serious harm to other life in the sea, from coral to dolphins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is spreading fast throughout the food industry. Megachains like Target, Costco and Kroger are selling seafood with the MSC label. McDonald's says you are munching on \"certified sustainable\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=058E2W21Wl0\" target=\"_blank\">wild Alaskan pollock\u003c/a> every time you eat a Filet-O-Fish sandwich. The fast-food company has used MSC-certified fish since 2007 in the U.S., and as of February, they are putting the MSC logo on their fish sandwich boxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56697\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fish-poll.jpg\" alt=\"Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling. Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points Credit: Matt Stiles\" width=\"256\" height=\"643\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56697\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poll results from a recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, by Truven Health Analytics. Questions were asked — in general — about sustainable seafood and labeling.\u003cbr>Source: Truven Health Analytics-NPR Health Poll; margin of error +/- 1.8 percentage points\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers like Weel say the labels help them feel better about the products they buy. \"I want to feel that I'm doing the right thing,\" says Weel, a pediatrician, as her 4 1/2-year-old daughter bolts into the vegetable aisle in neon-colored boots. When Weel shops for seafood, she says, she wants to make choices \"that will help preserve the wild fish populations in the oceans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executives at Whole Foods say they are helping consumers do exactly that, by pledging in recent years to sell as many MSC-certified products as possible. Seafood is the last major food that people catch in the wild, and \"we can't just go out and find more fish to catch,\" says Carrie Brownstein, global seafood quality standards coordinator for Whole Foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brownstein cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htm\" target=\"_blank\">2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> that warned that almost 30 percent of the world's wild fisheries are \"overexploited,\" and more than 57 percent of wild fisheries are \"at or very close\" to the limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other groups have devised ranking systems for seafood. The Monterey Bay Aquarium labels products like a traffic light — green, yellow or red — to urge shoppers to buy or avoid a particular fish. The Blue Ocean Institute has a similar system. The MSC reports it has labeled roughly 8 percent of the global seafood catch, worth more than $3 billion. That makes it the most widespread and best-known rating scheme around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent survey of 3,000 Americans, conducted on behalf of NPR, suggests that a majority of consumers want to feel good about the seafood they buy. The poll by Truven Health Analytics found that almost 80 percent of the people who eat seafood regularly said it is \"important\" or \"very important\" that their seafood is sustainably caught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they buy MSC-labeled seafood, they may be paying a premium. Brownstein says Whole Foods charges more for some of its seafood labeled \"certified sustainable,\" although she wouldn't give numbers. Some fishing industry executives told NPR that they are getting roughly 10 percent more for their MSC-labeled products than for seafood that's not certified sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one reason why many environmentalists who supported the MSC in the past say you might be troubled to know what the MSC and supermarkets like Whole Foods are not telling you:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We would prefer they didn't use the word \u003cem>sustainable\u003c/em>,\" says Gerry Leape, an oceans specialist at the Pew Environment Group, one of the major foundations working on oceans policies. Leape has supported the MSC for more than a decade as a member of its advisory Stakeholder Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he and other critics say that the MSC system has been certifying some fisheries despite evidence that the target fish are in trouble, or that the fishing industry is harming the environment. And critics say the MSC system has certified other fisheries as sustainable even though there is not enough evidence to know how they are affecting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a customer sees the MSC's sustainable label at the supermarket, \"the consumer looks at the fish and says, 'Oh, it has the label on it, it must be sustainable,' \" Leape says. \"And in some fisheries that the MSC has certified, that's not necessarily the case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Susanna Fuller, co-director of marine programs at Canada's Ecology Action Centre, agrees. \"We know ... that blue stamp doesn't mean that you're sustainable,\" she says. When asked if consumers should choose MSC-labeled seafood, Fuller pauses. \"It's a gamble,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even the MSC's sharpest critics say they support the broad ideas behind the organization and its stated goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Originally I thought it was a good idea,\" says Jim Barnes, director of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, a network of dozens of environmental groups around the world. \"The world needed something like this to help steer consumer decisions, and so I wasn't against it at all at the beginning. And I'm not totally against it now.\" But Barnes worries that the MSC is straying from its mission and needs a dramatic overhaul. \"It can be a force for good. If it continues on the path that it's on, however, and doesn't solve a lot of these issues that have been raised,\" he says, \"I don't think it will be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Protecting The Oceans And The Bottom Line\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC was born because of a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Sutton, one of its founders, says that he and his colleagues dreamed up the idea after the cod industry collapsed off the Nova Scotia coast in 1992. Cod fishing had been the foundation of the region's economy and culture, worth an estimated $700 million each year. But when the cod population plunged to a fraction of previous levels, the Canadian government banned cod fishing — putting thousands of people out of work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56699\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/ruperthowes-MSC-290x217.jpg\" alt='Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council' width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56699\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rupert Howes is CEO of the Marine Stewardship Council. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis,\" he tells NPR. Photo: Tim Lofthouse/Courtesy of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It was so bad in some of these coastal communities, the government had to send in suicide-prevention teams,\" recalls Sutton, who was then vice president of the World Wildlife Fund. \"We were not only trashing our marine environment, but we were ruining the character of coastal communities that had existed on fisheries for centuries,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutton and other environmental advocates, and many scientists, warned that the cod collapse taught the world a sobering lesson: Government agencies that were supposed to monitor and regulate fishing were often doing a lousy job. Cod weren't the only fish in trouble. Studies showed that populations of major species like swordfish, marlin and tuna were plunging too. \"So we needed to do something drastic,\" Sutton says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and colleagues decided to convince industry executives that protecting the oceans would also protect their bottom line. Sutton made a pilgrimage to the Unilever conglomerate, then one of the largest producers of frozen seafood — including fish sticks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My pitch to Unilever was, 'The future of their frozen fish business is at stake,' \" Sutton remembers. \"Overfishing is not only bad for the environment, but it's really bad for business, because it means that they're not going to have fish in the future the way they have them today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unilever and the World Wildlife Fund joined hands in 1997, and set up the MSC. Unilever eventually sold its seafood subsidiary and left the program, but the founding partner left its mark: From the day the MSC opened its doors in London, it has been a balancing act between industry and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the MSC has more than 100 employees worldwide, including about 60 at its headquarters in a renovated building down the street from St. Paul's Cathedral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"MSC has a global vision,\" says Rupert Howes, the organization's chief executive officer. \"We want to see the global oceans transformed onto a sustainable basis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MSC's System Of Certification\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56701\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swordfish-218x290.jpg\" alt=\"Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\" width=\"218\" height=\"290\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56701\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swordfish from Canada are marked with a label from the Marine Stewardship Council at a Whole Foods in Washington, D.C. The MSC says its label means the fish were caught by a sustainable fishery, but critics says it's not always so clear. Photo: Margot Williams/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here's the MSC's basic idea: Executives of a growing number of food companies want to be \"green.\" Some genuinely want to protect the environment; others may be mainly seeking a marketing edge. But when it comes to seafood, those executives don't have the time or knowledge to figure out which fishing companies are plundering the ocean and which ones are doing a good job. So the MSC does the work for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSC does not certify fisheries itself. Instead, a fishery that wants the label hires one of roughly a dozen commercial auditing companies to decide whether its practices comply with the MSC's definition of \"sustainable.\" The MSC's standard for sustainability includes dozens of items, but they're designed to assess whether the population of a fishery's target species is healthy; if the fishing practices don't cause serious harm to other life in the sea — including by accidentally catching other animals, which is called bycatch; and if the fishery has good management. If the commercial auditors give the fishery a passing score, then the fishery gets the right to use the blue \"Certified Sustainable Seafood\" label. It can be a long and expensive process. Some certifications have taken years, and the fisheries have paid the auditing firms up to $150,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes says that when a store sells MSC-certified seafood, the label announces to consumers, \"We care where our fish comes from.\" He adds that as a growing number of food companies sell MSC-labeled seafood, executives of fisheries that don't have it are motivated to join the program. That catalyzes \"real and lasting change in the way the oceans are fished,\" Howe says.\u003cstrong> \u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the MSC's first decade, there wasn't much demand for sustainable seafood by the U.S. food industry, and the MSC \"almost went bankrupt,\" Sutton says. And that put the spotlight on the MSC's financial model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that executives structured it, MSC's budget comes partly from foundation grants. But some revenue comes from the licensing fees that MSC charges businesses for the right to sell seafood with the MSC label. So as long as many supermarket chains were not promoting it, the MSC wasn't getting much money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in 2006, everything changed. The MSC and its supporters had sent a series of delegations to Bentonville, Ark., world headquarters of Wal-Mart. The delegations helped convince Wal-Mart executives to promise that all the seafood they sell in the U.S. would be MSC-certified by 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had to get Wal-Mart,\" Sutton says. \"The significance of their commitment, of course, is that once Wal-Mart made a commitment to the Marine Stewardship Council, every other major retailer had to follow suit, because none of them wanted to be less progressive than Wal-Mart.\" Sure enough, other discount chains promised to go sustainable, too. \"Overnight, the demand far outstripped the supply,\" says Sutton, \"and so the suppliers had to catch up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Wal-Mart made its pledge in 2006, the MSC system has certified seven times as many fisheries as it did during the same period before, according to NPR's analysis. Still, the MSC system has not been able to certify enough seafood for Wal-Mart to meet its 2012 deadline, according to Bob Fields, a senior buyer for Wal-Mart and Sam's Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explosion in sales of MSC-labeled products at leading chain stores has transformed the organization's finances. The year that Wal-Mart pledged to promote MSC-labeled seafood, the MSC received most of its income from foundation grants — 75 percent, according to the MSC annual report. Meanwhile, it received only 7 percent of its income from label licensing fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, those licensing fees generate more than half of the MSC's revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since Wal-Mart executives embraced sustainable seafood, the MSC has also received millions of dollars in grant money from the Walton Family Foundation, which was created by Wal-Mart's founder and is governed by his descendants. The Walton Family Foundation has become one of the MSC's largest donors, according to financial reports. The director of the foundation's environment programs, Scott Burns, served on the MSC's board of directors before he went to Walton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/fisheries-certifications.jpg\" alt=\" Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\" width=\"800\" height=\"352\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56698\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Marine Stewardship Council documents, NPR research\u003cbr>Credit: Matt Stiles, Margot Williams\u003cbr>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Critics say that the day Wal-Mart embraced sustainable seafood, it was a blessing for the MSC system — and a curse. The critics charge that the MSC system has compromised its standards to keep up with the booming demand from Wal-Mart and other chains that followed suit. Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre, says she has watched the MSC system \"struggling with meeting the demands of the system that they helped create ... They have ended up having to lower the bar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ocean specialist Daniel Pauly, a fisheries professor at the University of British Columbia, talks about the MSC today, he sounds dispirited. Pauly took part in early meetings in London that helped create the MSC and now says he has lost faith in the system. \"The MSC is doing the business of the business community,\" Pauly says, not the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56695\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-bottom.jpg\" alt=\"Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"624\" height=\"416\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56695\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Capt. Art Gaeten holds a blue shark caught off the coast of Nova Scotia during a research outing. Studies show that 35 percent of sharks caught by swordfish boats die either on the hook or within days of release. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing 'Sustainable' Swordfish With At-Risk Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Some environmentalists and scientists say if you want to understand why they're losing faith in the MSC, look at the battle over certifying Canadian swordfish. Next time you buy swordfish at a store like Whole Foods, it might come from a controversial fishery off the coast of Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishermen have known for ages that when they go swordfishing in some parts of the Atlantic, they will accidentally catch sharks — lots of sharks, says Steve Campana, who runs the Canadian government's Shark Research Laboratory, near Halifax, Nova Scotia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56700\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/stevecampana-CSRL-290x193.jpg\" alt=\"Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"290\" height=\"193\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56700\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steve Campana runs the Canadian Shark Research Laboratory. He works to tag sharks with satellite transmitters to find out how long they survive after being caught and released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When NPR caught up with Campana one morning, he and his research crew were heading into the Atlantic on a 34-foot trawler, the Dig It. They were planning to attach sophisticated satellite transmitters to blue sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"On average, from what we've seen over the years, the swordfishermen catch about five blue sharks for every one swordfish,\" Campana said, holding onto a metal strut as the Dig It bounced through the waves. Add it up, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/document/campana%20et%20al%202011%20shark%20discard%20Res%20Doc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">studies suggest\u003c/a>, and Canada's long-line swordfish boats — so named because they typically let out 30 or 40 miles of fishing line, dangling more than 1,000 hooks — accidentally catch tens of thousands of sharks every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This touches on one of MSC's three fundamental rules, even though studies show swordfish are plentiful. The second rule says that a fishery is not sustainable if it does not maintain \"the integrity of ecosystems\" — which means, in part, that it's not sustainable if there is too much bycatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, which is funded and appointed by the Canadian government, has warned that the main kinds of sharks that swordfishermen accidentally catch are \"threatened\" or \"endangered\" or \"of special concern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swordfishermen generally release the sharks. But there had been few studies on what happens to those sharks after fishermen let them off the hooks — until Campana and his colleagues came along. About six years ago, they started tagging sharks with satellite transmitters before fishermen set them free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 749px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/blueshark-satellite.jpg\" alt=\"Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released. Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\" width=\"749\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56696\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark charter operator Art Gaeten (right) and recreational shark fisherman Shawn Knowles struggle to hold a blue shark in position while shark biologist Anna Dorey attaches a satellite tag to its back. Researchers say about five blue sharks are caught for every one swordfish. Scientists are trying to determine what happens to the sharks after they are released.\u003cbr> Photo: Dean Casavechia for NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During one outing, the crew showed how they do it: They snagged a 5-foot blue shark on a hook baited with mackerel, reeled it in, and then pinned the thrashing shark against the boat's broad, flat railing. They jabbed a satellite transmitter, which looks like a turkey baster with a barb on one end, into the shark's leathery skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then they let the shark go, the transmitter protruding like an unsightly growth. The device is equipped with a computer chip that records data every 10 seconds, including where the shark goes, how deep it goes, and how long it stays there. After about 10 months, the tube pops off the shark and floats to the surface, beaming all the information via satellite to Campana. When the transmitter shows that a shark went to the deepest part of the sea and just stayed there, Campana knows when and where the shark died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana and his colleagues published some of their first findings based on these studies in July 2009, in the journal \u003cem>Marine Ecology Progress Series.\u003c/em> Their studies showed that up to 35 percent of the sharks caught by swordfish boats die, either right on the hook or within days after the fishermen set them free. The \u003ca href=\"http://dev.atlanticsharks.biology.dal.ca/papers/campana%20et%20al%202009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">findings\u003c/a> suggested that Canadian swordfish boats accidentally kill almost two sharks for every swordfish they catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campana says that when you put these findings in context, it is troubling. Other studies suggest that the populations of major kinds of sharks in the North Atlantic have plunged as much as 40 to 60 percent in just the past few decades. \"Any time you see consistent declines like that, and the fact that all of these large sharks seem to have declined all over the world,\" Campana says, \"it's just a worrisome pattern.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president of Canada's swordfish industry, the Nova Scotia Swordsfishermen's Association, dismisses Campana's conclusions. Campana's report on shark deaths could not have come at a worse time for Canada's swordfish industry. Only months before the report was published, the association, which catches most of Canada's commercial swordfish, had applied to the MSC for certification. The industry sells much of its swordfish to Whole Foods and other stores in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those conclusions \"were not close to what the industry felt was reality,\" Troy Atkinson, president of the association, says while sitting in his store, crammed with giant spools of plastic fishing line and boxes of heavy metal hooks. He runs the main business that supplies equipment to Canada's swordfishing fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're sometimes portrayed as a bunch of cowboys out to harvest the last buffalo,\" he says. \"We're portrayed as some of the worst in the world. And it's just not correct.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atkinson cites reports by other researchers that conclude that the population of blue sharks off the coast of Canada is healthy – especially \u003ca href=\"http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Meetings/Docs/SCRC2011-Report-ENG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reports\u003c/a> by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), which represents dozens of governments whose nations fish the Atlantic. So, Atkinson says, Canada's swordfishermen could catch and kill even more sharks without hurting the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other studies suggest the evidence is contradictory, and that scientists don't know for sure what is happening to sharks across the Atlantic. For example, the optimistic ICCAT researchers whom Atkinson cites acknowledge that their conclusions are \"highly uncertain\" because they're based on unproven assumptions and incomplete data. However, studies showing that blue sharks have sharply declined focus on a limited region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So scientists and environmentalists were dumbfounded in early 2012 when the MSC system decided that Canada's swordfish industry can use the label \"Certified Sustainable Seafood.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is absolutely the kind of fishery that should not be certified,\" says Leape of Pew Environment Group. \"That fishery is outrageous.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certifying Canadian swordfish \"is the worst thing they can do, says Fuller, of the Ecology Action Centre. \"That is not at all the way it should go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Program Based On 'Science And Evidence'\u003cbr>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ecology Action Centre and dozens of other environmental groups denounced the MSC. The groups said in a letter to the MSC system that roughly 10 percent of Canada's swordfish are caught with harpoons — a method environmentalists support because there is hardly any bycatch. But the long-line boats that supply most of the swordfish catch a \"staggering\" number of sharks, as the environmentalists put it. \"Certifying [Canada's long-line swordfish boats] compromises the credibility of the MSC,\" the groups warned, \"and the sustainable seafood movement as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes, from the MSC, disagrees. He says the controversy over Canadian swordfish \"illustrates a key feature of the MSC program, which is the fact that the program is premised on science and evidence. That fishery has met the MSC standard.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysts who evaluated the fishery for the MSC system agreed that the swordfish boats do kill large numbers of sharks. They acknowledged that the optimistic studies on sharks that the swordfish industry cites are uncertain, but they concluded that the weight of evidence suggests it is \"highly likely\" there are plenty of blue sharks left in the sea. The analysts also stressed that, by all accounts, other countries kill far more sharks than Canada's swordfishermen do. So, they said, Canada causes only a small part of the bycatch problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are not saying that shark bycatch doesn't matter,\" says Howes. \"What we're saying implicit within the labeling of that fishery is, the shark bycatch of that unique individual certified fishery is safe. It's within ecological limits.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnes, of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, says the controversy over Canadian swordfish illustrates why the booming demand for sustainable seafood actually threatens to hurt the movement more than help it. \"The bottom line is that there are not enough truly sustainable fisheries on the earth to sustain the demand,\" Barnes says. \"The retailers and wholesalers all want access to this kind of label because they're trying to ... make money with their consumers. There's nothing wrong with that; that's how the world works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Barnes charges that the MSC is labeling some fisheries as sustainable — even when they are not — partly to fill the seafood counters at Wal-Mart and other large chains. \"I'm not down on Wal-Mart at all, don't get me wrong,\" he says. \"But to get on line with big chains as your goal leads you down a path that I don't think the originators of the MSC intended.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes could hardly disagree more. \"If you really want to contribute to the transformation of our economic systems more generally, you've got to engage with the big guys. And therefore, I absolutely welcome Wal-Mart's commitment,\" he says. \"That will drive change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howes continues: \"Will that overload the MSC system? No.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argues that there's no way the MSC could label problem fisheries sustainable just to satisfy demand, because, he says, the certifiers evaluate each fishery based only on scientific evidence. But he adds, \"We want to see oceans fished sustainably forever. We're not going to achieve that by becoming a small niche organization that engages with a handful of perfect fisheries.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Researcher Barbara Van Woerkom contributed to this story.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cstrong>Web Resources\u003c/strong>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional studies and information on sustainable fishing and labeling.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msc.org/\">The Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanrep.geomar.de/14215/\">Evaluation And Legal Assessment Of Certified Seafood\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0043765\">Reliable Information on Fish Stock Health to Seafood Consumers\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/viewArticle/1055\">Beyond Duplicity And Ignorance In Global Fisheries\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fni.no/publ/marine.html#msc\">The Emergence and Effectiveness of the Marine Stewardship Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": " Why Russia Is Saying 'Nyet' To U.S. Meat Imports",
"title": " Why Russia Is Saying 'Nyet' To U.S. Meat Imports",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/russia-moscow-meat.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/russia-moscow-meat.jpg\" alt=\"A man buys meat at a butcher's stand in Moscow's Dorogomilovsky market in 2011. On Monday, Russia began blocking U.S. meat imports until those imports are ractopamine-free.\" width=\"624\" height=\"467\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man buys meat at a butcher's stand in Moscow's Dorogomilovsky market in 2011. On Monday, Russia began blocking U.S. meat imports until those imports are ractopamine-free. Photo: Natalia Kolesnikova/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/11/171727161/why-russia-is-saying-nyet-to-u-s-meat-imports\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are, you've never heard of ractopamine. But as of Monday, U.S. meat exports to Russia — worth $500 million dollars a year — have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/02/escalating-trade-dispute-russia-bans-turkey-over-ractopamine-residues/#.URlUSB2-jnI\">suspended\u003c/a>, all because of this obscure chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russian officials say American meat products won't be allowed into their country unless the meat is certified free of ractopamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some U.S. meat producers add ractopamine to the feed that they give to their pigs, cattle or turkeys. Animals who are fed ractopamine convert more of their feed into valuable lean protein, rather than fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traces of the additive can be detected in meat, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration says those small amounts pose no risk to human health. The FDA first approved the additive in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many reports, however, of health problems in animals that were eating ractopamine. Safety officials in the European Union, China and Russia have refused to approve it. (The Food and Environment Reporting Network \u003ca href=\"http://thefern.org/2012/01/dispute-over-drug-in-feed-limiting-u-s-meat-exports/\">published\u003c/a> a thorough report on the controversies last year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies that export meat to the European Union in fact, routinely make sure that their meat is free of ractopamine. But exporters to Russia have not been willing to do this. Even though meat exports to Russia have \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmef.org/downloads/Pork-2002-to-2011.pdf\">grown rapidly\u003c/a> in recent years, U.S. exporters haven't been willing to spend the extra money required to supply it with ractopamine-free products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American officials, for their part, are demanding that Russia end the blockade. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack and Trade Representative Ron Kirk issued a joint \u003ca href=\"http://usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2013/02/0023.xml&navid=NEWS_RELEASE&navtype=RT&parentnav=LATEST_RELEASES&edeployment_action=retrievecontent\">statement\u003c/a> calling on Russia to \"restore market access for U.S. meat and meat products immediately.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American meat, they asserted, \"is produced to the highest safety standards in the world.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some U.S. meat producers add an obscure chemical called ractopamine to the feed that they give to their pigs, cattle or turkeys. But Russian safety officials haven't approved it, and they've stopped U.S. meat imports – worth a half-billion-dollars a year – until those imports are ractopamine-free.",
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"description": "Some U.S. meat producers add an obscure chemical called ractopamine to the feed that they give to their pigs, cattle or turkeys. But Russian safety officials haven't approved it, and they've stopped U.S. meat imports – worth a half-billion-dollars a year – until those imports are ractopamine-free.",
"title": "Why Russia Is Saying 'Nyet' To U.S. Meat Imports | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56677\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/russia-moscow-meat.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/russia-moscow-meat.jpg\" alt=\"A man buys meat at a butcher's stand in Moscow's Dorogomilovsky market in 2011. On Monday, Russia began blocking U.S. meat imports until those imports are ractopamine-free.\" width=\"624\" height=\"467\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man buys meat at a butcher's stand in Moscow's Dorogomilovsky market in 2011. On Monday, Russia began blocking U.S. meat imports until those imports are ractopamine-free. Photo: Natalia Kolesnikova/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/11/171727161/why-russia-is-saying-nyet-to-u-s-meat-imports\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are, you've never heard of ractopamine. But as of Monday, U.S. meat exports to Russia — worth $500 million dollars a year — have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/02/escalating-trade-dispute-russia-bans-turkey-over-ractopamine-residues/#.URlUSB2-jnI\">suspended\u003c/a>, all because of this obscure chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Russian officials say American meat products won't be allowed into their country unless the meat is certified free of ractopamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some U.S. meat producers add ractopamine to the feed that they give to their pigs, cattle or turkeys. Animals who are fed ractopamine convert more of their feed into valuable lean protein, rather than fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traces of the additive can be detected in meat, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration says those small amounts pose no risk to human health. The FDA first approved the additive in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been many reports, however, of health problems in animals that were eating ractopamine. Safety officials in the European Union, China and Russia have refused to approve it. (The Food and Environment Reporting Network \u003ca href=\"http://thefern.org/2012/01/dispute-over-drug-in-feed-limiting-u-s-meat-exports/\">published\u003c/a> a thorough report on the controversies last year.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies that export meat to the European Union in fact, routinely make sure that their meat is free of ractopamine. But exporters to Russia have not been willing to do this. Even though meat exports to Russia have \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmef.org/downloads/Pork-2002-to-2011.pdf\">grown rapidly\u003c/a> in recent years, U.S. exporters haven't been willing to spend the extra money required to supply it with ractopamine-free products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American officials, for their part, are demanding that Russia end the blockade. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack and Trade Representative Ron Kirk issued a joint \u003ca href=\"http://usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2013/02/0023.xml&navid=NEWS_RELEASE&navtype=RT&parentnav=LATEST_RELEASES&edeployment_action=retrievecontent\">statement\u003c/a> calling on Russia to \"restore market access for U.S. meat and meat products immediately.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American meat, they asserted, \"is produced to the highest safety standards in the world.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Small Farmers Aren't Cashing In With Wal-Mart",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55938\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swanson_walmart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swanson_walmart.jpg\" alt=\"Wal-Mart claims that 11 percent of the produce in its stores now comes from local farms.\" width=\"624\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55938\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wal-Mart claims that 11 percent of the produce in its stores now comes from local farms.\u003cbr>Photo: Abbie Fentress Swanson/Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kbia.org/people/abbie-fentress-swanson\">Abbie Fentress Swanson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/04/171051906/can-small-farms-benefit-from-wal-mart-s-push-into-local-foods\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (1/4/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Wal-Mart calls, Herman Farris always finds whatever the retailer wants, even if it's yucca root in the dead of winter. Farris is a produce broker in Columbia, Mo., who has been buying for Wal-Mart from auctions and farms since the company began carrying fruits and vegetables in the early 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the summer and fall, nearly everything Farris delivers is grown in Missouri. That's Wal-Mart's definition of \"local\" — produce grown and sold in the same state. In winter, it's a bit tougher to source locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, Wal-Mart pledged to double its local produce sales from 4 to 9 percent by 2015, as part of a new sustainability program and a commitment to support small businesses. While the chain has exceeded that goal – it says 11 percent of its produce sold nationwide comes from local farms — there's little evidence of small farmers benefiting, at least in the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic vegetable grower Jim Thomas, who grows organic vegetables and sells them at the Columbia farmers market, doesn't know anyone who has sold successfully to Wal-Mart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They tend to try to force people into lower prices than feasible,\" he says. \"My only concern is that they're willing to pay the price to get the quality that they get from local produce.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart says they try to be as price competitive as possible, and that their local buyers draw up contracts with farmers a year out, laying out fixed prices for set amounts of crops. Ron McCormick, senior director of sustainable agriculture for Wal-Mart's U.S. division, says that the number of small farms supplying the company has grown since 2010. But there are challenges – like keeping track of growers, uncertainty about small farms delivering during bad-weather years, and the high costs of strict food safety audits, which are required to supply Wal-Mart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are ways to help the farmer with those costs ... but it's a matter of doing that 100 times over if you're working with small farmers,\" McCormick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/herman-farris-walmart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/herman-farris-walmart-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Produce broker Herman Farris, outside a Wal-Mart in Columbia, Mo., was heading to St. Louis to pick up a shipment of bananas for Wal-Mart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-55939\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Produce broker Herman Farris, outside a Wal-Mart in Columbia, Mo., was heading to St. Louis to pick up a shipment of bananas for Wal-Mart. Photo: Abbie Fentress Swanson/Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart claims its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ag.senate.gov/hearings/healthy-food-initiatives-local-production-and-nutrition\">emphasis on local\u003c/a> has saved customers over $1 billion while helping farmers. But Wyatt Fraas, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfra.org/\">Center for Rural Affairs\u003c/a> in Lyon, Neb., would like to see those benefits and cost savings broken down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, there's so little definition and transparency about how that happens that we don't really know if that happens or how that happens,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the eight farms highlighted on Wal-Mart's \u003ca href=\"http://instoresnow.walmart.com/food-center-locally-grown-farmers-market.aspx\">locally grown web site\u003c/a>, five are very large farms by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's definition, with annual sales in the millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there's the question of volume. The University of Missouri Extension's \u003ca href=\"http://extension.missouri.edu/directory/people.aspx?C=1837\">Jennifer Schutter\u003c/a>, who helps farmers sell produce to retailers, says many small farmers in Missouri simply can't grow enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They only have produce for four months out of the year,\" she says. \"Wal-Mart wants produce consistently from the same distributor pretty much all year long.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few small operations in the Midwest have had success working with Wal-Mart, including Divine Gardens, a tomato grower in western Kansas, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.missouriveg.com/\">Missouri Vegetable Farm,\u003c/a> a 200-acre farm 70 miles south of St. Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri Vegetable Farm was created in 2010 specifically to supply Wal-Mart by the Proffer family, which also owns Proffer Wholesale Produce. Proffer Produce has been a middleman for Wal-Mart since the 1990s, and delivers produce to distribution centers in 13 states. Overall, the company has sales of nearly $60 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its shipping facility, as workers in hairnets separated green peppers by quality, size and weight, food safety director Jason Landers said farms, regardless of their size, must adapt their business models to compete in the growing local foods market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If they want to continue to succeed, they have to modify their operations,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.iatp.org/about/staff/ladonna-redmond\">LaDonna Redmond\u003c/a>, a senior policy associate with the Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy in Minneapolis, says it's a slippery slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the question: Will it actually benefit [farmers], or will the situation turn out to be one where the benefit really is transferred to Wal-Mart?\" Redmond says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that until Wal-Mart builds the cost of producing local food into its prices, few small farms will truly benefit from the retailer's push to source more local food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Abbie Fentress Swanson reports from Missouri for Harvest Public Media, an agriculture-reporting project involving nine NPR member stations in the Midwest. For more stories about farm and food, check out\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The world's largest retailer says its investing in one of the fastest growing segments of American agriculture: local food. But small farmers say they aren't necessarily seeing the benefits.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55938\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swanson_walmart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/swanson_walmart.jpg\" alt=\"Wal-Mart claims that 11 percent of the produce in its stores now comes from local farms.\" width=\"624\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55938\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wal-Mart claims that 11 percent of the produce in its stores now comes from local farms.\u003cbr>Photo: Abbie Fentress Swanson/Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kbia.org/people/abbie-fentress-swanson\">Abbie Fentress Swanson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/04/171051906/can-small-farms-benefit-from-wal-mart-s-push-into-local-foods\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (1/4/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Wal-Mart calls, Herman Farris always finds whatever the retailer wants, even if it's yucca root in the dead of winter. Farris is a produce broker in Columbia, Mo., who has been buying for Wal-Mart from auctions and farms since the company began carrying fruits and vegetables in the early 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the summer and fall, nearly everything Farris delivers is grown in Missouri. That's Wal-Mart's definition of \"local\" — produce grown and sold in the same state. In winter, it's a bit tougher to source locally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, Wal-Mart pledged to double its local produce sales from 4 to 9 percent by 2015, as part of a new sustainability program and a commitment to support small businesses. While the chain has exceeded that goal – it says 11 percent of its produce sold nationwide comes from local farms — there's little evidence of small farmers benefiting, at least in the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic vegetable grower Jim Thomas, who grows organic vegetables and sells them at the Columbia farmers market, doesn't know anyone who has sold successfully to Wal-Mart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They tend to try to force people into lower prices than feasible,\" he says. \"My only concern is that they're willing to pay the price to get the quality that they get from local produce.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart says they try to be as price competitive as possible, and that their local buyers draw up contracts with farmers a year out, laying out fixed prices for set amounts of crops. Ron McCormick, senior director of sustainable agriculture for Wal-Mart's U.S. division, says that the number of small farms supplying the company has grown since 2010. But there are challenges – like keeping track of growers, uncertainty about small farms delivering during bad-weather years, and the high costs of strict food safety audits, which are required to supply Wal-Mart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are ways to help the farmer with those costs ... but it's a matter of doing that 100 times over if you're working with small farmers,\" McCormick said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/herman-farris-walmart.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/02/herman-farris-walmart-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Produce broker Herman Farris, outside a Wal-Mart in Columbia, Mo., was heading to St. Louis to pick up a shipment of bananas for Wal-Mart.\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-55939\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Produce broker Herman Farris, outside a Wal-Mart in Columbia, Mo., was heading to St. Louis to pick up a shipment of bananas for Wal-Mart. Photo: Abbie Fentress Swanson/Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wal-Mart claims its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ag.senate.gov/hearings/healthy-food-initiatives-local-production-and-nutrition\">emphasis on local\u003c/a> has saved customers over $1 billion while helping farmers. But Wyatt Fraas, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfra.org/\">Center for Rural Affairs\u003c/a> in Lyon, Neb., would like to see those benefits and cost savings broken down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, there's so little definition and transparency about how that happens that we don't really know if that happens or how that happens,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the eight farms highlighted on Wal-Mart's \u003ca href=\"http://instoresnow.walmart.com/food-center-locally-grown-farmers-market.aspx\">locally grown web site\u003c/a>, five are very large farms by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's definition, with annual sales in the millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there's the question of volume. The University of Missouri Extension's \u003ca href=\"http://extension.missouri.edu/directory/people.aspx?C=1837\">Jennifer Schutter\u003c/a>, who helps farmers sell produce to retailers, says many small farmers in Missouri simply can't grow enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They only have produce for four months out of the year,\" she says. \"Wal-Mart wants produce consistently from the same distributor pretty much all year long.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few small operations in the Midwest have had success working with Wal-Mart, including Divine Gardens, a tomato grower in western Kansas, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.missouriveg.com/\">Missouri Vegetable Farm,\u003c/a> a 200-acre farm 70 miles south of St. Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri Vegetable Farm was created in 2010 specifically to supply Wal-Mart by the Proffer family, which also owns Proffer Wholesale Produce. Proffer Produce has been a middleman for Wal-Mart since the 1990s, and delivers produce to distribution centers in 13 states. Overall, the company has sales of nearly $60 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its shipping facility, as workers in hairnets separated green peppers by quality, size and weight, food safety director Jason Landers said farms, regardless of their size, must adapt their business models to compete in the growing local foods market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If they want to continue to succeed, they have to modify their operations,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.iatp.org/about/staff/ladonna-redmond\">LaDonna Redmond\u003c/a>, a senior policy associate with the Institute of Agriculture and Trade Policy in Minneapolis, says it's a slippery slope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the question: Will it actually benefit [farmers], or will the situation turn out to be one where the benefit really is transferred to Wal-Mart?\" Redmond says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that until Wal-Mart builds the cost of producing local food into its prices, few small farms will truly benefit from the retailer's push to source more local food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Abbie Fentress Swanson reports from Missouri for Harvest Public Media, an agriculture-reporting project involving nine NPR member stations in the Midwest. For more stories about farm and food, check out\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nCopyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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