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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hospitals Race to Prepare for the High-Stakes COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout",
"headTitle": "Hospitals Race to Prepare for the High-Stakes COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Lately, Jon Horton has been dreaming about freezers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was opening the freezer and I was taking something out of the freezer and putting it in something else,” Horton said. “And it was just like — whew!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not just an ordinary freezer. Horton is pharmacy operations director at Sentara — a health care network based in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentara officials are working out every detail of the logistics involved in rolling out the coronavirus vaccine from Pfizer, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">has to be kept\u003c/a> at nearly minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit or risk losing effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a certain point, you’re just trying to figure out what needs to be done next,” Horton said during an interview with NPR at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital. “So you’re focusing on this process, and as you open up that door, you learn a little more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal regulators prepare to meet Thursday to consider whether they’ll approve Pfizer’s brand-new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/08/944165524/fda-analysis-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">coronavirus vaccine\u003c/a>, employees like Horton are preparing to receive the vaccine at hospitals around the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentara health system has four of the ultracold freezers that the vaccine requires, including one obtained through collaboration with a local medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We usually just deal with freezing temperatures, you know, a typical freezer,” said Tim Jennings, Sentara’s chief pharmacy officer. “That’s why we had to actually go out and acquire a special freezer for this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For sites that don’t, there’s dry ice. Jennings opens a big blue bin full of it, which resembles white “cheese doodles,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little room for error here: The vaccines must be monitored to make sure the temperature is stable each step of the way. And they’re in short supply right now; the first shipment from Pfizer is expected to include only about 72,000 doses for all of Virginia, a state of more than 8 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Hood, chief operating officer at the American Hospital Association, said health care administrators across the country are gearing up for a major logistical undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never done anything like this as a country or in the world, as significant as this exercise is,” Hood said. “And everything is new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first vaccines will go mostly to front-line health care workers at the highest risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Mary Morin, a vice president in charge of employee vaccination at Sentara, comes in. She has a lot to think about as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did wake up last night and I’m going, ‘Oh, my God,'” Morin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, whose background is as a registered nurse, has to turn Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines about who should be first in line for the coronavirus vaccine into a real-life plan for her hospital workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A front door to the hospital is the emergency department. You may have a security guard there. They’re patient facing. They’re forward facing,” she said. “So it’s the staff — it isn’t just the nurses and the physicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the flu shot, Sentara officials say, the coronavirus vaccine will be optional for staff. Large studies indicate the Pfizer vaccine is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944128751/louisiana-health-official-when-vaccine-doses-arrive-well-be-ready\">about 95% effective\u003c/a> with few side effects. But it’s brand new, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/30/939000489/a-covid-19-vaccine-has-come-quick-but-expert-says-thats-no-reason-to-fear-it\">convincing people\u003c/a> to take it may be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge ahead for hospital staff members like Jennings is making sure the vaccine is properly stored and administered to those who are willing and able to take the first doses. If the vaccine receives federal approval, officials say it could start being given to health care workers within days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realize if we do this right, we could save thousands of lives,” Jennings said, “if not hundreds of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=At+Hospitals%2C+A+Race+To+Save+%27Hundreds+Of+Thousands%27+Of+Lives+With+New+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lately, Jon Horton has been dreaming about freezers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was opening the freezer and I was taking something out of the freezer and putting it in something else,” Horton said. “And it was just like — whew!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not just an ordinary freezer. Horton is pharmacy operations director at Sentara — a health care network based in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentara officials are working out every detail of the logistics involved in rolling out the coronavirus vaccine from Pfizer, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">has to be kept\u003c/a> at nearly minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit or risk losing effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a certain point, you’re just trying to figure out what needs to be done next,” Horton said during an interview with NPR at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital. “So you’re focusing on this process, and as you open up that door, you learn a little more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal regulators prepare to meet Thursday to consider whether they’ll approve Pfizer’s brand-new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/08/944165524/fda-analysis-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">coronavirus vaccine\u003c/a>, employees like Horton are preparing to receive the vaccine at hospitals around the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentara health system has four of the ultracold freezers that the vaccine requires, including one obtained through collaboration with a local medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We usually just deal with freezing temperatures, you know, a typical freezer,” said Tim Jennings, Sentara’s chief pharmacy officer. “That’s why we had to actually go out and acquire a special freezer for this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For sites that don’t, there’s dry ice. Jennings opens a big blue bin full of it, which resembles white “cheese doodles,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little room for error here: The vaccines must be monitored to make sure the temperature is stable each step of the way. And they’re in short supply right now; the first shipment from Pfizer is expected to include only about 72,000 doses for all of Virginia, a state of more than 8 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Hood, chief operating officer at the American Hospital Association, said health care administrators across the country are gearing up for a major logistical undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never done anything like this as a country or in the world, as significant as this exercise is,” Hood said. “And everything is new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first vaccines will go mostly to front-line health care workers at the highest risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Mary Morin, a vice president in charge of employee vaccination at Sentara, comes in. She has a lot to think about as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did wake up last night and I’m going, ‘Oh, my God,'” Morin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, whose background is as a registered nurse, has to turn Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines about who should be first in line for the coronavirus vaccine into a real-life plan for her hospital workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A front door to the hospital is the emergency department. You may have a security guard there. They’re patient facing. They’re forward facing,” she said. “So it’s the staff — it isn’t just the nurses and the physicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the flu shot, Sentara officials say, the coronavirus vaccine will be optional for staff. Large studies indicate the Pfizer vaccine is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944128751/louisiana-health-official-when-vaccine-doses-arrive-well-be-ready\">about 95% effective\u003c/a> with few side effects. But it’s brand new, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/30/939000489/a-covid-19-vaccine-has-come-quick-but-expert-says-thats-no-reason-to-fear-it\">convincing people\u003c/a> to take it may be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge ahead for hospital staff members like Jennings is making sure the vaccine is properly stored and administered to those who are willing and able to take the first doses. If the vaccine receives federal approval, officials say it could start being given to health care workers within days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realize if we do this right, we could save thousands of lives,” Jennings said, “if not hundreds of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=At+Hospitals%2C+A+Race+To+Save+%27Hundreds+Of+Thousands%27+Of+Lives+With+New+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Health workers are wrapping up testing at four temporary sites in San Francisco neighborhoods hard hit by COVID-19, and preliminary results in at least one location show a marked increase in test positivity rates during the coronavirus surge in the city, state, and nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors, nurses and volunteers fanned out to test sites in the Mission, Bayview, Tenderloin and Excelsior neighborhoods for a handful of days before and after Thanksgiving, testing more than 6,800 people. The testing is part of a health initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://unitedinhealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unidos en Salud\u003c/a>, a partnership between UCSF, the community organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.ltfrespuestalatina.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latino Task Force\u003c/a>, the City and County of San Francisco, and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has offered pop-up testing every few months since the start of the pandemic, running a weekly test site in the Mission on Thursdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unidos en Salud co-founder and UCSF infectious disease expert Dr. Diane Havlir says she was already worried about the high positivity rates when she saw them go even higher after Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the Mission test site, post-Thanksgiving test positivity seems to be in the 9-10% range,” Havlir wrote in an email. “The increase from 6% before the holiday likely reflects the serious and rapidly increasing trajectory in the city overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers represent those who voluntarily took tests and are not representative of the Mission or the city as a whole, Havlir said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the numbers are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(P)reliminary data suggest that the Latinx community, low-income individuals and front-line workers living in crowded households continue to be disproportionately affected,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Test Used for Quicker Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this recent round of testing, each resident was given both a rapid and standard PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results from the rapid test, Abbott’s BinaxNOW, are available in 15 minutes. The test detects high levels of the virus, an indication that someone is particularly infectious. People who show up positive on the rapid test may spread the virus more easily and should isolate as soon as possible. The rapid tests sometimes produce false negatives in those with a smaller viral load, so the PCR test is also given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who test positive, a “community wellness team member” from Unidos en Salud works to connect them with free food and cleaning supplies, as well as a hotel room where they can quarantine. The case worker may also refer them to San Francisco’s\u003ca href=\"https://oewd.org/employees-impacted-covid-19#Paid%20Sick%20Leave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Right to Recover\u003c/a> program, which provides cash assistance for people without access to paid sick leave, unemployment benefits or other public benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health workers are wrapping up testing at four temporary sites in San Francisco neighborhoods hard hit by COVID-19, and preliminary results in at least one location show a marked increase in test positivity rates during the coronavirus surge in the city, state, and nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors, nurses and volunteers fanned out to test sites in the Mission, Bayview, Tenderloin and Excelsior neighborhoods for a handful of days before and after Thanksgiving, testing more than 6,800 people. The testing is part of a health initiative called \u003ca href=\"https://unitedinhealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Unidos en Salud\u003c/a>, a partnership between UCSF, the community organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.ltfrespuestalatina.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Latino Task Force\u003c/a>, the City and County of San Francisco, and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group has offered pop-up testing every few months since the start of the pandemic, running a weekly test site in the Mission on Thursdays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unidos en Salud co-founder and UCSF infectious disease expert Dr. Diane Havlir says she was already worried about the high positivity rates when she saw them go even higher after Thanksgiving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the Mission test site, post-Thanksgiving test positivity seems to be in the 9-10% range,” Havlir wrote in an email. “The increase from 6% before the holiday likely reflects the serious and rapidly increasing trajectory in the city overall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers represent those who voluntarily took tests and are not representative of the Mission or the city as a whole, Havlir said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the numbers are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(P)reliminary data suggest that the Latinx community, low-income individuals and front-line workers living in crowded households continue to be disproportionately affected,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rapid Test Used for Quicker Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this recent round of testing, each resident was given both a rapid and standard PCR test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results from the rapid test, Abbott’s BinaxNOW, are available in 15 minutes. The test detects high levels of the virus, an indication that someone is particularly infectious. People who show up positive on the rapid test may spread the virus more easily and should isolate as soon as possible. The rapid tests sometimes produce false negatives in those with a smaller viral load, so the PCR test is also given.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those who test positive, a “community wellness team member” from Unidos en Salud works to connect them with free food and cleaning supplies, as well as a hotel room where they can quarantine. The case worker may also refer them to San Francisco’s\u003ca href=\"https://oewd.org/employees-impacted-covid-19#Paid%20Sick%20Leave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Right to Recover\u003c/a> program, which provides cash assistance for people without access to paid sick leave, unemployment benefits or other public benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pfizer to Seek Approval for Coronavirus Vaccine 'Within Days'",
"headTitle": "Pfizer to Seek Approval for Coronavirus Vaccine ‘Within Days’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer said Wednesday that new test results show its coronavirus vaccine is 95% effective, is safe and also protects older people most at risk of dying — the last data needed to seek emergency use of limited shot supplies as the catastrophic outbreak worsens across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The announcement from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech, just a week after they revealed the first promising preliminary \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/pfizer-vaccine-effective-early-data-4f4ae2e3bad122d17742be22a2240ae8\">results\u003c/a>, comes as the team is preparing within days to formally ask U.S. regulators to allow emergency use of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They also have begun “rolling submissions” for the vaccine with regulators in Europe, the U.K. and Canada and soon will add this new data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech had initially estimated the vaccine was more than 90% effective after 94 infections had been counted in a study that included 44,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">With the new announcement, the companies now have accumulated 170 infections in the study — and said only eight of them occurred in volunteers who got the actual vaccine rather than a dummy shot. One of those eight developed severe disease, the companies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“This is an extraordinarily strong protection,” Dr. Ugur Sahin, BioNTech’s CEO and co-founder, told The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies have not yet released detailed data on their study, and results have not been analyzed by independent experts. Also still to be determined are important questions such as how long protection lasts and whether people might need boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">But all eyes are on the progress of potential vaccines as the grim infection toll jumps in the U.S. and abroad as winter weather forces people indoors, in the close quarters that fuels viral spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said the vaccine was more than 94% effective in adults over age 65, though it is not clear exactly how that was determined with only eight infections in the vaccinated group to analyze and no breakdown provided of those people’s ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Sahin said there were enough older adults enrolled in the study and among the placebo recipients who became infected that he is confident “this vaccine appears to work in the higher-risk population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Earlier this week Moderna announced that its experimental vaccine appears to be 94.5% \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2nd-virus-vaccine-success-us-tests-5575a8a8ca3825a9bf39a5d234aba07b\">effective\u003c/a> after an interim analysis of its late-stage study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Similar results from two vaccines both made with a brand-new technology — using a snippet of the genetic code of the coronavirus to train the body to recognize if the real virus comes along — likely will add to experts’ reassurance about the novel approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">While initial supplies will be scarce and rationed, as the supply grows Sahin said the companies have a responsibility to help ensure access for lower income countries as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech also say they now have the required data on the vaccine’s safety needed to seek emergency authorization from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies didn’t disclose safety details, but said no serious vaccine side effects have been reported, with the most common problem being fatigue after the second vaccine dose, affecting about 4% of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The study has enrolled nearly 44,000 people in the U.S. and five other countries. The trial will continue to collect safety and effectiveness data on volunteers for two more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said they expect to produce up to 50 million vaccine doses globally in 2020 and up to 1.3 billion doses in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">U.S. officials have said they hope to have about 20 million vaccine doses each from Moderna and Pfizer available for distribution in late December. The first shots are expected to be offered to vulnerable groups like medical and nursing home workers, and people with serious health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP medical writer Lauran Neergaard contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer said Wednesday that new test results show its coronavirus vaccine is 95% effective, is safe and also protects older people most at risk of dying — the last data needed to seek emergency use of limited shot supplies as the catastrophic outbreak worsens across the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The announcement from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech, just a week after they revealed the first promising preliminary \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/pfizer-vaccine-effective-early-data-4f4ae2e3bad122d17742be22a2240ae8\">results\u003c/a>, comes as the team is preparing within days to formally ask U.S. regulators to allow emergency use of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">They also have begun “rolling submissions” for the vaccine with regulators in Europe, the U.K. and Canada and soon will add this new data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech had initially estimated the vaccine was more than 90% effective after 94 infections had been counted in a study that included 44,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">With the new announcement, the companies now have accumulated 170 infections in the study — and said only eight of them occurred in volunteers who got the actual vaccine rather than a dummy shot. One of those eight developed severe disease, the companies said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">“This is an extraordinarily strong protection,” Dr. Ugur Sahin, BioNTech’s CEO and co-founder, told The Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies have not yet released detailed data on their study, and results have not been analyzed by independent experts. Also still to be determined are important questions such as how long protection lasts and whether people might need boosters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">But all eyes are on the progress of potential vaccines as the grim infection toll jumps in the U.S. and abroad as winter weather forces people indoors, in the close quarters that fuels viral spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said the vaccine was more than 94% effective in adults over age 65, though it is not clear exactly how that was determined with only eight infections in the vaccinated group to analyze and no breakdown provided of those people’s ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Sahin said there were enough older adults enrolled in the study and among the placebo recipients who became infected that he is confident “this vaccine appears to work in the higher-risk population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Earlier this week Moderna announced that its experimental vaccine appears to be 94.5% \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/2nd-virus-vaccine-success-us-tests-5575a8a8ca3825a9bf39a5d234aba07b\">effective\u003c/a> after an interim analysis of its late-stage study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Similar results from two vaccines both made with a brand-new technology — using a snippet of the genetic code of the coronavirus to train the body to recognize if the real virus comes along — likely will add to experts’ reassurance about the novel approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">While initial supplies will be scarce and rationed, as the supply grows Sahin said the companies have a responsibility to help ensure access for lower income countries as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech also say they now have the required data on the vaccine’s safety needed to seek emergency authorization from the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The companies didn’t disclose safety details, but said no serious vaccine side effects have been reported, with the most common problem being fatigue after the second vaccine dose, affecting about 4% of participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">The study has enrolled nearly 44,000 people in the U.S. and five other countries. The trial will continue to collect safety and effectiveness data on volunteers for two more years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">Pfizer and BioNTech said they expect to produce up to 50 million vaccine doses globally in 2020 and up to 1.3 billion doses in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-62 Component-p-0-2-53\">U.S. officials have said they hope to have about 20 million vaccine doses each from Moderna and Pfizer available for distribution in late December. The first shots are expected to be offered to vulnerable groups like medical and nursing home workers, and people with serious health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP medical writer Lauran Neergaard contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>You may know by now that in order to make, say, a weather app or Google Maps work correctly, your phone tracks your location as you move about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That functionality came in handy for a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> about coronavirus transmission, recently published online in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em> The researchers used anonymized phone data to track and model how people’s excursions have driven the course of the pandemic in the 10 biggest U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a computer model to build a network of where people visited and for how long, the researchers were able to infer which locations were hot spots for virus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very small number of places, about, let’s say, 10%, where 85% of all infections happen,” said \u003ca href=\"https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jure Leskovec\u003c/a>, a Stanford computer scientist and one of the study’s authors. The research, conducted by a group from Northwestern University and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub as well as Stanford, looked at infections between March 1 and May 2 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indoor sit-down restaurants, cafes and gyms were the top three points of transmission, and crowding in any indoor business increased the risk of contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show that grocery stores in low-income areas were more crowded, with longer customer visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found out that even a trip to a grocery store is twice as risky for an individual from a low-income neighborhood versus an individual from a high-income neighborhood,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, residents of low-income census tracts reduced their movements less than those of higher-income tracts, the analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, in Chicago, poorer neighborhoods decreased their mobility 30% less than what richer or higher-income neighborhoods did,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He partially attributes this to low-wage service jobs requiring in-person work, as opposed to higher-wage positions that can be carried out online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZG85TN1nhE&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the big achievements of this study is to highlight the occupational vulnerability that people on the lowest ends of our occupational structure have had to face,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mc2028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Merlin Chowkwanyun\u003c/a>, a public health professor at Columbia University, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He favorably compared the study’s ability to specify what was happening on the ground compared to the more generalized data available on COVID-19 dashboards like the one from \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, which provide a limited picture in terms of cause and effect. Those illustrate a good macro view of the virus’s growth rate, but leave public health officials and researchers to read the tea leaves amid the peaks, valleys and plateaus of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Afterwards we kind of guess, ‘Oh, maybe this event like a mask ordinance or a stay-at-home order or a big rally or whatever, may have caused this or that jump,'” Chowkwyanyun said. “But it’s all kind of post hoc speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was cool about this was it used some of that data, but it overlaid it with very, very specific data about individual behavior that you could actually document,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that despite the current surge in cases, public health safety precautions are working insofar as they decreased the probability of the virus jumping from one person to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the numbers are rising, they are actually lower than what our model would predict,” said Leskovec. “We attribute that to the fact that people are wearing masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1020x1002.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-768x754.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1536x1508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of transmissions after one month of opening verses the number of visits to points of interest in the San Francisco Bay region, as modeled in a new study. \u003ccite>(Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the study also confirms that capping a business’s peak capacity can reduce transmissions even though the overall number of customers permitted inside is decreased by just a small amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the team calculated, putting a cap of 30% of capacity for the number of people allowed indoors at the same time leads to a 600% decrease in transmissions, while still permitting 70% of visits overall.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conclusion here,” said Leskovec, “is that you can get quite a large benefit in terms of infections stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important takeaway for the public, he said, is simply: “Stay at home. Stay at home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Failing that, you should avoid dense crowds where people congregate for longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You may know by now that in order to make, say, a weather app or Google Maps work correctly, your phone tracks your location as you move about the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That functionality came in handy for a\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> study\u003c/a> about coronavirus transmission, recently published online in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em> The researchers used anonymized phone data to track and model how people’s excursions have driven the course of the pandemic in the 10 biggest U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a computer model to build a network of where people visited and for how long, the researchers were able to infer which locations were hot spots for virus transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very small number of places, about, let’s say, 10%, where 85% of all infections happen,” said \u003ca href=\"https://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Jure Leskovec\u003c/a>, a Stanford computer scientist and one of the study’s authors. The research, conducted by a group from Northwestern University and the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub as well as Stanford, looked at infections between March 1 and May 2 of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indoor sit-down restaurants, cafes and gyms were the top three points of transmission, and crowding in any indoor business increased the risk of contracting the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show that grocery stores in low-income areas were more crowded, with longer customer visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found out that even a trip to a grocery store is twice as risky for an individual from a low-income neighborhood versus an individual from a high-income neighborhood,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, residents of low-income census tracts reduced their movements less than those of higher-income tracts, the analysis found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, in Chicago, poorer neighborhoods decreased their mobility 30% less than what richer or higher-income neighborhoods did,” Leskovec said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He partially attributes this to low-wage service jobs requiring in-person work, as opposed to higher-wage positions that can be carried out online.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/FZG85TN1nhE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/FZG85TN1nhE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“One of the big achievements of this study is to highlight the occupational vulnerability that people on the lowest ends of our occupational structure have had to face,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/mc2028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Merlin Chowkwanyun\u003c/a>, a public health professor at Columbia University, who was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He favorably compared the study’s ability to specify what was happening on the ground compared to the more generalized data available on COVID-19 dashboards like the one from \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Johns Hopkins University\u003c/a>, which provide a limited picture in terms of cause and effect. Those illustrate a good macro view of the virus’s growth rate, but leave public health officials and researchers to read the tea leaves amid the peaks, valleys and plateaus of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Afterwards we kind of guess, ‘Oh, maybe this event like a mask ordinance or a stay-at-home order or a big rally or whatever, may have caused this or that jump,'” Chowkwyanyun said. “But it’s all kind of post hoc speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What was cool about this was it used some of that data, but it overlaid it with very, very specific data about individual behavior that you could actually document,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis shows that despite the current surge in cases, public health safety precautions are working insofar as they decreased the probability of the virus jumping from one person to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the numbers are rising, they are actually lower than what our model would predict,” said Leskovec. “We attribute that to the fact that people are wearing masks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1971126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1971126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-800x786.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1020x1002.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-160x157.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-768x754.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM-1536x1508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/11/Screen-Shot-2020-11-17-at-2.35.38-PM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The number of transmissions after one month of opening verses the number of visits to points of interest in the San Francisco Bay region, as modeled in a new study. \u003ccite>(Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the study also confirms that capping a business’s peak capacity can reduce transmissions even though the overall number of customers permitted inside is decreased by just a small amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay Area, the team calculated, putting a cap of 30% of capacity for the number of people allowed indoors at the same time leads to a 600% decrease in transmissions, while still permitting 70% of visits overall.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The conclusion here,” said Leskovec, “is that you can get quite a large benefit in terms of infections stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important takeaway for the public, he said, is simply: “Stay at home. Stay at home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Failing that, you should avoid dense crowds where people congregate for longer periods of time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "What We Know and What We Don’t About the Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccines | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he success of a second vaccine against COVID-19 means the world is a big step closer to curbing the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna, joined by U.S. government scientists, announced Monday that their mRNA vaccine candidate was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/16/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-is-strongly-effective-early-look-at-data-show/\">94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19\u003c/a>, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, according to an interim analysis of a 30,000-patient clinical trial. The news comes exactly one week after Pfizer and BioNTech said their respective COVID-19 vaccine candidate, also created using mRNA technology, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/\">more than 90% effective\u003c/a> in its own 60,000-patient clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what we know — and still need to learn — about the two most advanced COVID-19 vaccines and how they might reshape the pandemic that has killed 1.3 million people worldwide and infected at least 54.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are the two vaccines equally effective?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell for certain, but the overall efficacy of the vaccines appears to be similar, based on the data disclosed to date. This isn’t altogether surprising, since the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine candidates are both based on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">same kind of technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on data disclosed Monday, the Moderna vaccine appears to have been protective in important subsets of participants — the elderly and people from communities of color, the latter of which make up 37% of the volunteers in Moderna’s trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna also released data about the number of participants who developed severe COVID-19. There were 11 cases of severe disease, all of them in the placebo group. The elderly often respond less robustly to vaccines and are more vulnerable to having severe cases of COVID-19, if infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clinical trial conducted by Pfizer and BioNTech included the same subpopulations of participants, but specific results have not been disclosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We don’t know how effective these vaccines are in the long term.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunizations provide protection against a pathogen for decades (think the measles vaccine). It’s thought that the benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine — no matter the manufacturer — won’t last nearly as long. But researchers won’t know how long until the immunity offered by these vaccines begins to wear off. This will be something scientists keep an eye on in the months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know at this point what the durability of protection will be,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said on a call with reporters Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long vaccine-derived protection lasts has implications not only for manufacturing and how frequently people might be required to get boosters, but also for the ongoing risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other unanswered questions about these vaccines as well. For one, the trials were designed primarily to look at the impact on symptomatic COVID-19. But experts will also want to see if the vaccine candidates can block infections entirely, or if they’re just making people less sick. Another: If people can still contract SARS-2 after getting vaccinated, are they less infectious to other people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The safety profile of the vaccines is encouraging, so far.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, both vaccines appear to be generally tolerable — but by no means painless. In its announcement on Monday, Moderna said it observed a few short-lived severe side effects in volunteers, including fatigue, muscle pain and headache. None required hospitalization. For its part, Pfizer said last week that its independent data monitors reported no serious safety concerns. In an earlier update from its Phase 1 clinical trial, Pfizer’s vaccine led to mild or moderate fever and pain at the site of injection, side effects that resolved over time, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the most important safety data won’t come until patients have been followed for months and even years. Pfizer and Moderna have promised to collect and disclose that information in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for the other vaccines in development?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are based on mRNA technology, the other front-runners — from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — use different approaches. (Other companies, including Sanofi, are at work on mRNA vaccines, but their candidates are not as far along in the development process.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all the top candidates are targeting the virus’ spike protein, which the pathogen uses to infect cells. The results from the Pfizer and Moderna trials give hope that other vaccine candidates could be effective as well, given that they’re all going after the same bull’s-eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today’s announcement provides further confirmation that spike-directed vaccines can provide a protective immune response,” said Richard Hatchett, the CEO of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, known as CEPI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for mRNA?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of its implications for the global pandemic, the tandem success of Moderna and Pfizer’s vaccines is a massive affirmation of the promise of mRNA, a medical technology that has advanced in fits and starts for three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of 2020, SARS-2 was a virus that had never been studied, or even known. Less than a year later, two companies have developed what appears to be an effective vaccine for it. That suggests mRNA technology can be used to rapidly design and deploy vaccines for other pathogens. In Moderna’s case, it bodes well for in-development vaccines for Zika virus and cytomegalovirus, and it supports the company’s long-term plan to get into the business of manufacturing flu vaccines each year. For Pfizer’s partner BioNTech, which is developing vaccines for cancer, HIV, and influenza, it’s similarly encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/9qNGS0CK-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"media-caption\">Scientists can now design genetic material called mRNA to help us build immunity to certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Find out how mRNA vaccines work in this video.\u003c/span>\u003ccite class=\"media-credit\">HYACINTH EMPINADO/STAT\u003c/cite>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, vaccines have always been the lowest hanging fruit in the minds of mRNA researchers. The baseline promise of mRNA is that it can compel cells in the body to manufacture a specific protein, treating or preventing disease in the process. But developing mRNA medicines has always been a delicate balance: Scientists have to administer enough of the synthetic substance to ensure protein production, but not too much so as to avoid a dangerous immune reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines, which require only one or two doses of mRNA, are the most logical application of the technology. The bigger — and more lucrative — use for mRNA would be therapeutics for the scores of diseases that can be treated by making certain proteins in the body. That would require routine and lifelong administrations of mRNA, something neither Moderna nor BioNTech is yet to crack in a large clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>When can I get a vaccine?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Moderna and Pfizer have promised to file for emergency use authorizations in the coming weeks. If the FDA grants them, as it’s widely expected to do before the end of the year, the companies will ship doses to the federal government, which is in charge of allocating the limited supply to front-line workers and people at an elevated risk of severe COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyone else, neither vaccine is likely to be available until spring at the earliest, in large part because of logistics. (By that time, Pfizer and Moderna are also likely to have generated enough supporting data to justify full FDA approvals.) Pfizer and Moderna expect to produce just 70 million doses of their vaccines by the end of 2020, enough for only 35 million people around the globe. In 2021, the companies could have as many as 2.3 billion doses between them, but in a pandemic-ravaged world of 7.5 billion people, that’s not going to be enough to satisfy demand. Unless more COVID-19 vaccines prove to work in the coming months, the world will be rationing doses well into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further complicating matters is the issue of storage. Pfizer is capable of manufacturing more doses than Moderna, but its vaccine must be shipped and stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/11/rural-hospitals-cant-afford-freezers-to-store-pfizer-covid19-vaccine/\">ultra-cold temperatures\u003c/a>, which could make it difficult to deploy in parts of the world that lack specialized freezers. By contrast, Moderna said its vaccine can be safely stored in a conventional refrigerator. That sets up a short-term situation in which Pfizer’s vaccine is the most bountiful, but Moderna’s is the most convenient, which will require some deft maneuvering on the part of global health agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Vaccines are important, but only if people get them.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts are quick to tell you: Even the world’s best vaccine won’t do much unless people are willing to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been a particular concern with COVID-19 vaccines, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/10/19/covid19-coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-racial-disparities/\">as polls show\u003c/a> that a substantial portion of Americans — whether because of how fast the process has moved or because of concerns that the vaccine review process would become politicized — said they would not get a COVID-19 vaccine when it became available. Skepticism about COVID-19 vaccines was even higher among people of color, who have experienced historic and ongoing mistreatment and discrimination in health care, and who are suffering from a disproportionate impact of the pandemic in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vaccines start to roll out, the supply will be so limited that they’ll be used for front-line workers or people more vulnerable to COVID-19. But eventually, immunizations will be more widely available, and the majority of Americans will need to get vaccinated if the pandemic is going to draw to a close. Health authorities planning for the allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have been taking this into account as they’ve charted out their campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another piece of good news in just how effective the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear to be. Experts believe — and polling data supports — that reluctance to get vaccinated may abate in some quarters if the vaccines work well. The public has been more or less warned these vaccines might be flu vax redux — and at least half the public doesn’t think flu vax is worth getting. A highly efficacious vaccine bodes well for uptake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Helen Branswell and Matthew Herper contributed reporting.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">T\u003c/span>\u003c/span>he success of a second vaccine against COVID-19 means the world is a big step closer to curbing the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna, joined by U.S. government scientists, announced Monday that their mRNA vaccine candidate was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/16/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-is-strongly-effective-early-look-at-data-show/\">94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19\u003c/a>, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus, according to an interim analysis of a 30,000-patient clinical trial. The news comes exactly one week after Pfizer and BioNTech said their respective COVID-19 vaccine candidate, also created using mRNA technology, was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/09/covid-19-vaccine-from-pfizer-and-biontech-is-strongly-effective-early-data-from-large-trial-indicate/\">more than 90% effective\u003c/a> in its own 60,000-patient clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what we know — and still need to learn — about the two most advanced COVID-19 vaccines and how they might reshape the pandemic that has killed 1.3 million people worldwide and infected at least 54.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Are the two vaccines equally effective?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to tell for certain, but the overall efficacy of the vaccines appears to be similar, based on the data disclosed to date. This isn’t altogether surprising, since the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine candidates are both based on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">same kind of technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on data disclosed Monday, the Moderna vaccine appears to have been protective in important subsets of participants — the elderly and people from communities of color, the latter of which make up 37% of the volunteers in Moderna’s trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna also released data about the number of participants who developed severe COVID-19. There were 11 cases of severe disease, all of them in the placebo group. The elderly often respond less robustly to vaccines and are more vulnerable to having severe cases of COVID-19, if infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clinical trial conducted by Pfizer and BioNTech included the same subpopulations of participants, but specific results have not been disclosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>We don’t know how effective these vaccines are in the long term.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some immunizations provide protection against a pathogen for decades (think the measles vaccine). It’s thought that the benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine — no matter the manufacturer — won’t last nearly as long. But researchers won’t know how long until the immunity offered by these vaccines begins to wear off. This will be something scientists keep an eye on in the months to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do not know at this point what the durability of protection will be,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said on a call with reporters Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long vaccine-derived protection lasts has implications not only for manufacturing and how frequently people might be required to get boosters, but also for the ongoing risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other unanswered questions about these vaccines as well. For one, the trials were designed primarily to look at the impact on symptomatic COVID-19. But experts will also want to see if the vaccine candidates can block infections entirely, or if they’re just making people less sick. Another: If people can still contract SARS-2 after getting vaccinated, are they less infectious to other people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The safety profile of the vaccines is encouraging, so far.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, both vaccines appear to be generally tolerable — but by no means painless. In its announcement on Monday, Moderna said it observed a few short-lived severe side effects in volunteers, including fatigue, muscle pain and headache. None required hospitalization. For its part, Pfizer said last week that its independent data monitors reported no serious safety concerns. In an earlier update from its Phase 1 clinical trial, Pfizer’s vaccine led to mild or moderate fever and pain at the site of injection, side effects that resolved over time, the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the most important safety data won’t come until patients have been followed for months and even years. Pfizer and Moderna have promised to collect and disclose that information in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for the other vaccines in development?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both the Moderna and the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are based on mRNA technology, the other front-runners — from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson — use different approaches. (Other companies, including Sanofi, are at work on mRNA vaccines, but their candidates are not as far along in the development process.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all the top candidates are targeting the virus’ spike protein, which the pathogen uses to infect cells. The results from the Pfizer and Moderna trials give hope that other vaccine candidates could be effective as well, given that they’re all going after the same bull’s-eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today’s announcement provides further confirmation that spike-directed vaccines can provide a protective immune response,” said Richard Hatchett, the CEO of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, known as CEPI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What does this mean for mRNA?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside of its implications for the global pandemic, the tandem success of Moderna and Pfizer’s vaccines is a massive affirmation of the promise of mRNA, a medical technology that has advanced in fits and starts for three decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of 2020, SARS-2 was a virus that had never been studied, or even known. Less than a year later, two companies have developed what appears to be an effective vaccine for it. That suggests mRNA technology can be used to rapidly design and deploy vaccines for other pathogens. In Moderna’s case, it bodes well for in-development vaccines for Zika virus and cytomegalovirus, and it supports the company’s long-term plan to get into the business of manufacturing flu vaccines each year. For Pfizer’s partner BioNTech, which is developing vaccines for cancer, HIV, and influenza, it’s similarly encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/9qNGS0CK-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"media-caption\">Scientists can now design genetic material called mRNA to help us build immunity to certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. Find out how mRNA vaccines work in this video.\u003c/span>\u003ccite class=\"media-credit\">HYACINTH EMPINADO/STAT\u003c/cite>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, vaccines have always been the lowest hanging fruit in the minds of mRNA researchers. The baseline promise of mRNA is that it can compel cells in the body to manufacture a specific protein, treating or preventing disease in the process. But developing mRNA medicines has always been a delicate balance: Scientists have to administer enough of the synthetic substance to ensure protein production, but not too much so as to avoid a dangerous immune reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccines, which require only one or two doses of mRNA, are the most logical application of the technology. The bigger — and more lucrative — use for mRNA would be therapeutics for the scores of diseases that can be treated by making certain proteins in the body. That would require routine and lifelong administrations of mRNA, something neither Moderna nor BioNTech is yet to crack in a large clinical trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>When can I get a vaccine?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Moderna and Pfizer have promised to file for emergency use authorizations in the coming weeks. If the FDA grants them, as it’s widely expected to do before the end of the year, the companies will ship doses to the federal government, which is in charge of allocating the limited supply to front-line workers and people at an elevated risk of severe COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyone else, neither vaccine is likely to be available until spring at the earliest, in large part because of logistics. (By that time, Pfizer and Moderna are also likely to have generated enough supporting data to justify full FDA approvals.) Pfizer and Moderna expect to produce just 70 million doses of their vaccines by the end of 2020, enough for only 35 million people around the globe. In 2021, the companies could have as many as 2.3 billion doses between them, but in a pandemic-ravaged world of 7.5 billion people, that’s not going to be enough to satisfy demand. Unless more COVID-19 vaccines prove to work in the coming months, the world will be rationing doses well into next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further complicating matters is the issue of storage. Pfizer is capable of manufacturing more doses than Moderna, but its vaccine must be shipped and stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/11/rural-hospitals-cant-afford-freezers-to-store-pfizer-covid19-vaccine/\">ultra-cold temperatures\u003c/a>, which could make it difficult to deploy in parts of the world that lack specialized freezers. By contrast, Moderna said its vaccine can be safely stored in a conventional refrigerator. That sets up a short-term situation in which Pfizer’s vaccine is the most bountiful, but Moderna’s is the most convenient, which will require some deft maneuvering on the part of global health agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Vaccines are important, but only if people get them.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public health experts are quick to tell you: Even the world’s best vaccine won’t do much unless people are willing to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has been a particular concern with COVID-19 vaccines, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2020/10/19/covid19-coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-racial-disparities/\">as polls show\u003c/a> that a substantial portion of Americans — whether because of how fast the process has moved or because of concerns that the vaccine review process would become politicized — said they would not get a COVID-19 vaccine when it became available. Skepticism about COVID-19 vaccines was even higher among people of color, who have experienced historic and ongoing mistreatment and discrimination in health care, and who are suffering from a disproportionate impact of the pandemic in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As vaccines start to roll out, the supply will be so limited that they’ll be used for front-line workers or people more vulnerable to COVID-19. But eventually, immunizations will be more widely available, and the majority of Americans will need to get vaccinated if the pandemic is going to draw to a close. Health authorities planning for the allocation and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines have been taking this into account as they’ve charted out their campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s another piece of good news in just how effective the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines appear to be. Experts believe — and polling data supports — that reluctance to get vaccinated may abate in some quarters if the vaccines work well. The public has been more or less warned these vaccines might be flu vax redux — and at least half the public doesn’t think flu vax is worth getting. A highly efficacious vaccine bodes well for uptake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Helen Branswell and Matthew Herper contributed reporting.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "CDC Says Masks Protect the Wearer, Not Just Other People",
"headTitle": "CDC Says Masks Protect the Wearer, Not Just Other People | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Wearing a mask protects the wearer, and not just other people, from the coronavirus, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention emphasized in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/masking-science-sars-cov2.html\">updated scientific brief\u003c/a> issued Tuesday. And the protective benefits of masks are stronger the more people wear masks consistently and correctly, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the CDC first recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings back in April, it cited evidence that the coronavirus could be transmitted by asymptomatic people who might not be aware of their infectiousness — a group estimated to account for more than 50% of transmissions. The agency said masks were intended to block virus-laden particles that might be emitted by an infected person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a report updated Tuesday, the CDC says that is still the primary intention of wearing masks. But it also cites growing evidence that even cloth masks can also reduce the amount of infectious droplets inhaled by the wearer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This messaging is key to increase adherence and interest in mask wearing. I am thrilled!” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfhealth.org/providers/dr-monica-gandhi\">Dr. Monica Gandhi,\u003c/a> an infectious disease physician with UC San Francisco, said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MonicaGandhi9/status/1326291896788951040\">tweet Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghandi argued in a \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8\">recently published paper \u003c/a>that wearing masks can reduce the severity of illness with COVID-19, even if the wearer does become infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for which mask to choose? The CDC notes that when it comes to cloth masks, multiple layers made of higher thread counts do a better job of protecting the wearer than single layers of cloth with lower thread counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. He shared this rule of thumb with NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\">earlier this year\u003c/a>: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. He says if you can “see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” He and other researchers say a tight-weave 100% cotton material is a good bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you want \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\">more advice on choosing a mask\u003c/a>, here’s our guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its new scientific brief, the CDC reviews the epidemiological and observational evidence on the use of masking and the spread of the coronavirus. That includes a study of 124 Beijing households where at least one person had a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, when everyone in the household wore masks as a preventative measure before the infected person started showing symptoms, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study highlighted by the CDC found that among \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931726/\">1,000 people contact-traced in Thailand\u003c/a>, those who reported always wearing a mask during high-risk exposures had a greater than 70% reduced risk of becoming infected compared with those who didn’t wear masks under those circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also pointed to research that found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/20/925892185/do-masks-really-cut-your-risk-of-catching-covid-19-on-long-plane-flights\">when mask wearing was strictly enforced onboard long flights\u003c/a>, infected passengers did not transmit the virus to anyone else on the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the CDC notes, “seven studies have confirmed the benefit of universal masking in community level analyses.” That includes research on masking in a hospital system, a German city, as well as several U.S. states and the U.S. and Canada nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each analysis demonstrated that, following directives from organizational and political leadership for universal masking, new infections fell significantly,” the CDC writes. Two of those studies, as well as other analyses, showed that universal masking policies reduced mortality, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the CDC’s scientific brief also cites an economic argument for masks, noting an analysis using U.S. data that found that “increasing universal masking by 15% could prevent the need for lockdowns and reduce associated losses of up to $1 trillion or about 5% of gross domestic product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wear+Masks+To+Protect+Yourself+From+The+Coronavirus%2C+Not+Only+Others%2C+CDC+Stresses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for which mask to choose? The CDC notes that when it comes to cloth masks, multiple layers made of higher thread counts do a better job of protecting the wearer than single layers of cloth with lower thread counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://school.wakehealth.edu/Faculty/S/B-Scott-Segal\">Dr. Scott Segal\u003c/a>, a professor and chair of anesthesiology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, has been putting various cloth masks to the test since March. He shared this rule of thumb with NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/04/22/840146830/adding-a-nylon-stocking-layer-could-boost-protection-from-cloth-masks-study-find\">earlier this year\u003c/a>: Hold up the fabric to a bright light or to the sun. He says if you can “see the light outlining the individual fibers in the fabric, it’s probably not a good filter. And if you can’t, it’s probably going to filter better.” He and other researchers say a tight-weave 100% cotton material is a good bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you want \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/01/880621610/a-users-guide-to-masks-what-s-best-at-protecting-others-and-yourself\">more advice on choosing a mask\u003c/a>, here’s our guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its new scientific brief, the CDC reviews the epidemiological and observational evidence on the use of masking and the spread of the coronavirus. That includes a study of 124 Beijing households where at least one person had a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/06/21/880832213/yes-wearing-masks-helps-heres-why\">As we’ve reported\u003c/a>, when everyone in the household wore masks as a preventative measure before the infected person started showing symptoms, the risk of transmission was cut by 79%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study highlighted by the CDC found that among \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32931726/\">1,000 people contact-traced in Thailand\u003c/a>, those who reported always wearing a mask during high-risk exposures had a greater than 70% reduced risk of becoming infected compared with those who didn’t wear masks under those circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also pointed to research that found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/10/20/925892185/do-masks-really-cut-your-risk-of-catching-covid-19-on-long-plane-flights\">when mask wearing was strictly enforced onboard long flights\u003c/a>, infected passengers did not transmit the virus to anyone else on the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the CDC notes, “seven studies have confirmed the benefit of universal masking in community level analyses.” That includes research on masking in a hospital system, a German city, as well as several U.S. states and the U.S. and Canada nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each analysis demonstrated that, following directives from organizational and political leadership for universal masking, new infections fell significantly,” the CDC writes. Two of those studies, as well as other analyses, showed that universal masking policies reduced mortality, the CDC says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, the CDC’s scientific brief also cites an economic argument for masks, noting an analysis using U.S. data that found that “increasing universal masking by 15% could prevent the need for lockdowns and reduce associated losses of up to $1 trillion or about 5% of gross domestic product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Wear+Masks+To+Protect+Yourself+From+The+Coronavirus%2C+Not+Only+Others%2C+CDC+Stresses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With coronavirus cases surging across the U.S. and ticking higher in California, pharmaceutical company Pfizer’s announcement on Monday about preliminary results showing its COVID-19 vaccine to be more than 90% effective in clinical trials is welcome news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pfizer and Moderna, another pharmaceutical company with a promising vaccine, anticipate they will have millions of doses available before the end of 2020. But those will likely not be enough for everyone who wants a vaccine to get it right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of experts with the state’s Department of Public Health is working to prioritize who will be first in line to get innoculated when the Food and Drug Administration finally approves a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Raquel Maria Dillon and science reporter \u003cstrong>Laura Klivans\u003c/strong> on Monday discussed what Pfizer’s announcement means and how experts are thinking about just who will get the vaccine when. The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Pfizer’s announcement mean we’re going to have an approved vaccine very soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Pfizer is planning to have a limited number of doses by the end of this year. But the FDA has to review the company’s data and decide whether Pfizer has met the requirements for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has to show that the vaccine prevents or lessens the severity of disease in at least half the people who get the vaccine. Trials must have participants that are diverse in terms of age and race. The company also has to monitor people for at least two months after their last vaccine dose. In the cases of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the two that are furthest along in the United States, both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So where are we in the process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and Moderna are currently doing phase 3 trials in the U.S. A phase 3 trial involves testing a vaccine in thousands of people. Pfizer’s phase 3 trial, for example, has 44,000 people enrolled, and they may add more. Moderna has 30,000 people enrolled. Both companies started their trials at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We had a lot of issues when it came to getting coronavirus tests out. Will we have similar problems with the vaccine? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three experts who spoke on a webinar Monday are all on California’s panel that will make the decisions about who will be eligible to get the COVID-19 vaccine first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine, at least at the onset, there will be a severe shortage, which forces us to all consider the question, who should go first for the vaccine?” said Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at UCSF and a panel member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo talked about different categories of people who would make great candidates: elderly residents of nursing homes and folks who work there. Also, home health aides, nurses, doctors, first responders, respiratory technicians, hospital cleaning staff, teachers and other essential workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who work in particular in meat processing plants,” Lo said. The people who work as “grocery store clerks, as drivers of public transportation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about populations that have been particularly hard hit, like in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood or San Francisco’s Mission District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mentioned this too, that part of distributing the vaccine is prioritizing protection of people who are most at risk. In San Francisco, for example, he pointed out that we see high vulnerability for COVID-19 in the Mission, the Tenderloin, SOMA and Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo pointed out that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/a-framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-vaccine-for-the-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> recommends 25% of vaccines be set aside for vulnerable neighborhoods where there’s a markedly higher rate of infection and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That seems like a lot of high-priority people and competing concerns. When are we going to know who would get the vaccine first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel said they’re meeting this week to map out a timeline for how they will get all these decisions made and when they’ll notify the public. So we don’t know yet when exactly we’ll learn all of this, but we should know a lot more by the new year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With coronavirus cases surging across the U.S. and ticking higher in California, pharmaceutical company Pfizer’s announcement on Monday about preliminary results showing its COVID-19 vaccine to be more than 90% effective in clinical trials is welcome news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Pfizer and Moderna, another pharmaceutical company with a promising vaccine, anticipate they will have millions of doses available before the end of 2020. But those will likely not be enough for everyone who wants a vaccine to get it right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A panel of experts with the state’s Department of Public Health is working to prioritize who will be first in line to get innoculated when the Food and Drug Administration finally approves a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Raquel Maria Dillon and science reporter \u003cstrong>Laura Klivans\u003c/strong> on Monday discussed what Pfizer’s announcement means and how experts are thinking about just who will get the vaccine when. The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Pfizer’s announcement mean we’re going to have an approved vaccine very soon? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, Pfizer is planning to have a limited number of doses by the end of this year. But the FDA has to review the company’s data and decide whether Pfizer has met the requirements for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has to show that the vaccine prevents or lessens the severity of disease in at least half the people who get the vaccine. Trials must have participants that are diverse in terms of age and race. The company also has to monitor people for at least two months after their last vaccine dose. In the cases of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, the two that are furthest along in the United States, both require two doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So where are we in the process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer and Moderna are currently doing phase 3 trials in the U.S. A phase 3 trial involves testing a vaccine in thousands of people. Pfizer’s phase 3 trial, for example, has 44,000 people enrolled, and they may add more. Moderna has 30,000 people enrolled. Both companies started their trials at the end of July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We had a lot of issues when it came to getting coronavirus tests out. Will we have similar problems with the vaccine? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three experts who spoke on a webinar Monday are all on California’s panel that will make the decisions about who will be eligible to get the COVID-19 vaccine first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can imagine, at least at the onset, there will be a severe shortage, which forces us to all consider the question, who should go first for the vaccine?” said Dr. Bernard Lo, professor emeritus at UCSF and a panel member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo talked about different categories of people who would make great candidates: elderly residents of nursing homes and folks who work there. Also, home health aides, nurses, doctors, first responders, respiratory technicians, hospital cleaning staff, teachers and other essential workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people who work in particular in meat processing plants,” Lo said. The people who work as “grocery store clerks, as drivers of public transportation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about populations that have been particularly hard hit, like in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood or San Francisco’s Mission District?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo mentioned this too, that part of distributing the vaccine is prioritizing protection of people who are most at risk. In San Francisco, for example, he pointed out that we see high vulnerability for COVID-19 in the Mission, the Tenderloin, SOMA and Bayview-Hunters Point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lo pointed out that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/a-framework-for-equitable-allocation-of-vaccine-for-the-novel-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u003c/a> recommends 25% of vaccines be set aside for vulnerable neighborhoods where there’s a markedly higher rate of infection and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That seems like a lot of high-priority people and competing concerns. When are we going to know who would get the vaccine first?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The panel said they’re meeting this week to map out a timeline for how they will get all these decisions made and when they’ll notify the public. So we don’t know yet when exactly we’ll learn all of this, but we should know a lot more by the new year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Coronavirus Maps: Compare Severity of Outbreak in Each State",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"res833624014\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-topline\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/topline.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES833624014\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 8 million people in the U.S. have been infected with the coronavirus and more than 220,000 have died. Tens of thousands of new cases are reported daily nationwide. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View the data via a \u003cstrong>heat map\u003c/strong> (immediately below), \u003ca href=\"#res873434568\">\u003cstrong>curve charts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a \u003ca href=\"#res818547056\">\u003cstrong>table\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of state-by-state trends over four weeks, or a\u003ca href=\"#res816753519\"> \u003cstrong>map\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of total cases and deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873431766\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-change-map\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/change-map.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The map above shows the risk of infection in each state based on new daily cases per capita. These color-coded risk levels were developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/07/01/885263658/green-yellow-orange-or-red-this-new-tool-shows-covid-19-risk-in-your-county\">a consortium of researchers\u003c/a> and public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\">The group advises\u003c/a> states in the red category to issue stay-home orders. Orange states may need to consider stay-home orders, along with increased testing and contact tracing. Yellow states need to keep up social distancing and mask usage, and both yellow and green states should continue testing and contact tracing.\u003ca id=\"curves\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873434568\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-curve-bend\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/curve-bend.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To compare state outbreaks, the chart above graphs trend lines for average new daily cases and deaths against each state’s totals to date. This type of visualization highlights a state’s daily growth or decline relative to the overall size of its outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When both new and total case and death counts grow quickly, the curves bend upward. As new cases and deaths slow, the curves level or bend down. In New York, the curve rose sharply before reaching over 170,000 total cases in April. Since then, new cases have fallen from about 10,000 per day in mid-April to over 1,000 per day in mid October. \u003ca id=\"map\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res816753519\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Explore the map above to see totals and per capita figures around the country for both new confirmed cases and reported deaths from COVID-19. New York was the original epicenter of the pandemic in the U.S. As of mid October, California, Florida and Texas surpass New York for total cases to date, though New York still has the highest death total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak\">\u003cem>Click here to see a global map\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> of confirmed cases and deaths.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"table\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a> To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res818547056\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-table\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/table.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html\">\u003cem>Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.1point3acres.com/\">\u003cem>1point3acres\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>; and local media reports. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department’s website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases and or update their methodologies. For example, in early June, Michigan health authorities started including probable cases in its totals. This resulted in a brief spike in the state’s daily numbers until the JHU team was able to reconcile the historical data. On June 25, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nj.gov/governor/news/news/562020/approved/20200625a.shtml\">\u003cem>New Jersey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> included 1,854 previously-unreported probable deaths in its totals, resulting in a spike in the state’s daily death numbers. On Sept. 2, Massachusetts \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mass.gov/doc/covid-19-dashboard-september-3-2020/download\">\u003cem>changed its methodology for counting probable cases\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, which lowered its overall case and death numbers. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data#data-modification-records\">\u003cem>The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean McMinn contributed to and Carmel Wroth edited this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coronavirus+Maps%3A+How+Severe+Is+Your+State%27s+Outbreak%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"storytext\" class=\"storytext storylocation linkLocation\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"res833624014\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-topline\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/topline.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES833624014\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 8 million people in the U.S. have been infected with the coronavirus and more than 220,000 have died. Tens of thousands of new cases are reported daily nationwide. In the graphics below, explore the trends in your state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View the data via a \u003cstrong>heat map\u003c/strong> (immediately below), \u003ca href=\"#res873434568\">\u003cstrong>curve charts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> a \u003ca href=\"#res818547056\">\u003cstrong>table\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of state-by-state trends over four weeks, or a\u003ca href=\"#res816753519\"> \u003cstrong>map\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> of total cases and deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873431766\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-change-map\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/change-map.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The map above shows the risk of infection in each state based on new daily cases per capita. These color-coded risk levels were developed by \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/07/01/885263658/green-yellow-orange-or-red-this-new-tool-shows-covid-19-risk-in-your-county\">a consortium of researchers\u003c/a> and public health experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://globalepidemics.org/key-metrics-for-covid-suppression/\">The group advises\u003c/a> states in the red category to issue stay-home orders. Orange states may need to consider stay-home orders, along with increased testing and contact tracing. Yellow states need to keep up social distancing and mask usage, and both yellow and green states should continue testing and contact tracing.\u003ca id=\"curves\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res873434568\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-curve-bend\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/curve-bend.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>To compare state outbreaks, the chart above graphs trend lines for average new daily cases and deaths against each state’s totals to date. This type of visualization highlights a state’s daily growth or decline relative to the overall size of its outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When both new and total case and death counts grow quickly, the curves bend upward. As new cases and deaths slow, the curves level or bend down. In New York, the curve rose sharply before reaching over 170,000 total cases in April. Since then, new cases have fallen from about 10,000 per day in mid-April to over 1,000 per day in mid October. \u003ca id=\"map\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res816753519\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Explore the map above to see totals and per capita figures around the country for both new confirmed cases and reported deaths from COVID-19. New York was the original epicenter of the pandemic in the U.S. As of mid October, California, Florida and Texas surpass New York for total cases to date, though New York still has the highest death total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/30/822491838/coronavirus-world-map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-outbreak\">\u003cem>Click here to see a global map\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> of confirmed cases and deaths.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"table\" class=\"anchor\">\u003c/a> To show trends, the table below shows the change in average new cases per day in each state, week over week for the last 28 days. States marked in shades of red have growing outbreaks; those in shades of green, are declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res818547056\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312-table\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/coronavirus-d3-us-map-20200312/table.html\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The graphics on this page pull from data compiled by the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html\">\u003cem>Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> from several sources, including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the World Health Organization; national, state and local government health departments; \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.1point3acres.com/\">\u003cem>1point3acres\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>; and local media reports. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The JHU team automates its data uploads and regularly checks them for anomalies. This may result in occasional data discrepancies on this page as the JHU team resolves anomalies and updates its feeds. State-by-state recovery data are unavailable at this time. There may be discrepancies between what you see here and what you see on your local health department’s website. Figures shown do not include cases on cruise ships.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fluctuations in the numbers may happen as health authorities review old cases and or update their methodologies. For example, in early June, Michigan health authorities started including probable cases in its totals. This resulted in a brief spike in the state’s daily numbers until the JHU team was able to reconcile the historical data. On June 25, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nj.gov/governor/news/news/562020/approved/20200625a.shtml\">\u003cem>New Jersey\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> included 1,854 previously-unreported probable deaths in its totals, resulting in a spike in the state’s daily death numbers. On Sept. 2, Massachusetts \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mass.gov/doc/covid-19-dashboard-september-3-2020/download\">\u003cem>changed its methodology for counting probable cases\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, which lowered its overall case and death numbers. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data#data-modification-records\">\u003cem>The JHU team maintains a list of such changes.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on March 16, 2020. Elena Renken was a co-author on that version.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean McMinn contributed to and Carmel Wroth edited this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Coronavirus+Maps%3A+How+Severe+Is+Your+State%27s+Outbreak%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "CDC Reports Nearly 300,000 'Excess Deaths' in the U.S. Amid Pandemic",
"headTitle": "CDC Reports Nearly 300,000 ‘Excess Deaths’ in the U.S. Amid Pandemic | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>hen there’s a public health crisis or disaster like the coronavirus pandemic, experts know that the official death tally is going to be an undercount by some extent. Some people who die might never have been tested for the disease, for example, and if people die at home without receiving medical care, they might not make it into the confirmed data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address that, researchers often look to what are called excess deaths — the number of deaths overall during a particular period of time compared to how many people die during the stretch in a normal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in the most \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6942e2.htm?s_cid=mm6942e2_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">updated count to date\u003c/a>, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that nearly 300,000 more people in the United States died from late January to early October this year compared to the average number of people who died in recent years. Just two-thirds of those deaths were counted as COVID-19 fatalities, highlighting how the official U.S. death count — now standing at about 220,000 — is not fully inclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be exact, the researchers reported that 299,028 more people died from Jan. 26 to Oct. 3 this year than on average during the same stretch from 2015 to 2019. Excess deaths also occurred at higher rates among Latinx, Asian, American Indian, and Black people than among white people, mirroring the disparities in official U.S. COVID-19 death counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely, the excess deaths account for some otherwise untallied COVID-19 deaths — those who may have died without being tested or who died at home and whose deaths were not counted as caused by the coronavirus. But the 300,000 number probably also includes people who died because they were scared to seek out medical care because of the pandemic or had their care interrupted, and because of other causes. One limitation of the study, the researchers noted, was that the U.S. population is growing and getting older, so more deaths might have occurred in 2020 versus recent years without a pandemic, making a direct comparison harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deaths among white people in 2020 were just 11.9% higher than average years, a much lower increase than deaths among Latinx people (53.6% higher than average), Asian people (36.6% higher), Black people (32.9% higher), and American Indians and Alaska Natives (28.9% higher). “These disproportionate increases among certain racial and ethnic groups are consistent with noted disparities in COVID-19 mortality,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also differences among different age groups, with the largest increase occurring among people age 25 to 44, who saw excess deaths that were 26.5% higher than average. People 45 to 64 had 14.4% more deaths, while those 65 to 74 had 24.1% more deaths. Deaths among people 75 to 84 were 21.5% higher and 14.7% higher for people 85 and above. Deaths this year for people under 25, however, were 2% below average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>hen there’s a public health crisis or disaster like the coronavirus pandemic, experts know that the official death tally is going to be an undercount by some extent. Some people who die might never have been tested for the disease, for example, and if people die at home without receiving medical care, they might not make it into the confirmed data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address that, researchers often look to what are called excess deaths — the number of deaths overall during a particular period of time compared to how many people die during the stretch in a normal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in the most \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6942e2.htm?s_cid=mm6942e2_w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">updated count to date\u003c/a>, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have found that nearly 300,000 more people in the United States died from late January to early October this year compared to the average number of people who died in recent years. Just two-thirds of those deaths were counted as COVID-19 fatalities, highlighting how the official U.S. death count — now standing at about 220,000 — is not fully inclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be exact, the researchers reported that 299,028 more people died from Jan. 26 to Oct. 3 this year than on average during the same stretch from 2015 to 2019. Excess deaths also occurred at higher rates among Latinx, Asian, American Indian, and Black people than among white people, mirroring the disparities in official U.S. COVID-19 death counts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most likely, the excess deaths account for some otherwise untallied COVID-19 deaths — those who may have died without being tested or who died at home and whose deaths were not counted as caused by the coronavirus. But the 300,000 number probably also includes people who died because they were scared to seek out medical care because of the pandemic or had their care interrupted, and because of other causes. One limitation of the study, the researchers noted, was that the U.S. population is growing and getting older, so more deaths might have occurred in 2020 versus recent years without a pandemic, making a direct comparison harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deaths among white people in 2020 were just 11.9% higher than average years, a much lower increase than deaths among Latinx people (53.6% higher than average), Asian people (36.6% higher), Black people (32.9% higher), and American Indians and Alaska Natives (28.9% higher). “These disproportionate increases among certain racial and ethnic groups are consistent with noted disparities in COVID-19 mortality,” the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were also differences among different age groups, with the largest increase occurring among people age 25 to 44, who saw excess deaths that were 26.5% higher than average. People 45 to 64 had 14.4% more deaths, while those 65 to 74 had 24.1% more deaths. Deaths among people 75 to 84 were 21.5% higher and 14.7% higher for people 85 and above. Deaths this year for people under 25, however, were 2% below average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Facebook Bans Anti-Vaccine Ads but Keeps Pages Where Falsehoods Thrive",
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"content": "\u003cp>Facebook rolled out a new policy on Tuesday aimed at cracking down on vaccine falsehoods, a ballooning problem for the social network as a growing number of users with neutral views about vaccines appear to turn into vocal opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy prohibits formal advertisements that discourage people from getting vaccinated, reversing a yearslong trend in which such ads were widely permitted. The site also said it will amplify factual messages from international public health authorities including the World Health Organization, as well as direct users in the U.S. to locations where they can get a flu shot. Those updates follow a number of other features released in recent months in a bid to combat misinformation about the pandemic and vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the policies released this week and updates issued over the summer do not address Facebook’s most virulent sources of health-related falsehoods: pages and groups. Vaccine misinformation has taken an increasingly strong foothold in those spaces in recent months, with some individuals using them to peddle and profit from falsehoods while flying under the radar of policies designed to police advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have identified pages and groups — not formal advertisements — as misinformation superspreaders. In \u003ca href=\"https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_7aa1bf9819904295a0493a013b285a6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a July report\u003c/a> assessing anti-vaccine rhetoric on Facebook, the nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate concluded that people using pages to make money off of vaccine misinformation had collectively attracted 28 million followers by June 2020. The analysis, which looked at 409 English-language social media accounts, found that such “anti-vaccination entrepreneurs” had seen their followers grow by 854,000 between May and June of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups are another large source of fuel for the vaccine misinformation fire. In these spaces, where members come together over a shared love of anything from organic foods to cats, conversations about nearly any subject can rapidly shift into discussions about vaccines, with people opposed to vaccines largely dominating the conversation. With more people physically distancing during the pandemic, more discussions are moving online — giving misinformation a place to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically like if you injected adrenaline into them,” Neil Johnson, professor of physics and researcher at the Institute for Data, Democracy & Politics at George Washington University, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published in Nature\u003c/a> in May, Johnson and his colleagues documented a sizable rise between February and October of 2019 in the number of users following Facebook pages that promoted anti-vaccine content. The research turned up a particularly troubling trend: While pages spreading vaccine falsehoods had fewer followers than pages that shared factual vaccine content, pages spreading falsehoods were more numerous, faster-growing, and increasingly more connected to neutral pages where people did not yet have a clear leaning one way or the other. To Johnson, the findings suggested that anti-vaccination rhetoric would dominate online discussion within the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCDH researchers identified a similar problem among Facebook groups, finding 64 that regularly shared vaccine misinformation. The groups garnered a collective following of 1 million people, and that figure is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when much of the world is approaching flu season and the possible rollout of a COVID-19 vaccination, the problem appears increasingly dire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 misinformation is the equivalent of an ideological dirty bomb: It has the capacity to hurt tens of thousands of people when it detonates in the moment that vaccines are available,” Imran Ahmed, founder and chief executive officer of the CCDH, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Facebook rolled out a new policy on Tuesday aimed at cracking down on vaccine falsehoods, a ballooning problem for the social network as a growing number of users with neutral views about vaccines appear to turn into vocal opponents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new policy prohibits formal advertisements that discourage people from getting vaccinated, reversing a yearslong trend in which such ads were widely permitted. The site also said it will amplify factual messages from international public health authorities including the World Health Organization, as well as direct users in the U.S. to locations where they can get a flu shot. Those updates follow a number of other features released in recent months in a bid to combat misinformation about the pandemic and vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the policies released this week and updates issued over the summer do not address Facebook’s most virulent sources of health-related falsehoods: pages and groups. Vaccine misinformation has taken an increasingly strong foothold in those spaces in recent months, with some individuals using them to peddle and profit from falsehoods while flying under the radar of policies designed to police advertisements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have identified pages and groups — not formal advertisements — as misinformation superspreaders. In \u003ca href=\"https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_7aa1bf9819904295a0493a013b285a6b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a July report\u003c/a> assessing anti-vaccine rhetoric on Facebook, the nonprofit Center for Countering Digital Hate concluded that people using pages to make money off of vaccine misinformation had collectively attracted 28 million followers by June 2020. The analysis, which looked at 409 English-language social media accounts, found that such “anti-vaccination entrepreneurs” had seen their followers grow by 854,000 between May and June of 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups are another large source of fuel for the vaccine misinformation fire. In these spaces, where members come together over a shared love of anything from organic foods to cats, conversations about nearly any subject can rapidly shift into discussions about vaccines, with people opposed to vaccines largely dominating the conversation. With more people physically distancing during the pandemic, more discussions are moving online — giving misinformation a place to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically like if you injected adrenaline into them,” Neil Johnson, professor of physics and researcher at the Institute for Data, Democracy & Politics at George Washington University, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2281-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">study published in Nature\u003c/a> in May, Johnson and his colleagues documented a sizable rise between February and October of 2019 in the number of users following Facebook pages that promoted anti-vaccine content. The research turned up a particularly troubling trend: While pages spreading vaccine falsehoods had fewer followers than pages that shared factual vaccine content, pages spreading falsehoods were more numerous, faster-growing, and increasingly more connected to neutral pages where people did not yet have a clear leaning one way or the other. To Johnson, the findings suggested that anti-vaccination rhetoric would dominate online discussion within the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CCDH researchers identified a similar problem among Facebook groups, finding 64 that regularly shared vaccine misinformation. The groups garnered a collective following of 1 million people, and that figure is growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when much of the world is approaching flu season and the possible rollout of a COVID-19 vaccination, the problem appears increasingly dire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“COVID-19 misinformation is the equivalent of an ideological dirty bomb: It has the capacity to hurt tens of thousands of people when it detonates in the moment that vaccines are available,” Imran Ahmed, founder and chief executive officer of the CCDH, told STAT in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "From Condoms to Coronavirus Masks, 'Harm Reduction' Has Worked to Protect Public Health",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">We’re in the middle of the worst public health crisis in a century, one in which adherence to public health guidelines makes all the difference between an out-of-control pestilence and a serious but containable emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California, at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, slowed what looked to be its inexorable spread with an extraordinary yet simple solution:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Shut it all down. \u003ci>Everything\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Dr. John Swartzberg, UC Berkeley School of Public Health']‘To get people to change their behavior, to forbid them to do something, is not usually successful.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But aside from the economic consequences of sheltering an entire state in place, public health officials were aware of another reason that asking people to remain totally insulated from the dangers of the coronavirus would have diminishing returns:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">From a public health perspective, pasting a proverbial big X over something is frequently a losing bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“To get people to change their behavior, to forbid them to do something is not usually successful,” said Dr. John Swartzberg, clinical professor emeritus at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Swartzberg points to the U.S. ban on alcohol, in effect from 1920 to 1933, as a historical example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970293\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970293 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"830\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos-160x221.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A streetcar conductor in Seattle won’t allow a passenger aboard without a mask in 1918. \u003ccite>(U.S. National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Prohibition, Swartzberg says, was a “puritanical” approach to eradicating real societal ills associated with drinking. But it was ultimately repealed, and it’s widely viewed as a failure due to unintended consequences that included the rise of organized crime through bootlegging and the deaths of people who consumed toxic illegal alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Today, governments use a well-established strategy called harm reduction to help \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876518/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">mitigate\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the negative effects of not only alcohol but a host of other public health risks, including the spread of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The basic principle behind harm reduction: Don’t tell people they absolutely can’t do something, because it won’t work as well as allowing the behavior, but with added rules to reduce risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">If Prohibition is a cautionary tale of what happens when harm reduction is left out of the equation, the concept of safer sex is a textbook example of how it can work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In the earliest days of the HIV crisis, Swartzberg says, health officials promoted an abstinence-only message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“That clearly didn’t work,” he said, so it was dropped in favor of encouraging people to engage in practices like using condoms and getting tested for the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“We know you’re going to go have sex. But if you’re having sex, here’s what you can do to reduce your risk and your partner’s risk. That was a much more\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>successful policy. It’s the same thing with what we’re talking about with COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As scientists continue to work on therapies to address the disease, Bay Area health officials have made one thing clear: Social distancing and masking, ways of reducing risk from the coronavirus, are here to stay for a good while longer. A safe and effective vaccine may be at least several months away; meanwhile all the data has shown that wearing masks and avoiding indoor gatherings are keys to slowing the spread of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">While many months into the crisis people may be suffering mask-wearing and social distancing fatigue, public health experts say the rules are designed to actually allow people more freedom, not less, compared to the constraints of a strict lockdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The incremental reopening of different parts of the economy as California counties move through the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/safer-economy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">risk assessment levels\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is a case in point for how a society can modulate harm reduction in response to changing circumstances. At the highest risk level, the state allows shopping malls to open at 25% capacity; at the next highest, it’s 50%; and at the next, 100%, but with closed common areas and reduced-capacity food courts. In other words, the harm reduction measures ratchet down as the risk subsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Buckling Up\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Passing safety laws and getting people to embrace them can take years or even decades. While it’s standard practice now for us to buckle up before pulling out of the driveway, modern automobile seat belts weren’t invented until the 1950s, a half-century after Ford brought motorcars to the masses with the Model T. The idea for retractable belts in passenger cars is credited to a \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/302856\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">neurologist in Pasadena\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, who’d been treating a large number of patients suffering from head traumas sustained in car crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But the U.S. didn’t require car manufacturers to equip vehicles with seat belts until1968. Even then, no law required passengers to wear them. That occurred in the 1980s, when states began mandating people to buckle up or risk a fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">With COVID-19, Swartzberg says, we can’t afford that long of an adjustment period; people have to embrace harm reduction now to keep the virus from spreading. Most public health officials agree that the lack of consistent messaging from federal leadership about the efficacy of these practices has been a major barrier to fighting the pandemic in the U.S. For example, a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">recently released \u003ca href=\"https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/evanega-et-al-coronavirus-misinformation-submitted-07-23-20-1/080839ac0c22bca8/full.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by Cornell University researchers found that President Trump is “likely the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-misinformation.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">largest driver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” of COVID-19 misinformation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Secondhand Smoke\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some health experts say the lessons learned from anti-tobacco campaigns show that certain strategies may be more effective than others at changing people’s behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dr. Richard Jackson, professor emeritus at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and a former state of California public health officer, says getting to the point where bans were enacted on smoking in public spaces like restaurants, planes and parks took years. What eventually tipped the scales for lawmakers and the American public, Jackson says, was not the message that smoking is bad for you, but rather that lighting up can harm other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>It was when we showed that flight attendants were actually getting sick from being in a confined space with a lot of smokers, that was the beginning,” Jackson said. “But eventually, over time, it led to the ban of indoor smoking\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">It wasn’t until 1995 that California paved the way for smoking bans when it became the first state to outlaw smoking in indoor workplaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Behavioral economists have a name for actions that affect not ourselves but other people or the whole of society: externalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Mask wearing can reduce the externalities of leaving your house during the COVID-19 pandemic because studies show that it helps prevent virus transmission to other people, who may not even know they’re contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">When it comes to choosing not to wear a mask, Jackson says, a person might argue: “It’s my life, I can take that risk.” But helping them understand that flaunting this precaution can endanger a child, a loved one, an innocent bystander — what Jackson calls “sympathetic victims” — may encourage holdouts to think twice about ignoring public health orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Cultural Differences\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The coronavirus pandemic isn’t the first time Americans have been asked to pull masks over their faces, avoid crowds, and subject themselves to a shutdown of parts of the economy to fight a deadly virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Doctors prescribed a strikingly similar regimen to fight the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, says Dr. Lee Riley, head of the infectious disease and vaccinology division at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. An estimated 50 million people worldwide and 675,000 in the U.S. died from complications caused by the virus, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">according\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If you look at some pictures from that period, a lot of people were wearing masks,” Riley said. “They washed their hands, kept social distance, and local governments tried to make sure that people didn’t congregate in large numbers, everything that they’re saying right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Studies suggest public health measures \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849868/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">reduced\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the 1918 flu pandemic \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849868/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">up to 50 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>% in some cities where they were implemented early on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“That was a big pandemic, almost two years,” Riley said, “And eventually this virus petered out. So the public health measures work.” He added that the pandemic was contained long before the first approved flu vaccine, which was developed in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Riley points out that wearing masks to thwart disease has become the social norm in some countries around the world, particularly in Asia. He grew up in Japan in the 1950s and remembers wearing a mask to elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Because reliable vaccines to fight influenza or bacterial respiratory diseases didn’t yet exist, wearing a mask was the primary way people kept from getting sick, Riley says. But there was also a cultural incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“There’s a phrase in Japan that was instilled in all little kids: Never cause harm to strangers and your neighbors,” he said. “And so one major driving force why people will wear a mask is not just to protect themselves, but also (to) prevent the transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Japan, Riley said, is a more socially conscious culture when compared with more individualistic societies in the West. When it comes to fighting the pandemic, he says the U.S. could benefit from this baked-in harm reduction philosophy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I think, you know, Americans are not that different from other people when they start really thinking about this.” he said. “And when we have a good leadership model, we can really serve as a model.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">We’re in the middle of the worst public health crisis in a century, one in which adherence to public health guidelines makes all the difference between an out-of-control pestilence and a serious but containable emergency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California, at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, slowed what looked to be its inexorable spread with an extraordinary yet simple solution:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Shut it all down. \u003ci>Everything\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘To get people to change their behavior, to forbid them to do something, is not usually successful.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But aside from the economic consequences of sheltering an entire state in place, public health officials were aware of another reason that asking people to remain totally insulated from the dangers of the coronavirus would have diminishing returns:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">From a public health perspective, pasting a proverbial big X over something is frequently a losing bet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“To get people to change their behavior, to forbid them to do something is not usually successful,” said Dr. John Swartzberg, clinical professor emeritus at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Swartzberg points to the U.S. ban on alcohol, in effect from 1920 to 1933, as a historical example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1970293\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1970293 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"830\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/10/pandemic-1918-photos-160x221.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A streetcar conductor in Seattle won’t allow a passenger aboard without a mask in 1918. \u003ccite>(U.S. National Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Prohibition, Swartzberg says, was a “puritanical” approach to eradicating real societal ills associated with drinking. But it was ultimately repealed, and it’s widely viewed as a failure due to unintended consequences that included the rise of organized crime through bootlegging and the deaths of people who consumed toxic illegal alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Today, governments use a well-established strategy called harm reduction to help \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6876518/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">mitigate\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the negative effects of not only alcohol but a host of other public health risks, including the spread of COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The basic principle behind harm reduction: Don’t tell people they absolutely can’t do something, because it won’t work as well as allowing the behavior, but with added rules to reduce risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">If Prohibition is a cautionary tale of what happens when harm reduction is left out of the equation, the concept of safer sex is a textbook example of how it can work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">In the earliest days of the HIV crisis, Swartzberg says, health officials promoted an abstinence-only message.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“That clearly didn’t work,” he said, so it was dropped in favor of encouraging people to engage in practices like using condoms and getting tested for the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“We know you’re going to go have sex. But if you’re having sex, here’s what you can do to reduce your risk and your partner’s risk. That was a much more\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"> \u003c/span>successful policy. It’s the same thing with what we’re talking about with COVID.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">As scientists continue to work on therapies to address the disease, Bay Area health officials have made one thing clear: Social distancing and masking, ways of reducing risk from the coronavirus, are here to stay for a good while longer. A safe and effective vaccine may be at least several months away; meanwhile all the data has shown that wearing masks and avoiding indoor gatherings are keys to slowing the spread of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">While many months into the crisis people may be suffering mask-wearing and social distancing fatigue, public health experts say the rules are designed to actually allow people more freedom, not less, compared to the constraints of a strict lockdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The incremental reopening of different parts of the economy as California counties move through the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/safer-economy/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">risk assessment levels\u003c/span>\u003c/a> is a case in point for how a society can modulate harm reduction in response to changing circumstances. At the highest risk level, the state allows shopping malls to open at 25% capacity; at the next highest, it’s 50%; and at the next, 100%, but with closed common areas and reduced-capacity food courts. In other words, the harm reduction measures ratchet down as the risk subsides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Buckling Up\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Passing safety laws and getting people to embrace them can take years or even decades. While it’s standard practice now for us to buckle up before pulling out of the driveway, modern automobile seat belts weren’t invented until the 1950s, a half-century after Ford brought motorcars to the masses with the Model T. The idea for retractable belts in passenger cars is credited to a \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/302856\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">neurologist in Pasadena\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, who’d been treating a large number of patients suffering from head traumas sustained in car crashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">But the U.S. didn’t require car manufacturers to equip vehicles with seat belts until1968. Even then, no law required passengers to wear them. That occurred in the 1980s, when states began mandating people to buckle up or risk a fine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">With COVID-19, Swartzberg says, we can’t afford that long of an adjustment period; people have to embrace harm reduction now to keep the virus from spreading. Most public health officials agree that the lack of consistent messaging from federal leadership about the efficacy of these practices has been a major barrier to fighting the pandemic in the U.S. For example, a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">recently released \u003ca href=\"https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/evanega-et-al-coronavirus-misinformation-submitted-07-23-20-1/080839ac0c22bca8/full.pdf\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">study\u003c/span>\u003c/a> by Cornell University researchers found that President Trump is “likely the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-misinformation.html\">\u003cspan class=\"s3\">largest driver\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” of COVID-19 misinformation. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Secondhand Smoke\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Some health experts say the lessons learned from anti-tobacco campaigns show that certain strategies may be more effective than others at changing people’s behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Dr. Richard Jackson, professor emeritus at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and a former state of California public health officer, says getting to the point where bans were enacted on smoking in public spaces like restaurants, planes and parks took years. What eventually tipped the scales for lawmakers and the American public, Jackson says, was not the message that smoking is bad for you, but rather that lighting up can harm other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003ci>“\u003c/i>It was when we showed that flight attendants were actually getting sick from being in a confined space with a lot of smokers, that was the beginning,” Jackson said. “But eventually, over time, it led to the ban of indoor smoking\u003ci>.”\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">It wasn’t until 1995 that California paved the way for smoking bans when it became the first state to outlaw smoking in indoor workplaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Behavioral economists have a name for actions that affect not ourselves but other people or the whole of society: externalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Mask wearing can reduce the externalities of leaving your house during the COVID-19 pandemic because studies show that it helps prevent virus transmission to other people, who may not even know they’re contagious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">When it comes to choosing not to wear a mask, Jackson says, a person might argue: “It’s my life, I can take that risk.” But helping them understand that flaunting this precaution can endanger a child, a loved one, an innocent bystander — what Jackson calls “sympathetic victims” — may encourage holdouts to think twice about ignoring public health orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">\u003cb>Cultural Differences\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">The coronavirus pandemic isn’t the first time Americans have been asked to pull masks over their faces, avoid crowds, and subject themselves to a shutdown of parts of the economy to fight a deadly virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Doctors prescribed a strikingly similar regimen to fight the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, says Dr. Lee Riley, head of the infectious disease and vaccinology division at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. An estimated 50 million people worldwide and 675,000 in the U.S. died from complications caused by the virus, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/1918-pandemic-history.htm\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">according\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“If you look at some pictures from that period, a lot of people were wearing masks,” Riley said. “They washed their hands, kept social distance, and local governments tried to make sure that people didn’t congregate in large numbers, everything that they’re saying right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Studies suggest public health measures \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849868/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">reduced\u003c/span>\u003c/a> the 1918 flu pandemic \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849868/\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">up to 50 \u003c/span>\u003c/a>% in some cities where they were implemented early on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“That was a big pandemic, almost two years,” Riley said, “And eventually this virus petered out. So the public health measures work.” He added that the pandemic was contained long before the first approved flu vaccine, which was developed in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Riley points out that wearing masks to thwart disease has become the social norm in some countries around the world, particularly in Asia. He grew up in Japan in the 1950s and remembers wearing a mask to elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Because reliable vaccines to fight influenza or bacterial respiratory diseases didn’t yet exist, wearing a mask was the primary way people kept from getting sick, Riley says. But there was also a cultural incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“There’s a phrase in Japan that was instilled in all little kids: Never cause harm to strangers and your neighbors,” he said. “And so one major driving force why people will wear a mask is not just to protect themselves, but also (to) prevent the transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">Japan, Riley said, is a more socially conscious culture when compared with more individualistic societies in the West. When it comes to fighting the pandemic, he says the U.S. could benefit from this baked-in harm reduction philosophy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p3\">“I think, you know, Americans are not that different from other people when they start really thinking about this.” he said. “And when we have a good leadership model, we can really serve as a model.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jon Brooks contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
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