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"disqusTitle": "American Farmers Say They Feed The World, But Do They?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70369\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 624px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/cornfield.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/cornfield.jpg\" alt=\"A corn field is shrouded in mist at sunrise in rural Springfield, Neb. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\" width=\"624\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-70369\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A corn field is shrouded in mist at sunrise in rural Springfield, Neb. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/17/221376803/american-farmers-say-they-feed-the-world-but-do-they\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/09/20130917_me_09.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/17/221376803/american-farmers-say-they-feed-the-world-but-do-they\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/17/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When critics of industrial agriculture complain that today's food production is too big and too dependent on pesticides, that it damages the environment and delivers mediocre food, there's a line that farmers offer in response: We're feeding the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's high-tech agriculture's claim to the moral high ground. Farmers say they farm the way they do to produce food as efficiently as possible to feed the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodintegrity.org/about-us/leadership\">Charlie Arnot\u003c/a>, a former public relations executive for food and farming companies, now CEO of the Center for Food Integrity, says it's more than just a debating point. \"U.S. farmers have a tremendous sense of pride in the fact that they've been able to help feed the world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That phrase showed up, for instance, a few weeks ago, at a big farm convention in Decatur, Ill. The seed and chemical company DuPont set up a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=1\">wall\u003c/a> with a question printed at the top in big capital letters: \"How are you making a difference to feed the world?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company invited people to answer that question, and thousands of them did. They wrote things like \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626854237355182&set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=3&theater\">raising cattle\u003c/a>,\" \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626854367355169&set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=3&theater\">growing corn and beans\u003c/a>,\" \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626854367355169&set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=3&theater\">plant as much as possible\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXcVYp88-1Q\">Kip Tom\u003c/a>, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.tomfarms.com/\">grows\u003c/a> corn and soybeans on thousands of acres of Indiana farmland, says he's very aware of the fact that the world has more and more people, demanding more food. Yet there are fewer and fewer farmers, \"and it's the duty of those of us who are left in the business, us family farmers, to help feed that world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means growing more food per acre, he says, which requires new and better technology: genetically engineered seed, for instance, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/07/09/as-biotech-seed-falters-insecticide-use-surges-in-corn-belt/\">pesticides\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is why the words \"feed the world\" grate on the nerves of people who believe that large-scale, technology-driven agriculture is bad for the environment and often bad for people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margaret Mellon, a scientist with the environmental advocacy group Union of Concerned Scientists, recently wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/lets-drop-feed-the-world-a-plea-to-move-beyond-an-unhelpful-phrase-229\">essay\u003c/a> in which she confessed to developing an allergy to that phrase. \"If there's a controversy, the show-stopper is supposed to be, 'We have to use pesticides, or we won't be able to feed the world!'\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mellon says it's time to set that idea aside. It doesn't answer the concerns that people have about modern agriculture — and it's not even true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American-style farming doesn't really grow food for hungry people, she says. Forty percent of the biggest crop — corn — goes into fuel for cars. Most of the second-biggest crop — soybeans — is fed to animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing more grain isn't the solution to hunger anyway, she says. If you're really trying to solve that problem, there's a long list of other steps that are much more important. \"We need to empower women; we need to raise incomes; we need infrastructure in the developing world; we need the ability to get food to market without spoiling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seemed that this dispute needed a referee. So I called \u003ca href=\"http://dyson.cornell.edu/faculty_sites/cbb2/\">Christopher Barrett\u003c/a>, an economist at Cornell University who studies international agriculture and poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're both right,\" he said, chuckling. \"Sometimes the opposite of a truth isn't a falsehood, but another truth, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true, he says, that bigger harvests in the U.S. tend to make food more affordable around the world, and \"lower food prices are a good thing for poor people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Chinese pigs are growing fat on cheap soybean meal grown by farmers in the U.S. and Brazil, and that's one reason why hundreds of millions of people in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/12/30/144426549/in-china-finding-a-new-way-to-eat-in-times-of-plenty\">are eating much better\u003c/a> than a generation ago. They can afford to buy pork. So American farmers who grow soybeans are justified in saying that they help feed the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Margaret Mellon is right, too, Barrett says. The big crops that American farmers send abroad don't provide the vitamins and minerals that billions of people need most. So if the U.S. exports lots of corn, driving down the cost of corn meal, \"it induces poor families to buy lots of corn meal, and to buy less in the way of leafy green vegetables, or milk,\" that have the key nutrients. In this case, you're feeding the world, but not solving the nutrition problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnot, from the Center for Food Integrity, recently did a survey, asking consumers whether they think the U.S. even has a responsibility to provide food to the rest of the world. Only 13 percent of these consumers strongly agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In focus groups, many people said that if feeding the world means more industrial-scale farming, they're not comfortable with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a message farmers like to hear. \"It is a real sense of frustration for farmers that 'feeding the world' is no longer a message that resonates with the American public,\" Arnot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tells farm groups that they'll have to find another message. They'll need to show that the way they grow food is consistent with the values of American consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/17/221376803/american-farmers-say-they-feed-the-world-but-do-they\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/17/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When critics of industrial agriculture complain that today's food production is too big and too dependent on pesticides, that it damages the environment and delivers mediocre food, there's a line that farmers offer in response: We're feeding the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's high-tech agriculture's claim to the moral high ground. Farmers say they farm the way they do to produce food as efficiently as possible to feed the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.foodintegrity.org/about-us/leadership\">Charlie Arnot\u003c/a>, a former public relations executive for food and farming companies, now CEO of the Center for Food Integrity, says it's more than just a debating point. \"U.S. farmers have a tremendous sense of pride in the fact that they've been able to help feed the world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That phrase showed up, for instance, a few weeks ago, at a big farm convention in Decatur, Ill. The seed and chemical company DuPont set up a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=1\">wall\u003c/a> with a question printed at the top in big capital letters: \"How are you making a difference to feed the world?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company invited people to answer that question, and thousands of them did. They wrote things like \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626854237355182&set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=3&theater\">raising cattle\u003c/a>,\" \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626854367355169&set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=3&theater\">growing corn and beans\u003c/a>,\" \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=626854367355169&set=a.626853994021873.1073741836.138324096208201&type=3&theater\">plant as much as possible\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXcVYp88-1Q\">Kip Tom\u003c/a>, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.tomfarms.com/\">grows\u003c/a> corn and soybeans on thousands of acres of Indiana farmland, says he's very aware of the fact that the world has more and more people, demanding more food. Yet there are fewer and fewer farmers, \"and it's the duty of those of us who are left in the business, us family farmers, to help feed that world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means growing more food per acre, he says, which requires new and better technology: genetically engineered seed, for instance, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/07/09/as-biotech-seed-falters-insecticide-use-surges-in-corn-belt/\">pesticides\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is why the words \"feed the world\" grate on the nerves of people who believe that large-scale, technology-driven agriculture is bad for the environment and often bad for people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Margaret Mellon, a scientist with the environmental advocacy group Union of Concerned Scientists, recently wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/lets-drop-feed-the-world-a-plea-to-move-beyond-an-unhelpful-phrase-229\">essay\u003c/a> in which she confessed to developing an allergy to that phrase. \"If there's a controversy, the show-stopper is supposed to be, 'We have to use pesticides, or we won't be able to feed the world!'\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mellon says it's time to set that idea aside. It doesn't answer the concerns that people have about modern agriculture — and it's not even true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>American-style farming doesn't really grow food for hungry people, she says. Forty percent of the biggest crop — corn — goes into fuel for cars. Most of the second-biggest crop — soybeans — is fed to animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing more grain isn't the solution to hunger anyway, she says. If you're really trying to solve that problem, there's a long list of other steps that are much more important. \"We need to empower women; we need to raise incomes; we need infrastructure in the developing world; we need the ability to get food to market without spoiling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seemed that this dispute needed a referee. So I called \u003ca href=\"http://dyson.cornell.edu/faculty_sites/cbb2/\">Christopher Barrett\u003c/a>, an economist at Cornell University who studies international agriculture and poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're both right,\" he said, chuckling. \"Sometimes the opposite of a truth isn't a falsehood, but another truth, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true, he says, that bigger harvests in the U.S. tend to make food more affordable around the world, and \"lower food prices are a good thing for poor people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, Chinese pigs are growing fat on cheap soybean meal grown by farmers in the U.S. and Brazil, and that's one reason why hundreds of millions of people in China \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/12/30/144426549/in-china-finding-a-new-way-to-eat-in-times-of-plenty\">are eating much better\u003c/a> than a generation ago. They can afford to buy pork. So American farmers who grow soybeans are justified in saying that they help feed the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Margaret Mellon is right, too, Barrett says. The big crops that American farmers send abroad don't provide the vitamins and minerals that billions of people need most. So if the U.S. exports lots of corn, driving down the cost of corn meal, \"it induces poor families to buy lots of corn meal, and to buy less in the way of leafy green vegetables, or milk,\" that have the key nutrients. In this case, you're feeding the world, but not solving the nutrition problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arnot, from the Center for Food Integrity, recently did a survey, asking consumers whether they think the U.S. even has a responsibility to provide food to the rest of the world. Only 13 percent of these consumers strongly agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In focus groups, many people said that if feeding the world means more industrial-scale farming, they're not comfortable with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is not a message farmers like to hear. \"It is a real sense of frustration for farmers that 'feeding the world' is no longer a message that resonates with the American public,\" Arnot says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He tells farm groups that they'll have to find another message. They'll need to show that the way they grow food is consistent with the values of American consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/antibioticspigs2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/antibioticspigs2.jpg\" alt=\"These pigs in Iowa, newly weaned from their mothers, get antibiotics in their water to ward off bacterial infection. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-70290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pigs in Iowa, newly weaned from their mothers, get antibiotics in their water to ward off bacterial infection. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/16/223109560/cdc-deadliest-drug-resistance-comes-from-hospitals-not-farms\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/16/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at The Salt, we've been following the controversies that surround antibiotic use on the farm. Farmers give these drugs to chickens, swine and beef cattle, either to keep the animals healthy or to make them grow faster. Critics \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/07/11/are-antibiotics-on-the-farm-risky-business/\">say\u003c/a> it's contributing to an epidemic of drug-resistant bacteria not just on the farm, but among people, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/\">report\u003c/a> on that epidemic. For the first time, the agency came up with a ranking of the threats posed by different drug-resistance microbes, listing them as \"urgent,\" \"serious,\" and \"concerning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where in this ranking did farm-related antibiotic resistance fall? Not at the top, certainly. According to the CDC, the most urgent threats are posed by antibiotic-resistant infections that have emerged in hospitals, as a result of heavy antibiotic use there. These include infections with \u003cem>Klebsiella\u003c/em> and \u003cem>E.coli\u003c/em> bacteria that are resistant to every known antibiotic, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/10/158464908/gonorrhea-evades-antibiotics-leaving-only-one-drug-to-treat-disease\">drug-resistant gonorrhea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, the most acute problem is in hospitals,\" said Tom Frieden, the CDC's director, in a conference call with reporters. \"The most resistant organisms in hospitals are emerging in those settings because of poor anti-microbial stewardship among humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That having been said,\" he continued, \"any widespread use of antimicrobials increases the risk\" that resistance to those drugs will spread. The report lists in its \"serious threat\" category several kinds of bacteria — notably salmonella and \u003cem>Campylobacter\u003c/em> — that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/04/17/177601237/in-meat-tests-more-evidence-of-human-illness-tied-to-farm-antibiotics\">have become resistant\u003c/a> to drugs that are widely used on the farm, as well as in hospitals. And the report includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf#page=14\">graphic\u003c/a> that clearly connects antibiotic use on animals drug-resistant infections in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of antibiotic use on the farm had mixed reactions to the report. The Center for Science in the Public Interest sounded disappointed, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cspinet.org/new/201309161.html\">saying\u003c/a> that the CDC \"missed an opportunity\" to issue clear recommendations on reducing reduce antibiotic use in animal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other groups — the Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming and the \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ccordova/where_superbugs_come_from_cdc.html\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> — praised the report for clearly stating that drug use on the farm adds to the problem of antibiotic resistance, even if it may not be the most important cause of that problem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/antibioticspigs2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/09/antibioticspigs2.jpg\" alt=\"These pigs in Iowa, newly weaned from their mothers, get antibiotics in their water to ward off bacterial infection. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-70290\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These pigs in Iowa, newly weaned from their mothers, get antibiotics in their water to ward off bacterial infection. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/09/16/223109560/cdc-deadliest-drug-resistance-comes-from-hospitals-not-farms\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/16/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at The Salt, we've been following the controversies that surround antibiotic use on the farm. Farmers give these drugs to chickens, swine and beef cattle, either to keep the animals healthy or to make them grow faster. Critics \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/07/11/are-antibiotics-on-the-farm-risky-business/\">say\u003c/a> it's contributing to an epidemic of drug-resistant bacteria not just on the farm, but among people, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/\">report\u003c/a> on that epidemic. For the first time, the agency came up with a ranking of the threats posed by different drug-resistance microbes, listing them as \"urgent,\" \"serious,\" and \"concerning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where in this ranking did farm-related antibiotic resistance fall? Not at the top, certainly. According to the CDC, the most urgent threats are posed by antibiotic-resistant infections that have emerged in hospitals, as a result of heavy antibiotic use there. These include infections with \u003cem>Klebsiella\u003c/em> and \u003cem>E.coli\u003c/em> bacteria that are resistant to every known antibiotic, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/10/158464908/gonorrhea-evades-antibiotics-leaving-only-one-drug-to-treat-disease\">drug-resistant gonorrhea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Right now, the most acute problem is in hospitals,\" said Tom Frieden, the CDC's director, in a conference call with reporters. \"The most resistant organisms in hospitals are emerging in those settings because of poor anti-microbial stewardship among humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That having been said,\" he continued, \"any widespread use of antimicrobials increases the risk\" that resistance to those drugs will spread. The report lists in its \"serious threat\" category several kinds of bacteria — notably salmonella and \u003cem>Campylobacter\u003c/em> — that \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/04/17/177601237/in-meat-tests-more-evidence-of-human-illness-tied-to-farm-antibiotics\">have become resistant\u003c/a> to drugs that are widely used on the farm, as well as in hospitals. And the report includes a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf#page=14\">graphic\u003c/a> that clearly connects antibiotic use on animals drug-resistant infections in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of antibiotic use on the farm had mixed reactions to the report. The Center for Science in the Public Interest sounded disappointed, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cspinet.org/new/201309161.html\">saying\u003c/a> that the CDC \"missed an opportunity\" to issue clear recommendations on reducing reduce antibiotic use in animal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other groups — the Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming and the \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/ccordova/where_superbugs_come_from_cdc.html\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> — praised the report for clearly stating that drug use on the farm adds to the problem of antibiotic resistance, even if it may not be the most important cause of that problem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Antibiotic Use On The Farm: Are We Flying Blind?",
"title": "Antibiotic Use On The Farm: Are We Flying Blind?",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69139\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/pig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/pig.jpg\" alt=\"Piglets in a pen on a hog farm in Frankenstein, Mo. Photo: Jeff Roberson/AP\" width=\"1120\" height=\"628\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69139\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piglets in a pen on a hog farm in Frankenstein, Mo. Photo: Jeff Roberson/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/29/216874940/with-no-data-on-antibiotic-use-on-the-farm-are-we-flying-blind\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/29/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a heated \u003ca href=\"http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/news/newsletter_33_3555326098.pdf\">debate\u003c/a> over the use of antibiotics in farm animals. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewhealth.org/topics/food-safety-327507/antibiotics-in-food-animal-production-327987\">Critics\u003c/a> say farmers overuse these drugs; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nppc.org/issues/animal-health-safety/antimicrobials-antibiotics/\">farmers\u003c/a> say they don't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to resolve the argument, in part because no one knows exactly how farmers use antibiotics. There's no reliable data on how much antibiotic use is intended to make animals grow faster, for instance, compared to treating disease. Many public health experts say the government should collect and publish that information because antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an increasingly urgent problem. But many farm groups are opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.med.umn.edu/idim/faculty/vamc/johnson/\">James Johnson\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and infectious disease at the University of Minnesota, is among those pushing for better data. He faces the problem of drug-resistant bacteria firsthand. When he prescribes antibiotics to patients, he increasingly has to ask himself, \"Will this drug even work?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Resistance is turning up everywhere, and increasingly involves our first-line, favorite drugs,\" he says. \"Everyone knows that we're in a real crisis situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no easy way out of the crisis because antibiotics are so valuable. Everybody wants to use them. Yet the more they're used, the more likely it is that bacteria will become resistant to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson preaches restraint, using the drugs only when they're clearly necessary. He also says that we need to know much more about how antibiotics are currently being used. \"Otherwise, we're sort of flying blind,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Are we flying blind right now? Or do we have the information we need?\" I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not at all. I think we're mostly flying blind, at least in the U.S.,\" Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no comprehensive source of data on how doctors prescribe antibiotics to people, and there's even less information about drugs that are given to chickens, turkeys, hogs and cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a big blind spot because antibiotics are commonly used on the farm to treat disease, to prevent disease and to help animals grow faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stream of antibiotics does create drug-resistant bacteria. And people can be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/07/11/are-antibiotics-on-the-farm-risky-business/\">exposed\u003c/a> to those bacteria through a variety of pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's set off a fierce debate over how much this contributes to the overall problem of drug-resistant infections. \u003ca href=\"http://www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/dmp/personnel/faculty/scott.htm\">Morgan Scott\u003c/a>, a researcher in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Kansas State University, is trying to arrive at an answer. \"As a researcher, it's a very intriguing area,\" he says. \"But it's also frustrating because the data are really not there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only solid \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/ucm236149.htm\">numbers\u003c/a> on antibiotic use on the farm come from the Food and Drug Administration. Every year, the FDA lists the total quantity of antibiotics sold for use in farm animals, divided up by major drug class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Scott says those overall totals don't tell him what he'd like to know. \"At the moment, we really can't identify whether certain uses of antibiotics are more or less risky than others,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'd love to know the patterns of antibiotic use — which drugs are used on each kind of animal, for what purpose, nationwide. If scientists tracked this over many years, they might be able to see which patterns of use create more drug-resistant bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a country that does collect this information. Denmark has led the world in \u003ca href=\"http://www.danmap.org/\">efforts\u003c/a> to control antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. Every year it publishes a big \u003ca href=\"http://www.danmap.org/Downloads/Reports.aspx\">volume\u003c/a> of numbers — and Scott can't get enough of them. \"Diving into these data, and visiting Denmark, is kind of like Disneyland for those of us who like big data,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of people who want something similar for farms in the United States. They include public health experts, but also activist groups like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/industrial-agriculture/prescription-for-trouble.html\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>. Congress is considering a \u003ca href=\"http://waxman.house.gov/reps-waxman-and-slaughter-introduce-legislation-better-monitor-antibiotic-use-animals\">bill\u003c/a> that would force the FDA to collect this data and publish it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But pharmaceutical companies and agricultural groups don't like that idea. They don't believe antibiotic use in animals is causing much of a problem for human health. They also don't think that detailed national statistics would even be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The amount of antibiotic used does not correlate to the potential public health threat,\" says Ron Phillips, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ahi.org/\">Animal Health Institute\u003c/a>, which represents companies that sell veterinary drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Phillips, if you really want to figure out which agricultural practices produce drug-resistant bacteria, you should study them up-close. Look at a few individual farms, examining what drugs are used and how bacteria adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't create a national data collection system, he says. It would be a waste of money, and the numbers would just be misused by advocacy groups that are campaigning to restrict the use of antibiotics by farmers. \"The widespread quotes that you see about how much is used in animal medicine, as opposed to human medicine — those are meant to scare people, not to inform people,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One the other hand, Scott thinks better numbers could actually mean less suspicion and fear. Many people want to know exactly what meat producers are doing, he says. When they can't find the information they want, they're inclined to assume the worst. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69139\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/pig.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/pig.jpg\" alt=\"Piglets in a pen on a hog farm in Frankenstein, Mo. Photo: Jeff Roberson/AP\" width=\"1120\" height=\"628\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69139\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piglets in a pen on a hog farm in Frankenstein, Mo. Photo: Jeff Roberson/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/29/216874940/with-no-data-on-antibiotic-use-on-the-farm-are-we-flying-blind\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/29/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a heated \u003ca href=\"http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/news/newsletter_33_3555326098.pdf\">debate\u003c/a> over the use of antibiotics in farm animals. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewhealth.org/topics/food-safety-327507/antibiotics-in-food-animal-production-327987\">Critics\u003c/a> say farmers overuse these drugs; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nppc.org/issues/animal-health-safety/antimicrobials-antibiotics/\">farmers\u003c/a> say they don't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's hard to resolve the argument, in part because no one knows exactly how farmers use antibiotics. There's no reliable data on how much antibiotic use is intended to make animals grow faster, for instance, compared to treating disease. Many public health experts say the government should collect and publish that information because antibiotic-resistant bacteria are an increasingly urgent problem. But many farm groups are opposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.med.umn.edu/idim/faculty/vamc/johnson/\">James Johnson\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine and infectious disease at the University of Minnesota, is among those pushing for better data. He faces the problem of drug-resistant bacteria firsthand. When he prescribes antibiotics to patients, he increasingly has to ask himself, \"Will this drug even work?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Resistance is turning up everywhere, and increasingly involves our first-line, favorite drugs,\" he says. \"Everyone knows that we're in a real crisis situation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no easy way out of the crisis because antibiotics are so valuable. Everybody wants to use them. Yet the more they're used, the more likely it is that bacteria will become resistant to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson preaches restraint, using the drugs only when they're clearly necessary. He also says that we need to know much more about how antibiotics are currently being used. \"Otherwise, we're sort of flying blind,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Are we flying blind right now? Or do we have the information we need?\" I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not at all. I think we're mostly flying blind, at least in the U.S.,\" Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no comprehensive source of data on how doctors prescribe antibiotics to people, and there's even less information about drugs that are given to chickens, turkeys, hogs and cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a big blind spot because antibiotics are commonly used on the farm to treat disease, to prevent disease and to help animals grow faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This stream of antibiotics does create drug-resistant bacteria. And people can be \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/07/11/are-antibiotics-on-the-farm-risky-business/\">exposed\u003c/a> to those bacteria through a variety of pathways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's set off a fierce debate over how much this contributes to the overall problem of drug-resistant infections. \u003ca href=\"http://www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/dmp/personnel/faculty/scott.htm\">Morgan Scott\u003c/a>, a researcher in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Kansas State University, is trying to arrive at an answer. \"As a researcher, it's a very intriguing area,\" he says. \"But it's also frustrating because the data are really not there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only solid \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/ucm236149.htm\">numbers\u003c/a> on antibiotic use on the farm come from the Food and Drug Administration. Every year, the FDA lists the total quantity of antibiotics sold for use in farm animals, divided up by major drug class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Scott says those overall totals don't tell him what he'd like to know. \"At the moment, we really can't identify whether certain uses of antibiotics are more or less risky than others,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'd love to know the patterns of antibiotic use — which drugs are used on each kind of animal, for what purpose, nationwide. If scientists tracked this over many years, they might be able to see which patterns of use create more drug-resistant bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a country that does collect this information. Denmark has led the world in \u003ca href=\"http://www.danmap.org/\">efforts\u003c/a> to control antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. Every year it publishes a big \u003ca href=\"http://www.danmap.org/Downloads/Reports.aspx\">volume\u003c/a> of numbers — and Scott can't get enough of them. \"Diving into these data, and visiting Denmark, is kind of like Disneyland for those of us who like big data,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of people who want something similar for farms in the United States. They include public health experts, but also activist groups like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/industrial-agriculture/prescription-for-trouble.html\">Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/a>. Congress is considering a \u003ca href=\"http://waxman.house.gov/reps-waxman-and-slaughter-introduce-legislation-better-monitor-antibiotic-use-animals\">bill\u003c/a> that would force the FDA to collect this data and publish it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But pharmaceutical companies and agricultural groups don't like that idea. They don't believe antibiotic use in animals is causing much of a problem for human health. They also don't think that detailed national statistics would even be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The amount of antibiotic used does not correlate to the potential public health threat,\" says Ron Phillips, a spokesman for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ahi.org/\">Animal Health Institute\u003c/a>, which represents companies that sell veterinary drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Phillips, if you really want to figure out which agricultural practices produce drug-resistant bacteria, you should study them up-close. Look at a few individual farms, examining what drugs are used and how bacteria adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't create a national data collection system, he says. It would be a waste of money, and the numbers would just be misused by advocacy groups that are campaigning to restrict the use of antibiotics by farmers. \"The widespread quotes that you see about how much is used in animal medicine, as opposed to human medicine — those are meant to scare people, not to inform people,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One the other hand, Scott thinks better numbers could actually mean less suspicion and fear. Many people want to know exactly what meat producers are doing, he says. When they can't find the information they want, they're inclined to assume the worst. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "To Grow Sweeter Produce, California Farmers Turn Off The Water",
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"content": "\u003cp>Post by Alastair Bland, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/23/214884366/to-grow-sweeter-produce-california-farmers-turn-off-the-water\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/happyboy-tomato.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/happyboy-tomato.jpg\" alt=\"At Happy Boy Farms near Santa Cruz, Calif., Early Girl tomatoes are grown using dry farming methods. The tomatoes have become increasingly popular with chefs and wholesalers. Photo: Courtesy Jen Lynne/Happy Boy Farms\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69003\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Happy Boy Farms near Santa Cruz, Calif., Early Girl tomatoes are grown using dry farming methods. The tomatoes have become increasingly popular with chefs and wholesalers. Photo: Courtesy Jen Lynne/Happy Boy Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A week without water can easily kill the average person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a garden that goes unwatered for months may produce sweeter, more flavorful fruits than anything available in most mainstream supermarkets--even in the scorching heat of a California summer. Commercial growers call it \"dry farming,\" and throughout the state, this unconventional technique seems to be catching on among small producers of tomatoes, apples, grapes, melons, and potatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.happyboyfarms.com/\">Happy Boy Farms\u003c/a>, near Santa Cruz, sales director Jen Lynne believes dry farming could be an important agricultural practice in the future, when water will likely be a less abundant resource.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the taste of her dry-farmed Early Girl tomatoes is the main reason chefs, wholesalers and individuals around the country are increasingly calling to place orders. She notes that many calls come from places where rains falls through the summer, making dry farming impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you taste a dry-farmed tomato, you'll never want anything else,\" she says, adding that she could be selling hundreds of 14-pound cases per day if her 10-acre tomato field could meet the demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Whole Foods Market in Sebastopol, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, dry-farmed tomatoes have become a shopper attraction, according to produce buyer Allan Timpe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People definitely come here to get them,\" he says. \"Once someone tastes a dry-farmed tomato, you've got a customer for life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timpe also carries locally grown, dry-farmed potatoes, which he says \"are dense and really flavorful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind dry farming is that by restricting a plant's water intake, its fruits wind up with less water content and a greater density of sugar and other flavor compounds. But the practice isn't as simple as just cutting off the water.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>First, dry farming in sandy soil, through which water drains easily, doesn't work. Just as importantly, the plants, or trees, must be dry-farmed from the time they're planted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We get the plants going with a little water, then cut it off after a few weeks,\" says Kevin McEnnis, who dry farms Early Girl tomatoes at \u003ca href=\"http://www.quetzalfarm.com/practices.htm\">Quetzal Farm\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he explains, as the young but quickly growing vines become thirsty, they send their roots deeper underground than they otherwise would to find moisture, which can remain in the soil all year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A technique that also helps dry farmers lock water underground is frequently tilling the top foot of soil into a fluffy dust layer. Underground moisture that creeps upward through the earth cannot break through this layer, and it remains below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farming without irrigation has a major drawback: dramatically reduced yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stan Devoto, a farmer in Northern California, says his dry-farmed trees produce 12 to 15 tons of apples per acre per year. Irrigated trees, on the other hand, may bear 40 or 50 tons. And McEnnis says he harvests about four tons of tomatoes off his acre of vines each summer and fall, whereas conventional growers may reap 40 tons per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in most areas of conventional agriculture, dry farming is unprofitable and unusual. Exceptions include most European wine grapes — which local winemaking laws actually require be grown without irrigation — and much of America's grain production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=2365\">Paul Vossen\u003c/a>, a University of California farm adviser in Sonoma County, says many people who dry farm do so only because they have no water with which to irrigate their land. \"They do it because they have to, and so they'll make it part of their marketing strategy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But winemaker Will Bucklin, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in the Sonoma Valley, has an underground water supply. Still, he dry farms 15 acres of old-vine Syrah, Zinfandel and other varieties — one of just a few California winemakers currently dry farming. His grapes are smaller, and yields at harvest time slightly lower, than on irrigated vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the small size of the berries means there is a lower juice-to-skin ratio,\" Bucklin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since grape skins contain flavor-making tannins and polyphenols, dry farming can — at least in theory — produce richer, more intense wines. Bucklin concedes that he isn't certain that a novice taster, or even an expert one, could tell a dry-farmed wine from a conventional one in a blind tasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a highly populated state where water tables are dropping and rivers dwindling to trickles, Bucklin is confident, at least, of one thing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm using a lot less water than my neighbor.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's small producers of tomatoes, grapes and other crops are increasingly taking up dry farming, which involves growing crops without watering them for months. The technique, which obviously saves water, can produce more flavorful crops.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Post by Alastair Bland, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/23/214884366/to-grow-sweeter-produce-california-farmers-turn-off-the-water\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/28/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69003\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/happyboy-tomato.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/happyboy-tomato.jpg\" alt=\"At Happy Boy Farms near Santa Cruz, Calif., Early Girl tomatoes are grown using dry farming methods. The tomatoes have become increasingly popular with chefs and wholesalers. Photo: Courtesy Jen Lynne/Happy Boy Farms\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69003\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Happy Boy Farms near Santa Cruz, Calif., Early Girl tomatoes are grown using dry farming methods. The tomatoes have become increasingly popular with chefs and wholesalers. Photo: Courtesy Jen Lynne/Happy Boy Farms\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A week without water can easily kill the average person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a garden that goes unwatered for months may produce sweeter, more flavorful fruits than anything available in most mainstream supermarkets--even in the scorching heat of a California summer. Commercial growers call it \"dry farming,\" and throughout the state, this unconventional technique seems to be catching on among small producers of tomatoes, apples, grapes, melons, and potatoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.happyboyfarms.com/\">Happy Boy Farms\u003c/a>, near Santa Cruz, sales director Jen Lynne believes dry farming could be an important agricultural practice in the future, when water will likely be a less abundant resource.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the taste of her dry-farmed Early Girl tomatoes is the main reason chefs, wholesalers and individuals around the country are increasingly calling to place orders. She notes that many calls come from places where rains falls through the summer, making dry farming impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you taste a dry-farmed tomato, you'll never want anything else,\" she says, adding that she could be selling hundreds of 14-pound cases per day if her 10-acre tomato field could meet the demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Whole Foods Market in Sebastopol, about 50 miles north of San Francisco, dry-farmed tomatoes have become a shopper attraction, according to produce buyer Allan Timpe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People definitely come here to get them,\" he says. \"Once someone tastes a dry-farmed tomato, you've got a customer for life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timpe also carries locally grown, dry-farmed potatoes, which he says \"are dense and really flavorful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind dry farming is that by restricting a plant's water intake, its fruits wind up with less water content and a greater density of sugar and other flavor compounds. But the practice isn't as simple as just cutting off the water.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>First, dry farming in sandy soil, through which water drains easily, doesn't work. Just as importantly, the plants, or trees, must be dry-farmed from the time they're planted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We get the plants going with a little water, then cut it off after a few weeks,\" says Kevin McEnnis, who dry farms Early Girl tomatoes at \u003ca href=\"http://www.quetzalfarm.com/practices.htm\">Quetzal Farm\u003c/a> in Santa Rosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he explains, as the young but quickly growing vines become thirsty, they send their roots deeper underground than they otherwise would to find moisture, which can remain in the soil all year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A technique that also helps dry farmers lock water underground is frequently tilling the top foot of soil into a fluffy dust layer. Underground moisture that creeps upward through the earth cannot break through this layer, and it remains below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But farming without irrigation has a major drawback: dramatically reduced yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stan Devoto, a farmer in Northern California, says his dry-farmed trees produce 12 to 15 tons of apples per acre per year. Irrigated trees, on the other hand, may bear 40 or 50 tons. And McEnnis says he harvests about four tons of tomatoes off his acre of vines each summer and fall, whereas conventional growers may reap 40 tons per acre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, in most areas of conventional agriculture, dry farming is unprofitable and unusual. Exceptions include most European wine grapes — which local winemaking laws actually require be grown without irrigation — and much of America's grain production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=2365\">Paul Vossen\u003c/a>, a University of California farm adviser in Sonoma County, says many people who dry farm do so only because they have no water with which to irrigate their land. \"They do it because they have to, and so they'll make it part of their marketing strategy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But winemaker Will Bucklin, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.buckzin.com/\">Old Hill Ranch\u003c/a> in the Sonoma Valley, has an underground water supply. Still, he dry farms 15 acres of old-vine Syrah, Zinfandel and other varieties — one of just a few California winemakers currently dry farming. His grapes are smaller, and yields at harvest time slightly lower, than on irrigated vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the small size of the berries means there is a lower juice-to-skin ratio,\" Bucklin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since grape skins contain flavor-making tannins and polyphenols, dry farming can — at least in theory — produce richer, more intense wines. Bucklin concedes that he isn't certain that a novice taster, or even an expert one, could tell a dry-farmed wine from a conventional one in a blind tasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in a highly populated state where water tables are dropping and rivers dwindling to trickles, Bucklin is confident, at least, of one thing:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm using a lot less water than my neighbor.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/water-farm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/water-farm.jpg\" alt=\"An irrigation pivot waters a corn field in Nebraska. Many farmers in Nebraska and Kansas rely on irrigation to water their corn fields. But the underground aquifer they draw from will run dry. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\" width=\"1120\" height=\"628\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68899\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An irrigation pivot waters a corn field in Nebraska. Many farmers in Nebraska and Kansas rely on irrigation to water their corn fields. But the underground aquifer they draw from will run dry. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/27/215831484/turning-off-the-spigot-in-western-kansas-farmland\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/08/20130827_me_08.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/27/215831484/turning-off-the-spigot-in-western-kansas-farmland\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/27/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the high plains, many farmers depend on underground stores of water, and they worry about wells going dry. A new scientific \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1220351110.abstract\">study\u003c/a> of western Kansas lays out a predicted timeline for those fears to become reality. But it also shows an alternative path for farming in Kansas: The moment of reckoning can be delayed, and the impact softened, if farmers start conserving water now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ce.ksu.edu/people/faculty/steward\">David Steward\u003c/a>, a water expert at Kansas State University, says that he and his colleagues started this research project with a specific kind of person in mind: \"The family farmer who's trying to see into the future, and trying to pass on his or her land to their grandchildren.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in western Kansas have good reason to worry about the future. They know that that big irrigated fields of corn in this part of the country are taking water out of underground aquifers much faster than rain or snow can fill those natural reservoirs back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steward decided to come up with better estimates for how soon the aquifers will go dry, and how that will affect farmers. He got together with experts on growing corn and raising livestock. \"We were trying to provide a little bit better glimpse into the future, so that people would have a better idea how to plan,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to their calculations, if Kansas farmers keep pumping water out of the High Plains aquifer as they have in the past, the amount of water they're able to extract will start to fall in just 10 years or so. They'll still be able to continue harvesting more corn for another generation, though, because technology — better irrigation systems and genetically improved corn — will let them use that water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after that, even the latest technology won't save the corn fields. Irrigated fields will start to disappear, followed by cattle feedlots. The long expansion of agricultural production in western Kansas will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Steward and his colleagues also lay out some alternative paths that the farmers of Kansas could take. For instance, if farmers reduced their water use by 20 percent right now, it would take a big bite out of their corn production, but production then would resume growing. It wouldn't peak until 2070, and then it would decline much more gradually. \"If we're able to save as much water as possible now, the more we save, the more corn we'll be able to grow into the future,\" Steward says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These predictions appear in in this week's issue of the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exact numbers are new, but the issue of water conservation is a familiar one in western Kansas. Thirty years ago, local governments in several parts of the region set up groundwater management districts - essentially, committees for discussing ways to attack the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Rude, executive director of the groundwater management \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmd3.org/index.html\">district\u003c/a> for southwest Kansas, says that discussion can turn emotional, \"because there's nothing more fundamental to the local family farm than the water supply.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, he says, the families on those farms are worried about the future. They want their grandchildren to have plenty of water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rude says, in his district, they've discussed lots of alternatives for how to reduce water use: Cuts in irrigated acres; cuts in the amount of water used on each acre. But it's mostly talk so far, rather than action, for a very practical reason. His agency may not have the legal authority to force farmers to cut back on their water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those farmers own rights to water the way they own land. Any rule that tries to restrict that right could be challenged in court. \"The last thing people really want to see is simply a whole lot of court cases,\" Rude says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groundwater management districts have been trying to avoid that outcome by coming up with plans that everyone can support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a model for this. In one small \u003ca href=\"http://www.ksda.gov/water_management_services/?cid=2021\">area\u003c/a> in northwestern Kansas, farmers have agreed to use 20 percent less water for the next five years. \"It's an experiment, and a lot of people are watching that,\" Rude says. \"And of course, that figures prominently in the conversations about, 'If we were going to do it, how would we do it?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they can't come up with a plan for cutting water use, of course, eventually the natural laws of hydrology will step in. Farmers will use less water when the wells go dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If Kansas farmers keep pumping water out of the High Plains aquifer as they have in the past, the amount of water they can extract will start to fall in just 10 years or so, scientists predict. That will cause big changes in the agricultural economy. But reducing water use now could help delay and ease that disruption.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68899\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/water-farm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/water-farm.jpg\" alt=\"An irrigation pivot waters a corn field in Nebraska. Many farmers in Nebraska and Kansas rely on irrigation to water their corn fields. But the underground aquifer they draw from will run dry. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\" width=\"1120\" height=\"628\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68899\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An irrigation pivot waters a corn field in Nebraska. Many farmers in Nebraska and Kansas rely on irrigation to water their corn fields. But the underground aquifer they draw from will run dry. Photo: Nati Harnik/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/27/215831484/turning-off-the-spigot-in-western-kansas-farmland\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/27/215831484/turning-off-the-spigot-in-western-kansas-farmland\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/27/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the high plains, many farmers depend on underground stores of water, and they worry about wells going dry. A new scientific \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1220351110.abstract\">study\u003c/a> of western Kansas lays out a predicted timeline for those fears to become reality. But it also shows an alternative path for farming in Kansas: The moment of reckoning can be delayed, and the impact softened, if farmers start conserving water now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ce.ksu.edu/people/faculty/steward\">David Steward\u003c/a>, a water expert at Kansas State University, says that he and his colleagues started this research project with a specific kind of person in mind: \"The family farmer who's trying to see into the future, and trying to pass on his or her land to their grandchildren.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in western Kansas have good reason to worry about the future. They know that that big irrigated fields of corn in this part of the country are taking water out of underground aquifers much faster than rain or snow can fill those natural reservoirs back up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steward decided to come up with better estimates for how soon the aquifers will go dry, and how that will affect farmers. He got together with experts on growing corn and raising livestock. \"We were trying to provide a little bit better glimpse into the future, so that people would have a better idea how to plan,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to their calculations, if Kansas farmers keep pumping water out of the High Plains aquifer as they have in the past, the amount of water they're able to extract will start to fall in just 10 years or so. They'll still be able to continue harvesting more corn for another generation, though, because technology — better irrigation systems and genetically improved corn — will let them use that water more efficiently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after that, even the latest technology won't save the corn fields. Irrigated fields will start to disappear, followed by cattle feedlots. The long expansion of agricultural production in western Kansas will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Steward and his colleagues also lay out some alternative paths that the farmers of Kansas could take. For instance, if farmers reduced their water use by 20 percent right now, it would take a big bite out of their corn production, but production then would resume growing. It wouldn't peak until 2070, and then it would decline much more gradually. \"If we're able to save as much water as possible now, the more we save, the more corn we'll be able to grow into the future,\" Steward says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These predictions appear in in this week's issue of the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exact numbers are new, but the issue of water conservation is a familiar one in western Kansas. Thirty years ago, local governments in several parts of the region set up groundwater management districts - essentially, committees for discussing ways to attack the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Rude, executive director of the groundwater management \u003ca href=\"http://www.gmd3.org/index.html\">district\u003c/a> for southwest Kansas, says that discussion can turn emotional, \"because there's nothing more fundamental to the local family farm than the water supply.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, he says, the families on those farms are worried about the future. They want their grandchildren to have plenty of water, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rude says, in his district, they've discussed lots of alternatives for how to reduce water use: Cuts in irrigated acres; cuts in the amount of water used on each acre. But it's mostly talk so far, rather than action, for a very practical reason. His agency may not have the legal authority to force farmers to cut back on their water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those farmers own rights to water the way they own land. Any rule that tries to restrict that right could be challenged in court. \"The last thing people really want to see is simply a whole lot of court cases,\" Rude says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The groundwater management districts have been trying to avoid that outcome by coming up with plans that everyone can support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a model for this. In one small \u003ca href=\"http://www.ksda.gov/water_management_services/?cid=2021\">area\u003c/a> in northwestern Kansas, farmers have agreed to use 20 percent less water for the next five years. \"It's an experiment, and a lot of people are watching that,\" Rude says. \"And of course, that figures prominently in the conversations about, 'If we were going to do it, how would we do it?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they can't come up with a plan for cutting water use, of course, eventually the natural laws of hydrology will step in. Farmers will use less water when the wells go dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "It's Tomato Time: Pick Your Own Produce at Smith Family Farm",
"title": "It's Tomato Time: Pick Your Own Produce at Smith Family Farm",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/babbrentwood12.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/babbrentwood12.jpg\" alt=\"Tomatoes galore\" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-68778\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>August is the month when my addiction to fresh tomatoes kicks into high gear, and I start having fantasies about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2011/09/20/prevent-wintertime-tomato-deprivation-and-create-a-canned-collection/\" target=\"_blank\">hoarding them for the winter\u003c/a>. So I rounded up several friends for a 40-mile round trip bike expedition so we could \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2012/06/07/pick-your-own-family-friendly-u-pick-orchards-and-farms/\" target=\"_blank\">pick our own\u003c/a> at the Smith Family Farm. There's \u003ca href=\"http://harvest4you.com/\" target=\"_blank\">tons of other farms\u003c/a> located in the Brentwood area, which is nestled in the northeast corner of the East Bay near the rich agricultural region of the delta. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We rolled out from the Pittsburg Bay BART station to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/trails/delta_deanza\" target=\"_blank\">Delta de Anza Regional Trail\u003c/a>, then veered onto the \u003ca href=\"http://mc2ct.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Mokelumne Coast to Crest Trail\u003c/a>. Along the way, we spotted some grape vines, pomegranate and fig trees that were overflowing with fruit, so we filled our panniers (and bellies) with delicious foraged treasure. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"68767,68768,68769,68797,68770,68771\" width=\"1000\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we arrived at the Smith Family Farm, we got right to work picking (and snacking on) different varieties of tomatoes; right now there's Black Russian, Brandywine, Roma, Beefsteak and San Marzano. And what a bargain -- only $1/pound, plus they have plastic buckets or boxes you can use to gather up your produce. There's still peaches, plums and even some nectarines on the trees if you're in the mood for stone fruit. Asian pears are available, too, but be sure to call or check their \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/smithfamilyfarms/\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook page\u003c/a> for the most recent updates on what you can pick. An hour later, after sorting through the fragrant fields in search of ripe tomatoes, my husband and I loaded up our bags with 35 pounds. We also made a quick pit stop at their farmstand to buy some other vegetables and relax in the shade with cool drinks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"68772,68773,68774,68775,68776,68778\" width=\"1000\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/babbrentwood11.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/babbrentwood11.jpg\" alt=\"Tomatoes galore\" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-68777\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"68779,68780,68782,68783,68784,68786\" width=\"1000\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a tasty Vietnamese lunch at \u003ca href=\"http://www.yelp.com/biz/pho-vietnam-brentwood-2\" target=\"_blank\">Pho Vietnam\u003c/a> in downtown Brentwood, we pedaled our way through fierce headwinds and arrived back at Pittsburg Bay BART by sunset. Now it's time to make salsa, soups and sauces!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"68799,68800,68801\" width=\"1000\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://jkdevera2.wix.com/smithfamilyfarm#!\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Smith Family Farm\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n4430 Sellers Avenue, Brentwood [\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/usTqLd\" target=\"_blank\">map\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nPhone:(925) 625-5966\u003cbr>\nFacebook: \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/smithfamilyfarms/\" target=\"_blank\">Smith Family Farms\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHours: 8:00 am - 6:00 pm\u003cbr>\nPick-Your-Own Hours: 9:00am-4:30pm / Cash only\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Smith Family Farm also has a big tomato festival coming up on September 7th, with live music, arts and crafts, cooking demos, hay rides and more. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/events/192796987562012/\" target=\"_blank\">RSVP and get more info\u003c/a> on Facebook.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we arrived at the Smith Family Farm, we got right to work picking (and snacking on) different varieties of tomatoes; right now there's Black Russian, Brandywine, Roma, Beefsteak and San Marzano. And what a bargain -- only $1/pound, plus they have plastic buckets or boxes you can use to gather up your produce. There's still peaches, plums and even some nectarines on the trees if you're in the mood for stone fruit. Asian pears are available, too, but be sure to call or check their \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/smithfamilyfarms/\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook page\u003c/a> for the most recent updates on what you can pick. An hour later, after sorting through the fragrant fields in search of ripe tomatoes, my husband and I loaded up our bags with 35 pounds. We also made a quick pit stop at their farmstand to buy some other vegetables and relax in the shade with cool drinks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/babbrentwood11.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/babbrentwood11.jpg\" alt=\"Tomatoes galore\" width=\"1000\" height=\"561\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-68777\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a tasty Vietnamese lunch at \u003ca href=\"http://www.yelp.com/biz/pho-vietnam-brentwood-2\" target=\"_blank\">Pho Vietnam\u003c/a> in downtown Brentwood, we pedaled our way through fierce headwinds and arrived back at Pittsburg Bay BART by sunset. Now it's time to make salsa, soups and sauces!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://jkdevera2.wix.com/smithfamilyfarm#!\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Smith Family Farm\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n4430 Sellers Avenue, Brentwood [\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/usTqLd\" target=\"_blank\">map\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nPhone:(925) 625-5966\u003cbr>\nFacebook: \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/smithfamilyfarms/\" target=\"_blank\">Smith Family Farms\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nHours: 8:00 am - 6:00 pm\u003cbr>\nPick-Your-Own Hours: 9:00am-4:30pm / Cash only\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Smith Family Farm also has a big tomato festival coming up on September 7th, with live music, arts and crafts, cooking demos, hay rides and more. You can \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/events/192796987562012/\" target=\"_blank\">RSVP and get more info\u003c/a> on Facebook.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Reviving An Heirloom Corn That Packs More Flavor And Nutrition",
"title": "Reviving An Heirloom Corn That Packs More Flavor And Nutrition",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68745\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/dan-barber.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/dan-barber.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Dan Barber prepares polenta with an heirloom corn variety at the Blue Hill restaurant in the Hudson River Valley. Photo: Courtesy of Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture\" width=\"1120\" height=\"629\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68745\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Dan Barber prepares polenta with an heirloom corn variety at the Blue Hill restaurant in the Hudson River Valley. Photo: Courtesy of Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/22/209844877/reviving-an-heirloom-corn-that-packs-more-flavor-and-nutrition\">All Things Considered\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/08/20130822_atc_08.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by Allison Aubrey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/22/209844877/reviving-an-heirloom-corn-that-packs-more-flavor-and-nutrition\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/22/13)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day about eight years ago, chef \u003ca href=\"http://www.bluehillfarm.com/food/overview/team/dan-barber\">Dan Barber\u003c/a> of the famed \u003ca href=\"http://bluehillfarm.com/food/blue-hill-stone-barns\">Blue Hill\u003c/a> restaurant at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonebarnscenter.org/\">Stone Barns\u003c/a> in the Hudson River Valley got a FedEx package from someone he didn't know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside were two ears of corn. And a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The handwritten note explained that the corn was an heirloom variety called New England Eight Row Flint (or \u003cem>Otto File\u003c/em>, by its Italian name), and that it was a taste that was nearly lost to history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native Americans cultivated this variety hundreds of years ago. The corn caught on with settlers in New England because it was hearty and nutritious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68746\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/dan-barber-corn.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/dan-barber-corn-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"The heirloom corn variety has only eight rows of kernels and hence, its name: New England Eight Row Flint. Photo: Courtesy of Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-68746\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heirloom corn variety has only eight rows of kernels and hence, its name: New England Eight Row Flint. Photo: Courtesy of Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, in the 19th century, the grain was exported to Italy, where it was prized as a stunningly flavorful polenta corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber was curious. So he got in touch with the man who had sent the FedEx package, a grain enthusiast named \u003ca href=\"http://ansonmills.com/biographies\"> Glenn Roberts\u003c/a>. He had tracked down Eight Row Flint corn seed from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=36-25-12-00\">maize seed collection\u003c/a> and grown some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was phenomenally flavored,\" Roberts told me. \"The flavors were bounding out of the polenta.\" He was eager to revive the corn here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you listen to my story, you'll hear how chef Barber made an arrangement to start growing the New England heirloom corn at the farm next to his restaurant. And for the past eight years, farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonebarnscenter.org/about-us/staff/jack-algiere.html\">Jack Algiere\u003c/a> has overseen its cultivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my visit, Algiere showed me one of the golden-hued cobs still growing on the stalk. \"It will turn a golden orange when it's dry,\" Algiere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrancy of this yellowish-orange pigment is indicative of high concentrations of beneficial \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/aboutus/docs.htm?docid=4142\">phytonutrients\u003c/a> called carotenoids, which make this corn appealing for its nutritional value. And it's also fairly high in protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did farmers stop growing this corn? For everything that New England Eight Row Flint corn has going for it in terms of flavor, its big downside is that it doesn't produce many cobs. It's a low-yield corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why farmers moved to higher-yield [varieties],\" explains Algiere. \"They can get more corn per acre at lower quality.\" Farmers produce for bulk because they're paid by the bushel, not by the color or the flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So varieties such as New England Eight Row Flint corn may produce great taste, but they're not really commercially viable unless you convince more people to pay for taste over volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what chef Barber is doing at Blue Hill. He serves a polenta made from the Eight Row Flint corn grown at Stone Barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I tasted it, I was surprised. The polenta tasted as if he had added butter. It was creamy and flavorful. Diners who have been turned onto it say the flavor is stunningly complex. \"It's kinda crazy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The taste is coming directly from the corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber says this corn is just one example of what can happen when crops are bred to be flavorful and colorful, not just big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chef says he hopes this story becomes more than just a foodie fascination with heirlooms because he thinks there's more at stake here about the way our food is grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I've come to learn from this experience is that if you are pursuing great flavor,\" he says, \"you are pursuing great nutrition. It's one and the same.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what he'd like to see is for farmers and plant breeders to work together to combine the best of the old with modern breeding techniques that may help pack more nutrition into the foods we all eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where can you get your hands on some of these heirloom varieties of dried corn? Well, in Italy a few \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatciao.com/the-best-little-polenta-mill-in-italy/\">boutique millers\u003c/a> grind \u003cem>Otto File\u003c/em> corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's a smattering of farms and seed suppliers in the U.S. selling other varieties of Flint corn, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/onlinestore/corn/\">Seed Savers Exchange\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.highmowingseeds.com/organic-corn.html\">High Mowing Seeds\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmfresh.org/food/farm.php?farm=1873\">Harry Here Farm\u003c/a> in Exeter, R.I., grows a variety called Longfellow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One high-protein variety, according to Slow Food USA, is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.slowfoodusa.org/index.php/programs/ark_product_detail/roys_calais_flint_corn\">Roy's Calais\u003c/a> flint. And there's also enthusiasm for a very colorful variety known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/floriani-grain-corn-zm0z10zsto.aspx#axzz2cAcRBGlW\">Floriani Red\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native Americans cultivated this variety hundreds of years ago. The corn caught on with settlers in New England because it was hearty and nutritious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68746\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 290px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/dan-barber-corn.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/dan-barber-corn-290x217.jpg\" alt=\"The heirloom corn variety has only eight rows of kernels and hence, its name: New England Eight Row Flint. Photo: Courtesy of Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture\" width=\"290\" height=\"217\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-68746\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The heirloom corn variety has only eight rows of kernels and hence, its name: New England Eight Row Flint. Photo: Courtesy of Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then, in the 19th century, the grain was exported to Italy, where it was prized as a stunningly flavorful polenta corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber was curious. So he got in touch with the man who had sent the FedEx package, a grain enthusiast named \u003ca href=\"http://ansonmills.com/biographies\"> Glenn Roberts\u003c/a>. He had tracked down Eight Row Flint corn seed from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=36-25-12-00\">maize seed collection\u003c/a> and grown some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was phenomenally flavored,\" Roberts told me. \"The flavors were bounding out of the polenta.\" He was eager to revive the corn here in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you listen to my story, you'll hear how chef Barber made an arrangement to start growing the New England heirloom corn at the farm next to his restaurant. And for the past eight years, farmer \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonebarnscenter.org/about-us/staff/jack-algiere.html\">Jack Algiere\u003c/a> has overseen its cultivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my visit, Algiere showed me one of the golden-hued cobs still growing on the stalk. \"It will turn a golden orange when it's dry,\" Algiere said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrancy of this yellowish-orange pigment is indicative of high concentrations of beneficial \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/aboutus/docs.htm?docid=4142\">phytonutrients\u003c/a> called carotenoids, which make this corn appealing for its nutritional value. And it's also fairly high in protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why did farmers stop growing this corn? For everything that New England Eight Row Flint corn has going for it in terms of flavor, its big downside is that it doesn't produce many cobs. It's a low-yield corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why farmers moved to higher-yield [varieties],\" explains Algiere. \"They can get more corn per acre at lower quality.\" Farmers produce for bulk because they're paid by the bushel, not by the color or the flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So varieties such as New England Eight Row Flint corn may produce great taste, but they're not really commercially viable unless you convince more people to pay for taste over volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what chef Barber is doing at Blue Hill. He serves a polenta made from the Eight Row Flint corn grown at Stone Barns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when I tasted it, I was surprised. The polenta tasted as if he had added butter. It was creamy and flavorful. Diners who have been turned onto it say the flavor is stunningly complex. \"It's kinda crazy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The taste is coming directly from the corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barber says this corn is just one example of what can happen when crops are bred to be flavorful and colorful, not just big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chef says he hopes this story becomes more than just a foodie fascination with heirlooms because he thinks there's more at stake here about the way our food is grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I've come to learn from this experience is that if you are pursuing great flavor,\" he says, \"you are pursuing great nutrition. It's one and the same.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what he'd like to see is for farmers and plant breeders to work together to combine the best of the old with modern breeding techniques that may help pack more nutrition into the foods we all eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where can you get your hands on some of these heirloom varieties of dried corn? Well, in Italy a few \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatciao.com/the-best-little-polenta-mill-in-italy/\">boutique millers\u003c/a> grind \u003cem>Otto File\u003c/em> corn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's a smattering of farms and seed suppliers in the U.S. selling other varieties of Flint corn, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/onlinestore/corn/\">Seed Savers Exchange\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.highmowingseeds.com/organic-corn.html\">High Mowing Seeds\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.farmfresh.org/food/farm.php?farm=1873\">Harry Here Farm\u003c/a> in Exeter, R.I., grows a variety called Longfellow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One high-protein variety, according to Slow Food USA, is called \u003ca href=\"http://www.slowfoodusa.org/index.php/programs/ark_product_detail/roys_calais_flint_corn\">Roy's Calais\u003c/a> flint. And there's also enthusiasm for a very colorful variety known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/floriani-grain-corn-zm0z10zsto.aspx#axzz2cAcRBGlW\">Floriani Red\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Young Farmers Break the Bank Before They Get to the Field",
"title": "Young Farmers Break the Bank Before They Get to the Field",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/farmers-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/farmers-full.jpg\" alt=\"Eva Teague, 31, is trying to start her own pig farm in Colorado but is running into financial obstacles typical of many young farmers trying to break into the business. Photo: Luke Runyon/KUNC/Harvest Public Media\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68691\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eva Teague, 31, is trying to start her own pig farm in Colorado but is running into financial obstacles typical of many young farmers trying to break into the business. Photo: Luke Runyon/KUNC/Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/213905983/young-farmers-break-the-bank-before-they-get-to-the-field\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/08/20130821_me_17.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/213905983/young-farmers-break-the-bank-before-they-get-to-the-field\">Luke Runyon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/213905983/young-farmers-break-the-bank-before-they-get-to-the-field\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/21/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the average age of the American farmer has crept up to 60, fewer young people are filling in the ranks behind them. That's prompted some to ask if young people even want to farm anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quick answer is yes, just not in the same numbers as they used to. And surveys indicate many of them don't want to farm in conventional ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://www.youngfarmers.org/newsroom/building-a-future-with-farmers-october-2011/\">survey\u003c/a> from the National Young Farmers Coalition showed access to land and capital to be the single biggest factors keeping young people from getting into farming or ranching. The survey also indicated young people are concerned about the environment — they're \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/12/12/143459793/who-are-the-young-farmers-of-generation-organic\">generation organic\u003c/a>\" — and interested in small-scale operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it can be difficult to turn dreams of a farm life into reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Longmont, Colo., Eva Teague, 31, has learned how difficult it can be to start a pig farm. Teague is a grad school dropout turned farmer, originally from the East Coast. Jaded with academia, she moved to Colorado and began working as a farm apprentice. She bought her first pigs a couple years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[I] didn't have that much cash, so I paid for feed with the credit card just to get going,\" Teague says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, her biggest challenge, like many other young farmers, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/11/14/142305869/newbie-farmers-find-that-dirt-isnt-cheap\">access to capital\u003c/a>. She recently secured a low-interest loan from the federal Farm Service Agency, but it's not enough to get her business off the ground completely. Teague still spends her days on the farm and every evening working full-time as a waitress. Next year she plans to take a big leap: She wants to quit her off-farm job and rely solely on her farm income to sustain herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After searching for plots of land on Craigslist, Teague lucked out and scored a lease for 15 acres at the base of the Rocky Mountains. She taught herself Quickbooks accounting software, and she relies heavily on the skills she picked up during a handful of apprenticeships throughout Colorado. In short, Teague is part of the millennial generation of farmers, a group that often eschews traditional forms of agriculture and favors small-scale operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a very rare person who's not grown up on a farm that's going to go out and say, 'I want to plant 100,000 acres of corn. I want to invest $300,000 in a tractor. I want to get a confinement hog barn with 300,000 pigs,' \" Teague says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the millennial generation isn't exclusively made up of farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/06/14/188647380/new-blood-sparks-identity-crisis-for-fraternal-group-of-farmers\">who've jumped\u003c/a> on the local food movement. There are still young people out there who want to get involved with more conventional forms of agriculture, but many of them still find their options limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way I'll ever be able to own my own ranch,\" says Bo Bigler, 25, a graduate student at Colorado State University. He'll graduate in August with a master's degree in beef management, which almost ensures a career working at large feedlots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The price to buy into it, it's too much; the cost of land is unreal,\" Bigler says. \"The only way that somebody can get into it is if a ranch was handed down to them, unless they're millionaires to begin with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranch and farmland, not just in Colorado, but across the plains, is going for several thousand dollars per acre, keeping aspiring farmers from buying. Leased land is available, but it leaves farmers at the whim of a landlord who could choose to cancel or refuse to renew a lease agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way they can pay the student loan and pay a land payment and still have enough money left over to live on,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://ansci.agsci.colostate.edu/peel-kraig/\">Kraig Peel\u003c/a>, a professor of animal sciences at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of Peel's students come into his classes with idealistic ideas about farming and ranching. These days about 80 percent of his students have grown up in an urban setting. They quickly learn to realign their expectations, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very frustrating for a lot of these students that would like to [run a farm or ranch],\" Peel says. \"Economically it just doesn't make sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there's a need to bring in young people to large and small ranching operations. Sixty-four percent of the nation's cattle ranches are owned by someone older than 55. But many of Peel's students have chosen to forgo the financial difficulties of running a ranch and work for large agribusiness companies instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teague is working on a multiyear business plan to make sure she can add on a few acres of vegetables and some more pigs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think a lot of young people want to work outside in sort of a 'farm camp' fun experience,\" she says. \"There are fewer people who would like to work really hard, like 50 to 60 hours a week for not a lot of money, which is what working on a farm is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teague filled out a form for the latest agricultural census last year. When data is released in 2014, it'll become clearer whether enough young people have joined the ranks to keep the average age of farmers from climbing even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Luke Runyon \u003cem>reports from Colorado\u003c/em> \u003cem>for \u003c/em>KUNC \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003cem>a public radio reporting collaboration that focuses on agriculture and food production issues\u003c/em>.\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/young-dreams-huge-obstacles\">A version\u003c/a> \u003cem> of this post\u003c/em> \u003cem>appeared earlier on the Harvest Public Media website as part of the series \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/changinglands\">Changing Lands Changing Hands\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.kunc.org\">KUNC-FM\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/farmers-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/farmers-full.jpg\" alt=\"Eva Teague, 31, is trying to start her own pig farm in Colorado but is running into financial obstacles typical of many young farmers trying to break into the business. Photo: Luke Runyon/KUNC/Harvest Public Media\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68691\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eva Teague, 31, is trying to start her own pig farm in Colorado but is running into financial obstacles typical of many young farmers trying to break into the business. Photo: Luke Runyon/KUNC/Harvest Public Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/213905983/young-farmers-break-the-bank-before-they-get-to-the-field\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/213905983/young-farmers-break-the-bank-before-they-get-to-the-field\">Luke Runyon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/213905983/young-farmers-break-the-bank-before-they-get-to-the-field\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/21/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the average age of the American farmer has crept up to 60, fewer young people are filling in the ranks behind them. That's prompted some to ask if young people even want to farm anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quick answer is yes, just not in the same numbers as they used to. And surveys indicate many of them don't want to farm in conventional ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2011 \u003ca href=\"http://www.youngfarmers.org/newsroom/building-a-future-with-farmers-october-2011/\">survey\u003c/a> from the National Young Farmers Coalition showed access to land and capital to be the single biggest factors keeping young people from getting into farming or ranching. The survey also indicated young people are concerned about the environment — they're \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/12/12/143459793/who-are-the-young-farmers-of-generation-organic\">generation organic\u003c/a>\" — and interested in small-scale operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it can be difficult to turn dreams of a farm life into reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Longmont, Colo., Eva Teague, 31, has learned how difficult it can be to start a pig farm. Teague is a grad school dropout turned farmer, originally from the East Coast. Jaded with academia, she moved to Colorado and began working as a farm apprentice. She bought her first pigs a couple years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"[I] didn't have that much cash, so I paid for feed with the credit card just to get going,\" Teague says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, her biggest challenge, like many other young farmers, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2011/11/14/142305869/newbie-farmers-find-that-dirt-isnt-cheap\">access to capital\u003c/a>. She recently secured a low-interest loan from the federal Farm Service Agency, but it's not enough to get her business off the ground completely. Teague still spends her days on the farm and every evening working full-time as a waitress. Next year she plans to take a big leap: She wants to quit her off-farm job and rely solely on her farm income to sustain herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After searching for plots of land on Craigslist, Teague lucked out and scored a lease for 15 acres at the base of the Rocky Mountains. She taught herself Quickbooks accounting software, and she relies heavily on the skills she picked up during a handful of apprenticeships throughout Colorado. In short, Teague is part of the millennial generation of farmers, a group that often eschews traditional forms of agriculture and favors small-scale operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a very rare person who's not grown up on a farm that's going to go out and say, 'I want to plant 100,000 acres of corn. I want to invest $300,000 in a tractor. I want to get a confinement hog barn with 300,000 pigs,' \" Teague says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the millennial generation isn't exclusively made up of farmers \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/06/14/188647380/new-blood-sparks-identity-crisis-for-fraternal-group-of-farmers\">who've jumped\u003c/a> on the local food movement. There are still young people out there who want to get involved with more conventional forms of agriculture, but many of them still find their options limited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way I'll ever be able to own my own ranch,\" says Bo Bigler, 25, a graduate student at Colorado State University. He'll graduate in August with a master's degree in beef management, which almost ensures a career working at large feedlots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The price to buy into it, it's too much; the cost of land is unreal,\" Bigler says. \"The only way that somebody can get into it is if a ranch was handed down to them, unless they're millionaires to begin with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ranch and farmland, not just in Colorado, but across the plains, is going for several thousand dollars per acre, keeping aspiring farmers from buying. Leased land is available, but it leaves farmers at the whim of a landlord who could choose to cancel or refuse to renew a lease agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no way they can pay the student loan and pay a land payment and still have enough money left over to live on,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://ansci.agsci.colostate.edu/peel-kraig/\">Kraig Peel\u003c/a>, a professor of animal sciences at Colorado State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of Peel's students come into his classes with idealistic ideas about farming and ranching. These days about 80 percent of his students have grown up in an urban setting. They quickly learn to realign their expectations, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's very frustrating for a lot of these students that would like to [run a farm or ranch],\" Peel says. \"Economically it just doesn't make sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there's a need to bring in young people to large and small ranching operations. Sixty-four percent of the nation's cattle ranches are owned by someone older than 55. But many of Peel's students have chosen to forgo the financial difficulties of running a ranch and work for large agribusiness companies instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teague is working on a multiyear business plan to make sure she can add on a few acres of vegetables and some more pigs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think a lot of young people want to work outside in sort of a 'farm camp' fun experience,\" she says. \"There are fewer people who would like to work really hard, like 50 to 60 hours a week for not a lot of money, which is what working on a farm is.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teague filled out a form for the latest agricultural census last year. When data is released in 2014, it'll become clearer whether enough young people have joined the ranks to keep the average age of farmers from climbing even higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Luke Runyon \u003cem>reports from Colorado\u003c/em> \u003cem>for \u003c/em>KUNC \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/\">Harvest Public Media\u003c/a>\u003cem>, \u003cem>a public radio reporting collaboration that focuses on agriculture and food production issues\u003c/em>.\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/article/young-dreams-huge-obstacles\">A version\u003c/a> \u003cem> of this post\u003c/em> \u003cem>appeared earlier on the Harvest Public Media website as part of the series \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://harvestpublicmedia.org/changinglands\">Changing Lands Changing Hands\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.kunc.org\">KUNC-FM\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Inside the Beef Industry's Battle Over Growth-Promotion Drugs",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/cattle-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/cattle-full.jpg\" alt=\"Beef cattle stand in a barn on the Larson Farms feedlot in Maple Park, Ill. Photo: Daniel Acker/Landov\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beef cattle stand in a barn on the Larson Farms feedlot in Maple Park, Ill. Photo: Daniel Acker/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/214202886/inside-the-beef-industrys-battle-over-growth-promotion-drugs\">All Things Considered\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/08/20130821_atc_04.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/214202886/inside-the-beef-industrys-battle-over-growth-promotion-drugs\">The Salt on NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/21/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the drug company Merck Animal Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/news/2013-8-16.aspx\">announced\u003c/a> plans to suspend sales of its Zilmax feed additive last week, many observers were shocked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet concern about Zilmax and the class of growth-promotion drugs called beta agonists has been building for some time. In an interesting twist, the decisive pressure on Zilmax did not come from animal welfare groups or government regulators: It emerged from within the beef industry itself, and from academic experts who have long worked as consultants to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them is \u003ca href=\"http://www.grandin.com/\">Temple Grandin\u003c/a>, a professor of animal science at Colorado State University and a world-renowned expert on how cattle react to their environments. Grandin, whose life is the subject of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbo.com/movies/temple-grandin/index.html\">HBO biopic\u003c/a>, has redesigned slaughterhouses to make them more humane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the summer of 2006, she says, she started seeing a new kind of problem among the cattle, especially when the weather got really hot. \"You had animals that were stiff and sore-footed, animals that were reluctant to move,\" she recalls. \"They act like the floor is red-hot. They don't want to put their feet down. And I had never seen these kinds of symptoms before, ever!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems, she says, affect as many as 1 out of every 5 animals. She's become increasingly convinced that the problems result from the drugs called beta agonists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beta agonists are similar, chemically, to the adrenaline that our bodies produce. In humans, this class of drugs is used to treat asthma. When fed to cattle or pigs, though, the animals grow more muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These beta agonist drugs have a dramatic and profound and beneficial impact on production,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.depts.ttu.edu/afs/people/Faculty_Loneragan.php\">Guy Loneragan\u003c/a>, a professor of food safety and public health at Texas Tech University in Lubbock. \"They can add somewhere in the range of 15 to 30 pounds of beef to a carcass in the last three to four weeks of the fattening period.\" That makes a significant difference to a beef producer's bottom line, and as a result, these drugs are widely used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Loneragan, too, has come to believe that these profitable drugs may be causing problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks ago, at a meeting held by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, he presented data showing that feedlot cattle consuming beta agonists died more often. At that same meeting, Grandin gave a talk about her observations of cattle that seemed reluctant to move. And an animal welfare expert from a big meat packer, JBS, showed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/13/us-usa-cattle-jbs-drugs-idUSBRE97C02M20130813\">video\u003c/a> of cattle that appeared lethargic, unable to walk properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grandin says that video made people angry. \"You've got a lot of people in the cattle industry who care about cattle, and they don't like to see cattle that are lame,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that conference was ending, another big meat packer, Tyson Foods, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/08/09/did-tyson-ban-doping-cows-with-zilmax-to-boost-foreign-sales/\" title=\"Did Tyson Ban Doping Cows with Zilmax to Boost Foreign Sales?\">announced \u003c/a>that it would stop buying cattle that had been fed one particular beta agonist: Zilmax. Zilmax, or zilpaterol, is considered the most powerful beta agonist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loneragan later had a chance to go through information that the company had collected on the effects of beta agonists. \"As they pieced together their information — and as I had the opportunity to review their information — they felt that they had to act, and I felt that they made the right decision,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merck Animal Health, which makes Zilmax, initially defended its product, but decided last week to suspend sales of the drug. The company says that it remains convinced that Zilmax is safe for animals, and it expects to answer all the questions that people now have. Meanwhile, feedlot operators still can use another beta agonist, which is sold by the company Elanco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration, which approved these drugs, remains a bystander for now. In an email, an FDA representative said only that the agency \"has received a very small number of reports\" of problems with these drugs and that the \"FDA will review any new information to determine if there is a safety issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grandin, for her part, is not pushing for a ban on beta agonists. She thinks it may be possible to use these drugs in ways that avoid causing harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe you just don't do it in the summer, when it's hot,\" she says. \"The doses are probably going to have to be cut back. But these problems have got to stop. I've laid awake at night about it. I've worked all my career to improve how animals are handled, and these animals are just suffering. It has to stop!\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Beta agonists, a class of drugs widely fed to cattle and hogs to make them put on weight faster, are coming under increasing scrutiny. Reports suggest animals fed these drugs can seem reluctant to move — lethargic, unable to walk properly — and may die more often, too.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/21/214202886/inside-the-beef-industrys-battle-over-growth-promotion-drugs\">The Salt on NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/21/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the drug company Merck Animal Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.merck-animal-health-usa.com/news/2013-8-16.aspx\">announced\u003c/a> plans to suspend sales of its Zilmax feed additive last week, many observers were shocked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet concern about Zilmax and the class of growth-promotion drugs called beta agonists has been building for some time. In an interesting twist, the decisive pressure on Zilmax did not come from animal welfare groups or government regulators: It emerged from within the beef industry itself, and from academic experts who have long worked as consultants to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among them is \u003ca href=\"http://www.grandin.com/\">Temple Grandin\u003c/a>, a professor of animal science at Colorado State University and a world-renowned expert on how cattle react to their environments. Grandin, whose life is the subject of an \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbo.com/movies/temple-grandin/index.html\">HBO biopic\u003c/a>, has redesigned slaughterhouses to make them more humane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the summer of 2006, she says, she started seeing a new kind of problem among the cattle, especially when the weather got really hot. \"You had animals that were stiff and sore-footed, animals that were reluctant to move,\" she recalls. \"They act like the floor is red-hot. They don't want to put their feet down. And I had never seen these kinds of symptoms before, ever!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems, she says, affect as many as 1 out of every 5 animals. She's become increasingly convinced that the problems result from the drugs called beta agonists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beta agonists are similar, chemically, to the adrenaline that our bodies produce. In humans, this class of drugs is used to treat asthma. When fed to cattle or pigs, though, the animals grow more muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These beta agonist drugs have a dramatic and profound and beneficial impact on production,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.depts.ttu.edu/afs/people/Faculty_Loneragan.php\">Guy Loneragan\u003c/a>, a professor of food safety and public health at Texas Tech University in Lubbock. \"They can add somewhere in the range of 15 to 30 pounds of beef to a carcass in the last three to four weeks of the fattening period.\" That makes a significant difference to a beef producer's bottom line, and as a result, these drugs are widely used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Loneragan, too, has come to believe that these profitable drugs may be causing problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks ago, at a meeting held by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, he presented data showing that feedlot cattle consuming beta agonists died more often. At that same meeting, Grandin gave a talk about her observations of cattle that seemed reluctant to move. And an animal welfare expert from a big meat packer, JBS, showed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/13/us-usa-cattle-jbs-drugs-idUSBRE97C02M20130813\">video\u003c/a> of cattle that appeared lethargic, unable to walk properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grandin says that video made people angry. \"You've got a lot of people in the cattle industry who care about cattle, and they don't like to see cattle that are lame,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As that conference was ending, another big meat packer, Tyson Foods, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/08/09/did-tyson-ban-doping-cows-with-zilmax-to-boost-foreign-sales/\" title=\"Did Tyson Ban Doping Cows with Zilmax to Boost Foreign Sales?\">announced \u003c/a>that it would stop buying cattle that had been fed one particular beta agonist: Zilmax. Zilmax, or zilpaterol, is considered the most powerful beta agonist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loneragan later had a chance to go through information that the company had collected on the effects of beta agonists. \"As they pieced together their information — and as I had the opportunity to review their information — they felt that they had to act, and I felt that they made the right decision,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merck Animal Health, which makes Zilmax, initially defended its product, but decided last week to suspend sales of the drug. The company says that it remains convinced that Zilmax is safe for animals, and it expects to answer all the questions that people now have. Meanwhile, feedlot operators still can use another beta agonist, which is sold by the company Elanco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration, which approved these drugs, remains a bystander for now. In an email, an FDA representative said only that the agency \"has received a very small number of reports\" of problems with these drugs and that the \"FDA will review any new information to determine if there is a safety issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grandin, for her part, is not pushing for a ban on beta agonists. She thinks it may be possible to use these drugs in ways that avoid causing harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe you just don't do it in the summer, when it's hot,\" she says. \"The doses are probably going to have to be cut back. But these problems have got to stop. I've laid awake at night about it. I've worked all my career to improve how animals are handled, and these animals are just suffering. It has to stop!\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Incredibly Shrinking Avocados: Why This Year's Fruit Are So Tiny",
"title": "Incredibly Shrinking Avocados: Why This Year's Fruit Are So Tiny",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado-full.jpg\" alt=\"We found lots of avocados being sold six or 10 to a $1 bag in the San Francisco area. Some weighed less than three ounces. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68557\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We found lots of avocados being sold six or 10 to a $1 bag in the San Francisco area. Some weighed less than three ounces. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Alistair Bland, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/19/212330603/incredibly-shrinking-avocados-why-this-years-fruit-are-so-tiny\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/19/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's thick-skinned and leathery, about the size of an egg, essential for guacamole and sold eight for a dollar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No—not limes. Hass avocados. This year, anyway. These pear-sized fruits usually weigh half a pound or more. In the summer of 2013, though, hundreds of thousands of trees in southern California are sagging with the tiniest Hass avocados in local memory—some just the size of a golf ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason for the lemon-sized fruits, sources say, is a very unusual growing year that consisted of low winter rainfall in early 2012 (avocados spend more than a full year developing on the tree), erratic bee activity during the late spring bloom period, and lots of unseasonably cool and cloudy weather in the year since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't ever remember a season when the all the avocados were this small, and that's over 30 years in the business,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://avocadogrowing.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Charley Wolk\u003c/a>, a farmer with orchards in San Diego and Riverside counties. He cites a lack of rain and late pollination back in the spring of 2012 as main factors in the little avocados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, the fruits are about 30 percent smaller than usual. \"That means less per pound wholesale,\" Wolk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avocados larger or smaller than what is considered normal are generally less attractive to consumers, he says, and, therefore, command less money per pound. About eight ounces, Wolk says, is the optimal — and average — weight of a California Hass. A 25-pound case of such fruits usually draws $1.20 cents per pound, according to Wolk. With each ounce less in average fruit size, the per-pound rate can drop by 30 cents, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the positive tradeoff, says Wolk, is that this year's crop consists of more individual fruits than usual and, in fact, will probably weigh in at more than usual. Wolk says a half-billion pounds of fruit are expected by the end of October. Most years, the California avocado harvest — 95 percent of which is of the Hass variety — tips the scales at around 400 million pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=144\">Gary Bender\u003c/a>, a University of California avocado specialist and farm adviser in San Diego County, says that most years, several months after pollination, high July temperatures cause many fruits to drop off the branches. But that, he says, didn't occur in the summer of 2012. The resulting abundance of individual fruits on each tree, combined with low rainfall, cool temperatures and sluggish photosynthesizing, has likely caused the stunting. Bender says that in 29 years on the job he has not seen such tiny avocados as those being picked this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several growers told The Salt that 2013's avocados are weighing mostly 5 to 6 ounces — but that could be a generous overestimate. We collected avos at several randomly selected grocery stores in San Francisco, and at each location — all independent, Asian-American owned shops — we found numerous avocados, being sold six or 10 to a $1 bag, that weighed in at less than three ounces, and several less than two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's just ridiculous,\" Bender notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68558\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado2.jpg\" alt=\"This season's avocados are the smallest in memory. We found some that were as tiny as 47 grams. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68558\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This season's avocados are the smallest in memory. We found some that were as tiny as 47 grams. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jim Donovan, with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.missionpro.com/\">Mission Produce Company\u003c/a>, a fruit wholesaler in Oxnard, says that harvesting two-ounce fruits is likeliest to occur toward the end of the picking season, which wraps up in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some growers, he explains, may selectively harvest bigger avocados all season and meanwhile wait for the smaller ones to grow larger. Avocados, unlike other fruits, can continue to gain size for months until one decides to pick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But eventually the farmer can't wait any longer, because the tree will drop the fruit, so they do what we call a 'strip-pick,' and take every avocado left hanging,\" Donovan says. These tiny fruits may draw less than half the wholesale price of normal-sized avocados. Cases of exceptionally large avocados—sometimes 14 or 16 ounces each—can also draw less per pound, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisabeth Silva, San Diego County's agricultural crime prosecutor who deals every year in a number of avocado theft cases, says there could be foul play behind the sudden flood of tiny avos. She describes a sly method of insider theft by which harvesting crews sometimes receive orders to only pick fruits larger than a certain size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, sometimes they'll put those bigger fruits in the bins and they'll skim off the undersized fruits for themselves and sell them on the side,\" Silva says. These, she adds, can get \"laundered into legitimate commerce.\" She says that while tiny avocados, sold in unmarked bags, could very well be stolen, grocers generally have no role in, or knowledge of, such illicit activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and other fans of bigger avocados may get relief next year, when industry experts expect this spring's relatively low number of newly set fruits to result in fewer but larger avocados. Meanwhile, the little avocados of 2013 won't hurt you a bit. Donovan at Mission Produce points out that size and price may be down, but that quality is just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're willing to cut 10 pieces instead of two to make your guacamole, then you've got a bargain,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's crop of Hass avocados – those green fruit essential for guacamole – usually weigh a half-pound or more. But this year's avocados are the tiniest in memory – some barely bigger than an egg.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68557\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado-full.jpg\" alt=\"We found lots of avocados being sold six or 10 to a $1 bag in the San Francisco area. Some weighed less than three ounces. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68557\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We found lots of avocados being sold six or 10 to a $1 bag in the San Francisco area. Some weighed less than three ounces. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Post by Alistair Bland, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/19/212330603/incredibly-shrinking-avocados-why-this-years-fruit-are-so-tiny\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/19/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's thick-skinned and leathery, about the size of an egg, essential for guacamole and sold eight for a dollar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No—not limes. Hass avocados. This year, anyway. These pear-sized fruits usually weigh half a pound or more. In the summer of 2013, though, hundreds of thousands of trees in southern California are sagging with the tiniest Hass avocados in local memory—some just the size of a golf ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason for the lemon-sized fruits, sources say, is a very unusual growing year that consisted of low winter rainfall in early 2012 (avocados spend more than a full year developing on the tree), erratic bee activity during the late spring bloom period, and lots of unseasonably cool and cloudy weather in the year since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can't ever remember a season when the all the avocados were this small, and that's over 30 years in the business,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://avocadogrowing.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Charley Wolk\u003c/a>, a farmer with orchards in San Diego and Riverside counties. He cites a lack of rain and late pollination back in the spring of 2012 as main factors in the little avocados.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By most accounts, the fruits are about 30 percent smaller than usual. \"That means less per pound wholesale,\" Wolk says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avocados larger or smaller than what is considered normal are generally less attractive to consumers, he says, and, therefore, command less money per pound. About eight ounces, Wolk says, is the optimal — and average — weight of a California Hass. A 25-pound case of such fruits usually draws $1.20 cents per pound, according to Wolk. With each ounce less in average fruit size, the per-pound rate can drop by 30 cents, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the positive tradeoff, says Wolk, is that this year's crop consists of more individual fruits than usual and, in fact, will probably weigh in at more than usual. Wolk says a half-billion pounds of fruit are expected by the end of October. Most years, the California avocado harvest — 95 percent of which is of the Hass variety — tips the scales at around 400 million pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/?facultyid=144\">Gary Bender\u003c/a>, a University of California avocado specialist and farm adviser in San Diego County, says that most years, several months after pollination, high July temperatures cause many fruits to drop off the branches. But that, he says, didn't occur in the summer of 2012. The resulting abundance of individual fruits on each tree, combined with low rainfall, cool temperatures and sluggish photosynthesizing, has likely caused the stunting. Bender says that in 29 years on the job he has not seen such tiny avocados as those being picked this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several growers told The Salt that 2013's avocados are weighing mostly 5 to 6 ounces — but that could be a generous overestimate. We collected avos at several randomly selected grocery stores in San Francisco, and at each location — all independent, Asian-American owned shops — we found numerous avocados, being sold six or 10 to a $1 bag, that weighed in at less than three ounces, and several less than two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's just ridiculous,\" Bender notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68558\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/avocado2.jpg\" alt=\"This season's avocados are the smallest in memory. We found some that were as tiny as 47 grams. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68558\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This season's avocados are the smallest in memory. We found some that were as tiny as 47 grams. Photo: Alistair Bland/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jim Donovan, with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.missionpro.com/\">Mission Produce Company\u003c/a>, a fruit wholesaler in Oxnard, says that harvesting two-ounce fruits is likeliest to occur toward the end of the picking season, which wraps up in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some growers, he explains, may selectively harvest bigger avocados all season and meanwhile wait for the smaller ones to grow larger. Avocados, unlike other fruits, can continue to gain size for months until one decides to pick them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But eventually the farmer can't wait any longer, because the tree will drop the fruit, so they do what we call a 'strip-pick,' and take every avocado left hanging,\" Donovan says. These tiny fruits may draw less than half the wholesale price of normal-sized avocados. Cases of exceptionally large avocados—sometimes 14 or 16 ounces each—can also draw less per pound, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elisabeth Silva, San Diego County's agricultural crime prosecutor who deals every year in a number of avocado theft cases, says there could be foul play behind the sudden flood of tiny avos. She describes a sly method of insider theft by which harvesting crews sometimes receive orders to only pick fruits larger than a certain size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, sometimes they'll put those bigger fruits in the bins and they'll skim off the undersized fruits for themselves and sell them on the side,\" Silva says. These, she adds, can get \"laundered into legitimate commerce.\" She says that while tiny avocados, sold in unmarked bags, could very well be stolen, grocers generally have no role in, or knowledge of, such illicit activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and other fans of bigger avocados may get relief next year, when industry experts expect this spring's relatively low number of newly set fruits to result in fewer but larger avocados. Meanwhile, the little avocados of 2013 won't hurt you a bit. Donovan at Mission Produce points out that size and price may be down, but that quality is just fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're willing to cut 10 pieces instead of two to make your guacamole, then you've got a bargain,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why This Year's Blueberry Bounty Has Growers Feeling Blue",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry-full.jpg\" alt=\"Picker Erika Nicolas Garcia, 18, fills her pail at a blueberry farm near Hillsboro, Ore. Photo: Anna King/Northwest Public Radio\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picker Erika Nicolas Garcia, 18, fills her pail at a blueberry farm near Hillsboro, Ore. Photo: Anna King/Northwest Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/16/210514759/why-this-years-blueberry-bounty-has-growers-feeling-blue\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2013/08/20130816_me_20.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://nwnewsnetwork.org/people/anna-king\">Anna King\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/16/210514759/why-this-years-blueberry-bounty-has-growers-feeling-blue\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/16/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blueberries on your morning cereal are less expensive this year. That's because farmers are harvesting a bumper crop this summer. It's good news for berry lovers, but the bounty might wreck some blueberry growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Richland, Wash., Genoa Blankenship pops open the lid on a box of blueberries. Her three young children struggle to stop wiggling. Blankenship loves the idea of healthy snacks that are easy to take along to soccer practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry2.jpg\" alt=\"Cort Brazelton, of Fall Creek Nursery near Eugene, Ore., shows off his new greenhouse, carpeted with small blueberry plants and nearly ready for export to Mexico and Peru. Photo: Anna King/ Northwest Public Radio\" width=\"462\" height=\"462\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68402\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cort Brazelton, of Fall Creek Nursery near Eugene, Ore., shows off his new greenhouse, carpeted with small blueberry plants and nearly ready for export to Mexico and Peru. Photo: Anna King/ Northwest Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We tend to eat blueberries at least twice a day. We start the day with blueberries at breakfast, and then we end the day with blueberries, and end with a bedtime snack of blueberries and oatmeal,\" says Blankenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's just this type of enthusiasm for blueberries, along with stacks of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/11/12/131272331/bow-down-to-the-medicinal-power-of-cranberries?ps=cprs\">reports\u003c/a> about the health benefits of berries, that have helped the industry grow rapidly over the past 20 years. The USDA says the number of fields in the nation has \u003ca href=\"http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1765\">nearly doubled\u003c/a> in that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those fields is outside of Hillsboro, in western Oregon. Workers stoop over waist-high rows of blueberry bushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmer Roy Malensky says that this year, all that planting has caught up with farmers and packing houses. But there are several other factors that lined up this year to create the blue crush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malensky says that usually, somewhere in the U.S. or Canada, there's bad weather that takes some fruit out of the market — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had all the different parts of the nation that were producing all at the same time. Usually, it's split up a little. Not this year. We had New Jersey, Michigan, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia — everyone sort of producing at the same time,\" says Malensky, \"so we got this huge influx of fruit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead watchers of the crop at the USDA say the nation's hunger for the fruit might start topping off in the next few years. And the recently planted acres still aren't bearing all their potential fruit yet. This year's biggest problem for farmers is lower prices. Malensky says some growers in Oregon are getting 60 cents less a pound for fresh berries this summer compared with last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of the farmers that haven't done a good job, that aren't getting decent production ... they could be having a tough year,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some will survive this year, but some will definitely drop out, he says. Still, not everyone is convinced that blueberry farmers will quit planting. Take Cort Brazelton. He and his family own one of the largest blueberry plant nurseries in the world. It's just outside of Eugene, Ore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazelton shows me around his new greenhouse: the length of nearly 3 1/2 football fields, carpeted with blueberry plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And we're able to grow anywhere between 3 to 5 million plants inside of this facility in any given year,\" says Brazelton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every one of these plants is already sold. Most are headed to farms in Mexico and Peru. Brazelton's betting in a big way that blueberries are going to continue being planted around the world, despite this summer's lower prices. And Brazelton says that's good news for consumers: Soon, fresh blueberries could be widely available year-round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, farmers say this summer's bounty of fruit at low prices won't last. As the crop tails off and becomes harder to pick, the prices will hike up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the Blankenship household in Richland, Wash., 8-year-old Ben squishes handfuls of blueberries in his mouth all at once. He says these sweet treats can be summed up in one word: \"Summer!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one kid doing his part to keep up demand for blueberries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwnewsnetwork.org\">NWNews\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry-full.jpg\" alt=\"Picker Erika Nicolas Garcia, 18, fills her pail at a blueberry farm near Hillsboro, Ore. Photo: Anna King/Northwest Public Radio\" width=\"1120\" height=\"839\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68403\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picker Erika Nicolas Garcia, 18, fills her pail at a blueberry farm near Hillsboro, Ore. Photo: Anna King/Northwest Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/16/210514759/why-this-years-blueberry-bounty-has-growers-feeling-blue\">Morning Edition\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://nwnewsnetwork.org/people/anna-king\">Anna King\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/16/210514759/why-this-years-blueberry-bounty-has-growers-feeling-blue\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (8/16/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blueberries on your morning cereal are less expensive this year. That's because farmers are harvesting a bumper crop this summer. It's good news for berry lovers, but the bounty might wreck some blueberry growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Richland, Wash., Genoa Blankenship pops open the lid on a box of blueberries. Her three young children struggle to stop wiggling. Blankenship loves the idea of healthy snacks that are easy to take along to soccer practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/blueberry2.jpg\" alt=\"Cort Brazelton, of Fall Creek Nursery near Eugene, Ore., shows off his new greenhouse, carpeted with small blueberry plants and nearly ready for export to Mexico and Peru. Photo: Anna King/ Northwest Public Radio\" width=\"462\" height=\"462\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68402\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cort Brazelton, of Fall Creek Nursery near Eugene, Ore., shows off his new greenhouse, carpeted with small blueberry plants and nearly ready for export to Mexico and Peru. Photo: Anna King/ Northwest Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We tend to eat blueberries at least twice a day. We start the day with blueberries at breakfast, and then we end the day with blueberries, and end with a bedtime snack of blueberries and oatmeal,\" says Blankenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's just this type of enthusiasm for blueberries, along with stacks of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/11/12/131272331/bow-down-to-the-medicinal-power-of-cranberries?ps=cprs\">reports\u003c/a> about the health benefits of berries, that have helped the industry grow rapidly over the past 20 years. The USDA says the number of fields in the nation has \u003ca href=\"http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1765\">nearly doubled\u003c/a> in that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those fields is outside of Hillsboro, in western Oregon. Workers stoop over waist-high rows of blueberry bushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmer Roy Malensky says that this year, all that planting has caught up with farmers and packing houses. But there are several other factors that lined up this year to create the blue crush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malensky says that usually, somewhere in the U.S. or Canada, there's bad weather that takes some fruit out of the market — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had all the different parts of the nation that were producing all at the same time. Usually, it's split up a little. Not this year. We had New Jersey, Michigan, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia — everyone sort of producing at the same time,\" says Malensky, \"so we got this huge influx of fruit in.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead watchers of the crop at the USDA say the nation's hunger for the fruit might start topping off in the next few years. And the recently planted acres still aren't bearing all their potential fruit yet. This year's biggest problem for farmers is lower prices. Malensky says some growers in Oregon are getting 60 cents less a pound for fresh berries this summer compared with last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of the farmers that haven't done a good job, that aren't getting decent production ... they could be having a tough year,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some will survive this year, but some will definitely drop out, he says. Still, not everyone is convinced that blueberry farmers will quit planting. Take Cort Brazelton. He and his family own one of the largest blueberry plant nurseries in the world. It's just outside of Eugene, Ore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brazelton shows me around his new greenhouse: the length of nearly 3 1/2 football fields, carpeted with blueberry plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And we're able to grow anywhere between 3 to 5 million plants inside of this facility in any given year,\" says Brazelton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And every one of these plants is already sold. Most are headed to farms in Mexico and Peru. Brazelton's betting in a big way that blueberries are going to continue being planted around the world, despite this summer's lower prices. And Brazelton says that's good news for consumers: Soon, fresh blueberries could be widely available year-round.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, farmers say this summer's bounty of fruit at low prices won't last. As the crop tails off and becomes harder to pick, the prices will hike up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the Blankenship household in Richland, Wash., 8-year-old Ben squishes handfuls of blueberries in his mouth all at once. He says these sweet treats can be summed up in one word: \"Summer!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's one kid doing his part to keep up demand for blueberries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwnewsnetwork.org\">NWNews\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can Quinoa Farming Go Global Without Leaving Andeans Behind?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1120px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/quinoa-full.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/08/quinoa-full.jpg\" alt=\"A man cleans quinoa grain in Pacoma, Bolivia. Photo: Juan Karita/AP\" width=\"1120\" height=\"840\" class=\"size-full wp-image-68324\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man cleans quinoa grain in Pacoma, Bolivia. Photo: Juan Karita/AP\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story\u003c/strong> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/08/15/212342707/can-quinoa-farming-go-global-without-leaving-andeans-behind\">All Things Considered\u003c/a> [audio src=\"http://pd.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2013/08/20130815_atc_16.mp3\"] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">The Salt at NPR Food \u003c/a>(8/15/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ate quinoa-and-turkey chili in a cafeteria today, which, when you think about it, is pretty amazing. Rarely does an entire culture, almost overnight, adopt an entirely new food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 15 years ago, quinoa was practically unknown outside of the Andean region of South America. When European explorers first arrived in the Americas, they liked some of the food they found here (potatoes, corn) but they had no use for quinoa. For a while, they even tried to get people here to stop growing it. So while corn and potatoes spread around the globe, quinoa stayed home. Only the people of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Ecuador persisted in growing this multicolored relative of spinach and tumbleweed, with its big lumpy head of seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How times change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinoa is now seen as cool, exotic and supernutritious. It's turned into a profitable \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/21554570\">export crop\u003c/a> for those Andean farmers. And it's ready to take another leap — into global production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers around the world are hoping to climb onto this quinoa bandwagon by growing quinoa themselves, with tractors and combines and large-scale processing plants. And some Andean farmers are asking, \"What happens to us?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sides gathered this week at Washington State University, in Pullman, Wash., for a kind of global quinoa \u003ca href=\"https://www.etouches.com/ehome/quinoa/\">summit\u003c/a>. The group included agricultural researchers who are experimenting with quinoa in Denmark, France, Pakistan, Malawi, Colorado, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/11/29/166155875/quinoa-craze-inspires-north-america-to-start-growing-its-own\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a> of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some had stories of success; others, tales of failure. \"It was not immediately successful anywhere that it's been grown,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://css.wsu.edu/people/faculty/kevin-murphy/\">Kevin Murphy\u003c/a>, a plant breeder at Washington State University, who organized the conference. Many varieties of quinoa only seem happy in the cool, dry, highlands of the Andes. If it's too hot, many won't produce a harvest. Too much rain is bad, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're spending a lot of time testing different varieties that have come out of the Andean countries to see if any of them will, one, survive here, and two, produce a seed that we'd like to eat,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://lifesciences.byu.edu/~PJM43\">Jeff Maughan\u003c/a>, a scientist at Brigham Young University. Maughan is studying the genetics of quinoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also are figuring out how to mass-produce this crop, and harvest it with machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy says those practical problems can be solved. He's more worried about something else: fairness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In four or five years, he says, quinoa won't only be grown in the Andes anymore. But what about the \u003cem>people\u003c/em> of the Andes, such as the farmers whose ancestors kept quinoa alive through the centuries, who selected all these different varieties? What will happen to them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, that's the most pressing question, the most urgent question,\" Murphy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy invited some Bolivian farmers to this quinoa summit, and five of them came. They'd never been outside Bolivia before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo Laguna was also there. He's an anthropologist, half-Bolivian and half-French, who's been working among traditional quinoa farmers. He has become a bridge between them and the outside world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laguna says that when these farmers see the rest of the world trying to grow their crop, they have a couple of reactions. \"On the one hand, they're proud of being descendants of people who selected those plants,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also pragmatic, Laguna says. They know they can't stop the growing international appetite for quinoa. They don't even want to; it's been profitable for them. (Some news reports have suggested that poor Bolivians have been hurt by foreign demand for quinoa, but Laguna and \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsofecuador.org/2013/07/controversy-quantity-and-quinoa/\">others\u003c/a> say that's almost completely \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202737139/is-our-love-of-quinoa-hurting-or-helping-farmers-who-grow-it\">untrue\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Bolivian farmers also feel that if they provide this plant for competitors to grow in places like the United States or Australia, they should see some benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why, at the moment, the government of Bolivia is trying to keep control over many quinoa varieties. It won't give samples, for instance, to plant breeders in the U.S. like Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For some of the researchers, that was a bit of a bitter pill to swallow, because they believe in free access to seeds, and to crops,\" says Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Murphy doesn't have a problem with that. Bolivia is making an important point, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nobody is doubting that quinoa production is going to go global, so we want to do it right,\" he says. \"And doing it right means doing it with the input of the Bolivian farmers right from the beginning. You know, realizing that this is their seed, this is their sacred plant, and we need to respect that, and we need to figure out a way to compensate them for that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the conference, there was talk of creating a special brand for Andean quinoa, a little like the special recognition granted to other traditional foods, like Bordeaux wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brand would be top-quality quinoa, and consumers might also be willing to pay extra for it, just because it would be quinoa from the land and the communities that safeguarded it for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "At a \"quinoa summit\" this week, farmers from around the world are trading tips on how to turn this ancient Andean grain into a large-scale crop. Some Andean farmers who currently grow quinoa are asking, \"What happens to us?\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\">The Salt at NPR Food \u003c/a>(8/15/2013)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ate quinoa-and-turkey chili in a cafeteria today, which, when you think about it, is pretty amazing. Rarely does an entire culture, almost overnight, adopt an entirely new food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 15 years ago, quinoa was practically unknown outside of the Andean region of South America. When European explorers first arrived in the Americas, they liked some of the food they found here (potatoes, corn) but they had no use for quinoa. For a while, they even tried to get people here to stop growing it. So while corn and potatoes spread around the globe, quinoa stayed home. Only the people of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Chile and Ecuador persisted in growing this multicolored relative of spinach and tumbleweed, with its big lumpy head of seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How times change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinoa is now seen as cool, exotic and supernutritious. It's turned into a profitable \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/21554570\">export crop\u003c/a> for those Andean farmers. And it's ready to take another leap — into global production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers around the world are hoping to climb onto this quinoa bandwagon by growing quinoa themselves, with tractors and combines and large-scale processing plants. And some Andean farmers are asking, \"What happens to us?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sides gathered this week at Washington State University, in Pullman, Wash., for a kind of global quinoa \u003ca href=\"https://www.etouches.com/ehome/quinoa/\">summit\u003c/a>. The group included agricultural researchers who are experimenting with quinoa in Denmark, France, Pakistan, Malawi, Colorado, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/11/29/166155875/quinoa-craze-inspires-north-america-to-start-growing-its-own\">Pacific Northwest\u003c/a> of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some had stories of success; others, tales of failure. \"It was not immediately successful anywhere that it's been grown,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://css.wsu.edu/people/faculty/kevin-murphy/\">Kevin Murphy\u003c/a>, a plant breeder at Washington State University, who organized the conference. Many varieties of quinoa only seem happy in the cool, dry, highlands of the Andes. If it's too hot, many won't produce a harvest. Too much rain is bad, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're spending a lot of time testing different varieties that have come out of the Andean countries to see if any of them will, one, survive here, and two, produce a seed that we'd like to eat,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://lifesciences.byu.edu/~PJM43\">Jeff Maughan\u003c/a>, a scientist at Brigham Young University. Maughan is studying the genetics of quinoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also are figuring out how to mass-produce this crop, and harvest it with machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy says those practical problems can be solved. He's more worried about something else: fairness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In four or five years, he says, quinoa won't only be grown in the Andes anymore. But what about the \u003cem>people\u003c/em> of the Andes, such as the farmers whose ancestors kept quinoa alive through the centuries, who selected all these different varieties? What will happen to them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, that's the most pressing question, the most urgent question,\" Murphy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murphy invited some Bolivian farmers to this quinoa summit, and five of them came. They'd never been outside Bolivia before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo Laguna was also there. He's an anthropologist, half-Bolivian and half-French, who's been working among traditional quinoa farmers. He has become a bridge between them and the outside world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laguna says that when these farmers see the rest of the world trying to grow their crop, they have a couple of reactions. \"On the one hand, they're proud of being descendants of people who selected those plants,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're also pragmatic, Laguna says. They know they can't stop the growing international appetite for quinoa. They don't even want to; it's been profitable for them. (Some news reports have suggested that poor Bolivians have been hurt by foreign demand for quinoa, but Laguna and \u003ca href=\"http://www.friendsofecuador.org/2013/07/controversy-quantity-and-quinoa/\">others\u003c/a> say that's almost completely \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202737139/is-our-love-of-quinoa-hurting-or-helping-farmers-who-grow-it\">untrue\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Bolivian farmers also feel that if they provide this plant for competitors to grow in places like the United States or Australia, they should see some benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why, at the moment, the government of Bolivia is trying to keep control over many quinoa varieties. It won't give samples, for instance, to plant breeders in the U.S. like Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For some of the researchers, that was a bit of a bitter pill to swallow, because they believe in free access to seeds, and to crops,\" says Murphy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Murphy doesn't have a problem with that. Bolivia is making an important point, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Nobody is doubting that quinoa production is going to go global, so we want to do it right,\" he says. \"And doing it right means doing it with the input of the Bolivian farmers right from the beginning. You know, realizing that this is their seed, this is their sacred plant, and we need to respect that, and we need to figure out a way to compensate them for that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the conference, there was talk of creating a special brand for Andean quinoa, a little like the special recognition granted to other traditional foods, like Bordeaux wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brand would be top-quality quinoa, and consumers might also be willing to pay extra for it, just because it would be quinoa from the land and the communities that safeguarded it for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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