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"title": "New DNA Study Reveals How Criminal Identical Twins Can Be Caught",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CrimeScene2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13119\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CrimeScene2.jpg\" alt=\"Authorities may finally be able to use DNA from a crime scene to identify which identical twin committed the crime.\" width=\"640\" height=\"336\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Authorities may finally be able to use DNA from a crime scene to identify which identical twin committed the crime. Image by Barry Starr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DNA testing has revolutionized murder investigations and paternity issues to such an extent that to get a mystery going, TV dramas often need to come up with weird situations where the tests won’t work. For example, CSI has had to resort to rare genetic conditions like \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask23\">chimerism \u003c/a>to add a little spice to a story. And of course, there are always identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins start off from the same fertilized egg and so start out sharing exactly the same DNA. This means that standard sorts of DNA tests are useless in telling them apart. Which also means that crime shows can always add a bit of mystery by having an identical twin commit a crime or father a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike chimeras though, identical twins are actually pretty common in real life. The latest estimates are that six out of every thousand people are identical twins. This means that there are a lot of children being fathered by identical twins and that these twins are involved in a good number of crimes too. And until recently, none could be identified from just their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has all changed in a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497313002275\">study \u003c/a>where scientists were able to reliably use DNA to tell two identical twins from each other. The scientists had to include the child of one of the twins in order to conclusively tell them apart but otherwise, the procedure took only a few weeks and a few thousand dollars. Probably too time consuming and expensive for every paternity or criminal case involving identical twins, but it might be worth it to catch a murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known for a while that in theory, the right kind of DNA test would be able to tell identical twins apart. This is because although identical twins start out with the exact same DNA, by the time they are born their DNA is just a bit different. The differences are so small though that a DNA test needs to be very sensitive to find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/DNArep.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13121\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13121\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/DNArep.jpg\" alt=\"Mutations are a natural result of dividing cells. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mutations are a natural result of dividing cells. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copiadna.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These differences (or mutations) are not specific to identical twins; we all build them up as we grow and develop. All of us, including identical twins, start out as a single cell. This cell and many of the resulting cells divide and divide again until there are the trillions of cells that make up each one of us. Each time that a cell divides, it needs to copy its DNA. And this is where the differences can arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our cells are incredibly good at faithfully copying their DNA but they aren’t perfect. The occasional mistake slips through. Current estimates are that we each have less than a hundred differences in our DNA. Sounds significant but it isn’t a lot when we have over six billion spots to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the mutations that arise after identical twins have split is complicated for a couple of different reasons. First, not every cell will have the same set of differences. If a mutation arises later in development, only the cells that came from that original cell will have that mutation. This is why we are all mosaics of cells with slightly different DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue can be overcome for testing by making sure to use the right cells for what is being tested. If blood is left behind at the scene of a crime, make sure to test blood samples. And if it is a paternity case, the best tissue to use is probably sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big issue is that our ability to read DNA isn’t perfect yet. The few mistakes we make aren’t usually a big deal but when we are looking at so few differences, they can begin to matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get around this problem, the authors of the study included the DNA of one of the twin’s children in the test as well. By doing this they were able to identify unique changes that one twin had that he passed down to his child. Since the changes were in both parent and child but not in the parent’s identical twin, these changes are unlikely to be due to some glitch in the DNA sequencing. The authors managed to find five of these differences. This result allowed the scientists to establish paternity and could also have been used in a criminal case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is we now have the technology to figure out which identical twin fathered a child or committed a crime. Now having said this, what we don’t yet know is whether such a tricky procedure can routinely be done by crime labs. And whether or not we as a society care enough to pay the money to solve these cases. But one thing is for sure, in the near future TV dramas won’t be able to use identical twins to spice up their stories.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Six out of every thousand people are estimated to be identical twins. This means that there are a lot of children being fathered by identical twins and that these twins are involved in a good number of crimes too. And until recently, none could be identified from just their DNA. This has all changed in a new study where scientists were able to reliably use DNA to tell two identical twins from each other.",
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"title": "New DNA Study Reveals How Criminal Identical Twins Can Be Caught | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CrimeScene2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13119\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/CrimeScene2.jpg\" alt=\"Authorities may finally be able to use DNA from a crime scene to identify which identical twin committed the crime.\" width=\"640\" height=\"336\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Authorities may finally be able to use DNA from a crime scene to identify which identical twin committed the crime. Image by Barry Starr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DNA testing has revolutionized murder investigations and paternity issues to such an extent that to get a mystery going, TV dramas often need to come up with weird situations where the tests won’t work. For example, CSI has had to resort to rare genetic conditions like \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask23\">chimerism \u003c/a>to add a little spice to a story. And of course, there are always identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins start off from the same fertilized egg and so start out sharing exactly the same DNA. This means that standard sorts of DNA tests are useless in telling them apart. Which also means that crime shows can always add a bit of mystery by having an identical twin commit a crime or father a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike chimeras though, identical twins are actually pretty common in real life. The latest estimates are that six out of every thousand people are identical twins. This means that there are a lot of children being fathered by identical twins and that these twins are involved in a good number of crimes too. And until recently, none could be identified from just their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has all changed in a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497313002275\">study \u003c/a>where scientists were able to reliably use DNA to tell two identical twins from each other. The scientists had to include the child of one of the twins in order to conclusively tell them apart but otherwise, the procedure took only a few weeks and a few thousand dollars. Probably too time consuming and expensive for every paternity or criminal case involving identical twins, but it might be worth it to catch a murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known for a while that in theory, the right kind of DNA test would be able to tell identical twins apart. This is because although identical twins start out with the exact same DNA, by the time they are born their DNA is just a bit different. The differences are so small though that a DNA test needs to be very sensitive to find them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/DNArep.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13121\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13121\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/DNArep.jpg\" alt=\"Mutations are a natural result of dividing cells. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mutations are a natural result of dividing cells. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copiadna.JPG\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These differences (or mutations) are not specific to identical twins; we all build them up as we grow and develop. All of us, including identical twins, start out as a single cell. This cell and many of the resulting cells divide and divide again until there are the trillions of cells that make up each one of us. Each time that a cell divides, it needs to copy its DNA. And this is where the differences can arise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our cells are incredibly good at faithfully copying their DNA but they aren’t perfect. The occasional mistake slips through. Current estimates are that we each have less than a hundred differences in our DNA. Sounds significant but it isn’t a lot when we have over six billion spots to look at!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the mutations that arise after identical twins have split is complicated for a couple of different reasons. First, not every cell will have the same set of differences. If a mutation arises later in development, only the cells that came from that original cell will have that mutation. This is why we are all mosaics of cells with slightly different DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue can be overcome for testing by making sure to use the right cells for what is being tested. If blood is left behind at the scene of a crime, make sure to test blood samples. And if it is a paternity case, the best tissue to use is probably sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big issue is that our ability to read DNA isn’t perfect yet. The few mistakes we make aren’t usually a big deal but when we are looking at so few differences, they can begin to matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get around this problem, the authors of the study included the DNA of one of the twin’s children in the test as well. By doing this they were able to identify unique changes that one twin had that he passed down to his child. Since the changes were in both parent and child but not in the parent’s identical twin, these changes are unlikely to be due to some glitch in the DNA sequencing. The authors managed to find five of these differences. This result allowed the scientists to establish paternity and could also have been used in a criminal case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is we now have the technology to figure out which identical twin fathered a child or committed a crime. Now having said this, what we don’t yet know is whether such a tricky procedure can routinely be done by crime labs. And whether or not we as a society care enough to pay the money to solve these cases. But one thing is for sure, in the near future TV dramas won’t be able to use identical twins to spice up their stories.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rays “are actually worse off” than sharks, says a scientist who mostly blames fin soup and bycatch. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/01/22/132976/ancient_and_vulnerable_25_percent_of_sharks_and_rays_risk?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Ancient And Vulnerable: 25 Percent Of Sharks And Rays Risk Extinction\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/01/22/132976/ancient_and_vulnerable_25_percent_of_sharks_and_rays_risk?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rays “are actually worse off” than sharks, says a scientist who mostly blames fin soup and bycatch. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/01/22/132976/ancient_and_vulnerable_25_percent_of_sharks_and_rays_risk?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Ancient And Vulnerable: 25 Percent Of Sharks And Rays Risk Extinction\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/01/22/132976/ancient_and_vulnerable_25_percent_of_sharks_and_rays_risk?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "New Imaging Method May Help Detect Heart Attack Risk in the Future",
"headTitle": "New Imaging Method May Help Detect Heart Attack Risk in the Future | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13408\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/heartattack.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13408\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/heartattack.png\" alt=\"Image courtesy of NIH / Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_attack-NIH.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NIH / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 785,000 people have an initial heart attack and another 470,000 people have a recurrent heart attack every year in the United States, according to the \u003ca title=\"American Heart Association 2012 Update\" href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/125/1/e2.full.pdf\">American Heart Association\u003c/a>. This means that an American has a heart attack every 34 seconds and one dies from heart disease every minute. A new imaging technique may help identify who is at high risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary cause of heart attacks is clogged arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. Blood flows easily in healthy arteries with smooth walls, but blood flow is reduced or blocked completely in clogged arteries when a substance called plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artery-clogging plaque is made up of fat, calcium, cholesterol and other substances found in the blood. Over time, this plaque can harden and rupture. If it breaks apart, a blood clot can form on its surface and completely block the artery, preventing blood from reaching the heart muscle and causing a heart attack. If the blood flow isn’t quickly restored, the portion of the heart fed by the artery begins to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coronary angiography is the “gold standard” way to identify these plaque blockages in the heart, but it’s an invasive surgical procedure. During a coronary angiography, a thin flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin or neck and threaded into your coronary arteries. Then a special dye is released through the tube, making your coronary arteries visible on X-rays pictures taken as the dye flows through them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"The Lancet journal article by Nik Joshi, et al\" href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61754-7/abstract\">New study results\u003c/a>, recently published in The Lancet medical journal, show that these high-risk plaque blockages can also be identified using a non-invasive imaging technique. The study was carried out by Dr. Nik Joshi and his research team from the University of Edinburgh, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved 40 people who had recently suffered a heart attack and 40 additional people who had stable chest pain (angina). The patients were given a standard coronary angiography and a non-invasive imaging PET-CT scan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PET-CT scan measures metabolic activity using \u003ca title=\"Scientists Talk Funny article that explains positron emission tomography\" href=\"http://ScientistsTalkFunny.com/2010/04/18/pet-imaging-not-for-cats-or-dogs/\">positron emission tomography\u003c/a> (PET) and anatomical structure using \u003ca title=\"X-ray computed tomography explanation\" href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115317.htm\">X-ray computed tomography\u003c/a> (CT). A trace amount of radioactive drug is injected into the patient’s vein and used to produce 3D images. Joshi and his research team used a radioactive drug called sodium fluoride (NaF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study aimed to show how well a PET-CT scan using sodium fluoride detected plaques that had already ruptured or were at high risk of rupturing. The coronary angiography was used as a gold standard to identify the culprit plaque deposits that blocked the arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers measured the sodium fluoride distribution to determine if the artery-clogging plaques took up a significant amount of the drug. In 93% (37/40) of the people who had had a heart attack, significant sodium fluoride uptake was seen in the plaque responsible for the heart attack. The average drug uptake in these culprit plaque deposits was 34% higher than anywhere else in the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 45% (18/40) of the people with stable chest pain, culprit plaque deposits also took up significant amounts of the sodium fluoride drug. For both sets of patients, the culprit plaque deposits identified by PET-CT imaging were confirmed by histology or intravascular ultrasound to have high-risk characteristics such as calcification and a dead tissue core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further research studies with a broad range of patients are now needed before PET-CT sodium fluoride imaging is accepted as a standard clinical technique. These studies are likely to take several years to complete. If they confirm the initial promising results, the technique could then move immediately into clinics since it is already approved and commonly used for other applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the results are confirmatory then this technique has the potential to fundamentally alter the way we treat coronary artery disease,” \u003ca title=\"The Lancet journal article\" href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61754-7/abstract\">concluded the investigators\u003c/a>. “It could, for example, permit the identification of the vulnerable patient with single or multiple high-risk or silently ruptured plaques, providing an opportunity to treat and modify their risk to prevent future adverse cardiovascular events.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13408\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/heartattack.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13408\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/heartattack.png\" alt=\"Image courtesy of NIH / Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_attack-NIH.gif\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NIH / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About 785,000 people have an initial heart attack and another 470,000 people have a recurrent heart attack every year in the United States, according to the \u003ca title=\"American Heart Association 2012 Update\" href=\"http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/125/1/e2.full.pdf\">American Heart Association\u003c/a>. This means that an American has a heart attack every 34 seconds and one dies from heart disease every minute. A new imaging technique may help identify who is at high risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The primary cause of heart attacks is clogged arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. Blood flows easily in healthy arteries with smooth walls, but blood flow is reduced or blocked completely in clogged arteries when a substance called plaque builds up on the inner walls of the arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Artery-clogging plaque is made up of fat, calcium, cholesterol and other substances found in the blood. Over time, this plaque can harden and rupture. If it breaks apart, a blood clot can form on its surface and completely block the artery, preventing blood from reaching the heart muscle and causing a heart attack. If the blood flow isn’t quickly restored, the portion of the heart fed by the artery begins to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coronary angiography is the “gold standard” way to identify these plaque blockages in the heart, but it’s an invasive surgical procedure. During a coronary angiography, a thin flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin or neck and threaded into your coronary arteries. Then a special dye is released through the tube, making your coronary arteries visible on X-rays pictures taken as the dye flows through them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"The Lancet journal article by Nik Joshi, et al\" href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61754-7/abstract\">New study results\u003c/a>, recently published in The Lancet medical journal, show that these high-risk plaque blockages can also be identified using a non-invasive imaging technique. The study was carried out by Dr. Nik Joshi and his research team from the University of Edinburgh, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study involved 40 people who had recently suffered a heart attack and 40 additional people who had stable chest pain (angina). The patients were given a standard coronary angiography and a non-invasive imaging PET-CT scan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A PET-CT scan measures metabolic activity using \u003ca title=\"Scientists Talk Funny article that explains positron emission tomography\" href=\"http://ScientistsTalkFunny.com/2010/04/18/pet-imaging-not-for-cats-or-dogs/\">positron emission tomography\u003c/a> (PET) and anatomical structure using \u003ca title=\"X-ray computed tomography explanation\" href=\"http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/MedicalX-Rays/ucm115317.htm\">X-ray computed tomography\u003c/a> (CT). A trace amount of radioactive drug is injected into the patient’s vein and used to produce 3D images. Joshi and his research team used a radioactive drug called sodium fluoride (NaF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study aimed to show how well a PET-CT scan using sodium fluoride detected plaques that had already ruptured or were at high risk of rupturing. The coronary angiography was used as a gold standard to identify the culprit plaque deposits that blocked the arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers measured the sodium fluoride distribution to determine if the artery-clogging plaques took up a significant amount of the drug. In 93% (37/40) of the people who had had a heart attack, significant sodium fluoride uptake was seen in the plaque responsible for the heart attack. The average drug uptake in these culprit plaque deposits was 34% higher than anywhere else in the heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 45% (18/40) of the people with stable chest pain, culprit plaque deposits also took up significant amounts of the sodium fluoride drug. For both sets of patients, the culprit plaque deposits identified by PET-CT imaging were confirmed by histology or intravascular ultrasound to have high-risk characteristics such as calcification and a dead tissue core.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further research studies with a broad range of patients are now needed before PET-CT sodium fluoride imaging is accepted as a standard clinical technique. These studies are likely to take several years to complete. If they confirm the initial promising results, the technique could then move immediately into clinics since it is already approved and commonly used for other applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the results are confirmatory then this technique has the potential to fundamentally alter the way we treat coronary artery disease,” \u003ca title=\"The Lancet journal article\" href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61754-7/abstract\">concluded the investigators\u003c/a>. “It could, for example, permit the identification of the vulnerable patient with single or multiple high-risk or silently ruptured plaques, providing an opportunity to treat and modify their risk to prevent future adverse cardiovascular events.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Mystery of the Missing Monarch Butterflies",
"headTitle": "The Mystery of the Missing Monarch Butterflies | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13202\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/800px-Monarch-butterflies-pacific-grove-e1389906984424.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/800px-Monarch-butterflies-pacific-grove-e1389906984424.jpg\" alt=\"Overwintering monarch butterflies return year after year to California groves. Photo taken in Pacific Grove, CA by agunther\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overwintering monarch butterflies return year after year to California groves. Photo taken in Pacific Grove, CA by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch-butterflies-pacific-grove.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agunther / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just two years ago, 4,188 monarch butterflies at \u003ca title=\"Ardenwood, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/ardenwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ardenwood Historic Farm\u003c/a> in Fremont clustered in dense groupings on their favorite eucalyptus trees. On sunny days, they fluttered and basked, flashing their orange and black wings to the delight of thousands of people who came to view the seasonal wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, though, Ardenwood naturalist Mindy Castle reported that after a good showing of about 1,000 butterflies in November, the cold snap in December sent most of them fluttering to parts unknown. Only about 30 or 40 monarchs remain, most of them abandoned their Ardenwood overwintering site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected dispersal from the Ardenwood site, coupled with the unrelated \u003ca title=\"The Year the Monarch Didn't Appear, New York Times\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/sunday-review/the-year-the-monarch-didnt-appear.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times article\u003c/a> which reported the late arrival and smaller numbers of eastern monarchs migrating to Mexico underlines scientists concerns about the overall decline of the North American monarch population. For over a decade, the Xerces Society annual \u003ca title=\"Thanksgiving Monarch Count data, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/WMTC-Data-1997-2012-Updated-1-NOV-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving Monarch Count\u003c/a> at overwintering sites in California has revealed a greater than 80 percent population decline across most sites with some sites faring significantly worse. For example, at Natural Bridges State Beach near Santa Cruz, the number of butterflies gathering each winter dropped from an estimated 120,000 in 1997 to just 500 in 2012.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Monarch_Butterfly_Caterpillars-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Monarch_Butterfly_Caterpillars-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"Milkweed is vital to monarch reproduction. Caterpillars feed on the host plant which imparts a toxicity that protects them from predators. Photo by Amon, Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Milkweed is vital to monarch reproduction. Caterpillars feed on the host plant which imparts a toxicity that protects them from predators. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Caterpillars.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armon / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarch butterflies that return each year to their overwintering sites are up to five generations removed from the butterflies you might see in the groves each winter. It’s kind of like us looking at our homes and thinking, “Someday, my great-great-great-great grandchildren will return here.” The overwintering generation of butterflies disperse east and north in the spring, laying their eggs on milkweed in the Central Valley of California and even as far east as Arizona and north to Washington. They grow and mate, with successive generations dispersing further, until the migrating generation matures, migrates and, voilà, they return again to the winter groves. Monarch Alert, affiliated with Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo gives a \u003ca title=\"Monarch Butterflies, Monarch Alert\" href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/html/monarchs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuller description\u003c/a> of the fascinating lives of monarchs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great mystery of monarch migration lies in the genetic hard wiring that leads the butterflies back to the same overwintering areas. There seems to be some flexibility in that hard wiring, though, that can help them adapt and try a different spot when conditions don’t meet their needs. Perhaps this year Ardenwood monarchs moved closer to the coast or further south when the weather turned cold. Pacific Grove reported 11,000 monarch butterflies from their January 7, 2014 count. You can learn more about this grove of monarchs, how they count them and considerations for preserving their overwintering grove in this \u003ca title=\"Science on the Spot, Monarch Meetup, KQED\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup/\">KQED Science video\u003c/a> from last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13204\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 158px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/471px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis-158x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13204\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/471px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis-158x162.jpg\" alt=\"Successive generations metamorphose and disperse across their migratory range. This chrysalis may contain a relatively short-lived adult or an adult that may live up to 8 months and migrate back to an overwintering site. Photo by Amon, Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"158\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Successive generations metamorphose and disperse across their migratory range. This chrysalis may contain a relatively short-lived adult or an adult that may live up to 8 months and migrate back to an overwintering site. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armon / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Xerces Society, in partnership with the \u003ca title=\"Monarch Joint Venture\" href=\"http://www.monarchjointventure.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monarch Joint Venture\u003c/a>, has developed a \u003ca title=\"Monarch Overwintering fact sheet, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/monarch-overwintering-factsheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5-step strategy\u003c/a> to protect California’s overwintering monarch groves. You can help monarchs by providing milkweed and nectar flower habitat in your yard with suggestions for \u003ca title=\"Butterfly Gardening, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/files/EBRPD_files/interpretation/Butterfly_Gardening06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">butterfly habitat gardening\u003c/a> from the East Bay Regional Parks (note, phone numbers are out of date so see EBRPD’s website for current contact information) and more about the Xerces Society’s efforts to create both large and small scale restoration of vital \u003ca title=\"Project Milkweed, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/milkweed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">milkweed habitat\u003c/a>. You can also participate in monarch butterfly programs through February and still see monarch eggs and larvae at Ardenwood. \u003ca title=\"Coyote Hills, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/coyote_hills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coyote Hills Regional Park\u003c/a>, near Ardenwood, also has a beautiful butterfly habitat garden at the visitor center with monarch butterfly eggs and larvae. For a complete list of overwintering sites monarchs can be seen in California, visit the \u003ca title=\"Where to See Monarchs in CA, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/where-to-see-monarchs-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xerces Society’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13202\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/800px-Monarch-butterflies-pacific-grove-e1389906984424.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/800px-Monarch-butterflies-pacific-grove-e1389906984424.jpg\" alt=\"Overwintering monarch butterflies return year after year to California groves. Photo taken in Pacific Grove, CA by agunther\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overwintering monarch butterflies return year after year to California groves. Photo taken in Pacific Grove, CA by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch-butterflies-pacific-grove.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agunther / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just two years ago, 4,188 monarch butterflies at \u003ca title=\"Ardenwood, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/ardenwood\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ardenwood Historic Farm\u003c/a> in Fremont clustered in dense groupings on their favorite eucalyptus trees. On sunny days, they fluttered and basked, flashing their orange and black wings to the delight of thousands of people who came to view the seasonal wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, though, Ardenwood naturalist Mindy Castle reported that after a good showing of about 1,000 butterflies in November, the cold snap in December sent most of them fluttering to parts unknown. Only about 30 or 40 monarchs remain, most of them abandoned their Ardenwood overwintering site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected dispersal from the Ardenwood site, coupled with the unrelated \u003ca title=\"The Year the Monarch Didn't Appear, New York Times\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/sunday-review/the-year-the-monarch-didnt-appear.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times article\u003c/a> which reported the late arrival and smaller numbers of eastern monarchs migrating to Mexico underlines scientists concerns about the overall decline of the North American monarch population. For over a decade, the Xerces Society annual \u003ca title=\"Thanksgiving Monarch Count data, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/WMTC-Data-1997-2012-Updated-1-NOV-2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanksgiving Monarch Count\u003c/a> at overwintering sites in California has revealed a greater than 80 percent population decline across most sites with some sites faring significantly worse. For example, at Natural Bridges State Beach near Santa Cruz, the number of butterflies gathering each winter dropped from an estimated 120,000 in 1997 to just 500 in 2012.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Monarch_Butterfly_Caterpillars-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Monarch_Butterfly_Caterpillars-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"Milkweed is vital to monarch reproduction. Caterpillars feed on the host plant which imparts a toxicity that protects them from predators. Photo by Amon, Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Milkweed is vital to monarch reproduction. Caterpillars feed on the host plant which imparts a toxicity that protects them from predators. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Caterpillars.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armon / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Monarch butterflies that return each year to their overwintering sites are up to five generations removed from the butterflies you might see in the groves each winter. It’s kind of like us looking at our homes and thinking, “Someday, my great-great-great-great grandchildren will return here.” The overwintering generation of butterflies disperse east and north in the spring, laying their eggs on milkweed in the Central Valley of California and even as far east as Arizona and north to Washington. They grow and mate, with successive generations dispersing further, until the migrating generation matures, migrates and, voilà, they return again to the winter groves. Monarch Alert, affiliated with Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo gives a \u003ca title=\"Monarch Butterflies, Monarch Alert\" href=\"http://monarchalert.calpoly.edu/html/monarchs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fuller description\u003c/a> of the fascinating lives of monarchs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The great mystery of monarch migration lies in the genetic hard wiring that leads the butterflies back to the same overwintering areas. There seems to be some flexibility in that hard wiring, though, that can help them adapt and try a different spot when conditions don’t meet their needs. Perhaps this year Ardenwood monarchs moved closer to the coast or further south when the weather turned cold. Pacific Grove reported 11,000 monarch butterflies from their January 7, 2014 count. You can learn more about this grove of monarchs, how they count them and considerations for preserving their overwintering grove in this \u003ca title=\"Science on the Spot, Monarch Meetup, KQED\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-monarch-meetup/\">KQED Science video\u003c/a> from last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13204\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 158px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/471px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis-158x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13204\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/471px-Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis-158x162.jpg\" alt=\"Successive generations metamorphose and disperse across their migratory range. This chrysalis may contain a relatively short-lived adult or an adult that may live up to 8 months and migrate back to an overwintering site. Photo by Amon, Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"158\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Successive generations metamorphose and disperse across their migratory range. This chrysalis may contain a relatively short-lived adult or an adult that may live up to 8 months and migrate back to an overwintering site. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Chrysalis.JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Armon / Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Xerces Society, in partnership with the \u003ca title=\"Monarch Joint Venture\" href=\"http://www.monarchjointventure.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monarch Joint Venture\u003c/a>, has developed a \u003ca title=\"Monarch Overwintering fact sheet, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/monarch-overwintering-factsheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5-step strategy\u003c/a> to protect California’s overwintering monarch groves. You can help monarchs by providing milkweed and nectar flower habitat in your yard with suggestions for \u003ca title=\"Butterfly Gardening, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Assets/files/EBRPD_files/interpretation/Butterfly_Gardening06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">butterfly habitat gardening\u003c/a> from the East Bay Regional Parks (note, phone numbers are out of date so see EBRPD’s website for current contact information) and more about the Xerces Society’s efforts to create both large and small scale restoration of vital \u003ca title=\"Project Milkweed, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/milkweed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">milkweed habitat\u003c/a>. You can also participate in monarch butterfly programs through February and still see monarch eggs and larvae at Ardenwood. \u003ca title=\"Coyote Hills, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/coyote_hills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coyote Hills Regional Park\u003c/a>, near Ardenwood, also has a beautiful butterfly habitat garden at the visitor center with monarch butterfly eggs and larvae. For a complete list of overwintering sites monarchs can be seen in California, visit the \u003ca title=\"Where to See Monarchs in CA, Xerces Society\" href=\"http://www.xerces.org/where-to-see-monarchs-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Xerces Society’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "As Toxics Regulations Increase, Companies Simply Switch Chemicals",
"headTitle": "As Toxics Regulations Increase, Companies Simply Switch Chemicals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Demetri-Parides.Flickr-e1389835324349.jpg\" alt=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phthalates are used to make cosmetics more fragrant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\">Demetri Parides/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A federal ban, as well as pressure from environmental groups, seems to be reducing part of the chemical load that many of us carry in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1306681/\">study,\u003c/a> released Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, looks at a class of industrial chemicals called phthalates, used to make plastic soft and cosmetics more fragrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some phthalates are on the decline, others are increasing, raising concerns about how these chemicals affect human health, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Banned-chemicals-replaced-by-worrisome-ones-UCSF-5144291.php\">Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24914205/exposure-harmful-chemicals-personal-care-products-and-household\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reported today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/\">Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco, and her team looked at urine samples collected over a ten-year period as part of the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> program – the same data that was used to show how a federal ban on lead in gasoline resulted in less lead in children’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science asked Woodruff whether she thinks current regulations on chemicals are working, and why it’s a bad idea to put plastic dishware in the microwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study phthalates this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of interest in phthalates over the last ten-to-12 years. We wanted to see does this interest, both by advocacy groups and the government, make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do bans and education campaigns leave us with fewer chemicals in our bodies?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“interest,”\u003c/span> it’s not like there have been widespread bans other than the ban on toys and kids products. But there’s been more media coverage of the topic, more advocacy group campaigns, etc. Is that what you mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there’s been higher consumer awareness about phthalates, and that’s translated into changes in the marketplace in terms of what people are buying. There’s been a focus from advocacy groups, which have been working with industry to get them to remove some of these phthalates from their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do we know about how these chemicals affect human health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there’s a range to how well some of these phthalates have been studied. The ones that have been banned (\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">here’s\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/Phthalates/Phthalates-Information/\">more about those\u003c/a>) have more studies on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" alt=\"Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\" width=\"387\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF’s Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several of those have been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive development. Some of them have also been linked to effects on sperm quality. And there are some studies that suggest that exposure to phthalates can alter behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obviously, you can’t expose a child or a fetus to phthalates and see what happens. So how do we know this? Are these studies with rats? Or observational studies in people, that point to a correlation between amounts of chemicals and physical/behavioral changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Observational. (Ed note: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=phthalates+rats+barlow\">Rat\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491204\">marmoset\u003c/a> studies back up some of the concerns.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When we ban a chemical, what are we replacing it with? And how do we know that a replacement chemical is safer than what it replaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways the laws are set up in the U.S., you don’t have to fully test a chemical before you substitute it for something else. So we’re always playing catch up. It’s a game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these phthalates, DiBP (ed: used in cosmetics and food packaging), which has increased over 200 percent, is very structurally similar to one of the ones that was banned because of concerns over its effects on male reproductive development \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consumers hear often about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/24/sf-clothing-company-accused-of-knowingly-selling-lead-laden-products/\">products that have lead in them\u003c/a>, in part because under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.kqed.org%2Fscience%2Faudio%2Fwho-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one%2F&ei=lR3XUsEOiqrIAcDVgcAN&usg=AFQjCNElvL2a4jM0B9iKaE3gR_CgXqLnyg&sig2=g-i_TYdsqjOf1NTndOtphQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.aWc\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, those products have to be labeled. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>But with phthalates, it’s a little less clear where they are. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>It’s easy to test for lead because we have a good test. It’s a little more tricky with the phthalates. And yes, Prop. 65 gives people an incentive to look for certain chemicals in products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would be more efficient and better would be to know in advance what products these chemicals are going into, rather than waiting until they get onto the marketplace. Because once they’re in the marketplace, if they pose a health risk, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the takeaway from your study\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway for me is that if you find a chemical and identify it as posing a potential health risk, then we can take an action and actually see a reduction of the chemical in people’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to the replacement chemicals, we may just be repeating the same cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Not microwaving plastics is a “common-sense approach.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK, so this last question, I’m going to exploit your expertise a bit, since it’s not directly related to the paper.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it true that putting plastic dishware in the dishwasher or microwave breaks down the plastic, thereby releasing phthalates and other chemicals into food?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to talk about these things because while we know there can be migration of these chemicals (into food) under heating circumstances, for example, we don’t really know how much is migrating and to what extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a series of brochures called \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/toxicmatters.html\">Toxic Matters\u003c/a> that include recommendations for people to lower their exposure to toxic chemicals. One of the recommendations is, “don’t microwave plastics and wash them by hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more of a common-sense, preventative approach than a science-based approach. These are things that are easy to do, and come with little cost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A UCSF researcher explains how public pressure on makeup manufacturers seems to work, and why it's \"common sense\" to keep plastic dishware out of the microwave. ",
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"title": "As Toxics Regulations Increase, Companies Simply Switch Chemicals | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13137\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Demetri-Parides.Flickr-e1389835324349.jpg\" alt=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phthalates are used to make cosmetics more fragrant. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/demetri/\">Demetri Parides/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A federal ban, as well as pressure from environmental groups, seems to be reducing part of the chemical load that many of us carry in our bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1306681/\">study,\u003c/a> released Wednesday in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, looks at a class of industrial chemicals called phthalates, used to make plastic soft and cosmetics more fragrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While some phthalates are on the decline, others are increasing, raising concerns about how these chemicals affect human health, as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Banned-chemicals-replaced-by-worrisome-ones-UCSF-5144291.php\">Chronicle\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24914205/exposure-harmful-chemicals-personal-care-products-and-household\">Mercury News\u003c/a> reported today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tracey Woodruff, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/\">Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco, and her team looked at urine samples collected over a ten-year period as part of the federally-funded \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes.htm\">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u003c/a> program – the same data that was used to show how a federal ban on lead in gasoline resulted in less lead in children’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science asked Woodruff whether she thinks current regulations on chemicals are working, and why it’s a bad idea to put plastic dishware in the microwave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why study phthalates this way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s been a lot of interest in phthalates over the last ten-to-12 years. We wanted to see does this interest, both by advocacy groups and the government, make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do bans and education campaigns leave us with fewer chemicals in our bodies?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When you say \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“interest,”\u003c/span> it’s not like there have been widespread bans other than the ban on toys and kids products. But there’s been more media coverage of the topic, more advocacy group campaigns, etc. Is that what you mean?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, there’s been higher consumer awareness about phthalates, and that’s translated into changes in the marketplace in terms of what people are buying. There’s been a focus from advocacy groups, which have been working with industry to get them to remove some of these phthalates from their products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do we know about how these chemicals affect human health?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there’s a range to how well some of these phthalates have been studied. The ones that have been banned (\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">here’s\u003c/span> \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpsc.gov/en/Regulations-Laws--Standards/Statutes/The-Consumer-Product-Safety-Improvement-Act/Phthalates/Phthalates-Information/\">more about those\u003c/a>) have more studies on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13144\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/woodruff387_0.jpg\" alt=\"Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF's Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\" width=\"387\" height=\"258\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Woodruff heads UCSF’s Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment. (UCSF)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several of those have been linked to adverse effects on male reproductive development. Some of them have also been linked to effects on sperm quality. And there are some studies that suggest that exposure to phthalates can alter behavior in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Obviously, you can’t expose a child or a fetus to phthalates and see what happens. So how do we know this? Are these studies with rats? Or observational studies in people, that point to a correlation between amounts of chemicals and physical/behavioral changes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Observational. (Ed note: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=phthalates+rats+barlow\">Rat\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19491204\">marmoset\u003c/a> studies back up some of the concerns.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When we ban a chemical, what are we replacing it with? And how do we know that a replacement chemical is safer than what it replaces?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ways the laws are set up in the U.S., you don’t have to fully test a chemical before you substitute it for something else. So we’re always playing catch up. It’s a game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of these phthalates, DiBP (ed: used in cosmetics and food packaging), which has increased over 200 percent, is very structurally similar to one of the ones that was banned because of concerns over its effects on male reproductive development \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A game of Whac-A-Mole with chemicals.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consumers hear often about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/24/sf-clothing-company-accused-of-knowingly-selling-lead-laden-products/\">products that have lead in them\u003c/a>, in part because under California’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.kqed.org%2Fscience%2Faudio%2Fwho-profits-from-proposition-65-part-one%2F&ei=lR3XUsEOiqrIAcDVgcAN&usg=AFQjCNElvL2a4jM0B9iKaE3gR_CgXqLnyg&sig2=g-i_TYdsqjOf1NTndOtphQ&bvm=bv.59568121,d.aWc\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, those products have to be labeled. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>But with phthalates, it’s a little less clear where they are. Why is that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>It’s easy to test for lead because we have a good test. It’s a little more tricky with the phthalates. And yes, Prop. 65 gives people an incentive to look for certain chemicals in products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would be more efficient and better would be to know in advance what products these chemicals are going into, rather than waiting until they get onto the marketplace. Because once they’re in the marketplace, if they pose a health risk, it’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the takeaway from your study\u003c/strong>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway for me is that if you find a chemical and identify it as posing a potential health risk, then we can take an action and actually see a reduction of the chemical in people’s bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to the replacement chemicals, we may just be repeating the same cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Not microwaving plastics is a “common-sense approach.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OK, so this last question, I’m going to exploit your expertise a bit, since it’s not directly related to the paper.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it true that putting plastic dishware in the dishwasher or microwave breaks down the plastic, thereby releasing phthalates and other chemicals into food?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little hard to talk about these things because while we know there can be migration of these chemicals (into food) under heating circumstances, for example, we don’t really know how much is migrating and to what extent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a series of brochures called \u003ca href=\"http://prhe.ucsf.edu/prhe/toxicmatters.html\">Toxic Matters\u003c/a> that include recommendations for people to lower their exposure to toxic chemicals. One of the recommendations is, “don’t microwave plastics and wash them by hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s more of a common-sense, preventative approach than a science-based approach. These are things that are easy to do, and come with little cost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests",
"headTitle": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California's kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Scientists will fan out along the California coast to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.",
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"description": "Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California's kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. Scientists will fan out along the California coast to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.",
"title": "New Fukushima Radiation Study Will Focus on West Coast Kelp Forests | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13101\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13101\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/ER_undercanopy.jpg\" alt=\"A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A kelp forest near Catalina Island. (Thomas Farrugia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers are launching a new project to monitor California’s kelp forests for radiation from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan. For \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/science-shorts/2014/01/13/berkeley-lab-and-cal-state-long-beach-researchers-launch-%E2%80%98kelp-watch%E2%80%99-to-determine-extent-of-fukushima-contamination/\">Kelp Watch 2014\u003c/a>, as it’s called, scientists will fan out this year along the California coast, to collect kelp and find out if it has absorbed any radiation from the 2011 meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve gotten calls from people who are coming here to surf, people who live along the coastline, asking me, ‘Is it safe to go in the water?'” said Steven Manley, a biology professor at California State University, Long Beach who created Kelp Watch 2014. His plan is to measure radiation levels in kelp three times in multiple locations between the Oregon border and Baja California from mid February through next winter and make the results public.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Part of the reason for doing this is because the public is very freaked out by all this talk of radioactivity,” he said. “If they can actually see the numbers and a commentary as to what they mean, hopefully that’ll put them at ease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp forests, he said, are a good indicator. For one, they’re all over the place. “You can find them along the entire California coastline from San Diego all the way up to Del Norte County,” Manley said. Plus, kelp acts sort of like a sponge, taking in whatever is in the seawater on the surface of the ocean. “It’s sort of like having a large Geiger counter stretching the entire coastline,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley did an \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2012/radioactive-iodine-from-fukushima-in-california-kelp\">earlier study of Fukushima radiation and kelp\u003c/a>. A month after the accident, he found radioactive iodine in kelp on the West Coast. The iodine had traveled from the nuclear power plant through the atmosphere, and has a very short half-life. So it got here quickly and disappeared quickly. Within a few months, he said, it was gone. The radioactiviy posed no health risk to humans, he said at the time, and had no effects on the giant kelp, or on fish or other marine life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now attention is directed to the radiation traveling in ocean currents, which are much slower than the jet stream. Scientists think that could begin hitting California shores in the next couple years. By measuring radiation in kelp forests up and down the coast, Manley said he hopes to find out if and when it enters the kelp forest ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it gets into the kelp, certain fish feed directly on the kelp. Other fish feed indirectly by eating other organisms. The fish are going to have some in them,” he said. “Now, is it enough to worry about? Probably not. But people have the right to know what’s there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manley and volunteers from 19 institutions (this is, at this point, a project composed completely of researchers working pro bono) will send their kelp samples to Kai Vetter, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and head of the Applied Nuclear Physics program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Vetter has been measuring \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/UCBAirSampling/RainWaterSampling\">signals from Fukushima\u003c/a> here in California since the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While sampling rainwater in 2011 and 2012, Vetter and his colleagues found extremely low levels of radioactivity from Fukushima. A week after the accident, for example, they reported that a person would have to drink 632 liters of Berkeley rainwater – 166 gallons – to be exposed to the same level of radiation as a passenger experiences during a round-trip flight between San Francisco and Washington D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once radiation from Fukushima does arrive on the West Coast from the ocean, Vetter said, he expects it will be in miniscule amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The concentration of radioactive materials which will be washed ashore here has no impact whatsoever on our daily life,” he said. “The levels we are measuring, they will not be harmful. They will not have any measurable health impact on humans or any detrimental effects in marine biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite several recent online videos and blog posts claiming that Fukushima radiation is causing widespread contamination of the West Coast and harming fish, scientists say their research so far shows that is not the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stony Brook University in New York and Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station tested Pacific Bluefin tuna after the 2011 Fukushima incident. They have \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-west-coast-radiation-20140113,0,4048380.story#axzz2qOfTY4Nk\">published research\u003c/a> showing radiation levels were low – less than what people are exposed to by eating a banana or other potassium-rich foods that contain naturally occurring radioactive isotopes — and have been falling ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health earlier this week, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Pubs/FukushimaEnvironmentalMonitoring.pdf\">released a statement responding to radiation concerns\u003c/a>, saying “Information from Federal agencies, State programs, as well as the Department’s own sampling results, conclude there are no health and safety concerns to California residents.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rethinking Normal: An Exploratorium Exhibit Takes on Mental Health",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/suitcases-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12791\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12791 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/suitcases-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"New York State historian Craig Williams recovered 427 suitcases from the attic of Willard Psychiatric Center when it closed in 1995. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"614\" height=\"461\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York State historian Craig Williams recovered 427 suitcases from the attic of Willard Psychiatric Center when it closed in 1995. You can see some of the preserved contents (on loan) at the Exploratorium. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It used to take just 15 minutes to leave the comfort of my parents’ suburban Philadelphia home and drive through the gates of what our local paper once called “the shame of Pennsylvania.” I had not read that story when I first befriended Lizzie at Pennhurst State School and Hospital in the mid-1970s, after my friend’s Sunday school teacher arranged for us to visit two longtime residents who never left the facility. Neither had I watched reporter Bill Baldini’s 1968 television series \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/on-air/community/Video_Suffer_the_Little_Children_Philadelphia.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Suffer the Little Children,”\u003c/a> a harrowing exposé that ultimately led to the dilapidated institution’s closure in 1987.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many ways, Lizzie was just like me. She liked to watch “The Beverly Hillbillies.” She liked to have her hair brushed. She loved chocolate. But she couldn’t speak or walk and spent her days in a hospital bed with retractable sides. She couldn’t tell me how she came to live in Pennhurst in 1938 as an 11-year-old, and the attendants didn’t know. They did know, however, that I was her only visitor. Had I seen what Baldini documented—patients shackled to the metal slats on their beds, lying in threadbare gowns on dirty mattresses—I don’t know if I’d have had the courage to set foot in that sad place. I used to flinch to see patients crammed into overcrowded wards, adults in cribs serving as cages, with no sign of personal items and no hope of privacy. But I never witnessed the worst of the atrocities Baldini revealed. I was too young to fully grasp what I saw at Pennhurst, but it was clear enough, even to a teenager, that Lizzie and those like her were being warehoused, kept at a safe distance from “normal” people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is normal—and the shifting definitions of normal over time for practitioners, patients and society—is the subject of a temporary exhibition at the Exploratorium, recently extended through August 2014, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/west-gallery/whatisnormal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Changing Face of What Is Normal: Mental Health\u003c/a>. The exhibition, a collection of artifacts, video and audio interviews and artworks that came together bit by bit, occupies the museum’s West Gallery, a new space for exploring the nexus between human thought, behavior and social interaction. Its inspiration comes from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eFMj2AdXtE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Glore Psychiatric Museum\u003c/a> in St. Joseph, Missouri, which Exploratorium senior artist Pam Winfrey happened upon during a family visit. The Glore museum, the brainchild of a Missouri Department of Mental Health employee and historian named George Glore, displays authentic treatment devices from the 1940s and ’50s along with replicas of somewhat frightening contraptions from centuries past, many occupied by mannequins. When Winfrey saw a mannequin in a \u003ca href=\"http://westernillinoismuseum.org/artifact_month/2011_october.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Utica Crib\u003c/a>—a 19th-century coffin-like restraint device—the veteran museum curator saw an opportunity. Maybe an interactive exhibit could help visitors imagine what it would be like to be confined in something like that, she thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked exhibit developer Pete Scheidl to make a Utica Crib, and they placed it on the museum floor. But to be truly successful, the crib requires a difficult leap of the imagination, Winfrey acknowledges, especially in a space that can sometimes feel chaotic. “I knew you could never really replicate what it must feel like to be in something like that against your will,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shifting Definitions of Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winfrey contemplated other ways to encourage visitors to think about what it means to be normal–and about what happens when others make that judgment for you. The more she thought about the Glore mannequins locked in grim repose in Utica Cribs, the more she wondered about the people they represent. What were their lives like? Were they really so different from their contemporaries? Would we see them as normal today? What will future generations think of those we consider mentally ill today? These questions naturally led Winfrey to the clinician’s guide to mental conditions, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\u003c/a>, or DSM, published by the American Psychiatric Association. The current edition, DSM-5, sits on display behind a glass case along with its earlier major revisions, testifying to the evolving nature of practitioners’ understanding of mental disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 261px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/crib-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12793 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/crib-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"An Exploratorium visitor tries out the 19th-century Utica Crib, designed to prevent patients from harming themselves or others. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"261\" height=\"414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Exploratorium visitor tries out the 19th-century Utica Crib, designed to prevent patients from harming themselves or others. Click to enlarge. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Social psychologist Hugh McDonald, senior science writer and project director for the exhibition, says the DSM aims to provide those on the front lines of mental health care with a common language. “At least we can say we’re talking about the same set of symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But controversy surrounded DSM-5 even before it came out last May, from charges of conflicts of interest—a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2012 PLOS Medicine study \u003c/a>found that three-quarters of DSM advisors have financial ties to pharmaceutical companies that make medications used to treat mental disorders—to “medicalizing” grief and other normal responses to life’s challenges. And just a few weeks before the APA released its manual, National Institute of Mental Health Director \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Insel announced\u003c/a> that the institute would no longer support research based on DSM categories because they lack “validity”—that is, the diagnoses are based on a collection of symptoms rather than any objective measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coinciding with the release of DSM-5, NIMH launched its own initiative, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/nimh-research-domain-criteria-rdoc.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Research Domain Criteria, \u003c/a>to bring the treatment of mental disorders in line with advances in genetics, imaging, cognitive and neuroscience research. The goal is to transform diagnosis and treatment by incorporating objective measures of brain function into a practice that has long depended on the subjective assessment of symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a gap between what neuroscientists are finding and what’s happening in the clinical world,” McDonald says. “Most clinicians are not neuroscientists, so bringing those two worlds together is an ongoing problem. The NIMH took a big step to say ‘we’re no longer going to use this as the basis of our research.’ A lot of people saw that as the first nail in the coffin of the DSM.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than settle questions about controversies of diagnosis or treatment past or present, the exhibition provides multiple perspectives, leaving viewers to come to their own conclusions. Video monitors offer testimony from patients and practitioners, noting modern-day successes as well as failures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine that any patients ever welcomed a stint in the Utica Crib, but McDonald argues that even this seemingly inhumane device reflects the norms of the time. “Even though the crib looks like the worst imaginable horror to some, there were people whose greatest fear was harming someone, and they actually relaxed once they were put in the crib. For the most part, the people who ran those facilities in the 19th century weren’t out of a horror movie. They thought they were helping people, just as we do today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some argue that pharmaceuticals are the modern equivalent of the Utica Crib, he says, that we’re doing the same thing to people, we’re just using chemicals. “Are some people zombified? Probably. But there are others whose lives are saved by pharmaceuticals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other People’s Baggage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the controversy surrounding the DSM, Winfrey and McDonald recognized its value as a symbol of the changing definitions of normal behavior. But what ultimately challenges you to ponder your own conceptions of what’s normal, and if you spend the time, breaks your heart, comes from a remarkable find: 427 suitcases, long forgotten in the attic of the Willard Psychiatric Hospital, unearthed when the upstate New York institution closed its doors in 1995. Unsure what to do with the suitcases, some set aside when patients checked in more than a century ago, Willard staff called on Craig Williams, a historian with the New York State Museum. Williams’ boss told him to take 10 suitcases. He took them all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winfrey wasn’t sure whether the suitcases would work in the Exploratorium, until she visited Miller and spent time alone with all the artifacts. She was struck by the mundane nature of the items–shoes, purses, brushes, letters. They could have belonged to anyone. How better to bridge the gap between those who by whatever stroke of biology or circumstance struggle with mental illness and those who do not? The suitcases now sit behind wire screens, filled with the personal belongings of people who lived decades ago, reaching across the years to tell their stories. “I was hoping that people would look at these objects and understand that there is not a great divide between people who have mental health issues and people who don’t,” Winfrey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/brushes-1024x694.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12795\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-12795\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/brushes-1024x694.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Jon Crispin took this photo of a Willard patient's brushes, found in one of the recovered suitcases. "These aren’t just things," Crispin says. "They’re a part of people’s lives. There’s a reverence I feel toward these objects that I hope to be able to show in the photographs that I take."\" width=\"1024\" height=\"694\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographer Jon Crispin took this photo of a Willard patient’s brushes, found in one of the recovered suitcases. “These aren’t just things,” Crispin says. “They’re a part of people’s lives. There’s a reverence I feel toward these objects that I hope to be able to show in the photographs that I take.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When people entered Willard or other institutions, they didn’t know how long they’d be there. “We wanted visitors to think, ‘Oh, they aren’t bringing bizarre items I’d never seen before,’ says McDonald. ‘They’re bringing the same stuff I would bring.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal stories about each patient accompany their belongings, along with a “then and now” diagnosis, thanks to the efforts of clinical psychiatrist and exhibition collaborator Karen Miller, who secured unprecedented access to the patients’ files, normally sealed in perpetuity to protect privacy. Many of the patients were diagnosed with dementia praecox, a chronic psychotic disorder that was later recast as schizophrenia—including “Frank,” a man whose only “problem” appeared to be that he was homosexual. He was deeply troubled, his records show, but whether his condition resulted from biology or persecution is unclear. It wasn’t until 1973 that the APA removed homosexuality from the DSM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Winfrey’s account, Willard was a resort compared to Pennhurst. “Willard was a grand experiment, it was almost like a village,” she says. “The only cinema in town was in the hospital, so everybody would go to the cinema there. And before labor laws outlawed it, all the patients would come down to town and work.” In 1973, a federal court ruled that patients in mental health institutions could no longer work for free. Caregivers share their experiences working at Willard through recordings played through phones mounted throughout the exhibition. Some worried that laws designed to protect the patients ultimately deprived them of purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the stories, “so personal, specific and special,” Winfrey was most touched by the plight of Madeline C. Born in 1896, Madeline was first admitted to a psychiatric hospital in 1932. “She spoke five languages, was educated at the Sorbonne, had lots of paints and was very artistic. A lot of her letters said, ‘I don’t belong here. Please get me out of here. You’re the only one who can help me,’ ” Winfrey says. “They were all unsent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition runs through August 2014. (Winfrey and McDonald \u003ca href=\"http://www.peersnet.org/videos/mental-health-matters-changing-face-what-normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discussed their vision\u003c/a> for the exhibition last year, before it opened.) Until recently, visitors posted notes about their views of mental health and what’s normal on the museum floor, visible on \u003ca href=\"http://changingnormal.tumblr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tumblr.\u003c/a> You can join the conversation on Twitter, using the hash tag #myNormal.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12791\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 614px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/suitcases-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12791\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12791 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/suitcases-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"New York State historian Craig Williams recovered 427 suitcases from the attic of Willard Psychiatric Center when it closed in 1995. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"614\" height=\"461\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York State historian Craig Williams recovered 427 suitcases from the attic of Willard Psychiatric Center when it closed in 1995. You can see some of the preserved contents (on loan) at the Exploratorium. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It used to take just 15 minutes to leave the comfort of my parents’ suburban Philadelphia home and drive through the gates of what our local paper once called “the shame of Pennsylvania.” I had not read that story when I first befriended Lizzie at Pennhurst State School and Hospital in the mid-1970s, after my friend’s Sunday school teacher arranged for us to visit two longtime residents who never left the facility. Neither had I watched reporter Bill Baldini’s 1968 television series \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/on-air/community/Video_Suffer_the_Little_Children_Philadelphia.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Suffer the Little Children,”\u003c/a> a harrowing exposé that ultimately led to the dilapidated institution’s closure in 1987.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many ways, Lizzie was just like me. She liked to watch “The Beverly Hillbillies.” She liked to have her hair brushed. She loved chocolate. But she couldn’t speak or walk and spent her days in a hospital bed with retractable sides. She couldn’t tell me how she came to live in Pennhurst in 1938 as an 11-year-old, and the attendants didn’t know. They did know, however, that I was her only visitor. Had I seen what Baldini documented—patients shackled to the metal slats on their beds, lying in threadbare gowns on dirty mattresses—I don’t know if I’d have had the courage to set foot in that sad place. I used to flinch to see patients crammed into overcrowded wards, adults in cribs serving as cages, with no sign of personal items and no hope of privacy. But I never witnessed the worst of the atrocities Baldini revealed. I was too young to fully grasp what I saw at Pennhurst, but it was clear enough, even to a teenager, that Lizzie and those like her were being warehoused, kept at a safe distance from “normal” people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is normal—and the shifting definitions of normal over time for practitioners, patients and society—is the subject of a temporary exhibition at the Exploratorium, recently extended through August 2014, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/west-gallery/whatisnormal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Changing Face of What Is Normal: Mental Health\u003c/a>. The exhibition, a collection of artifacts, video and audio interviews and artworks that came together bit by bit, occupies the museum’s West Gallery, a new space for exploring the nexus between human thought, behavior and social interaction. Its inspiration comes from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eFMj2AdXtE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Glore Psychiatric Museum\u003c/a> in St. Joseph, Missouri, which Exploratorium senior artist Pam Winfrey happened upon during a family visit. The Glore museum, the brainchild of a Missouri Department of Mental Health employee and historian named George Glore, displays authentic treatment devices from the 1940s and ’50s along with replicas of somewhat frightening contraptions from centuries past, many occupied by mannequins. When Winfrey saw a mannequin in a \u003ca href=\"http://westernillinoismuseum.org/artifact_month/2011_october.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Utica Crib\u003c/a>—a 19th-century coffin-like restraint device—the veteran museum curator saw an opportunity. Maybe an interactive exhibit could help visitors imagine what it would be like to be confined in something like that, she thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked exhibit developer Pete Scheidl to make a Utica Crib, and they placed it on the museum floor. But to be truly successful, the crib requires a difficult leap of the imagination, Winfrey acknowledges, especially in a space that can sometimes feel chaotic. “I knew you could never really replicate what it must feel like to be in something like that against your will,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shifting Definitions of Normal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winfrey contemplated other ways to encourage visitors to think about what it means to be normal–and about what happens when others make that judgment for you. The more she thought about the Glore mannequins locked in grim repose in Utica Cribs, the more she wondered about the people they represent. What were their lives like? Were they really so different from their contemporaries? Would we see them as normal today? What will future generations think of those we consider mentally ill today? These questions naturally led Winfrey to the clinician’s guide to mental conditions, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders\u003c/a>, or DSM, published by the American Psychiatric Association. The current edition, DSM-5, sits on display behind a glass case along with its earlier major revisions, testifying to the evolving nature of practitioners’ understanding of mental disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12793\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 261px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/crib-768x1024.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12793 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/crib-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"An Exploratorium visitor tries out the 19th-century Utica Crib, designed to prevent patients from harming themselves or others. (Photo: Liza Gross)\" width=\"261\" height=\"414\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Exploratorium visitor tries out the 19th-century Utica Crib, designed to prevent patients from harming themselves or others. Click to enlarge. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Social psychologist Hugh McDonald, senior science writer and project director for the exhibition, says the DSM aims to provide those on the front lines of mental health care with a common language. “At least we can say we’re talking about the same set of symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But controversy surrounded DSM-5 even before it came out last May, from charges of conflicts of interest—a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2012 PLOS Medicine study \u003c/a>found that three-quarters of DSM advisors have financial ties to pharmaceutical companies that make medications used to treat mental disorders—to “medicalizing” grief and other normal responses to life’s challenges. And just a few weeks before the APA released its manual, National Institute of Mental Health Director \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas Insel announced\u003c/a> that the institute would no longer support research based on DSM categories because they lack “validity”—that is, the diagnoses are based on a collection of symptoms rather than any objective measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coinciding with the release of DSM-5, NIMH launched its own initiative, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/nimh-research-domain-criteria-rdoc.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Research Domain Criteria, \u003c/a>to bring the treatment of mental disorders in line with advances in genetics, imaging, cognitive and neuroscience research. The goal is to transform diagnosis and treatment by incorporating objective measures of brain function into a practice that has long depended on the subjective assessment of symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a gap between what neuroscientists are finding and what’s happening in the clinical world,” McDonald says. “Most clinicians are not neuroscientists, so bringing those two worlds together is an ongoing problem. The NIMH took a big step to say ‘we’re no longer going to use this as the basis of our research.’ A lot of people saw that as the first nail in the coffin of the DSM.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than settle questions about controversies of diagnosis or treatment past or present, the exhibition provides multiple perspectives, leaving viewers to come to their own conclusions. Video monitors offer testimony from patients and practitioners, noting modern-day successes as well as failures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine that any patients ever welcomed a stint in the Utica Crib, but McDonald argues that even this seemingly inhumane device reflects the norms of the time. “Even though the crib looks like the worst imaginable horror to some, there were people whose greatest fear was harming someone, and they actually relaxed once they were put in the crib. For the most part, the people who ran those facilities in the 19th century weren’t out of a horror movie. They thought they were helping people, just as we do today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some argue that pharmaceuticals are the modern equivalent of the Utica Crib, he says, that we’re doing the same thing to people, we’re just using chemicals. “Are some people zombified? Probably. But there are others whose lives are saved by pharmaceuticals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other People’s Baggage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the controversy surrounding the DSM, Winfrey and McDonald recognized its value as a symbol of the changing definitions of normal behavior. But what ultimately challenges you to ponder your own conceptions of what’s normal, and if you spend the time, breaks your heart, comes from a remarkable find: 427 suitcases, long forgotten in the attic of the Willard Psychiatric Hospital, unearthed when the upstate New York institution closed its doors in 1995. Unsure what to do with the suitcases, some set aside when patients checked in more than a century ago, Willard staff called on Craig Williams, a historian with the New York State Museum. Williams’ boss told him to take 10 suitcases. He took them all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winfrey wasn’t sure whether the suitcases would work in the Exploratorium, until she visited Miller and spent time alone with all the artifacts. She was struck by the mundane nature of the items–shoes, purses, brushes, letters. They could have belonged to anyone. How better to bridge the gap between those who by whatever stroke of biology or circumstance struggle with mental illness and those who do not? The suitcases now sit behind wire screens, filled with the personal belongings of people who lived decades ago, reaching across the years to tell their stories. “I was hoping that people would look at these objects and understand that there is not a great divide between people who have mental health issues and people who don’t,” Winfrey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/brushes-1024x694.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12795\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-12795\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/brushes-1024x694.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Jon Crispin took this photo of a Willard patient's brushes, found in one of the recovered suitcases. "These aren’t just things," Crispin says. "They’re a part of people’s lives. There’s a reverence I feel toward these objects that I hope to be able to show in the photographs that I take."\" width=\"1024\" height=\"694\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographer Jon Crispin took this photo of a Willard patient’s brushes, found in one of the recovered suitcases. “These aren’t just things,” Crispin says. “They’re a part of people’s lives. There’s a reverence I feel toward these objects that I hope to be able to show in the photographs that I take.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When people entered Willard or other institutions, they didn’t know how long they’d be there. “We wanted visitors to think, ‘Oh, they aren’t bringing bizarre items I’d never seen before,’ says McDonald. ‘They’re bringing the same stuff I would bring.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal stories about each patient accompany their belongings, along with a “then and now” diagnosis, thanks to the efforts of clinical psychiatrist and exhibition collaborator Karen Miller, who secured unprecedented access to the patients’ files, normally sealed in perpetuity to protect privacy. Many of the patients were diagnosed with dementia praecox, a chronic psychotic disorder that was later recast as schizophrenia—including “Frank,” a man whose only “problem” appeared to be that he was homosexual. He was deeply troubled, his records show, but whether his condition resulted from biology or persecution is unclear. It wasn’t until 1973 that the APA removed homosexuality from the DSM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Winfrey’s account, Willard was a resort compared to Pennhurst. “Willard was a grand experiment, it was almost like a village,” she says. “The only cinema in town was in the hospital, so everybody would go to the cinema there. And before labor laws outlawed it, all the patients would come down to town and work.” In 1973, a federal court ruled that patients in mental health institutions could no longer work for free. Caregivers share their experiences working at Willard through recordings played through phones mounted throughout the exhibition. Some worried that laws designed to protect the patients ultimately deprived them of purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the stories, “so personal, specific and special,” Winfrey was most touched by the plight of Madeline C. Born in 1896, Madeline was first admitted to a psychiatric hospital in 1932. “She spoke five languages, was educated at the Sorbonne, had lots of paints and was very artistic. A lot of her letters said, ‘I don’t belong here. Please get me out of here. You’re the only one who can help me,’ ” Winfrey says. “They were all unsent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibition runs through August 2014. (Winfrey and McDonald \u003ca href=\"http://www.peersnet.org/videos/mental-health-matters-changing-face-what-normal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discussed their vision\u003c/a> for the exhibition last year, before it opened.) Until recently, visitors posted notes about their views of mental health and what’s normal on the museum floor, visible on \u003ca href=\"http://changingnormal.tumblr.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tumblr.\u003c/a> You can join the conversation on Twitter, using the hash tag #myNormal.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stunning Fish Skeletons Serve Science and Art",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12817\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tube.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12817\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tube.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained tube-snout, Aulorhynchus flavidus, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained tube-snout, Aulorhynchus flavidus, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We often look at skeletons (when we look at them at all) as reconstructions: bones dug out of the ground or dissected out of a body, then carefully fitted and wired back together. But this process can lose the skeleton’s natural orientation, leaving scientists to wonder how it would really look inside the animal. A vivid technique called \u003cem>clearing and staining\u003c/em> offers just that perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/butterfly-242x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12816\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/butterfly-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained smooth butterfly ray, Gymnura micrura, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained smooth butterfly ray, Gymnura micrura, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a side effect, cleared and stained skeletons are strikingly beautiful. But not many people outside the lab would ever know it—until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca title=\"Cleared - Adam P. Summers\" href=\"http://www.picturingscience.com/\">Cleared\u003c/a>” is an exhibit of stained fish skeletons currently on display at the \u003ca title=\"Seattle Aquarium - Cleared\" href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/exhibit/art-show\">Seattle Aquarium\u003c/a>. The fish were prepared and photographed by \u003ca title=\"FHL - Adam P. Summers\" href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/fishguy/People/Adam-Summers-Bio.html\">Adam P. Summers\u003c/a>, a biology professor at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Labs who also holds a research associate position at UC Berkeley. He uses the images for his research in biomechanics, a field that blends physics and biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visualize a fish by clearing and staining, the body must first be fixed in formalin, then dehydrated in alcohol. The scientist-cum-artist then alternately stains the parts he wants to see (blue for cartilage, red for bone) and clears the parts that get in the way (bleach takes care of pigments, enzymes digest everything else). The result is a 3D view of the skeleton as it naturally fits together inside the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/scalyhead-162x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12814\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/scalyhead-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained scalyhead sculpin, Artedius harringtoni, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained scalyhead sculpin, Artedius harringtoni, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Such a view can offer scientific insight into otherwise intractable questions. Recently, Summers and his colleagues used a cleared and stained devil ray (a member of the group that includes manta rays) to discover how these curiously flat fish filter food out of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Misty Paig-Tran\" href=\"http://mistypaigtran.jimdo.com/\">Misty Paig-Tran\u003c/a>, now a postdoctoral scholar at Arizona State University, led the study, which was published in the \u003ca title=\"Journal of Morphology - Filtration of Devil Rays\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20160/abstract\">Journal of Morphology\u003c/a>. The scientists used a variety of imaging techniques, but as Paig-Tran wrote in an e-mail, “the cleared and stained specimen helped us to understand the very strange gill arch morphology in the devil rays.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gill arches are structures shared by all fish (and present even in human embryos) that support the gills and are often modified for feeding. Devil rays are not the only fish that use their arches to filter out the sea’s tiny edible particles, but the rays’ flat bodies give their arches an unusual shape—and, it turns out, an unusual filtering technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 108px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/manta-108x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12815\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/manta-108x162.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained manta ray, Manta birostris, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"108\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained devil ray, Mobula thurstoni, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Paig-Train, Summers, and collaborator Thomas Kleinteich uncovered evidence in the devil rays for something called cross-flow filtration—a mechanism that’s better known from the wine and soft drink industries. Instead of pumping fluid directly through a filter, which can easily become clogged, fluid is passed perpendicular to the filter. The water slips out and the particles stay in, while the perpendicular flow pushes the particles along toward the ray’s esophagus. The filter cleans itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding was exciting enough, and the manta ray pretty enough, that it was chosen as the journal cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been putting these images on the covers of scientific journals since I started my career,” Summers wrote in an e-mail, “and I often used them in holiday cards.” But he’d never planned an art show, until one day the director of the Seattle Aquarium visited Friday Harbor and saw some posters that Summers had hung “to tart up the lab.” Cleared was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show will travel to northern California sometime in the spring; Summers plans to post dates and venues on his \u003ca title=\"Cleared website\" href=\"http://www.picturingscience.com/clearedstained/\">website\u003c/a> and on twitter @fishguy_FHL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An early version of this post incorrectly identified Mobula thurstoni as its cousin, Manta birostris. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cleared and stained skeletons are strikingly beautiful. But not many people outside the lab would ever know it—until now. \"Cleared\" is an exhibit of stained fish skeletons currently on display at the Seattle Aquarium, prepared and photographed by Adam P. Summers. Recently, Summers and his colleagues used a cleared and stained manta ray to discover how these curiously flat fish filter food out of the water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12817\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tube.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12817\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/tube.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained tube-snout, Aulorhynchus flavidus, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained tube-snout, Aulorhynchus flavidus, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We often look at skeletons (when we look at them at all) as reconstructions: bones dug out of the ground or dissected out of a body, then carefully fitted and wired back together. But this process can lose the skeleton’s natural orientation, leaving scientists to wonder how it would really look inside the animal. A vivid technique called \u003cem>clearing and staining\u003c/em> offers just that perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12816\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/butterfly-242x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12816\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/butterfly-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained smooth butterfly ray, Gymnura micrura, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained smooth butterfly ray, Gymnura micrura, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a side effect, cleared and stained skeletons are strikingly beautiful. But not many people outside the lab would ever know it—until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca title=\"Cleared - Adam P. Summers\" href=\"http://www.picturingscience.com/\">Cleared\u003c/a>” is an exhibit of stained fish skeletons currently on display at the \u003ca title=\"Seattle Aquarium - Cleared\" href=\"http://www.seattleaquarium.org/exhibit/art-show\">Seattle Aquarium\u003c/a>. The fish were prepared and photographed by \u003ca title=\"FHL - Adam P. Summers\" href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/fishguy/People/Adam-Summers-Bio.html\">Adam P. Summers\u003c/a>, a biology professor at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Labs who also holds a research associate position at UC Berkeley. He uses the images for his research in biomechanics, a field that blends physics and biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To visualize a fish by clearing and staining, the body must first be fixed in formalin, then dehydrated in alcohol. The scientist-cum-artist then alternately stains the parts he wants to see (blue for cartilage, red for bone) and clears the parts that get in the way (bleach takes care of pigments, enzymes digest everything else). The result is a 3D view of the skeleton as it naturally fits together inside the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/scalyhead-162x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12814\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/scalyhead-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained scalyhead sculpin, Artedius harringtoni, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained scalyhead sculpin, Artedius harringtoni, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Such a view can offer scientific insight into otherwise intractable questions. Recently, Summers and his colleagues used a cleared and stained devil ray (a member of the group that includes manta rays) to discover how these curiously flat fish filter food out of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Misty Paig-Tran\" href=\"http://mistypaigtran.jimdo.com/\">Misty Paig-Tran\u003c/a>, now a postdoctoral scholar at Arizona State University, led the study, which was published in the \u003ca title=\"Journal of Morphology - Filtration of Devil Rays\" href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20160/abstract\">Journal of Morphology\u003c/a>. The scientists used a variety of imaging techniques, but as Paig-Tran wrote in an e-mail, “the cleared and stained specimen helped us to understand the very strange gill arch morphology in the devil rays.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gill arches are structures shared by all fish (and present even in human embryos) that support the gills and are often modified for feeding. Devil rays are not the only fish that use their arches to filter out the sea’s tiny edible particles, but the rays’ flat bodies give their arches an unusual shape—and, it turns out, an unusual filtering technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 108px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/manta-108x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12815\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/manta-108x162.jpg\" alt=\"A cleared and stained manta ray, Manta birostris, by Adam Summers.\" width=\"108\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cleared and stained devil ray, Mobula thurstoni, by Adam Summers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Paig-Train, Summers, and collaborator Thomas Kleinteich uncovered evidence in the devil rays for something called cross-flow filtration—a mechanism that’s better known from the wine and soft drink industries. Instead of pumping fluid directly through a filter, which can easily become clogged, fluid is passed perpendicular to the filter. The water slips out and the particles stay in, while the perpendicular flow pushes the particles along toward the ray’s esophagus. The filter cleans itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This finding was exciting enough, and the manta ray pretty enough, that it was chosen as the journal cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been putting these images on the covers of scientific journals since I started my career,” Summers wrote in an e-mail, “and I often used them in holiday cards.” But he’d never planned an art show, until one day the director of the Seattle Aquarium visited Friday Harbor and saw some posters that Summers had hung “to tart up the lab.” Cleared was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show will travel to northern California sometime in the spring; Summers plans to post dates and venues on his \u003ca title=\"Cleared website\" href=\"http://www.picturingscience.com/clearedstained/\">website\u003c/a> and on twitter @fishguy_FHL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>An early version of this post incorrectly identified Mobula thurstoni as its cousin, Manta birostris. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Species Discovered by Bay Area Scientists",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most biodiversity news is bad news. Climate change, development and resource extraction threaten plants and animals around the world. But scientists are still discovering species, too. Finding and describing species new to science isn’t just something Charles Darwin did. Scientists at Bay Area institutions are discovering plants and animals all over the world, including some right here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12728\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Limenandra-barnosii.jpg\" alt=\"Limeandra barnosii is a nudibranch discovered by scientists at the California Academy of Sciences. It lives in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limeandra barnosii is a nudibranch discovered by scientists at the California Academy of Sciences. It lives in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. (California Academy of Sciences) \u003ccite>(California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You would think, of course, we’ve done our homework and we’ve already charted our own biosphere, our own map of life on the planet,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/bfisher/\">Brian Fisher\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences. While there’s a lot of attention focused on the search for life on other planets, he said, there’s still a lot still to discover here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Fisher published descriptions of 38 new species of ants in Madagascar. Over the course of his career, he’s described 256 ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just discovering something esoteric like an ant,” he said. “It’s actually really trying to understand how ecosystems work, how they’re put together and really, it’s about our long-term sustainability. How are we, as humans, going to maintain clean water, clean environments and this relationship with biodiversity?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’d think we’ve been everywhere in California, but it’s not true.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These new-to-science species aren’t all in far-away Madagascar. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/wake/wakelab.htm\">David Wake\u003c/a>, a curator of herpetology at Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley, named two new species of salamanders that live in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a thrill. You never get over it,” he said, of finding a new species. “You’d think we’ve been everywhere in California, but it’s not true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California discoveries in 2013 include \u003ca href=\"https://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/09/17/four-new-species-of-legless-lizards-discovered-living-on-the-edge/\">four species of legless lizard\u003c/a>, described by Theodore Papenfuss, also of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Berkeley scientists also turned up two new California fungi, one of them on the Berkeley campus. And they found two new flowering plants, one in Contra Costa County, the other in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of taxonomy focuses on naming and categorizing new species, but scientists also work to make sure the the existing family trees are arranged correctly. “We sometimes discover that species described in the past have been wrongly classified when they actually represent an entire group of organisms new to science,” explained \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/hickmanc\">Carole Hickman\u003c/a>, a professor in UC Berkeley’s Department of Integrative Biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, she described a new family of marine gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s documenting extinct species. CalAcademy scientists described two extinct sand dollars. And Jeffrey Benca, a grad student at University of California’s Museum of Paleontology, is in the process of publishing a paper about an extinct plant from the Devonian period. Studying that plant, which is related to current-day club mosses, and its relatives “may lead to a better understanding of where the continents were positioned when our distant ancestors, early tetrapods — lobe-finned fishes and amphibians — invaded land,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parade of species discovered by scientists at UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences in 2013 also includes, among many others, a caecilian in the Iwokrama Forest in central Guyana (a caecilian is a snake-shaped amphibian), a dwarf gecko from Mt. Namuli in Mozambique, barnacles in the Gulf of Guinea, corals and sea fans in the Pacific, and an Ethiopian mite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of science, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/3895-there-is-grandeur-in-this-view-of-life-with-its\">endless forms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most biodiversity news is bad news. Climate change, development and resource extraction threaten plants and animals around the world. But scientists are still discovering species, too. Finding and describing species new to science isn’t just something Charles Darwin did. Scientists at Bay Area institutions are discovering plants and animals all over the world, including some right here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12728\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/Limenandra-barnosii.jpg\" alt=\"Limeandra barnosii is a nudibranch discovered by scientists at the California Academy of Sciences. It lives in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Limeandra barnosii is a nudibranch discovered by scientists at the California Academy of Sciences. It lives in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. (California Academy of Sciences) \u003ccite>(California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You would think, of course, we’ve done our homework and we’ve already charted our own biosphere, our own map of life on the planet,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/heroes/bfisher/\">Brian Fisher\u003c/a>, an entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences. While there’s a lot of attention focused on the search for life on other planets, he said, there’s still a lot still to discover here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Fisher published descriptions of 38 new species of ants in Madagascar. Over the course of his career, he’s described 256 ant species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just discovering something esoteric like an ant,” he said. “It’s actually really trying to understand how ecosystems work, how they’re put together and really, it’s about our long-term sustainability. How are we, as humans, going to maintain clean water, clean environments and this relationship with biodiversity?”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You’d think we’ve been everywhere in California, but it’s not true.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>These new-to-science species aren’t all in far-away Madagascar. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/wake/wakelab.htm\">David Wake\u003c/a>, a curator of herpetology at Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley, named two new species of salamanders that live in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a thrill. You never get over it,” he said, of finding a new species. “You’d think we’ve been everywhere in California, but it’s not true.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other California discoveries in 2013 include \u003ca href=\"https://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2013/09/17/four-new-species-of-legless-lizards-discovered-living-on-the-edge/\">four species of legless lizard\u003c/a>, described by Theodore Papenfuss, also of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Berkeley scientists also turned up two new California fungi, one of them on the Berkeley campus. And they found two new flowering plants, one in Contra Costa County, the other in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of taxonomy focuses on naming and categorizing new species, but scientists also work to make sure the the existing family trees are arranged correctly. “We sometimes discover that species described in the past have been wrongly classified when they actually represent an entire group of organisms new to science,” explained \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/hickmanc\">Carole Hickman\u003c/a>, a professor in UC Berkeley’s Department of Integrative Biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, she described a new family of marine gastropods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s documenting extinct species. CalAcademy scientists described two extinct sand dollars. And Jeffrey Benca, a grad student at University of California’s Museum of Paleontology, is in the process of publishing a paper about an extinct plant from the Devonian period. Studying that plant, which is related to current-day club mosses, and its relatives “may lead to a better understanding of where the continents were positioned when our distant ancestors, early tetrapods — lobe-finned fishes and amphibians — invaded land,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parade of species discovered by scientists at UC Berkeley and the California Academy of Sciences in 2013 also includes, among many others, a caecilian in the Iwokrama Forest in central Guyana (a caecilian is a snake-shaped amphibian), a dwarf gecko from Mt. Namuli in Mozambique, barnacles in the Gulf of Guinea, corals and sea fans in the Pacific, and an Ethiopian mite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of science, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/3895-there-is-grandeur-in-this-view-of-life-with-its\">endless forms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Endangered Coho Salmon Return to Marin to Spawn",
"headTitle": "Endangered Coho Salmon Return to Marin to Spawn | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12602\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12602\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Many restoration efforts have been made at Leo T. Cronin to increase breeding for the endangered Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many restoration efforts have been made at Leo T. Cronin to increase breeding for the endangered Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watching wild salmon swimming upstream isn’t just for for people with a television. This is the time of year for people in the San Francisco Bay Area to leave their couches and watch the endangered coho salmon (\u003cem>Oncorhynchus kisutch\u003c/em>) spawn in Marin! There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spawnusa.org/cgi-files/0/pdfs/1110485431_Where_to_See_Salmon.pdf\">three main viewing sites in Marin\u003c/a>, although the Leo T. Cronin site has the most signage and walkable path. Organizations such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.spawnusa.org/creek-walks/\">SPAWN\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://wildequity.org\">Wild Equity Institute\u003c/a> hold salmon tours each season for the public to observe and learn about these salmonids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12603\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12603\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12603\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1.jpg\" alt=\"From December to February, Leo T. Cronin is one of the best places to view salmon spawning. The trail alongside the creek is longer than other local salmon viewing sites, and there is more signage to learn about the species. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From December to February, Leo T. Cronin is one of the best places to view salmon spawning. The trail alongside the creek is longer than other local salmon viewing sites, and there is more signage to learn about the species.\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spawning season for the coho salmon lasts until February. They are an anadromous fish, meaning, they migrate from the sea to fresh water for breeding. Male coho are more than 2 feet long, and are vibrantly green and red during breeding season. During this time, males also develop a hooked snout and large teeth. Females use their tails to dig a nest known as a “redd,” and deposit roughly 100 eggs per redd. Males then release sperm, known as “milt,” over the eggs to fertilize them. Incubation in California lasts until April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12604\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12604\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12604\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2.jpg\" alt=\"Likely remnants of a salmon that had arrived at the Leo T. Cronin viewing area to spawn and was eaten one of many predators in the area. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Likely remnants of a salmon that had arrived at the Leo T. Cronin viewing area to spawn and was eaten one of many predators in the area.\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sadly, there are fewer and fewer salmon returning to spawn at these sites each year. Coho salmon along with the endangered steelhead trout (\u003cem>Oncorhynchus mykiss\u003c/em>) have been the center of a political firestorm for conservationists and housing developers. Urban development alongside these creeks has increased non-native plant and animal species, pollution and sediment build-up, degrading the endangered coho salmon and steelhead trout’s habitat. Today, less than 10% of its population remains since 1940. With the help of SPAWN, its volunteers and numerous donors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spawnusa.org/habitat-restoration/\">these viewing sites continue to be restored by recreating riparian habitat, removing non-native plants and replacing them with native plants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12601\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12601\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Signage at the Leo T. Cronin salmon viewing area, describing the natural history of the species. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Signage at the Leo T. Cronin salmon viewing area, describing the natural history of the species.\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What better way to start off the new year by viewing an endangered species in your own backyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Watching wild salmon swimming upstream isn't just for for people with a television. This is the time of year for people in the San Francisco Bay Area to leave their couches and watch the endangered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) spawn in Marin! There are three main viewing sites in Marin, although the Leo T. Cronin",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12602\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12602\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Many restoration efforts have been made at Leo T. Cronin to increase breeding for the endangered Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many restoration efforts have been made at Leo T. Cronin to increase breeding for the endangered Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Watching wild salmon swimming upstream isn’t just for for people with a television. This is the time of year for people in the San Francisco Bay Area to leave their couches and watch the endangered coho salmon (\u003cem>Oncorhynchus kisutch\u003c/em>) spawn in Marin! There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.spawnusa.org/cgi-files/0/pdfs/1110485431_Where_to_See_Salmon.pdf\">three main viewing sites in Marin\u003c/a>, although the Leo T. Cronin site has the most signage and walkable path. Organizations such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.spawnusa.org/creek-walks/\">SPAWN\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://wildequity.org\">Wild Equity Institute\u003c/a> hold salmon tours each season for the public to observe and learn about these salmonids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12603\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12603\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12603\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1.jpg\" alt=\"From December to February, Leo T. Cronin is one of the best places to view salmon spawning. The trail alongside the creek is longer than other local salmon viewing sites, and there is more signage to learn about the species. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From December to February, Leo T. Cronin is one of the best places to view salmon spawning. The trail alongside the creek is longer than other local salmon viewing sites, and there is more signage to learn about the species.\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spawning season for the coho salmon lasts until February. They are an anadromous fish, meaning, they migrate from the sea to fresh water for breeding. Male coho are more than 2 feet long, and are vibrantly green and red during breeding season. During this time, males also develop a hooked snout and large teeth. Females use their tails to dig a nest known as a “redd,” and deposit roughly 100 eggs per redd. Males then release sperm, known as “milt,” over the eggs to fertilize them. Incubation in California lasts until April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12604\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12604\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12604\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-2.jpg\" alt=\"Likely remnants of a salmon that had arrived at the Leo T. Cronin viewing area to spawn and was eaten one of many predators in the area. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Likely remnants of a salmon that had arrived at the Leo T. Cronin viewing area to spawn and was eaten one of many predators in the area.\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sadly, there are fewer and fewer salmon returning to spawn at these sites each year. Coho salmon along with the endangered steelhead trout (\u003cem>Oncorhynchus mykiss\u003c/em>) have been the center of a political firestorm for conservationists and housing developers. Urban development alongside these creeks has increased non-native plant and animal species, pollution and sediment build-up, degrading the endangered coho salmon and steelhead trout’s habitat. Today, less than 10% of its population remains since 1940. With the help of SPAWN, its volunteers and numerous donors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.spawnusa.org/habitat-restoration/\">these viewing sites continue to be restored by recreating riparian habitat, removing non-native plants and replacing them with native plants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12601\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-12601\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/11/salmon-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Signage at the Leo T. Cronin salmon viewing area, describing the natural history of the species. Photo by Rachael Rufino\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Signage at the Leo T. Cronin salmon viewing area, describing the natural history of the species.\u003cbr>Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What better way to start off the new year by viewing an endangered species in your own backyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What do radio reporters do? They record sounds. Sometimes, rather strange sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science being a beat particularly rich in audible oddities (ever heard a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/07/redoubt-seismic-screams/\">volcano scream\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWkMWDSVZuQ\">tree sing?\u003c/a>), we decided to pull together a few of our favorites from 2013. To be clear, these are sounds we here at KQED Science either recorded or used in stories we produced. (And, ok, some of them aren’t sounds so much as “moments” we liked.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not telling you much about them — you can click through to the stories to read and hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#1 This \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado/\">male elephant seal\u003c/a> in Ano Nuevo sounds like an old jalopy. That’s how the ladies like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/elephant-seal\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#2 The times they are a changing, and, therefore, so are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/changing-foghorns/\">the foghorns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/new-vs-old-foghorn-on-san\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#3 An epileptic seizure,\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/01/what-does-an-epileptic-seizure-sound-like/\"> translated into sound\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/an-epileptic-seizure-in-sound\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#4 Some might say it’s a bad idea to stick your microphone into a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">field of burning grass\u003c/a>, but don’t tell that to Molly Samuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/prescribed-burn\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#5 Speaking of close calls… here’s that time Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife/\">got a little too close\u003c/a> to her subject: a mountain lion in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/close-brush-with-a-mountain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#6 “Hi.” Just “hi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In Morse code, as heard by a billion dollar NASA spacecraft \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/11/en-route-to-jupiter-juno-sends-first-ever-video-of-earth-and-moon/\">bound for Jupiter\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#7 \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/\">Killer electrons\u003c/a>: mysterious, satellite-trashing particles that travel at almost the speed of light. They get sped up by electromagnetic waves in the Earth’s radiation belts that “sound” like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/killer-electron\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#8 This recording of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/navy-training-raises-new-concerns-for-whales-off-california-coast/\">a blue whale \u003c/a>– captured with an acoustic tag attached to the whale’s back – literally shook the studio when our engineer was mixing Lauren’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/blue-whale\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#9 In the future, when people \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/how-to-fly-a-model-helicopter-with-your-brain-and-other-adventures-in-eeg-gaming/\">play their brains\u003c/a> like musical instruments, here’s what it might sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/neurodisco-frustrated-state\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#10 When Scientists Get Excited… \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/airborne-lasers-yield-better-measure-of-californias-water-supply/\">so do radio reporters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/woohoo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What do radio reporters do? They record sounds. Sometimes, rather strange sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science being a beat particularly rich in audible oddities (ever heard a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/07/redoubt-seismic-screams/\">volcano scream\u003c/a> or a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWkMWDSVZuQ\">tree sing?\u003c/a>), we decided to pull together a few of our favorites from 2013. To be clear, these are sounds we here at KQED Science either recorded or used in stories we produced. (And, ok, some of them aren’t sounds so much as “moments” we liked.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re not telling you much about them — you can click through to the stories to read and hear more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#1 This \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/on-the-elephant-seal-dating-scene-its-all-about-bravado/\">male elephant seal\u003c/a> in Ano Nuevo sounds like an old jalopy. That’s how the ladies like it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/elephant-seal\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#2 The times they are a changing, and, therefore, so are \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/changing-foghorns/\">the foghorns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/new-vs-old-foghorn-on-san\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#3 An epileptic seizure,\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/10/01/what-does-an-epileptic-seizure-sound-like/\"> translated into sound\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/an-epileptic-seizure-in-sound\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#4 Some might say it’s a bad idea to stick your microphone into a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/can-california-burn-its-way-out-of-its-wildfire-problem/\">field of burning grass\u003c/a>, but don’t tell that to Molly Samuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/prescribed-burn\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#5 Speaking of close calls… here’s that time Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/road-kill-or-road-crossing-california-slow-to-protect-wildlife/\">got a little too close\u003c/a> to her subject: a mountain lion in Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/close-brush-with-a-mountain\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#6 “Hi.” Just “hi.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(In Morse code, as heard by a billion dollar NASA spacecraft \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/11/en-route-to-jupiter-juno-sends-first-ever-video-of-earth-and-moon/\">bound for Jupiter\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/1400-ham-radio-ops-say-hi-to\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#7 \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/attack-of-the-killer-electrons-new-mission-searches-for-mysterious-space-particles/\">Killer electrons\u003c/a>: mysterious, satellite-trashing particles that travel at almost the speed of light. They get sped up by electromagnetic waves in the Earth’s radiation belts that “sound” like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/killer-electron\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#8 This recording of \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/navy-training-raises-new-concerns-for-whales-off-california-coast/\">a blue whale \u003c/a>– captured with an acoustic tag attached to the whale’s back – literally shook the studio when our engineer was mixing Lauren’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/blue-whale\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#9 In the future, when people \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/how-to-fly-a-model-helicopter-with-your-brain-and-other-adventures-in-eeg-gaming/\">play their brains\u003c/a> like musical instruments, here’s what it might sound like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/amystanden-1/neurodisco-frustrated-state\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>#10 When Scientists Get Excited… \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/airborne-lasers-yield-better-measure-of-californias-water-supply/\">so do radio reporters\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://soundcloud.com/mollysamuel/woohoo\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
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