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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3911\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/03/Rhodessa-Cassandra-Eddy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-3911 \" title=\"UCSF helped create a theater workshop for HIV-positive women suffering from trauma (From left to right: Cassandra Steptoe, Edward Machtinger & Rhodessa Jones. Photo courtesy of UCSF).\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/03/Rhodessa-Cassandra-Eddy-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF helped create a theater workshop for HIV-positive women suffering from trauma (From left to right: Cassandra Steptoe, Edward Machtinger & Rhodessa Jones. Photo courtesy of UCSF).\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF helped create a theater workshop for HIV-positive women suffering from PTSD and other forms of trauma. From left to right: theater participant Cassandra Steptoe, UCSF Professor Edward Machtinger & Rhodessa Jones of the theater group Cultural Odyssey. (Photo: UCSF).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists know that women who have been traumatized or suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049353\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049353\" target=\"_blank\">more likely to be at risk for HIV\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now two new studies published in the journal \u003ca title=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/n164716853x285h7/\" href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/n164716853x285h7/\" target=\"_blank\">AIDS and Behavior\u003c/a> show that HIV-positive women suffer disproportionately high rates of trauma and PTSD. In a vicious circle, the high rates of trauma lead to increased risk of further spreading the illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study researchers at U.C. San Francisco and Harvard Medical School looked at nearly 6,000 HIV-positive women. They found HIV-positive women were twice as likely to experience violence from their partner and five times more likely to suffer from PTSD than the national average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the second smaller study of 113 HIV-positive women, researchers reported that women experiencing ongoing trauma were about four times more likely both to have unsafe sex \u003cem>and\u003c/em> to fail taking antiretroviral medications correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That combination of skipping medication and unsafe sex leads to alarming public health consequences, says lead author Edward Machtinger, who directs UCSF's \u003ca title=\"http://www.whp.ucsf.edu/\" href=\"http://www.whp.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Women’s HIV Program\u003c/a>. He said if a woman isn't taking HIV medications properly, she is more infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Our hope is that screening for trauma and intervening for trauma becomes a required aspect of the care for all women with HIV.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"And if that person is having unprotected sex with HIV-negative partners,\" Machtinger told me, \"that is a situation that predisposes further transmission more than any other. The conclusion that we come to is that trauma fuels all aspects of the HIV epidemic among women.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Machtinger said the key to curbing this epidemic is to address the trauma, not just the illness. \"Our hope is that screening for trauma and intervening for trauma becomes a required aspect of the care for all women with HIV, along with blood tests and HIV medication adherence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machtinger says the Women's HIV Program (WHP) has turned to an innovative approach to intervention--theater. In a unique collaboration between the WHP and the San Francisco group \u003ca title=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" href=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" target=\"_blank\">Cultural Odyssey\u003c/a>, HIV-positive women go through a year-long workshop. At the end of the year, the women disclose their HIV status publicly in a performance called \u003ca title=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" href=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" target=\"_blank\">Dancing with the Clown of Love\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"None were completely out about their diagnosis prior to participating, and now all of them are out publicly - to their families, and friends and entire community,\" said Machtinger. \"The women who participated described it as transformative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassandra Steptoe is one of those women. Steptoe was diagnosed with HIV in 1987, a time when she was working as a prostitute to support her own heroin and cocaine addictions, as well as her then-husband's addiction. She didn't reveal that she was HIV-positive for almost two decades. Steptoe says she was frequently beaten, both by her husband and her clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At that point I felt that my life was useless,\" said Steptoe. \"I didn’t have no hope. Because 1987, when I was diagnosed, there was a lot of people dying in the circle of men and women that I would hang around with. They was dying. And so I just waited around, wanting to die and wondering when I was gonna die. But in the process I was still shooting dope, I was still selling my body, I didn’t care about life, period. I lived in a dark world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steptoe lived on the streets for much of the next two decades. Then in 2001 she was sent to a drug treatment center in San Francisco. That's where she met Machtinger, and was introduced to the HIV-positive women's theater workshop. In the workshop, HIV-positive women like Steptoe write and perform their traumatic personal stories, under the guidance of Cultural Odyssey's Rhodessa Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rodessa has a way of having us write our feelings about our past out -- the dark places that we wouldn’t go into and we wouldn’t talk about,\" Steptoe said. \"But because of the safety and trust in this group, I was able to go deeper into my past and write about some things that I didn’t tell nobody. And that freed me a lot about my past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steptoe did her first series of live performances in 2010. She said she now takes all her antiretroviral medications, and works with other HIV-positive women in the community to overcome the shame associated with the virus. \"There’s no reason to feel shame. It’s not a crime to be HIV-positive--it’s a health condition. And you know what? We not alone. We in this together. Let’s have safe sex. We don’t need to keep spreading it. Let’s be open about this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch Cassandra Steptoe's performance about her HIV status.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mw7zZqOCJM&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists know that women who have been traumatized or suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are more likely to be at risk for HIV.\r\n\r\nNow two new studies published in the journal AIDS and Behavior show that HIV-positive women suffer disproportionately high rates of trauma and PTSD. In a vicious circle, the high rates of trauma lead to increased risk of further spreading the illness.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3911\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/03/Rhodessa-Cassandra-Eddy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-3911 \" title=\"UCSF helped create a theater workshop for HIV-positive women suffering from trauma (From left to right: Cassandra Steptoe, Edward Machtinger & Rhodessa Jones. Photo courtesy of UCSF).\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/03/Rhodessa-Cassandra-Eddy-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"UCSF helped create a theater workshop for HIV-positive women suffering from trauma (From left to right: Cassandra Steptoe, Edward Machtinger & Rhodessa Jones. Photo courtesy of UCSF).\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UCSF helped create a theater workshop for HIV-positive women suffering from PTSD and other forms of trauma. From left to right: theater participant Cassandra Steptoe, UCSF Professor Edward Machtinger & Rhodessa Jones of the theater group Cultural Odyssey. (Photo: UCSF).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists know that women who have been traumatized or suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049353\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19049353\" target=\"_blank\">more likely to be at risk for HIV\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now two new studies published in the journal \u003ca title=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/n164716853x285h7/\" href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/n164716853x285h7/\" target=\"_blank\">AIDS and Behavior\u003c/a> show that HIV-positive women suffer disproportionately high rates of trauma and PTSD. In a vicious circle, the high rates of trauma lead to increased risk of further spreading the illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study researchers at U.C. San Francisco and Harvard Medical School looked at nearly 6,000 HIV-positive women. They found HIV-positive women were twice as likely to experience violence from their partner and five times more likely to suffer from PTSD than the national average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the second smaller study of 113 HIV-positive women, researchers reported that women experiencing ongoing trauma were about four times more likely both to have unsafe sex \u003cem>and\u003c/em> to fail taking antiretroviral medications correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That combination of skipping medication and unsafe sex leads to alarming public health consequences, says lead author Edward Machtinger, who directs UCSF's \u003ca title=\"http://www.whp.ucsf.edu/\" href=\"http://www.whp.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Women’s HIV Program\u003c/a>. He said if a woman isn't taking HIV medications properly, she is more infectious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"Our hope is that screening for trauma and intervening for trauma becomes a required aspect of the care for all women with HIV.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"And if that person is having unprotected sex with HIV-negative partners,\" Machtinger told me, \"that is a situation that predisposes further transmission more than any other. The conclusion that we come to is that trauma fuels all aspects of the HIV epidemic among women.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->Machtinger said the key to curbing this epidemic is to address the trauma, not just the illness. \"Our hope is that screening for trauma and intervening for trauma becomes a required aspect of the care for all women with HIV, along with blood tests and HIV medication adherence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Machtinger says the Women's HIV Program (WHP) has turned to an innovative approach to intervention--theater. In a unique collaboration between the WHP and the San Francisco group \u003ca title=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" href=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" target=\"_blank\">Cultural Odyssey\u003c/a>, HIV-positive women go through a year-long workshop. At the end of the year, the women disclose their HIV status publicly in a performance called \u003ca title=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" href=\"http://culturalodyssey.org/v2/season/winter10/\" target=\"_blank\">Dancing with the Clown of Love\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"None were completely out about their diagnosis prior to participating, and now all of them are out publicly - to their families, and friends and entire community,\" said Machtinger. \"The women who participated described it as transformative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassandra Steptoe is one of those women. Steptoe was diagnosed with HIV in 1987, a time when she was working as a prostitute to support her own heroin and cocaine addictions, as well as her then-husband's addiction. She didn't reveal that she was HIV-positive for almost two decades. Steptoe says she was frequently beaten, both by her husband and her clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At that point I felt that my life was useless,\" said Steptoe. \"I didn’t have no hope. Because 1987, when I was diagnosed, there was a lot of people dying in the circle of men and women that I would hang around with. They was dying. And so I just waited around, wanting to die and wondering when I was gonna die. But in the process I was still shooting dope, I was still selling my body, I didn’t care about life, period. I lived in a dark world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steptoe lived on the streets for much of the next two decades. Then in 2001 she was sent to a drug treatment center in San Francisco. That's where she met Machtinger, and was introduced to the HIV-positive women's theater workshop. In the workshop, HIV-positive women like Steptoe write and perform their traumatic personal stories, under the guidance of Cultural Odyssey's Rhodessa Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rodessa has a way of having us write our feelings about our past out -- the dark places that we wouldn’t go into and we wouldn’t talk about,\" Steptoe said. \"But because of the safety and trust in this group, I was able to go deeper into my past and write about some things that I didn’t tell nobody. And that freed me a lot about my past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steptoe did her first series of live performances in 2010. She said she now takes all her antiretroviral medications, and works with other HIV-positive women in the community to overcome the shame associated with the virus. \"There’s no reason to feel shame. It’s not a crime to be HIV-positive--it’s a health condition. And you know what? We not alone. We in this together. Let’s have safe sex. We don’t need to keep spreading it. Let’s be open about this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Watch Cassandra Steptoe's performance about her HIV status.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/2mw7zZqOCJM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/2mw7zZqOCJM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "HIV Prevention Drug to be Considered by FDA",
"title": "HIV Prevention Drug to be Considered by FDA",
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"content": "\u003cp>By Bernice Yeung, \u003ca title=\"http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/calif-drugmakers-hiv-prevention-pill-draws-concern-14668\" href=\"http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/calif-drugmakers-hiv-prevention-pill-draws-concern-14668\" target=\"_blank\">California Watch\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2693\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/Truvada.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-2693\" title=\"The antiretroviral drug Truvada. (Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/Truvada-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"The antiretroviral drug Truvada. (Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The antiretroviral drug Truvada. (Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Foster City drugmaker Gilead recently updated its application with the federal Food and Drug Administration for approval to market its HIV treatment medication Truvada as a HIV prevention pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the FDA approves Truvada for preventive use, it “would be the first agent indicated for uninfected individuals to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through sex,” according to a company statement at the time of the \u003ca title=\"http://www.gilead.com/pr_1640306\" href=\"http://www.gilead.com/pr_1640306\" target=\"_blank\">filing\u003c/a> last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead’s application, however, has sparked debate among public health advocates who argue that the wide availability of the drug would discourage safe sex and would, in fact, increase the incidence of HIV.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that this could be catastrophic in terms of HIV prevention,” said Michael Weinstein, president the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, based in Los Angeles. There are \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/aids/Documents/SSSemiAnnualRptJun2011.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/aids/Documents/SSSemiAnnualRptJun2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>nearly 42,000 Californians [PDF]\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> living with HIV as of June 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weinstein added that as an HIV treatment, he thinks Truvada is a “fabulous drug – it’s one pill once a day, and it has a low side-effect burden,” which include nausea, vomiting and weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new pharmaceutical prevention approach to HIV and AIDS is known in scientific circles as “pre-exposure prophylaxis,” or PrEP, and it involves taking the antiretroviral medications on a daily basis. Clinical trials supported by the National Institutes of Health have shown that when taken daily, Truvada, a blue oval pill, reduced the risk for contracting HIV by between\u003ca title=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205\" target=\"_blank\"> \u003cstrong>44 percent\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> among gay men in four countries and 73 percent by heterosexual couples in Uganda and Kenya. One trial among women in sub-Saharan Africa was stopped in April 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, these studies have generated enthusiasm among many medical researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is “an incredible achievement, a wonderful new tool that could be available to people who need additional protection against the acquisition of HIV,” said Veronica Miller, executive director of The Forum for Collaborative HIV Research and a visiting professor at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Weinstein said he’s not yet convinced by the research, and he wouldn’t want to see future mass marketing of the drug discourage gay men – the risk group \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/fastfacts-msm-final508comp.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/fastfacts-msm-final508comp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">most seriously affected \u003c/a>[PDF]\u003c/strong> by HIV, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – from using condoms based on “the false belief that they are protected by this,” when there’s a possibility that those taking the medication still could contract the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70219-5/fulltext\" href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70219-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">An article\u003c/a> in the British medical journal \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> last year also argued that “although some of the trial results have been very impressive, the protection with pre-exposure prophylaxis is unlikely to be 100 percent, and making drugs available as prophylaxis could encourage high-risk sexual behaviour among those who believe themselves to be protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Albert Liu of the San Francisco Department of Public Health's HIV Research Section is working on two studies, one that started last fall and one that will launch this spring, to determine who is interested in using the drug and how they adhere to it \"in the real world.\" Whether widespread access to the pill would lead to unsafe sex practices is a \"good question, and part of the goal of (the upcoming studies) is to evaluate what happens with people's sexual practices when they're taking PrEP,\" he said. \"We don't know the answer, and that's why it's important to study it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"http://hivforumannals.org/index.php/annals/article/view/91\" href=\"http://hivforumannals.org/index.php/annals/article/view/91\" target=\"_blank\">Annals of the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://hivforumannals.org/index.php/annals/article/view/91\">noted\u003c/a> that the drug had performed well in clinical trials; the safety risk is relatively low; and as a result, doctors can currently prescribe the drug for prevention off-label. However, those who use the drug could develop resistance to it, and if they don’t use it daily, the risk for contracting HIV increases, the forum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An article [PDF] by UCLA public affairs and medical school professors in the \u003ca title=\"http://nomagicpills.org/docs/US_Policy_Perspective_PrEP.pdf\" href=\"http://nomagicpills.org/docs/US_Policy_Perspective_PrEP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a> [PDF] also urged caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These randomized clinical trial results suggest that PrEP is a promising strategy, but we must temper this promise with a healthy dose of caution,\" the authors wrote. \"PrEP is an intensive intervention for which cost, feasibility, and behavioral considerations may be as important as clinical efficacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the forum’s Miller said that these concerns, while valid, “can be dealt with” through additional research and planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drug companies, including ViiV Healthcare, also are planning studies to sell similar prevention drugs, but given the number of clinical trials performed or under way on Truvada, Gilead's product is likely to be the first to make it to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead's total product sales were\u003ca title=\"http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000119312511297580/d226980d10q.htm\" href=\"http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000119312511297580/d226980d10q.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> $2 billion for the third quarter of 2011\u003c/a>, driven primarily by sales of Truvada and other antiviral drugs. Gilead did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some HIV and AIDS awareness organizations say that while they wouldn't want to see Truvada trump other forms of prevention, they are hopeful that the drug will help reach high-risk individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to choices,” said David Evans, director of research advocacy at Project Inform, a San Francisco organization focused on improving the health of people with HIV. “For those who are high at risk, we want them to know that there is something new and a better option available to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Evans said he shares some of the drug critics' concerns. “We don’t want to see people give up safe sex practices,\" he said. \"We hope and expect that PrEP will not be given to people who do well with condoms, but to people who struggle with making safer choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Read More:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Interview: Drug May Be First to Prevent HIV Transmission in Healthy\" href=\"Drug%20May%20Be%20First%20to%20Prevent%20HIV%20Transmission%20in%20Healthy\" target=\"_blank\">Drug May Be First to Prevent HIV Transmission in Health\u003c/a> (from KQED News Fix blog)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Foster City drugmaker Gilead recently updated its application with the federal Food and Drug Administration for approval to market its HIV treatment medication Truvada as a HIV prevention pill.\r\n\r\nIf the FDA approves Truvada for preventive use, it “would be the first agent indicated for uninfected individuals to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through sex,” according to a company statement at the time of the filing last month.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By Bernice Yeung, \u003ca title=\"http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/calif-drugmakers-hiv-prevention-pill-draws-concern-14668\" href=\"http://californiawatch.org/dailyreport/calif-drugmakers-hiv-prevention-pill-draws-concern-14668\" target=\"_blank\">California Watch\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2693\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/Truvada.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-2693\" title=\"The antiretroviral drug Truvada. (Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2012/01/Truvada-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"The antiretroviral drug Truvada. (Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\" width=\"300\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The antiretroviral drug Truvada. (Justin Sullivan: Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Foster City drugmaker Gilead recently updated its application with the federal Food and Drug Administration for approval to market its HIV treatment medication Truvada as a HIV prevention pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the FDA approves Truvada for preventive use, it “would be the first agent indicated for uninfected individuals to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through sex,” according to a company statement at the time of the \u003ca title=\"http://www.gilead.com/pr_1640306\" href=\"http://www.gilead.com/pr_1640306\" target=\"_blank\">filing\u003c/a> last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead’s application, however, has sparked debate among public health advocates who argue that the wide availability of the drug would discourage safe sex and would, in fact, increase the incidence of HIV.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe that this could be catastrophic in terms of HIV prevention,” said Michael Weinstein, president the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, based in Los Angeles. There are \u003ca title=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/aids/Documents/SSSemiAnnualRptJun2011.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/aids/Documents/SSSemiAnnualRptJun2011.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>nearly 42,000 Californians [PDF]\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> living with HIV as of June 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weinstein added that as an HIV treatment, he thinks Truvada is a “fabulous drug – it’s one pill once a day, and it has a low side-effect burden,” which include nausea, vomiting and weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new pharmaceutical prevention approach to HIV and AIDS is known in scientific circles as “pre-exposure prophylaxis,” or PrEP, and it involves taking the antiretroviral medications on a daily basis. Clinical trials supported by the National Institutes of Health have shown that when taken daily, Truvada, a blue oval pill, reduced the risk for contracting HIV by between\u003ca title=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205\" href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205\" target=\"_blank\"> \u003cstrong>44 percent\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> among gay men in four countries and 73 percent by heterosexual couples in Uganda and Kenya. One trial among women in sub-Saharan Africa was stopped in April 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, these studies have generated enthusiasm among many medical researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is “an incredible achievement, a wonderful new tool that could be available to people who need additional protection against the acquisition of HIV,” said Veronica Miller, executive director of The Forum for Collaborative HIV Research and a visiting professor at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Weinstein said he’s not yet convinced by the research, and he wouldn’t want to see future mass marketing of the drug discourage gay men – the risk group \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/fastfacts-msm-final508comp.pdf\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/fastfacts-msm-final508comp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">most seriously affected \u003c/a>[PDF]\u003c/strong> by HIV, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – from using condoms based on “the false belief that they are protected by this,” when there’s a possibility that those taking the medication still could contract the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70219-5/fulltext\" href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70219-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">An article\u003c/a> in the British medical journal \u003cem>The Lancet\u003c/em> last year also argued that “although some of the trial results have been very impressive, the protection with pre-exposure prophylaxis is unlikely to be 100 percent, and making drugs available as prophylaxis could encourage high-risk sexual behaviour among those who believe themselves to be protected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Albert Liu of the San Francisco Department of Public Health's HIV Research Section is working on two studies, one that started last fall and one that will launch this spring, to determine who is interested in using the drug and how they adhere to it \"in the real world.\" Whether widespread access to the pill would lead to unsafe sex practices is a \"good question, and part of the goal of (the upcoming studies) is to evaluate what happens with people's sexual practices when they're taking PrEP,\" he said. \"We don't know the answer, and that's why it's important to study it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"http://hivforumannals.org/index.php/annals/article/view/91\" href=\"http://hivforumannals.org/index.php/annals/article/view/91\" target=\"_blank\">Annals of the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://hivforumannals.org/index.php/annals/article/view/91\">noted\u003c/a> that the drug had performed well in clinical trials; the safety risk is relatively low; and as a result, doctors can currently prescribe the drug for prevention off-label. However, those who use the drug could develop resistance to it, and if they don’t use it daily, the risk for contracting HIV increases, the forum said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An article [PDF] by UCLA public affairs and medical school professors in the \u003ca title=\"http://nomagicpills.org/docs/US_Policy_Perspective_PrEP.pdf\" href=\"http://nomagicpills.org/docs/US_Policy_Perspective_PrEP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">American Journal of Public Health\u003c/a> [PDF] also urged caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These randomized clinical trial results suggest that PrEP is a promising strategy, but we must temper this promise with a healthy dose of caution,\" the authors wrote. \"PrEP is an intensive intervention for which cost, feasibility, and behavioral considerations may be as important as clinical efficacy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the forum’s Miller said that these concerns, while valid, “can be dealt with” through additional research and planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drug companies, including ViiV Healthcare, also are planning studies to sell similar prevention drugs, but given the number of clinical trials performed or under way on Truvada, Gilead's product is likely to be the first to make it to market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilead's total product sales were\u003ca title=\"http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000119312511297580/d226980d10q.htm\" href=\"http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/882095/000119312511297580/d226980d10q.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> $2 billion for the third quarter of 2011\u003c/a>, driven primarily by sales of Truvada and other antiviral drugs. Gilead did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some HIV and AIDS awareness organizations say that while they wouldn't want to see Truvada trump other forms of prevention, they are hopeful that the drug will help reach high-risk individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to choices,” said David Evans, director of research advocacy at Project Inform, a San Francisco organization focused on improving the health of people with HIV. “For those who are high at risk, we want them to know that there is something new and a better option available to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Evans said he shares some of the drug critics' concerns. “We don’t want to see people give up safe sex practices,\" he said. \"We hope and expect that PrEP will not be given to people who do well with condoms, but to people who struggle with making safer choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Read More:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Interview: Drug May Be First to Prevent HIV Transmission in Healthy\" href=\"Drug%20May%20Be%20First%20to%20Prevent%20HIV%20Transmission%20in%20Healthy\" target=\"_blank\">Drug May Be First to Prevent HIV Transmission in Health\u003c/a> (from KQED News Fix blog)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "HIV/AIDS Cases Up Most for People of Color",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_811\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2011/12/AIDSredribbon_Flickr_gernhaex.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-811\" title=\"(gernhaex: Flickr)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2011/12/AIDSredribbon_Flickr_gernhaex-300x400.jpg\" alt=\"(gernhaex: Flickr)\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(gernhaex: Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Timed to today's observance of \u003ca title=\"http://www.worldaidsday.org/\" href=\"http://www.worldaidsday.org/\" target=\"_blank\">World AIDS Day\u003c/a>, California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development \u003ca title=\"http://oshpd.ca.gov/HID/Products/Health_Facts/HealthFacts_HIV_AIDS_WEB.pdf\" href=\"http://oshpd.ca.gov/HID/Products/Health_Facts/HealthFacts_HIV_AIDS_WEB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">released a brief\u003c/a> [PDF] looking at over 20 years of hospitalization trends for people with HIV and AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's analysis showed that the number of people living with HIV and AIDS is up most significantly among blacks and Hispanics. Between 1988 and 2008, the number of white people with HIV/AIDS had nearly doubled, but the number of cases for blacks had more than tripled and were up more than five times for Hispanics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native Americans and Asian/Pacific Islanders with HIV/AIDS were also up dramatically, although these groups represent a small percentage of the total number of Californians living with HIV/AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The State's analysis looked in detail at hospitalization rates for people with HIV/AIDS and found they have dropped dramatically, largely due to the introduction of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=306492\" target=\"_blank\">antiretroviral therapy\u003c/a> in 1997.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->Other findings include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Cases in women are up significantly, more than sixfold since 1988. While HIV/AIDS overwhelmingly affects men, today women make up about 10 percent of total cases.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The patient population is older. 70 percent of people with HIV/AIDS are between ages 40-64, a big change since 1988, when the majority of cases were in people ages 20-39. Patients today are developing the illnesses associated with aging that are seen in the general population.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hospitalization for mental and alcohol/drug-related issues more than doubled.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cdiv>Public health officials encourage people to get tested for HIV. \"One important way we can prevent the spread of HIV is to ensure that everyone knows their HIV status,\" said Dr. Ron Chapman, Director of the California Department of Public Health in a statement.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>Nationally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says 20 percent of people with HIV don't know they are infected. Without effective HIV treatment, patients are at greater risk of developing AIDS. \"HIV medications not only help HIV infected persons live longer, healthier lives, but also decrease the chance that they will transmit HIV,\" Dr. Chapman added.\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Timed to today's observance of World AIDS Day, California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development released a brief [PDF] looking at over 20 years of hospitalization trends for people with HIV and AIDS.\r\n\r\nThe state's analysis showed that the number of people living with HIV and AIDS is up most significantly among blacks and Hispanics. Between 1988 and 2008, the number of white people with HIV/AIDS had nearly doubled, but the number of cases for blacks had more than tripled and were up more than five times for Hispanics.",
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"description": "Timed to today's observance of World AIDS Day, California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development released a brief looking at over 20 years of hospitalization trends for people with HIV and AIDS.\r\n\r\nThe state's analysis showed that the number of people living with HIV and AIDS is up most significantly among blacks and Hispanics. Between 1988 and 2008, the number of white people with HIV/AIDS had nearly doubled, but the number of cases for blacks had more than tripled and were up more than five times for Hispanics.",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
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