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Forget to buy milk at the store? Temporary lapses in memory can be such a nuisance. But for those coping with a memory-impairing disease or traumatic brain injury, this kind of memory loss can become debilitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anyone who has witnessed the effects of memory loss in another person knows its toll and how few options are available to treat it,” says Justin Sanchez, program manager at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, better known as DARPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday DARPA announced a new multi-million dollar effort to develop and test a new generation of therapeutic brain implants that will help service members, veterans and civilians recover from memory loss caused by brain trauma or disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already.’\u003ccite>— Robert Fisher, Stanford\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here’s the tricky thing about treating memory loss: Scientists still don’t completely understand how the brain goes about capturing, storing and retrieving memories. Sure, they know that regions such as the hippocampus are important for the process. But developing precise medical interventions will require a much deeper understanding of how memory works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How deep? Try single neuron deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the DARPA-funded project, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and UCLA are developing an implantable brain device that will be able to eavesdrop on single neurons as they communicate with their neighbors. As the researchers decipher this cryptic neural language, they will use finely tuned electrical signals to join the conversation and help restore memory function. They are slated to begin clinical trials in the final year of the four-year project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project, although it sounds a little bit Buck Rogers, is actually not far off from what’s happening already,” says Robert Fisher, professor of neurology and director of the Stanford Epilepsy Center. He’s tested similar brain implants for epilepsy patients, but is not involved in this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You need to interface with neurons on their level.’\u003ccite>— Satinderpall Pannu, LLNL\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Parkinson’s patients are already receiving neural pacemakers. And similar therapies are being studied to treat a number of conditions, not only epilepsy, but also depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while existing deep brain stimulation techniques target large groups of neurons, the new research will require technologies that can communicate with single neurons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You need to interface with neurons on their level,” says Satinderpall Pannu, director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Center for Bioengineering. Current deep brain stimulation devices have electrodes that are a hundred times bigger than individual neurons. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/07/20140707science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\" alt=\"Fake marbled murrelet eggs being put out by a California State Parks field team. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fake marbled murrelet eggs with a rude surprise inside. The patch of velcro helps the California State Parks field team attach the eggs to tree branches. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California state parks are using an unconventional strategy to save an endangered bird: food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that nest only in old-growth redwood trees on the West Coast. Their eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to teach jays not to eat murrelet eggs, researchers are putting out “mimic eggs” containing an unpleasant surprise: a chemical that makes jays vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decoy eggs are painted to look like a marbled murrelet egg. “They’re just chicken eggs,” says Portia Halbert, an environmental scientist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/\">California State Parks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiking in a quiet redwood forest, Halbert spots one of the blue eggs with black spots on the ground in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=536\">Butano State Park\u003c/a>, about an hour south of San Francisco. She picks it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was knocked off the tree likely by a bird,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\" alt=\"A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds spend most of their time at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds are mostly at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A small amount of the chemical Carbocal inside the egg is enough to give any jay tummy trouble. The idea is that jays will learn to avoid murrelet eggs, much like a person might stay away from a restaurant after getting food poisoning there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murrelet Populations Have Plummeted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative approach came about because marbled murrelets are so challenging to save. They’re secretive, spending most of their time out at sea, diving for fish. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/california_hotspot/habitat_redwoods_marbled_murrelet.htm\">didn’t know they nested in redwood trees\u003c/a> until 1974. The birds usually lay just one egg a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murrelet populations have plummeted because much of their habitat has disappeared. Ninety-five percent of California’s old-growth redwood forests have been logged. At the same time, Steller’s jay populations have boomed in state parks, thanks to the crumbs left behind in picnic areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got people on the edge of the park with backyard bird feeders and then you also have increased availability of food from park visitors,” Halbert says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks has set up a new program to control trash from visitors. The experimental decoy eggs are also looking promising. In a controlled lab study at Humboldt State University done by Pia Gabriel and Richard Golightly, the jays seemed to alter their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five percent of the birds that had been exposed to the eggs refused to eat them again,” Halbert says. “That’s a real success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halbert’s field team is putting out 1,400 fake eggs this spring and summer in three parks. It’s the third year of the project. But the danger of outwitting a jay is that the bird can outwit you back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Einsteins of the Bird World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ravens, crows, jays – they’re really, really smart,” says Elena West, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and fellow researcher Harrison Jones have captured a blue and black Steller’s jay at a campsite in Butano State Park. They’re studying hundreds of jays in the area in an effort to learn how their behavior changes around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coaxing so many study subjects into nets isn’t easy. “They know our tricks,” says West. “We’ve glued Cheetos to plates. We’ve glued peanuts to plates. We’ve had to devise unique ways of catching these guys over the years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19046\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\" alt=\"A Steller's jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Image: Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly & Portia Halbert)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Steller’s jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Courtesy of Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly and Portia Halbert)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Working with the Einsteins of the bird world is a doubled-edged sword, West says. The jays are fast learners and may actually remember that murrelet eggs taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real murrelet nests are hundreds of feet up a redwood tree, higher than the decoy eggs are being placed. The jays might figure out they only need to avoid the eggs down low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really help murrelets, the behavior change may have to come from people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West’s blood and feather samples show the jays rely on human food for up to half of their diet, especially during the summer camping season. Researcher Harrison Jones says the birds actually stake out territories near the busiest campsites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll come down and do a song and dance for campers when they arrive at the campgrounds to try to get them to feed them,” says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19048\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\" alt=\"Elena West measured the wing of a captured Steller's jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elena West measures the wing of a captured Steller’s jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lawsuit Over Camping\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns over the decline of murrelets prompted the Center for Biological Diversity, a non-profit advocacy group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/marbled-murrelet-06-19-2013.html\">to file a lawsuit last year\u003c/a> against California State Parks, saying the agency wasn’t doing enough to protect the endangered birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most visitors to the park would be very upset to know that their trash was pushing these birds, these amazing seabirds closer to extinction,” says the Center’s Shaye Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf’s group wanted to see campgrounds in several state parks moved out of redwood forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The camping in those parks is concentrated in the heart of the best nesting habitat for murrelets and this is a highly endangered population,” Wolf says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2014/marbled-murrelet-03-11-2014.html\">lawsuit settlement\u003c/a> requires a trash control program be put in place. It includes new sealed trash cans and a “Keep It Crumb Clean” public education campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big question is whether 2,000 campers in Big Basin State Park on a busy weekend located in the best nesting murrelet habitat – if that is workable,” says Wolf. “And we’ll find that out over the next five to ten years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is hoping that trash control, along with the stomach-turning decoy eggs, will be enough to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that lay just one egg a year, and those eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays. Scientists are hoping to trick the jays into avoiding the murrelet eggs using decoy eggs with a rude surprise inside.",
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"description": "Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that lay just one egg a year, and those eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays. Scientists are hoping to trick the jays into avoiding the murrelet eggs using decoy eggs with a rude surprise inside.",
"title": "New Way to Save Endangered Species: Make Predators Puke | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19041\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01412.jpg\" alt=\"Fake marbled murrelet eggs being put out by a California State Parks field team. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fake marbled murrelet eggs with a rude surprise inside. The patch of velcro helps the California State Parks field team attach the eggs to tree branches. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists in California state parks are using an unconventional strategy to save an endangered bird: food poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marbled murrelets are rare seabirds that nest only in old-growth redwood trees on the West Coast. Their eggs are a favorite food item for another bird: Steller’s jays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to teach jays not to eat murrelet eggs, researchers are putting out “mimic eggs” containing an unpleasant surprise: a chemical that makes jays vomit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decoy eggs are painted to look like a marbled murrelet egg. “They’re just chicken eggs,” says Portia Halbert, an environmental scientist with \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/\">California State Parks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiking in a quiet redwood forest, Halbert spots one of the blue eggs with black spots on the ground in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=536\">Butano State Park\u003c/a>, about an hour south of San Francisco. She picks it up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was knocked off the tree likely by a bird,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/Juvenile_Marbled_Murrelet2.jpg\" alt=\"A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds spend most of their time at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (US Fish and Wildlife Service)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A juvenile marbled murrelet. The birds are mostly at sea, but nest in old-growth redwood trees. (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A small amount of the chemical Carbocal inside the egg is enough to give any jay tummy trouble. The idea is that jays will learn to avoid murrelet eggs, much like a person might stay away from a restaurant after getting food poisoning there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murrelet Populations Have Plummeted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creative approach came about because marbled murrelets are so challenging to save. They’re secretive, spending most of their time out at sea, diving for fish. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/california_hotspot/habitat_redwoods_marbled_murrelet.htm\">didn’t know they nested in redwood trees\u003c/a> until 1974. The birds usually lay just one egg a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murrelet populations have plummeted because much of their habitat has disappeared. Ninety-five percent of California’s old-growth redwood forests have been logged. At the same time, Steller’s jay populations have boomed in state parks, thanks to the crumbs left behind in picnic areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’ve got people on the edge of the park with backyard bird feeders and then you also have increased availability of food from park visitors,” Halbert says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks has set up a new program to control trash from visitors. The experimental decoy eggs are also looking promising. In a controlled lab study at Humboldt State University done by Pia Gabriel and Richard Golightly, the jays seemed to alter their behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five percent of the birds that had been exposed to the eggs refused to eat them again,” Halbert says. “That’s a real success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halbert’s field team is putting out 1,400 fake eggs this spring and summer in three parks. It’s the third year of the project. But the danger of outwitting a jay is that the bird can outwit you back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Einsteins of the Bird World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ravens, crows, jays – they’re really, really smart,” says Elena West, a researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and fellow researcher Harrison Jones have captured a blue and black Steller’s jay at a campsite in Butano State Park. They’re studying hundreds of jays in the area in an effort to learn how their behavior changes around people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coaxing so many study subjects into nets isn’t easy. “They know our tricks,” says West. “We’ve glued Cheetos to plates. We’ve glued peanuts to plates. We’ve had to devise unique ways of catching these guys over the years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19046\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2013_Butano-State-Park_Gabriel-Golightly-Halbert-2.jpg\" alt=\"A Steller's jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Image: Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly & Portia Halbert)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Steller’s jay investigates a fake murrelet egg at Butano State Park, captured by a remote camera. (Courtesy of Pia Gabriel, Richard Golightly and Portia Halbert)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Working with the Einsteins of the bird world is a doubled-edged sword, West says. The jays are fast learners and may actually remember that murrelet eggs taste bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real murrelet nests are hundreds of feet up a redwood tree, higher than the decoy eggs are being placed. The jays might figure out they only need to avoid the eggs down low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really help murrelets, the behavior change may have to come from people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West’s blood and feather samples show the jays rely on human food for up to half of their diet, especially during the summer camping season. Researcher Harrison Jones says the birds actually stake out territories near the busiest campsites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ll come down and do a song and dance for campers when they arrive at the campgrounds to try to get them to feed them,” says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19048\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/DSC01431.jpg\" alt=\"Elena West measured the wing of a captured Steller's jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elena West measures the wing of a captured Steller’s jay at Butano State Park. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lawsuit Over Camping\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns over the decline of murrelets prompted the Center for Biological Diversity, a non-profit advocacy group, \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/marbled-murrelet-06-19-2013.html\">to file a lawsuit last year\u003c/a> against California State Parks, saying the agency wasn’t doing enough to protect the endangered birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most visitors to the park would be very upset to know that their trash was pushing these birds, these amazing seabirds closer to extinction,” says the Center’s Shaye Wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolf’s group wanted to see campgrounds in several state parks moved out of redwood forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The camping in those parks is concentrated in the heart of the best nesting habitat for murrelets and this is a highly endangered population,” Wolf says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2014/marbled-murrelet-03-11-2014.html\">lawsuit settlement\u003c/a> requires a trash control program be put in place. It includes new sealed trash cans and a “Keep It Crumb Clean” public education campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big question is whether 2,000 campers in Big Basin State Park on a busy weekend located in the best nesting murrelet habitat – if that is workable,” says Wolf. “And we’ll find that out over the next five to ten years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California State Parks is hoping that trash control, along with the stomach-turning decoy eggs, will be enough to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species",
"headTitle": "Water Snakes Invading California Threaten Native Species | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18816\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 895px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\" alt=\"The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water snakes from the eastern United States are being found in increasing numbers throughout California’s waterways, and biologists at the University of California at Davis are growing concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and the southern water snake thrive in suburban areas and human-disturbed habitats but are harmless to humans. However, they may pose a threat to native aquatic species, including some types of frogs, snakes and salamanders because they compete for the same food source or directly pray on the native species. The invasive water snakes have been found in some areas near Sacramento as well as near Long Beach in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California’\u003ccite>— Jonathan Rose, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California where many of our native aquatic species are being replaced by non-native species,” says \u003ca href=\"http://toddlab.ucdavis.edu/jrose.html\">Jonathan Rose\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at UC Davis. Rose has been working under\u003ca href=\"http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/todd.php\"> Dr. Brian Todd\u003c/a>, an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Biology, to analyze the snake’s potential to spread through California and the Western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100277\">The study\u003c/a> by Rose and Todd lists which areas will be affected if populations of the invasive water snakes continue to spread. According to their projections, invasive snakes could spread throughout the western United States, overlapping with the habitats of native aquatic dwellers like the foothill yellow-legged frog, the giant garter snake, the California giant salamander and the California tiger salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These non-native water snakes present yet another threat or stress to many already imperiled species,” Rose says. Many of the native aquatic species are already at risk due to changes in their habitats and the introduction of other non-native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\" alt=\"WatersnakeSalamander_JDW (1)\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern water snake, which commonly feeds on the endangered mole salamander, is one of two water snake species invading California’s waterways. (J.D. Willson/University of Arkansas)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Non-native water snakes have been present in California for quite a while now. As of 2008 it is unlawful to possess one of these water snakes as a pet, but Rose says they were likely introduced as a result of people releasing their pet snakes before this ban was in place. It is unclear exactly how many of these snakes are in California presently, but there are roughly 300 in the Sacramento area, according to Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they currently pose no immediate threat to native species, non-native species often pass a threshold at which the population grows rapidly and starts spreading. According to Rose, we are at the early stage where snakes haven’t spread out of control as far as we know. The snakes aren’t having any negative effects on native species but that could change at any time. “These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower’\u003ccite>Jonathan Rose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The common water snake is of particular concern, says Rose, because it is geographically widespread and able to survive in a variety of climates. Rose says that some snakes are capable of producing litters of 50 or more offspring. They also reach sexual maturity at two or three years of age, so their populations can grow rapidly and bounce back from negative influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Rose, it is possible that the snakes have already spread throughout the state without our knowledge. If they are more established than we realize, they will eventually start to compete with aquatic species. But it may not be too late. Rose explained that the best case scenario is that fish and wildlife agencies put together a management plan to determine where these species are and act quickly to eradicate their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. Sightings and pictures of introduced water snakes can be reported to \u003ca href=\"mailto:californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\">californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18816\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 895px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18816\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/commonwatersnake_OJM-e1404151734964.jpeg\" alt=\"The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\" width=\"895\" height=\"508\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. (OJ Miano/UC Davis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water snakes from the eastern United States are being found in increasing numbers throughout California’s waterways, and biologists at the University of California at Davis are growing concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and the southern water snake thrive in suburban areas and human-disturbed habitats but are harmless to humans. However, they may pose a threat to native aquatic species, including some types of frogs, snakes and salamanders because they compete for the same food source or directly pray on the native species. The invasive water snakes have been found in some areas near Sacramento as well as near Long Beach in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California’\u003ccite>— Jonathan Rose, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This instance of these non-native snakes is emblematic of a bigger problem in California where many of our native aquatic species are being replaced by non-native species,” says \u003ca href=\"http://toddlab.ucdavis.edu/jrose.html\">Jonathan Rose\u003c/a>, a doctoral candidate at UC Davis. Rose has been working under\u003ca href=\"http://wfcb.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/todd.php\"> Dr. Brian Todd\u003c/a>, an Assistant Professor of Wildlife Biology, to analyze the snake’s potential to spread through California and the Western United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0100277\">The study\u003c/a> by Rose and Todd lists which areas will be affected if populations of the invasive water snakes continue to spread. According to their projections, invasive snakes could spread throughout the western United States, overlapping with the habitats of native aquatic dwellers like the foothill yellow-legged frog, the giant garter snake, the California giant salamander and the California tiger salamander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These non-native water snakes present yet another threat or stress to many already imperiled species,” Rose says. Many of the native aquatic species are already at risk due to changes in their habitats and the introduction of other non-native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 465px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/WatersnakeSalamander_JDW-1.jpeg\" alt=\"WatersnakeSalamander_JDW (1)\" width=\"465\" height=\"349\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The southern water snake, which commonly feeds on the endangered mole salamander, is one of two water snake species invading California’s waterways. (J.D. Willson/University of Arkansas)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Non-native water snakes have been present in California for quite a while now. As of 2008 it is unlawful to possess one of these water snakes as a pet, but Rose says they were likely introduced as a result of people releasing their pet snakes before this ban was in place. It is unclear exactly how many of these snakes are in California presently, but there are roughly 300 in the Sacramento area, according to Rose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While they currently pose no immediate threat to native species, non-native species often pass a threshold at which the population grows rapidly and starts spreading. According to Rose, we are at the early stage where snakes haven’t spread out of control as far as we know. The snakes aren’t having any negative effects on native species but that could change at any time. “These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘These snakes are not picky eaters; they’ll feed on pretty much any fish or amphibian they can overpower’\u003ccite>Jonathan Rose\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The common water snake is of particular concern, says Rose, because it is geographically widespread and able to survive in a variety of climates. Rose says that some snakes are capable of producing litters of 50 or more offspring. They also reach sexual maturity at two or three years of age, so their populations can grow rapidly and bounce back from negative influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Rose, it is possible that the snakes have already spread throughout the state without our knowledge. If they are more established than we realize, they will eventually start to compete with aquatic species. But it may not be too late. Rose explained that the best case scenario is that fish and wildlife agencies put together a management plan to determine where these species are and act quickly to eradicate their populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The common water snake and southern water snake are characterized by dark cross bands, which the native garter snake lacks. Sightings and pictures of introduced water snakes can be reported to \u003ca href=\"mailto:californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\">californiawatersnakes@gmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "You Can Transform Your Genetic Ancestry Data Into Health Info, But Your Results May Vary",
"headTitle": "You Can Transform Your Genetic Ancestry Data Into Health Info, But Your Results May Vary | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18733\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MyEthnicityData23andMe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18733\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MyEthnicityData23andMe.jpg\" alt=\"Promethease can convert ancestry data like this into health data.\" width=\"640\" height=\"341\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Promethease can convert ancestry data like this into health data.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DNA ancestry tests like those offered by \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://home.ancestry.com/\">ancestry.com\u003c/a> are a lot of fun and in some cases can be incredibly useful. For example, if you’re adopted, you can find out things about your past you had no way of finding out before. You can also find long lost relatives or confirm relationships you weren’t sure about. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/dna-testing-first-cousins\">here \u003c/a>for a great example of a person confirming that someone he thought was a first cousin really was.) And of course, it is just plain fun to find out your family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t enough for everyone. After finding a seemingly endless supply of fifth cousins, you may now want to get more out of your DNA test. You may want to learn a bit about what your DNA can say about your current and future health and maybe even about your earwax and why your pee smells funny whenever you eat asparagus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this were 2012 or even most of 2013, you’d have no trouble at all finding out about this stuff. You would have seen all this information and more from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all changed in November of 2013 when the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/09/consumer-genetic-testing-company-23andme-faces-its-own-test-from-the-fda/\"> forced 23andMe to stop giving out these types of results\u003c/a>. Now it may seem like that until the FDA and 23andMe work out their differences, there simply isn’t any way to get a hold of the kind of data you used to be able to get. But there actually is with an online resource called \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Promethease\">Promethease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Promethease to the Rescue (?)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For just $5, Promethease can turn ancestry/family DNA data from companies like \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.familytreedna.com/\">FamilyTreeDNA\u003c/a>, and/or \u003ca href=\"http://home.ancestry.com/\">ancestry.com\u003c/a> into DNA health data. The link \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Promethease\">here \u003c/a>has step-by-step instructions about how to get your raw data from each of these companies and how to use Promethease to learn about your disease risks, which medicines may give you trouble and even which bits of DNA contributed to those blue eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One nice feature is that after 45 days, all the online traces of your report disappear a la \u003ca href=\"http://www.snapchat.com/\">Snapchat\u003c/a>. In other words, there is no record of your health data floating around the internet for bad folks to somehow use against you. (You can download a hard copy to your computer and should within the 45 days.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a perfect way to convert your ancestry data into health data! Except, of course, that you need to be careful about the data you get and what you do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, genetic tests in general can only tell you what scientists know about the DNA these tests look at. They obviously can’t tell you anything about the DNA the test doesn’t cover nor things hidden in the DNA that scientists haven’t figured out yet. Your results will be constrained both by what we don’t yet know and by the DNA the companies happen to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now none of this says anything about Promethease at all. They do a great job at providing the most up-to-date information based on the literature that is available for various DNA differences that result in increased disease risk, eye color prediction and so on. It is just that the picture you will get will be incomplete. And different based on the test results you use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may all sound pretty abstract but this stuff matters. To show you how, I’ll use my Alzheimer’s risk as an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ll see, my original results from 23andMe are different from the Promethease results I get from the same 23andMe data. And the results from my ancestry.com data are different from both of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increased and Decreased Risk for Alzheimer’s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18731\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BarryAlz23andMeOfficialSmall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BarryAlz23andMeOfficialSmall.jpg\" alt=\"My reported lowered risk is almost entirely due to my having two copies of APOE2.\" width=\"236\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My reported lowered risk is almost entirely due to my having two copies of APOE2.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I got my 23andMe test before the FDA (temporarily) halted them from giving out health data. As you can see at the right, my risk for Alzheimer’s is, according to the test, much lower than average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decreased risk is almost completely determined by my having two copies of the APOE2 version of the APOE gene. Now of course there are many other genes that will affect this number either positively or negatively. But APOE is the most important gene scientists have identified so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I send my 23andMe data through Promethease, I do not get my results distilled this way. I see a much longer list that includes many findings that 23andMe probably correctly chose not to include because the results are too new, not significant enough, not done with enough participants or any other number of potential problems. This makes the report harder to interpret as I don’t know which results are the most important (although the report does give me some idea).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that I see lots of reports based on different parts of my DNA. A quick look suggests a wash—the different bits of DNA I have that contribute to my Alzheimer’s risk seem to all cancel out. With more digging I would be able to glean the fact that my APOE2 is the key part of my test results and that I have a lowered risk based on the DNA they tested and by what we know about Alzheimer’s and genes right now. But it would take a lot of time and not necessarily be easy (especially if I weren’t already a scientist).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My Alzheimer’s risk is very different when I look at my ancestry.com results because they happen not to include the APOE2 marker. Because of this, I end up looking like I am at a higher risk for Alzheimer’s because of all of those other, less significant markers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I were just to use my ancestry.com results, I would come to a completely different conclusion about my chances for getting Alzheimer’s.This result would matter a whole lot more if instead of two copies of APOE2, I had two copies of APOE4. Then I would be at a significantly higher risk for Alzheimer’s but this would be invisible to my ancestry.com results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this says anything bad about ancestry.com. They presumably chose the DNA they wanted to focus on based on what would give them the best results for ancestry and there is no reason to think they chose poorly. It is just they did not happen to choose the specific bit of DNA that indicated I had a lowered risk for Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all points to the bigger problem with trying to predict disease risk for complicated diseases with an incomplete understanding of our genome. Even if we sequenced every last A, T, C, and G, we still might not get an accurate read on our risks for having a heart attack or ending up with diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18733\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MyEthnicityData23andMe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18733\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MyEthnicityData23andMe.jpg\" alt=\"Promethease can convert ancestry data like this into health data.\" width=\"640\" height=\"341\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Promethease can convert ancestry data like this into health data.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>DNA ancestry tests like those offered by \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://home.ancestry.com/\">ancestry.com\u003c/a> are a lot of fun and in some cases can be incredibly useful. For example, if you’re adopted, you can find out things about your past you had no way of finding out before. You can also find long lost relatives or confirm relationships you weren’t sure about. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/dna-testing-first-cousins\">here \u003c/a>for a great example of a person confirming that someone he thought was a first cousin really was.) And of course, it is just plain fun to find out your family history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t enough for everyone. After finding a seemingly endless supply of fifth cousins, you may now want to get more out of your DNA test. You may want to learn a bit about what your DNA can say about your current and future health and maybe even about your earwax and why your pee smells funny whenever you eat asparagus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this were 2012 or even most of 2013, you’d have no trouble at all finding out about this stuff. You would have seen all this information and more from a \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all changed in November of 2013 when the Federal Drug Administration (FDA)\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/12/09/consumer-genetic-testing-company-23andme-faces-its-own-test-from-the-fda/\"> forced 23andMe to stop giving out these types of results\u003c/a>. Now it may seem like that until the FDA and 23andMe work out their differences, there simply isn’t any way to get a hold of the kind of data you used to be able to get. But there actually is with an online resource called \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Promethease\">Promethease\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Promethease to the Rescue (?)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For just $5, Promethease can turn ancestry/family DNA data from companies like \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.familytreedna.com/\">FamilyTreeDNA\u003c/a>, and/or \u003ca href=\"http://home.ancestry.com/\">ancestry.com\u003c/a> into DNA health data. The link \u003ca href=\"http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Promethease\">here \u003c/a>has step-by-step instructions about how to get your raw data from each of these companies and how to use Promethease to learn about your disease risks, which medicines may give you trouble and even which bits of DNA contributed to those blue eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One nice feature is that after 45 days, all the online traces of your report disappear a la \u003ca href=\"http://www.snapchat.com/\">Snapchat\u003c/a>. In other words, there is no record of your health data floating around the internet for bad folks to somehow use against you. (You can download a hard copy to your computer and should within the 45 days.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a perfect way to convert your ancestry data into health data! Except, of course, that you need to be careful about the data you get and what you do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, genetic tests in general can only tell you what scientists know about the DNA these tests look at. They obviously can’t tell you anything about the DNA the test doesn’t cover nor things hidden in the DNA that scientists haven’t figured out yet. Your results will be constrained both by what we don’t yet know and by the DNA the companies happen to test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now none of this says anything about Promethease at all. They do a great job at providing the most up-to-date information based on the literature that is available for various DNA differences that result in increased disease risk, eye color prediction and so on. It is just that the picture you will get will be incomplete. And different based on the test results you use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This may all sound pretty abstract but this stuff matters. To show you how, I’ll use my Alzheimer’s risk as an example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’ll see, my original results from 23andMe are different from the Promethease results I get from the same 23andMe data. And the results from my ancestry.com data are different from both of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Increased and Decreased Risk for Alzheimer’s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18731\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BarryAlz23andMeOfficialSmall.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18731\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BarryAlz23andMeOfficialSmall.jpg\" alt=\"My reported lowered risk is almost entirely due to my having two copies of APOE2.\" width=\"236\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My reported lowered risk is almost entirely due to my having two copies of APOE2.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I got my 23andMe test before the FDA (temporarily) halted them from giving out health data. As you can see at the right, my risk for Alzheimer’s is, according to the test, much lower than average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This decreased risk is almost completely determined by my having two copies of the APOE2 version of the APOE gene. Now of course there are many other genes that will affect this number either positively or negatively. But APOE is the most important gene scientists have identified so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I send my 23andMe data through Promethease, I do not get my results distilled this way. I see a much longer list that includes many findings that 23andMe probably correctly chose not to include because the results are too new, not significant enough, not done with enough participants or any other number of potential problems. This makes the report harder to interpret as I don’t know which results are the most important (although the report does give me some idea).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that I see lots of reports based on different parts of my DNA. A quick look suggests a wash—the different bits of DNA I have that contribute to my Alzheimer’s risk seem to all cancel out. With more digging I would be able to glean the fact that my APOE2 is the key part of my test results and that I have a lowered risk based on the DNA they tested and by what we know about Alzheimer’s and genes right now. But it would take a lot of time and not necessarily be easy (especially if I weren’t already a scientist).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My Alzheimer’s risk is very different when I look at my ancestry.com results because they happen not to include the APOE2 marker. Because of this, I end up looking like I am at a higher risk for Alzheimer’s because of all of those other, less significant markers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I were just to use my ancestry.com results, I would come to a completely different conclusion about my chances for getting Alzheimer’s.This result would matter a whole lot more if instead of two copies of APOE2, I had two copies of APOE4. Then I would be at a significantly higher risk for Alzheimer’s but this would be invisible to my ancestry.com results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of this says anything bad about ancestry.com. They presumably chose the DNA they wanted to focus on based on what would give them the best results for ancestry and there is no reason to think they chose poorly. It is just they did not happen to choose the specific bit of DNA that indicated I had a lowered risk for Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all points to the bigger problem with trying to predict disease risk for complicated diseases with an incomplete understanding of our genome. Even if we sequenced every last A, T, C, and G, we still might not get an accurate read on our risks for having a heart attack or ending up with diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/26/139312/a_shocking_fish_tale_surprises_evolutionary_biologists?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"A Shocking Fish Tale Surprises Evolutionary Biologists\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/26/139312/a_shocking_fish_tale_surprises_evolutionary_biologists?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/26/139312/a_shocking_fish_tale_surprises_evolutionary_biologists?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"A Shocking Fish Tale Surprises Evolutionary Biologists\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/26/139312/a_shocking_fish_tale_surprises_evolutionary_biologists?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "It's a Busy Time for Bird Rescue",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18632\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\" alt=\"Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18632\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bird rescue volunteer Karen Sheldon peered down into a duckling box, a white wooden rectangle that has a small pool in one half and a dry deck with heat lamps in the other. Three little yellow-and-brown fluff-balls popped out of the water, cheeping, and huddled together in the corner of the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s baby season so we tend to get a lot of birds,” said Sheldon, a former forensic scientist who has volunteered at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bird-rescue.org/\">International Bird Rescue\u003c/a> in Fairfield for about seven years. “These are three little Canada goslings that are being kept warm by heat lamps, since they don’t have a mother to keep them warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Lovers Become Bird Healers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue (IBR) is an aquatic bird rehabilitation center that treats more than 2,500 birds each year. Anyone can bring an injured aquatic bird here for medical care and treatment, until, ideally, it can be released back into the wild. In early June, for example, IBR volunteers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Rehabilitated-herons-hurt-during-pruning-freed-5536398.php?cmpid=twitter-premium&t=eed7f4eb801210a92f#/0\">released four baby herons\u003c/a> that had been injured when tree-cutters cut down their nests outside an Oakland post office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the International Bird Rescue’s workforce are volunteers, and they make a significant contribution to the healing and treatment process, said dental hygienist Martha Grimson, who has volunteered at the center for four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn things like how to draw blood, how to give IVs,” Grimson said, “how to do tube feeding where we’re actually inserting a tube down to their stomach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18631\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one recent day, a volunteer did an examination of a large Canada goose, palpating the spine to feel for fractures, and stretching out the wing to look for evidence of fresh wounds or old ones. Meanwhile, other volunteers administered eye medicine to a gosling, and assisted the vet with surgery on an eared grebe. And that was a slow day, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guess What: You Can Put the Baby Bird Back in the Nest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are getting into our busiest time of the year now,” Grimson said. “The baby birds are all hatching, so many orphaned birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water birds often settle in residential areas, and then when the little ones hatch, the family must embark on a journey to find the closest body of water. On the way, they encounter cars, pets and storm drains, any of which can leave a baby injured or a group of babies orphaned.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The best thing is to try to return the bird to the nest, if it’s safe, if the nest is not going to fall.’\u003ccite>— Karen Sheldon, Volunteer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Sheldon says a lot baby birds come into the center with humans who have unknowingly abducted them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve picked it up,” Sheldon said, “They think now that they’ve touched it, this bird cannot be put back into the nest or be left for the parents and that’s just a misunderstanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds have a very poorly developed sense of smell,” Grimson explained. “Most birds,” Sheldon amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both volunteers agreed the best thing to do with a baby bird is return it to the nest, as long as the nest appears safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Joy of Seeing Birds Back in the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheldon says after helping heal birds that have been hit by cars, shot, wrapped in fishing line or covered in oil, her prime motivation now is to help mitigate the human impact on birds, and see them return to life in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a bird-watching visit to Santa Cruz this year, Sheldon spotted one of IBR’s birds, a pelican wearing a blue band. All birds treated at IBR get the blue identity band when they are released. This particular bird, Sheldon discovered, had been released near San Francisco about 16 months earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It came in starving as a little juvenile pelican and stayed with us for just a couple weeks while it got fattened up,” Sheldon said. “And here it is almost a year-and-a-half later down in Santa Cruz doing quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the pelican was behaving like a pelican, sitting with other birds, not begging for food from humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still get chills thinking about this,” Sheldon said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18632\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/babybirds-e1403561882519.jpg\" alt=\"Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18632\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby birds at International Bird Rescue. (Cheryl Reynolds/International Bird Rescue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bird rescue volunteer Karen Sheldon peered down into a duckling box, a white wooden rectangle that has a small pool in one half and a dry deck with heat lamps in the other. Three little yellow-and-brown fluff-balls popped out of the water, cheeping, and huddled together in the corner of the deck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s baby season so we tend to get a lot of birds,” said Sheldon, a former forensic scientist who has volunteered at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bird-rescue.org/\">International Bird Rescue\u003c/a> in Fairfield for about seven years. “These are three little Canada goslings that are being kept warm by heat lamps, since they don’t have a mother to keep them warm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Bird Lovers Become Bird Healers\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International Bird Rescue (IBR) is an aquatic bird rehabilitation center that treats more than 2,500 birds each year. Anyone can bring an injured aquatic bird here for medical care and treatment, until, ideally, it can be released back into the wild. In early June, for example, IBR volunteers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Rehabilitated-herons-hurt-during-pruning-freed-5536398.php?cmpid=twitter-premium&t=eed7f4eb801210a92f#/0\">released four baby herons\u003c/a> that had been injured when tree-cutters cut down their nests outside an Oakland post office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the International Bird Rescue’s workforce are volunteers, and they make a significant contribution to the healing and treatment process, said dental hygienist Martha Grimson, who has volunteered at the center for four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn things like how to draw blood, how to give IVs,” Grimson said, “how to do tube feeding where we’re actually inserting a tube down to their stomach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18631\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvet-e1403561757678.jpg\" alt=\"Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18631\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lauren Adams is a staff member at International Bird Rescue. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On one recent day, a volunteer did an examination of a large Canada goose, palpating the spine to feel for fractures, and stretching out the wing to look for evidence of fresh wounds or old ones. Meanwhile, other volunteers administered eye medicine to a gosling, and assisted the vet with surgery on an eared grebe. And that was a slow day, they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guess What: You Can Put the Baby Bird Back in the Nest\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are getting into our busiest time of the year now,” Grimson said. “The baby birds are all hatching, so many orphaned birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water birds often settle in residential areas, and then when the little ones hatch, the family must embark on a journey to find the closest body of water. On the way, they encounter cars, pets and storm drains, any of which can leave a baby injured or a group of babies orphaned.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The best thing is to try to return the bird to the nest, if it’s safe, if the nest is not going to fall.’\u003ccite>— Karen Sheldon, Volunteer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Sheldon says a lot baby birds come into the center with humans who have unknowingly abducted them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’ve picked it up,” Sheldon said, “They think now that they’ve touched it, this bird cannot be put back into the nest or be left for the parents and that’s just a misunderstanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birds have a very poorly developed sense of smell,” Grimson explained. “Most birds,” Sheldon amended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both volunteers agreed the best thing to do with a baby bird is return it to the nest, as long as the nest appears safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18602\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/birdvolunteers-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"size-large wp-image-18602\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karen Sheldon, left, a retired forensic scientist, has volunteered at International Bird Rescure for more than seven years. Martha Grimson, a semi-retired dental hygenist, has been there for 4 years. (Nora Elmeligy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Joy of Seeing Birds Back in the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheldon says after helping heal birds that have been hit by cars, shot, wrapped in fishing line or covered in oil, her prime motivation now is to help mitigate the human impact on birds, and see them return to life in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a bird-watching visit to Santa Cruz this year, Sheldon spotted one of IBR’s birds, a pelican wearing a blue band. All birds treated at IBR get the blue identity band when they are released. This particular bird, Sheldon discovered, had been released near San Francisco about 16 months earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It came in starving as a little juvenile pelican and stayed with us for just a couple weeks while it got fattened up,” Sheldon said. “And here it is almost a year-and-a-half later down in Santa Cruz doing quite well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the pelican was behaving like a pelican, sitting with other birds, not begging for food from humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still get chills thinking about this,” Sheldon said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen",
"headTitle": "A ‘Squid Bloom’ in Monterey Bay Is Good News for Local Fishermen | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18361\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1283px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18361\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/squid-picture-270x162.jpg\" alt=\"Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens This adult California market squid was photographed in the canyon offshore of La Jolla Shores beach in La Jolla, California.(SWFSC Image Gallery)\" width=\"1283\" height=\"769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Market squid like this one are blooming in Monterey Bay. (NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid fishermen in and around Monterey Bay are experiencing early success this season with California market squid, which may be a result of a couple of happy accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half Moon Bay fisherman Michael McHenry says conservation efforts such as closed areas, a ban on weekend fishing and limiting the areas accessible to light boats have allowed the squid population to flourish. While the majority of squid fishing in California takes place in the southern half of the state, he said the bloom of California market squid in Monterey has brought many fishing boats north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With these conservation efforts in place, the squid laid enough eggs in the ocean that they actually bloomed out of control,” McHenry said. “We’re able to fill our [yearly] quota six months early, and the squid have six months to spawn without being harassed. It’s a win-win deal. It seems to be a very sustainable fishery at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/msfmp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Market Squid Fishery Management Plan\u003c/a>, set forth by the state of California in 2005, limits the annual total \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/squid/species_pages/market_squid.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California market squid\u003c/a> catch to 118,000 tons, most of which is \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay/pdfs/marketsquid.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exported\u003c/a> to China. When the quota is reached, fishing ceases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no denying that conservation efforts are important in squid fishery management, said \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/home.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">William Gilly, a Biology Professor at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station\u003c/a>, but he said he thinks there may be other factors that play a larger role in the recent market squid abundance. Gilly has been studying the much larger Humboldt squid for almost 15 years and believes that \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">their recent decline\u003c/a> is related to the increase in market squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there are a lot of Humboldt squid in the Monterey Bay area, the commercial market squid fishing tends to be rather poor,” he said. “That could be a direct predator-prey relationship or it could be environmental. Humboldt squid seem to favor different environmental and oceanic conditions than those favored by market squid, so the two may naturally tend to go in reciprocal cycles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt squid, which have been absent from Monterey Bay since the last El Niño in 2010, are a natural predator to the California market squid. Since then, California market squid fishing has been very good, indicating a correlation between the two species. Gilly also cites natural seasonal cycles relating to spawning patterns as a factor in market squid population fluctuations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a seasonal increase in the California market squid in Monterey Bay every year. They spawn in the bay every spring and throughout the summer and into early fall.” Gilly says that an early start to the fishing season this year may also play a role, essentially giving the Southern California squid unmolested spawning rights for the winter months. It’s a happy accident that’s working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilly and McHenry agree that the California market squid are important for the ecosystem both as predators and as prey. According to Gilly, they are a keystone species, gobbled by basically everything in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conservation efforts may be indicating favorable results now, Gilly says it is important to monitor population fluctuations in response to other factors such as climate change. “There’s really no substitute for counting the animals in the ocean, which one can do in principle,” he said. “It just takes a ship with the right sonar gear and someone with research support or state support for monitoring to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, there are no numbers on how many squid of either type are in the ocean. Data is based on observations of market catch and research surveys conducted by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. However, Gilly said sonar technology that could accurately monitor the biomass of the Humboldt squid and the California market squid does exist. Combined with state support, he said, this technology has the potential to use squid populations as an advanced warning system for climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Sleep Researcher Mourns the Loss of Narcoleptic Dog",
"headTitle": "Stanford Sleep Researcher Mourns the Loss of Narcoleptic Dog | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3479\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mignot and Bearichon. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bear, the narcoleptic dog who stole the heart of a Stanford specialist in the disease, has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affectionately called “Bearichon,” the Belgian schipperke was the last member of a storied pack of narcoleptic dogs, assembled by William Dement at the \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a> in the 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pack ultimately helped researchers find the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/ngene.html\">gene responsible for narcolepsy\u003c/a>, a disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden sleep episodes after experiencing intense emotions) and REM sleep abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on work done with the dogs, Stanford researchers, led by \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/narcolepsy/mignot.html\">Emmanuel Mignot\u003c/a>, a French pharmacologist and director of the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, learned that the disease can be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by exposure to the influenza virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bear spent the second half of his life as the family pet of Mignot and his wife Servane Briand. Reached at his office in Palo Alto, Mignot told KQED Science that Bearichon’s death marks the end of an era for sleep research, and a sad transition for his own family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an unusually sleepy dog like Bear, Mignot says, can leave the house feeling all too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18397\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 623px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18397 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\" alt=\"BearichonattheBeach\" width=\"623\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bearichon asleep on the beach. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview was edited for clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did Bear come to you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, a breeder said to me, “I have a dog that’s kind of falling down every time he gets excited. I heard you study narcolepsy. So if you’re interested, we are willing to give it to you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was one year old. It was towards the end [of the study], so Bear was more of a mascot for the facility. Then I just had to convince my wife to adopt him.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘When he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like living with a narcoleptic dog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Bear got excited, he’d collapse and become paralyzed. So, for example, when he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal. Sometimes we’d try to stimulate him by massaging his back a bit so he didn’t fall into his dish. You could feel when an attack was coming. He’d be more wobbly. This was my dog, I could read his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point he developed a cough that we didn’t understand. I realized that maybe he was almost choking because he had so little time to eat before collapsing into sleep. He was just swallowing this dry stuff without even chewing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think he knew that he was about to fall asleep, so he was rushing to finish his meal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yes, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we got him food that was cooked, like rice and a little bit of fish, he was eating better than I was. With soft food, even if you swallow it without chewing it, it’s not a big deal. That solved the problem completely. It was pretty much the only health problem he had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countless visitors came to see Bear. We’d do a little demonstration and he would collapse. You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He had his own personality. He was playful and just the nicest. He loved to be scratched, possibly because he’d been raised in a lab without much interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you become interested in narcoleptic dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came to Stanford in 1986. I was looking for drugs that could be used to treat narcolepsy in humans. Initially we were interested in dogs because they were the only known model of narcolepsy in animals. Now that we know the genetic basis, you can create a mouse model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We needed to figure out what was causing narcolepsy in the dogs. I thought one way to find a cause of narcolepsy was to breed these dogs that have the genetic mutation that causes narcolepsy. I started this in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone said this was a crazy project to try and isolate this gene, with current technology. It took me 10 years to find it. We found it in 1989. It was the receptor for a chemical called hypocretin. The receptor in the brain that normally responds to this chemical wasn’t functioning. They were going into REM sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other narcoleptic animals out there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are accounts of narcoleptic horses and a bull that has been described. But they’re too impractical to study in labs. Everyone loves dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How common is narcolepsy in dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very rare. Probably about one dog in a million. But who knows? It could be much more frequent and people just don’t know it. Some dogs, like Bear, might have mild narcolepsy. Bear had hundreds of attacks but in general, they were very brief. Attacks could last a couple of seconds or minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember dogs that were more seriously affected. There was one who would walk two steps and then fall asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you looking for another narcoleptic dog to replace Bear?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, Bear is irreplaceable. But yes, ideally because we have all these teaching events and we love to show the dogs. [Audiences] love it. It’s a good way to communicate what narcolepsy is. If I had another opportunity to have a dog, I would adopt a dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our house is very silent without a dog; you always are looking for something, especially when you are alone. The dog is like a person that’s always there, like a shadow. We’ll probably get another one but I think we have to wait a little bit. One of the good things about dogs is that they make you reflect on mortality, that’s for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TA_GeHhfrSo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18398\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18398\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/IMG_3479-e1402697350766.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3479\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mignot and Bearichon. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bear, the narcoleptic dog who stole the heart of a Stanford specialist in the disease, has died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affectionately called “Bearichon,” the Belgian schipperke was the last member of a storied pack of narcoleptic dogs, assembled by William Dement at the \u003ca href=\"http://sleep.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine\u003c/a> in the 1970’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pack ultimately helped researchers find the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/ngene.html\">gene responsible for narcolepsy\u003c/a>, a disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden sleep episodes after experiencing intense emotions) and REM sleep abnormalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on work done with the dogs, Stanford researchers, led by \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/psychiatry/narcolepsy/mignot.html\">Emmanuel Mignot\u003c/a>, a French pharmacologist and director of the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, learned that the disease can be triggered in genetically predisposed individuals by exposure to the influenza virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bear spent the second half of his life as the family pet of Mignot and his wife Servane Briand. Reached at his office in Palo Alto, Mignot told KQED Science that Bearichon’s death marks the end of an era for sleep research, and a sad transition for his own family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even an unusually sleepy dog like Bear, Mignot says, can leave the house feeling all too quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18397\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 623px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18397 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BearichonattheBeach-e1402943333557.jpg\" alt=\"BearichonattheBeach\" width=\"623\" height=\"351\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bearichon asleep on the beach. (Courtesy of Servane Briand)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This interview was edited for clarity. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did Bear come to you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, a breeder said to me, “I have a dog that’s kind of falling down every time he gets excited. I heard you study narcolepsy. So if you’re interested, we are willing to give it to you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was one year old. It was towards the end [of the study], so Bear was more of a mascot for the facility. Then I just had to convince my wife to adopt him.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘When he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was it like living with a narcoleptic dog?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Bear got excited, he’d collapse and become paralyzed. So, for example, when he was eating he would collapse because he’d get excited about his meal. Sometimes we’d try to stimulate him by massaging his back a bit so he didn’t fall into his dish. You could feel when an attack was coming. He’d be more wobbly. This was my dog, I could read his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point he developed a cough that we didn’t understand. I realized that maybe he was almost choking because he had so little time to eat before collapsing into sleep. He was just swallowing this dry stuff without even chewing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think he knew that he was about to fall asleep, so he was rushing to finish his meal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh yes, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once we got him food that was cooked, like rice and a little bit of fish, he was eating better than I was. With soft food, even if you swallow it without chewing it, it’s not a big deal. That solved the problem completely. It was pretty much the only health problem he had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Countless visitors came to see Bear. We’d do a little demonstration and he would collapse. You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You wouldn’t know if he was looking at you with loving eyes or falling asleep. It was very cute.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He had his own personality. He was playful and just the nicest. He loved to be scratched, possibly because he’d been raised in a lab without much interaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did you become interested in narcoleptic dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I came to Stanford in 1986. I was looking for drugs that could be used to treat narcolepsy in humans. Initially we were interested in dogs because they were the only known model of narcolepsy in animals. Now that we know the genetic basis, you can create a mouse model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We needed to figure out what was causing narcolepsy in the dogs. I thought one way to find a cause of narcolepsy was to breed these dogs that have the genetic mutation that causes narcolepsy. I started this in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone said this was a crazy project to try and isolate this gene, with current technology. It took me 10 years to find it. We found it in 1989. It was the receptor for a chemical called hypocretin. The receptor in the brain that normally responds to this chemical wasn’t functioning. They were going into REM sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there other narcoleptic animals out there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are accounts of narcoleptic horses and a bull that has been described. But they’re too impractical to study in labs. Everyone loves dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How common is narcolepsy in dogs? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s very rare. Probably about one dog in a million. But who knows? It could be much more frequent and people just don’t know it. Some dogs, like Bear, might have mild narcolepsy. Bear had hundreds of attacks but in general, they were very brief. Attacks could last a couple of seconds or minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember dogs that were more seriously affected. There was one who would walk two steps and then fall asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you looking for another narcoleptic dog to replace Bear?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, Bear is irreplaceable. But yes, ideally because we have all these teaching events and we love to show the dogs. [Audiences] love it. It’s a good way to communicate what narcolepsy is. If I had another opportunity to have a dog, I would adopt a dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our house is very silent without a dog; you always are looking for something, especially when you are alone. The dog is like a person that’s always there, like a shadow. We’ll probably get another one but I think we have to wait a little bit. One of the good things about dogs is that they make you reflect on mortality, that’s for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/TA_GeHhfrSo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/TA_GeHhfrSo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Stanford Scientists Solve Small Part of Genetic Mystery Behind Blonde Hair",
"headTitle": "Stanford Scientists Solve Small Part of Genetic Mystery Behind Blonde Hair | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BlondeHair.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18079\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BlondeHair.jpg\" alt=\"A surprisingly large number of DNA regions are involved in hair color. Stanford scientists have solved how one of these can lead to blonde hair. (Wikimedia Commons/Xight) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surprisingly large number of DNA regions are involved in hair color. Stanford scientists have solved how one of these can lead to blonde hair. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HairColor.png\">Wikimedia Commons/Xight\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a first pass, hair color is a pretty simple trait. Basically, the more pigment you have in your hair follicle, the darker it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how simple hair color is, it is surprising how complicated its genetics are. It turns out no one gene plays a dominant role in determining how much pigment you make. Lots of genes are involved in giving you that perfect shade of brown or blonde or auburn or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880339\">study\u003c/a> out in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/index.html\">Nature Genetics\u003c/a>, a group of scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> has figured out how a certain version of one small bit of DNA that goes by the name of rs12821526 makes it more likely for some Europeans to have blonde hair. Basically the “blonde” version of this DNA can’t bend as easily. The end result is that hair follicle cells can’t read the kit ligand gene (KITLG) as well which means less pigment gets made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given hair color’s complicated genetics, it shouldn’t be surprising that this DNA variant is not the whole story behind blonde hair. In other words, not everyone with the blonde version of rs12821526 has blonde hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it this way. Let’s say you have the variant they studied that tells your hair follicles to make a bit less pigment. On its own this won’t be enough because there are other genes telling your hair follicles how much pigment to make as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/VariousHairColors.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/VariousHairColors.jpg\" alt=\"Predicting hair color from just DNA isn't perfect yet. The best one is only right 70-90% of the time. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"442\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Predicting hair color from just DNA isn’t perfect yet. The best one is only right 70-90% of the time. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hair_colors.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the other genes all tell your hair follicles to make lots of pigment, you probably won’t have blonde hair even if you have the newly identified DNA variant. Your hair may be a lighter shade than someone else’s, but it probably won’t be blonde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this DNA variant is really just one of many you need to have blonde hair which means we can’t use it alone to predict someone’s hair color. You need to know more information about many other genes to have a shot at it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22917817\">best hair color predictor\u003c/a> out there right now looks at 24 different DNA variants and is right about 70-90% of the time, depending on the particular hair color. This is pretty good but it obviously isn’t perfect. There are undoubtedly more DNA variants involved in hair color that we haven’t discovered yet. As we find and add more of these, predicting hair color should get better and better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to do this will turn out to be a boon for all sorts of people. For example, it could help the police if the DNA found at a crime scene isn’t already in a database or it could help archeologists better understand what a population looked like thousands of years ago.\u003cbr>\nUnfortunately the DNA variant the Stanford scientists studied won’t make hair color predictions any better. This is because the hair color predictor is already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exciting part of this study is that they were able figure out why this DNA difference causes a hair follicle to make less pigment. Turns out that it controls how well the kit ligand gene (the KITLG) works from over 350,000 base pairs away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Less Kinked DNA Leads to Blonde Hair \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instructions in DNA are written with four chemical bases that are abbreviated to A, G, C, and T. People with the DNA variant of rs12821526 that are more likely to be blonde have a G at this position while darker haired people tend to have an A. As usual, I am blown away by the fact that one small change can make such a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18089\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MouseEmbryo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MouseEmbryo.jpg\" alt=\"The researchers identified the important DNA region by looking for blue hair follicles in a mouse embryo like this one. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The researchers identified the important DNA region by looking for blue hair follicles in a mouse embryo like this one. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Craniofacial_mouse_embryo.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This small difference isn’t in any gene though—there aren’t any nearby. DNA variants that affect traits that happen outside of genes usually do so by affecting how a gene in a separate part of the DNA works. And this is just what the Stanford researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From previous work, they were able to home in on a stretch of DNA that was 17,000 or so bases long. There is probably a whole lot going on in such a big piece of DNA and so they wanted to find some part that would only work in hair follicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, they chopped this DNA up into three parts and had each control a gene that makes a blue color. They put each of these into mice and asked what parts of the mouse turned blue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the pieces of DNA turned the mouse’s kidneys and hair follicles blue. They had found a 6,700 base pair fragment of DNA that specifically turned genes on in the kidney and hair follicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to chop this DNA up into smaller and smaller pieces to find one that just turned the hair follicles blue. They settled in on an 894 base pair piece that they named the hair follicle enhancer or HFE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments in mice had suggested that this region of the DNA controlled the kit ligand gene (KITLG) that is located 350,000 base pairs away. Since KITLG is involved in making pigment in hair follicles, this seemed like a reasonable target for the DNA they had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors created mice where either the dark haired or the blond version of this enhancer controlled how much KITLG was made. And lo and behold the mouse with the blonde version had a slightly lighter hair color. This is just what we’d expect from one of the many human variants that contribute to hair color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18094\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Lef1DNAcomplex.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18094\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Lef1DNAcomplex.jpg\" alt=\"It looks like keeping this protein from binding a certain bit of DNA helps to make someone blonde. (Wikimedia Commons/Emw)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It looks like keeping this protein from binding a certain bit of DNA helps to make someone blonde. (Image adapted from \u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_LEF1_PDB_2lef.png?uselang=endna%20loop\">Wikimedia Commons/Emw\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To affect a gene hundreds of thousands of base pairs away, an enhancer needs to somehow get close to the gene. This is often accomplished in the cell by DNA looping. The enhancer loops around and interacts directly with the gene it affects. Very often this sort of looping is helped by proteins that bind directly to and bend the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A close look at the DNA change that can lead to blonde hair showed that it messed with the binding of one of these proteins, LEF-1. The researchers hypothesize that the enhancer can’t loop as well in people with the blonde DNA variant leading to less KITLG expression which ultimately leads to less pigment in the hair follicle. This makes sense given how important KITLG is to the cells that make pigment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there you have it. People with a DNA change that makes a part of the DNA less bendy are more likely to have blonde hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not easy to figure out. It wasn’t something relatively simple where a DNA change kills a gene causing some sort of trait. These are much easier mysteries to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead we have a change that slightly decreases how well a cell reads the KITLG which is over 300,000 base pairs away. Figuring out what our DNA is doing will not be simple. But it sure will be fun!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BlondeHair.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18079\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/BlondeHair.jpg\" alt=\"A surprisingly large number of DNA regions are involved in hair color. Stanford scientists have solved how one of these can lead to blonde hair. (Wikimedia Commons/Xight) \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A surprisingly large number of DNA regions are involved in hair color. Stanford scientists have solved how one of these can lead to blonde hair. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HairColor.png\">Wikimedia Commons/Xight\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From a first pass, hair color is a pretty simple trait. Basically, the more pigment you have in your hair follicle, the darker it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given how simple hair color is, it is surprising how complicated its genetics are. It turns out no one gene plays a dominant role in determining how much pigment you make. Lots of genes are involved in giving you that perfect shade of brown or blonde or auburn or whatever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24880339\">study\u003c/a> out in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ng/index.html\">Nature Genetics\u003c/a>, a group of scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> has figured out how a certain version of one small bit of DNA that goes by the name of rs12821526 makes it more likely for some Europeans to have blonde hair. Basically the “blonde” version of this DNA can’t bend as easily. The end result is that hair follicle cells can’t read the kit ligand gene (KITLG) as well which means less pigment gets made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given hair color’s complicated genetics, it shouldn’t be surprising that this DNA variant is not the whole story behind blonde hair. In other words, not everyone with the blonde version of rs12821526 has blonde hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it this way. Let’s say you have the variant they studied that tells your hair follicles to make a bit less pigment. On its own this won’t be enough because there are other genes telling your hair follicles how much pigment to make as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/VariousHairColors.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/VariousHairColors.jpg\" alt=\"Predicting hair color from just DNA isn't perfect yet. The best one is only right 70-90% of the time. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"442\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Predicting hair color from just DNA isn’t perfect yet. The best one is only right 70-90% of the time. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hair_colors.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the other genes all tell your hair follicles to make lots of pigment, you probably won’t have blonde hair even if you have the newly identified DNA variant. Your hair may be a lighter shade than someone else’s, but it probably won’t be blonde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this DNA variant is really just one of many you need to have blonde hair which means we can’t use it alone to predict someone’s hair color. You need to know more information about many other genes to have a shot at it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22917817\">best hair color predictor\u003c/a> out there right now looks at 24 different DNA variants and is right about 70-90% of the time, depending on the particular hair color. This is pretty good but it obviously isn’t perfect. There are undoubtedly more DNA variants involved in hair color that we haven’t discovered yet. As we find and add more of these, predicting hair color should get better and better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to do this will turn out to be a boon for all sorts of people. For example, it could help the police if the DNA found at a crime scene isn’t already in a database or it could help archeologists better understand what a population looked like thousands of years ago.\u003cbr>\nUnfortunately the DNA variant the Stanford scientists studied won’t make hair color predictions any better. This is because the hair color predictor is already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exciting part of this study is that they were able figure out why this DNA difference causes a hair follicle to make less pigment. Turns out that it controls how well the kit ligand gene (the KITLG) works from over 350,000 base pairs away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Less Kinked DNA Leads to Blonde Hair \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The instructions in DNA are written with four chemical bases that are abbreviated to A, G, C, and T. People with the DNA variant of rs12821526 that are more likely to be blonde have a G at this position while darker haired people tend to have an A. As usual, I am blown away by the fact that one small change can make such a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18089\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MouseEmbryo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18089\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/MouseEmbryo.jpg\" alt=\"The researchers identified the important DNA region by looking for blue hair follicles in a mouse embryo like this one. (Wikimedia Commons)\" width=\"300\" height=\"266\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The researchers identified the important DNA region by looking for blue hair follicles in a mouse embryo like this one. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Craniofacial_mouse_embryo.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This small difference isn’t in any gene though—there aren’t any nearby. DNA variants that affect traits that happen outside of genes usually do so by affecting how a gene in a separate part of the DNA works. And this is just what the Stanford researchers found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From previous work, they were able to home in on a stretch of DNA that was 17,000 or so bases long. There is probably a whole lot going on in such a big piece of DNA and so they wanted to find some part that would only work in hair follicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, they chopped this DNA up into three parts and had each control a gene that makes a blue color. They put each of these into mice and asked what parts of the mouse turned blue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the pieces of DNA turned the mouse’s kidneys and hair follicles blue. They had found a 6,700 base pair fragment of DNA that specifically turned genes on in the kidney and hair follicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was to chop this DNA up into smaller and smaller pieces to find one that just turned the hair follicles blue. They settled in on an 894 base pair piece that they named the hair follicle enhancer or HFE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous experiments in mice had suggested that this region of the DNA controlled the kit ligand gene (KITLG) that is located 350,000 base pairs away. Since KITLG is involved in making pigment in hair follicles, this seemed like a reasonable target for the DNA they had found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors created mice where either the dark haired or the blond version of this enhancer controlled how much KITLG was made. And lo and behold the mouse with the blonde version had a slightly lighter hair color. This is just what we’d expect from one of the many human variants that contribute to hair color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18094\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Lef1DNAcomplex.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18094\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/Lef1DNAcomplex.jpg\" alt=\"It looks like keeping this protein from binding a certain bit of DNA helps to make someone blonde. (Wikimedia Commons/Emw)\" width=\"300\" height=\"214\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It looks like keeping this protein from binding a certain bit of DNA helps to make someone blonde. (Image adapted from \u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_LEF1_PDB_2lef.png?uselang=endna%20loop\">Wikimedia Commons/Emw\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To affect a gene hundreds of thousands of base pairs away, an enhancer needs to somehow get close to the gene. This is often accomplished in the cell by DNA looping. The enhancer loops around and interacts directly with the gene it affects. Very often this sort of looping is helped by proteins that bind directly to and bend the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A close look at the DNA change that can lead to blonde hair showed that it messed with the binding of one of these proteins, LEF-1. The researchers hypothesize that the enhancer can’t loop as well in people with the blonde DNA variant leading to less KITLG expression which ultimately leads to less pigment in the hair follicle. This makes sense given how important KITLG is to the cells that make pigment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there you have it. People with a DNA change that makes a part of the DNA less bendy are more likely to have blonde hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not easy to figure out. It wasn’t something relatively simple where a DNA change kills a gene causing some sort of trait. These are much easier mysteries to solve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead we have a change that slightly decreases how well a cell reads the KITLG which is over 300,000 base pairs away. Figuring out what our DNA is doing will not be simple. But it sure will be fun!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Drought Dries Up Honey Supply",
"headTitle": "California Drought Dries Up Honey Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140616science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\" alt=\"A beekeeper for Bradshaw Honey Farm wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees. The bees don't have enough wildflowers to make honey. Instead, owner David Bradshaw is just trying to keep his bees alive.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Chris DePrada wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees for Bradshaw Honey Farm.(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are hard times for honeybees; colonies are collapsing for reasons ranging from pesticides to parasites. And with this year’s pitiful rainfall in California, bees are facing another plight: There’s a lot less natural forage to make honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second-generation beekeeper David Bradshaw pulls his truck up alongside wooden boxes of beehives on a farm outside the Central Valley town of Visalia. Soon, a loud mechanical sound – some would say a beekeeper’s buzz kill – drowns out the lively drone of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pump,” explains Bradshaw. His hungry insects aren’t getting enough natural nectar, so Bradshaw has to feed them. “It sucks the syrup blend out of that tank, and pumps it into that garden hose. Then we go from hive to hive and fill up these little feeders here. They hold about a gallon of syrup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw will spend about $80,000 on artificial nectar this summer just to keep his colonies from starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, Bradshaw takes his bees to hills laden with wildflowers. But this year, those hills are bone dry and they look barren. Plants are mostly dormant, and that means the natural nectar production line is shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wildflowers do bloom, they make nectar from sugar and water. Bees use the nectar to make honey. But a drought means less water, less nectar and less honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bradshaw is keeping his bees on the valley floor. In addition to the syrup, he’s feeding them a doughy protein supplement: soy flour, brewer’s yeast, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18343 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees a doughy protein supplement in addition to a sugary syrup. Bradshaw says he'll spend about $80,000 to feed his bees this summer. Typically he would take them to hills laden with wildflowers but this year those hills are bone dry because of the drought. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The protein supplement that beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees sits on top of a hive. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s good enough to keep the bees going, but it’s no substitute for the nectar used to make honey. That’s one reason Bradshaw sent 700 of his hives to Kansas, to feast on bee pastures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just load them up on a semi truck and send them off,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like sending his kids off to summer camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry! If they run into some bad weather where it gets too hot,” Bradshaw says. “You don’t want to be stuck on the side of the road in a broken truck with a bunch of angry bees in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can tell the bees are hungry.’ \u003ccite>— David Bradshaw, Beekeeper\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw’s been keeping bees for 40 years. His 3,800 hives typically produce about 250 barrels of honey a year. In the past three years, because of the drought and lack of wildflower nectar, his bees have been producing one-tenth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the bees are hungry,” Bradshaw says. “They’re all over the truck. If there was nectar available, they wouldn’t even be around the truck. They smell the syrup there so they’re all over it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His bees fed, Bradshaw gets back in his truck. As he drives over a bridge spanning an empty riverbed, he says small packers from Santa Cruz to Ojai have called him begging for honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially the more exotic honeys like sage honey or buckwheat honey,” he says. “Even alfalfa honey is gonna be in very, very short supply this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops like alfalfa and cotton are less abundant this year because there’s not enough water to irrigate them. So beekeepers are leaning heavily on one crop: oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beekeeper Steve Godlin watches the sticky orange blossom honey move slowly down a chute at his warehouse outside the little town of Exeter, not far from the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the production line where the wax gets separated from the honey and the honey gets pumped down to a tank. “That’s where we fill the barrels,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In wet years, Godlin runs his bees from the Coast Ranges to the Mojave Desert and he can make a million pounds of honey. This year he’ll produce half that much, and with less variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On those wet years, there’s sage, buckwheat, blue curl, tarweed, manzanita, a lot of different plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On dry years, oranges are his best bet. But oranges are a crowded field. Beekeepers come from all over the country to plant their hives amid the sweet-smelling orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody and their brother wanted to bring their bees to the oranges,” Godlin says. “I do my best to protect my areas but it’s a free country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”916b3d5922f79e5bc384a9570b517551″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene Brandi, vice president of the American Beekeeping Federation, says California is typically a major honey-producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In years when California receives adequate rainfall and especially in years when California receives above-normal rainfall, like the El Niño years, California is the number one honey-producing state in the nation,” Brandi says. “We’ve done that many times in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honey production in the state varies considerably from year to year, but in a drought year it typically gets cut by about half. This year, Brandi says, it might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a year like this when it’s not only dry but the irrigation water is so scarce,” Brandi says. “I think the honey production in California will likely be one of the lowest levels we’ve seen in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile wholesale honey prices are the highest Brandi has ever seen, averaging $2 a pound. That’s great for beekeepers, he says, if only they had more to sell.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Mountain meadows that would normally be covered with wildflowers have nothing to offer the bees this year, as the flowers lie dormant in the drought. Beekeepers are looking at drastically reduced production, and in some cases are just trying to keep their bees alive.\r\n",
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"description": "Mountain meadows that would normally be covered with wildflowers have nothing to offer the bees this year, as the flowers lie dormant in the drought. Beekeepers are looking at drastically reduced production, and in some cases are just trying to keep their bees alive.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alice Daniel\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18342\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10813_Honey-Drought-007-hpf-e1402618479319.jpg\" alt=\"A beekeeper for Bradshaw Honey Farm wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees. The bees don't have enough wildflowers to make honey. Instead, owner David Bradshaw is just trying to keep his bees alive.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Chris DePrada wears protective clothing to check the health of the bees for Bradshaw Honey Farm.(Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are hard times for honeybees; colonies are collapsing for reasons ranging from pesticides to parasites. And with this year’s pitiful rainfall in California, bees are facing another plight: There’s a lot less natural forage to make honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second-generation beekeeper David Bradshaw pulls his truck up alongside wooden boxes of beehives on a farm outside the Central Valley town of Visalia. Soon, a loud mechanical sound – some would say a beekeeper’s buzz kill – drowns out the lively drone of bees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pump,” explains Bradshaw. His hungry insects aren’t getting enough natural nectar, so Bradshaw has to feed them. “It sucks the syrup blend out of that tank, and pumps it into that garden hose. Then we go from hive to hive and fill up these little feeders here. They hold about a gallon of syrup.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18406\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18406\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10821_Honey-Drought-015-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Beekeeper Angel Corona feeds the bees a sweet syrup to keep them from starving during the summer at Bradshaw Honey Farm. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw will spend about $80,000 on artificial nectar this summer just to keep his colonies from starving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a normal year, Bradshaw takes his bees to hills laden with wildflowers. But this year, those hills are bone dry and they look barren. Plants are mostly dormant, and that means the natural nectar production line is shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wildflowers do bloom, they make nectar from sugar and water. Bees use the nectar to make honey. But a drought means less water, less nectar and less honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bradshaw is keeping his bees on the valley floor. In addition to the syrup, he’s feeding them a doughy protein supplement: soy flour, brewer’s yeast, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18343 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10825_Honey-Drought-020-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees a doughy protein supplement in addition to a sugary syrup. Bradshaw says he'll spend about $80,000 to feed his bees this summer. Typically he would take them to hills laden with wildflowers but this year those hills are bone dry because of the drought. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The protein supplement that beekeeper David Bradshaw feeds his bees sits on top of a hive. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s good enough to keep the bees going, but it’s no substitute for the nectar used to make honey. That’s one reason Bradshaw sent 700 of his hives to Kansas, to feast on bee pastures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just load them up on a semi truck and send them off,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s like sending his kids off to summer camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry! If they run into some bad weather where it gets too hot,” Bradshaw says. “You don’t want to be stuck on the side of the road in a broken truck with a bunch of angry bees in there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘You can tell the bees are hungry.’ \u003ccite>— David Bradshaw, Beekeeper\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bradshaw’s been keeping bees for 40 years. His 3,800 hives typically produce about 250 barrels of honey a year. In the past three years, because of the drought and lack of wildflower nectar, his bees have been producing one-tenth of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell the bees are hungry,” Bradshaw says. “They’re all over the truck. If there was nectar available, they wouldn’t even be around the truck. They smell the syrup there so they’re all over it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His bees fed, Bradshaw gets back in his truck. As he drives over a bridge spanning an empty riverbed, he says small packers from Santa Cruz to Ojai have called him begging for honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Especially the more exotic honeys like sage honey or buckwheat honey,” he says. “Even alfalfa honey is gonna be in very, very short supply this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crops like alfalfa and cotton are less abundant this year because there’s not enough water to irrigate them. So beekeepers are leaning heavily on one crop: oranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beekeeper Steve Godlin watches the sticky orange blossom honey move slowly down a chute at his warehouse outside the little town of Exeter, not far from the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points to the production line where the wax gets separated from the honey and the honey gets pumped down to a tank. “That’s where we fill the barrels,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10827_Honey-Drought-022-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shop foreman Manuel Salas removes the wooden frames after honey is extracted from the honey combs. He works for Godlin Bees east of Visalia. (Alice Daniel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In wet years, Godlin runs his bees from the Coast Ranges to the Mojave Desert and he can make a million pounds of honey. This year he’ll produce half that much, and with less variety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On those wet years, there’s sage, buckwheat, blue curl, tarweed, manzanita, a lot of different plants,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On dry years, oranges are his best bet. But oranges are a crowded field. Beekeepers come from all over the country to plant their hives amid the sweet-smelling orchards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody and their brother wanted to bring their bees to the oranges,” Godlin says. “I do my best to protect my areas but it’s a free country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene Brandi, vice president of the American Beekeeping Federation, says California is typically a major honey-producing state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In years when California receives adequate rainfall and especially in years when California receives above-normal rainfall, like the El Niño years, California is the number one honey-producing state in the nation,” Brandi says. “We’ve done that many times in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honey production in the state varies considerably from year to year, but in a drought year it typically gets cut by about half. This year, Brandi says, it might be worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen a year like this when it’s not only dry but the irrigation water is so scarce,” Brandi says. “I think the honey production in California will likely be one of the lowest levels we’ve seen in a long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile wholesale honey prices are the highest Brandi has ever seen, averaging $2 a pound. That’s great for beekeepers, he says, if only they had more to sell.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/12/138781/maybe_dinosaurs_were_a_coldblooded_warmblooded_mix?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Maybe Dinosaurs Were A Cold-Blooded, Warm-Blooded Mix\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2014/06/12/138781/maybe_dinosaurs_were_a_coldblooded_warmblooded_mix?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR Science – ingested into KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"headTitle": "Fossils Unearthed During Calaveras Dam Work near Sunol Regional Park | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17685\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo3-e1402004989453.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17685\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo3-e1402004989453.jpg\" alt='Shark teeth like this one from C. megaladon, nicknamed \"Mighty Mouth\" have been found in the fossil beds at Sunol.' width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark teeth like this one from C. megaladon, nicknamed “Mighty Mouth” have been found in the fossil beds at Sunol.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine the ocean lapping at the base of the Sierra Nevada, but the Temblor Sea, a vast-inland marine environment, once covered our area. Populated by \u003ca title=\"Megalodon sharks\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharks\u003c/a> of mythic proportions, hippo-like mammals called \u003ca title=\"Desmostylia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmostylia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desmostylia\u003c/a>, and small baleen whales along with scallops, clams and other benthic fauna, the Temblor supported a variety of now-extinct life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo4-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo4-216x162.jpg\" alt='A fossilized baleen whale skull encased in \"field dressing\" plaster clearly shows the inner ear bones.' width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossilized baleen whale skull encased in “field dressing” plaster clearly shows the inner ear bones.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of these fossils are coming to light millions of years later as the \u003ca title=\"Calevaras Dam Retrofit Project, SFPUC website\" href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Calaveras Dam Replacement Project\u003c/a>, part of San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s (SFPUC) $4.6 billion Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, is underway. Started in 2010, the new dam on Calaveras Creek near Sunol Regional Wilderness will provide over half the drinking water storage capacity for over 2.6 million SFPUC customers. The current dam is 89 years old and within 1,500 feet of the active Calaveras earthquake fault. It will be replaced with a more seismically stable dam by late 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo5-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17683\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo5-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"EBRPD naturalist staff examines fossils found in the Calevaras Dam retrofit at Sunol.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EBRPD naturalist staff examines fossils found in the Calevaras Dam retrofit at Sunol.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists work hand-in-hand with the construction crew as part of the environmental compliance team and help to unearth and preserve significant fossil finds. The fossil beds they’re encountering are providing tantalizing glimpses into ancient ecosystems. Two SFPUC paleontologists came to talk with the naturalists at the East Bay Regional Parks and shared some of their findings. It was quite a special experience to see an ancient baleen whale skull encased in a plaster “field jacket” with its perfectly preserved petrosal (or ear bone capsule) exposed. The giant shark tooth from a species of Megalodon up close was stunning, too. These fossil finds are helping scientists to put together a paleo-ecosystem down to the level of rainfall and even the evolution and lineage of different plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check the \u003ca title=\"Cal Academy of Science\" href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/sciencetoday/?s=mammal+fossils&page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Academy’s website\u003c/a> to find out more about our fascinating fossilized past. The University of California, Berkeley’s \u003ca title=\"Museum of Paleontology Online Exhibits\" href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> has online exhibits that can also help you learn more. To find out more about the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project, visit the \u003ca title=\"Calaveras Dam Fact Sheet, SFPUC website\" href=\"http://sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=2081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SFPUC website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17685\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo3-e1402004989453.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17685\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo3-e1402004989453.jpg\" alt='Shark teeth like this one from C. megaladon, nicknamed \"Mighty Mouth\" have been found in the fossil beds at Sunol.' width=\"640\" height=\"361\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark teeth like this one from C. megaladon, nicknamed “Mighty Mouth” have been found in the fossil beds at Sunol.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to imagine the ocean lapping at the base of the Sierra Nevada, but the Temblor Sea, a vast-inland marine environment, once covered our area. Populated by \u003ca title=\"Megalodon sharks\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharks\u003c/a> of mythic proportions, hippo-like mammals called \u003ca title=\"Desmostylia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmostylia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Desmostylia\u003c/a>, and small baleen whales along with scallops, clams and other benthic fauna, the Temblor supported a variety of now-extinct life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo4-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17684\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo4-216x162.jpg\" alt='A fossilized baleen whale skull encased in \"field dressing\" plaster clearly shows the inner ear bones.' width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossilized baleen whale skull encased in “field dressing” plaster clearly shows the inner ear bones.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of these fossils are coming to light millions of years later as the \u003ca title=\"Calevaras Dam Retrofit Project, SFPUC website\" href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=141\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Calaveras Dam Replacement Project\u003c/a>, part of San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s (SFPUC) $4.6 billion Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, is underway. Started in 2010, the new dam on Calaveras Creek near Sunol Regional Wilderness will provide over half the drinking water storage capacity for over 2.6 million SFPUC customers. The current dam is 89 years old and within 1,500 feet of the active Calaveras earthquake fault. It will be replaced with a more seismically stable dam by late 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo5-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17683\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/photo5-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"EBRPD naturalist staff examines fossils found in the Calevaras Dam retrofit at Sunol.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EBRPD naturalist staff examines fossils found in the Calevaras Dam retrofit at Sunol.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists work hand-in-hand with the construction crew as part of the environmental compliance team and help to unearth and preserve significant fossil finds. The fossil beds they’re encountering are providing tantalizing glimpses into ancient ecosystems. Two SFPUC paleontologists came to talk with the naturalists at the East Bay Regional Parks and shared some of their findings. It was quite a special experience to see an ancient baleen whale skull encased in a plaster “field jacket” with its perfectly preserved petrosal (or ear bone capsule) exposed. The giant shark tooth from a species of Megalodon up close was stunning, too. These fossil finds are helping scientists to put together a paleo-ecosystem down to the level of rainfall and even the evolution and lineage of different plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check the \u003ca title=\"Cal Academy of Science\" href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/sciencetoday/?s=mammal+fossils&page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cal Academy’s website\u003c/a> to find out more about our fascinating fossilized past. The University of California, Berkeley’s \u003ca title=\"Museum of Paleontology Online Exhibits\" href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> has online exhibits that can also help you learn more. To find out more about the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project, visit the \u003ca title=\"Calaveras Dam Fact Sheet, SFPUC website\" href=\"http://sfwater.org/modules/showdocument.aspx?documentid=2081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SFPUC website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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