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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29821\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RyanBerger-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29821\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RyanBerger-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Whale Entanglement Team members try to untangle a humpback whale. (Ryan Berger/Whale Entanglement Team, MMHSRP Permit 932 -1489)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whale Entanglement Team members try to untangle a humpback whale. (Ryan Berger/Whale Entanglement Team, MMHSRP Permit 932 -1489) \u003ccite>(Ryan Berger/Whale Entanglement Team)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More whales got tangled up in crabbing gear along the California coast in 2014 than in any previous year. Environmental advocates gathered data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> showing whale entanglements have been trending up for more than a decade; \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://oceana.org/\">Oceana\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a> are appealing to state wildlife officials to make changes in crab fishing practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/Take_reduction_request_to_CA_4-28-15.pdf\">A letter\u003c/a> sent Tuesday to the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.fgc.ca.gov/\">Fish and Game Commission\u003c/a> includes charts showing in California 21 whales got entangled last year in the lines fishermen use to haul up crab traps, and five died. Most whales that get entangled are \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/04/24/are-humpback-whales-in-the-clear-not-so-fast-thanks-to-climate-change-and-other-factors/\">humpbacks\u003c/a> and gray whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice attorney Andrea Treece says whales often struggle to free themselves or can sometimes die in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whales that get entangled can have to haul around hundreds of pounds of gear,” Treece says, “and sometimes can suffer injuries like having the line cut into their fins. Sometimes if it’s in place long enough the fins can actually sort of rot off and self-amputate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/chart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/chart.jpg\" alt=\"The letter from the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Earthjustice includes charts based on federal data, showing an upward trend of whale entanglement since 2000. (Earthjustice/Oceana/Center for Biological Diversity)\" width=\"640\" height=\"274\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The letter from the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Earthjustice includes charts based on federal data, showing an upward trend of whale entanglement since 2000. (Earthjustice/Oceana/Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One place where the entanglements have been particularly noticeable is in Monterey Bay. Peggy Stap, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinelifestudies.org/\">Marine Life Studies\u003c/a>, says she often boats out in response to reports of entangled whales, and works to free them. She points to research that found scars from entanglement are commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes they can and will throw the gear,” Stap says, “but what makes you wonder is how many are not surviving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter calls for tweaks to fishing gear, like adding weak links in the lines so whales can break free. It also urges putting more than one trap on the same line so there are fewer lines to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Collins, head of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, says he’s only just heard about the issue. Collins is also on the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/2009/04/dungeness-crab-task-force/\">Dungeness Crab Task Force\u003c/a>. He says he’s game to sit down and discuss solutions, but adds, “for anybody suggesting any fixes before we’ve had our first meeting – it’s a little premature.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A rising number of whales are getting entangled off the coast of California in the lines fishermen use to pull up crab pots. Environmental groups are calling on state officials to protect the cetaceans.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29821\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RyanBerger-1024x683.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29821\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/RyanBerger-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Whale Entanglement Team members try to untangle a humpback whale. (Ryan Berger/Whale Entanglement Team, MMHSRP Permit 932 -1489)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whale Entanglement Team members try to untangle a humpback whale. (Ryan Berger/Whale Entanglement Team, MMHSRP Permit 932 -1489) \u003ccite>(Ryan Berger/Whale Entanglement Team)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More whales got tangled up in crabbing gear along the California coast in 2014 than in any previous year. Environmental advocates gathered data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> showing whale entanglements have been trending up for more than a decade; \u003ca href=\"http://earthjustice.org/\">Earthjustice\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://oceana.org/\">Oceana\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\">Center for Biological Diversity\u003c/a> are appealing to state wildlife officials to make changes in crab fishing practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/Take_reduction_request_to_CA_4-28-15.pdf\">A letter\u003c/a> sent Tuesday to the state \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/\">Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> and the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.fgc.ca.gov/\">Fish and Game Commission\u003c/a> includes charts showing in California 21 whales got entangled last year in the lines fishermen use to haul up crab traps, and five died. Most whales that get entangled are \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/04/24/are-humpback-whales-in-the-clear-not-so-fast-thanks-to-climate-change-and-other-factors/\">humpbacks\u003c/a> and gray whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthjustice attorney Andrea Treece says whales often struggle to free themselves or can sometimes die in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whales that get entangled can have to haul around hundreds of pounds of gear,” Treece says, “and sometimes can suffer injuries like having the line cut into their fins. Sometimes if it’s in place long enough the fins can actually sort of rot off and self-amputate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/chart.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/chart.jpg\" alt=\"The letter from the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Earthjustice includes charts based on federal data, showing an upward trend of whale entanglement since 2000. (Earthjustice/Oceana/Center for Biological Diversity)\" width=\"640\" height=\"274\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The letter from the Center for Biological Diversity, Oceana and Earthjustice includes charts based on federal data, showing an upward trend of whale entanglement since 2000. (Earthjustice/Oceana/Center for Biological Diversity)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One place where the entanglements have been particularly noticeable is in Monterey Bay. Peggy Stap, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinelifestudies.org/\">Marine Life Studies\u003c/a>, says she often boats out in response to reports of entangled whales, and works to free them. She points to research that found scars from entanglement are commonplace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes they can and will throw the gear,” Stap says, “but what makes you wonder is how many are not surviving.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter calls for tweaks to fishing gear, like adding weak links in the lines so whales can break free. It also urges putting more than one trap on the same line so there are fewer lines to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Collins, head of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, says he’s only just heard about the issue. Collins is also on the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/2009/04/dungeness-crab-task-force/\">Dungeness Crab Task Force\u003c/a>. He says he’s game to sit down and discuss solutions, but adds, “for anybody suggesting any fixes before we’ve had our first meeting – it’s a little premature.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Poop-Eating Vampire Squid Make Patient Parents",
"headTitle": "Why Poop-Eating Vampire Squid Make Patient Parents | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29702\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp-800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29702 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp-800.jpg\" alt=\"vampire squid underwater\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mysterious vampire squid is not actually a vampire or a squid–it’s an evolutionary relict that feeds on detritus. (\u003ca title=\"MBARI\" href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid and octopuses are famous for their “live fast, die young” strategy. At one-year-old or younger, they spawn masses of eggs and die immediately. But scientists have just discovered a striking exception, reported April 20 in the journal \u003ca title=\"Vampire squid reproductive strategy is unique among coleoid cephalopods\" href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.018\">\u003ci>Current Biology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females of the bizarre species known as “vampire squid” can reproduce dozens of times and live up to eight years. This strategy is probably related to the vampire squid’s slow metabolism and its habit of eating poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These shoebox-sized animals have fascinated biologists since their discovery in 1903, not because of any actual vampiric habits, but because of their puzzling place within the cephalopods—the group of animals that contains squids and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vampire squid are neither a squid nor an octopus, and they’re tricky to study because they live hundreds of meters below the surface, in frigid water with very little oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to eight webbed arms, they have two strange thread-like filaments, whose purpose—collecting waste for the vampire squid to eat—wasn’t \u003ca title=\"Deep-Sea News - Vampire Squid Secret\" href=\"http://deepseanews.com/2013/12/this-vampires-surprising-secret/\">understood until 2012\u003c/a>. A clear picture of the habits and evolution of these animals remains elusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Take a Rest Between Eggs\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henk-Jan Hoving, currently at the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research in Kiel, Germany, began his investigation of vampire squid while at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. For the spawning study, he worked with specimens that had been collected by net off southern California and stored in jars at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29703\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp5-t682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29703\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp5-t682.jpg\" alt='vampire squid showing soft \"spines\"' width=\"300\" height=\"284\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vampire squid was named for its fearsome appearance, but those “spines” are just soft flaps of skin. (\u003ca title=\"MBARI\" href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Out of 27 adult females, Hoving and his colleagues found that 20 had “resting ovaries” without any ripe or developing eggs inside. However, all had proof of previous spawning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in humans, developing eggs are surrounded by a group of cells called a follicle. After a mature egg is released, the follicle is slowly resorbed by the ovary. The resorption process in vampire squid is so slow, in fact, that the scientists could read each animal’s reproductive history in its ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counting 38 to 100 separate spawning events in the most advanced female, and estimating that at least a month elapsed between each event, Hoving and his co-authors concluded that adult female vampire squid spend three to eight years alternately spawning and resting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This length of time is reminiscent of the deep-sea octopus who \u003ca title=\"BBC - Brooding Octopus\" href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28545964\">brooded her eggs\u003c/a> for over four years. In both cases, the animals’ actual lifespan must be longer than their reproductive period, which suggests truly venerable ages for members of a group whose most common representatives live for just a few months. These long life spans are related to a slow metabolism and the chill of the deep sea—around 2 to 7 degrees Celsius, or 35 to 44 Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Limited Calories, But Limited Danger\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single spawning event is not actually a strict rule for octopuses and squid. A few species are known to spawn multiple batches of eggs, even as they continue to eat and grow. However, all species reach a continuous spawning phase at the end of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a female starts to lay, her body is in egg-production mode until she dies, her ovaries constantly producing. That’s why the discovery of a “resting phase” in the ovaries of vampire squid was so surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29705\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/fossilVampylarge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29705\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/fossilVampylarge.jpg\" alt=\"fossil vampire squid\" width=\"400\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossil cephalopod from the Middle Jurassic, thought to be an \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Vampyronassa rhodanica\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyronassa\">early vampire squid\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this unexpected strategy makes sense in the context of a vampire squid’s lifestyle. The mass spawnings of other cephalopods are fueled by a carnivorous diet of fish, crabs, shrimp and even fellow squids and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the fecal material and mucus that make up most vampire squid meals are not nearly as calorie-rich. The animals may be simply unable to muster enough energy to ripen all their eggs at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an advantage, however, to living in the food-poor, oxygen-poor depths of the ocean. Few large predators can survive there for long, so vampire squid are relatively safe—compared to their cousins, who are constantly on the run from fish, dolphins, whales, seabirds and each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you face a high risk of being eaten on any given day, it’s a good idea to get all your eggs out as quickly as possible. But vampire squid are free to engage in leisurely, repetitive spawning. It’s the ultimate work-life balance: alternately popping out babies, then returning to business as usual.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29702\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp-800.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29702 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp-800.jpg\" alt=\"vampire squid underwater\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mysterious vampire squid is not actually a vampire or a squid–it’s an evolutionary relict that feeds on detritus. (\u003ca title=\"MBARI\" href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Squid and octopuses are famous for their “live fast, die young” strategy. At one-year-old or younger, they spawn masses of eggs and die immediately. But scientists have just discovered a striking exception, reported April 20 in the journal \u003ca title=\"Vampire squid reproductive strategy is unique among coleoid cephalopods\" href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.018\">\u003ci>Current Biology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Females of the bizarre species known as “vampire squid” can reproduce dozens of times and live up to eight years. This strategy is probably related to the vampire squid’s slow metabolism and its habit of eating poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These shoebox-sized animals have fascinated biologists since their discovery in 1903, not because of any actual vampiric habits, but because of their puzzling place within the cephalopods—the group of animals that contains squids and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vampire squid are neither a squid nor an octopus, and they’re tricky to study because they live hundreds of meters below the surface, in frigid water with very little oxygen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to eight webbed arms, they have two strange thread-like filaments, whose purpose—collecting waste for the vampire squid to eat—wasn’t \u003ca title=\"Deep-Sea News - Vampire Squid Secret\" href=\"http://deepseanews.com/2013/12/this-vampires-surprising-secret/\">understood until 2012\u003c/a>. A clear picture of the habits and evolution of these animals remains elusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Take a Rest Between Eggs\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henk-Jan Hoving, currently at the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research in Kiel, Germany, began his investigation of vampire squid while at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. For the spawning study, he worked with specimens that had been collected by net off southern California and stored in jars at the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29703\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp5-t682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29703\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/vamp5-t682.jpg\" alt='vampire squid showing soft \"spines\"' width=\"300\" height=\"284\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vampire squid was named for its fearsome appearance, but those “spines” are just soft flaps of skin. (\u003ca title=\"MBARI\" href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Out of 27 adult females, Hoving and his colleagues found that 20 had “resting ovaries” without any ripe or developing eggs inside. However, all had proof of previous spawning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in humans, developing eggs are surrounded by a group of cells called a follicle. After a mature egg is released, the follicle is slowly resorbed by the ovary. The resorption process in vampire squid is so slow, in fact, that the scientists could read each animal’s reproductive history in its ovaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Counting 38 to 100 separate spawning events in the most advanced female, and estimating that at least a month elapsed between each event, Hoving and his co-authors concluded that adult female vampire squid spend three to eight years alternately spawning and resting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This length of time is reminiscent of the deep-sea octopus who \u003ca title=\"BBC - Brooding Octopus\" href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28545964\">brooded her eggs\u003c/a> for over four years. In both cases, the animals’ actual lifespan must be longer than their reproductive period, which suggests truly venerable ages for members of a group whose most common representatives live for just a few months. These long life spans are related to a slow metabolism and the chill of the deep sea—around 2 to 7 degrees Celsius, or 35 to 44 Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Limited Calories, But Limited Danger\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single spawning event is not actually a strict rule for octopuses and squid. A few species are known to spawn multiple batches of eggs, even as they continue to eat and grow. However, all species reach a continuous spawning phase at the end of their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once a female starts to lay, her body is in egg-production mode until she dies, her ovaries constantly producing. That’s why the discovery of a “resting phase” in the ovaries of vampire squid was so surprising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29705\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/fossilVampylarge.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29705\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/fossilVampylarge.jpg\" alt=\"fossil vampire squid\" width=\"400\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fossil cephalopod from the Middle Jurassic, thought to be an \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Vampyronassa rhodanica\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampyronassa\">early vampire squid\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this unexpected strategy makes sense in the context of a vampire squid’s lifestyle. The mass spawnings of other cephalopods are fueled by a carnivorous diet of fish, crabs, shrimp and even fellow squids and octopuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, the fecal material and mucus that make up most vampire squid meals are not nearly as calorie-rich. The animals may be simply unable to muster enough energy to ripen all their eggs at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an advantage, however, to living in the food-poor, oxygen-poor depths of the ocean. Few large predators can survive there for long, so vampire squid are relatively safe—compared to their cousins, who are constantly on the run from fish, dolphins, whales, seabirds and each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you face a high risk of being eaten on any given day, it’s a good idea to get all your eggs out as quickly as possible. But vampire squid are free to engage in leisurely, repetitive spawning. It’s the ultimate work-life balance: alternately popping out babies, then returning to business as usual.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Western Bluebird Populations Expand in the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Western Bluebird Populations Expand in the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Bluebird-Feeding-Fledgling-by-Allen-Hirsch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Bluebird-Feeding-Fledgling-by-Allen-Hirsch.jpg\" alt=\"Hungry fledglings are fed by both parents, mostly insects. (Courtesy of Allen Hirsch)\" width=\"640\" height=\"562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both bluebird parents feed their hungry fledglings, mostly with insects. (Courtesy of Allen Hirsch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With a flash of brilliant blue wings, the \u003ca title=\"Western bluebirds, Nest Watch.org, Cornell\" href=\"http://nestwatch.org/learn/focal-species/western-bluebird/\">Western bluebird\u003c/a> arrives, swooping to the ground to scrounge insects. Taking flight, it heads toward a wooden nest box on a pole, where hungry hatchlings wait for their meal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bluebird populations were once in steep decline. Widespread use of DDT in the mid-20th century reduced populations of insects, one of the bluebirds’ primary food sources. And introduced bird species drove bluebirds from choice nesting spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cavity nesters, bluebirds can’t drill their own nesting holes, and rely on abandoned woodpecker nests. But non-native starlings and house sparrows out-competed them for nest space in suitable trees. Bluebirds were listed as Species of Special Concern on the Audubon Society’s Watch List in the 1970s and ’80s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29608\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/San-Pablo-bluebird-5733.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29608\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/San-Pablo-bluebird-5733.jpg\" alt=\"Male Western bluebirds attract a lot of attention with their brilliant colors. (Allen Hirsch)\" width=\"320\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brilliant blue males attract a lot of attention. (Courtesy of Allen Hirsch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All three bluebird species — the Mountain, the Eastern and the Western — are found only in North America. Their populations are growing largely because volunteers from bluebird clubs and societies are dedicated to building, installing, and monitoring bluebird nest boxes. National Geographic \u003ca href=\"http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/bird_blue_nesting\">credits one man\u003c/a> with doing significant work to help to bring the Eastern bluebird back from extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bluebirders” adopt areas, called Bluebird Trails, to install nesting boxes specially designed to exclude non-native starlings and house sparrows as well as discourage predators. They monitor and report the number of eggs, hatchlings and fledglings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"CA Bluebird Recovery Project\" href=\"http://www.cbrp.org/\">California Bluebird Recovery Project\u003c/a> recently published its nest box data for 2014. \u003ca title=\"19 years of nesting records, CBRP\" href=\"http://www.cbrp.org/documents/results_19yr.pdf\">Project records\u003c/a> show a significant increase in the number of Western bluebirds tracked in California over the last 19 years. The number of fledglings soared from 5,077 in 1996 to more than 17,000 in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the many Bay Area parks and open spaces where volunteers have installed nest boxes, is \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\">Crown Beach\u003c/a>. The East Bay Regional Park District installed six bluebird nest boxes there three years ago, with the help of a local school, and bluebirds have nested there each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 317px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/640px-Sialia_mexicana_-adult_feeding_chicks_in_a_nestbox-8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/640px-Sialia_mexicana_-adult_feeding_chicks_in_a_nestbox-8.jpg\" alt=\"640px-Sialia_mexicana_-adult_feeding_chicks_in_a_nestbox-8\" width=\"317\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hungry hatchlings keep both bluebird parents busy. The open yellow beaks make an easy target. (Shirley Binn/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Western bluebirds are among the 170 California bird species currently considered threatened or endangered by climate change, in a \u003ca title=\"Global Warming and California Birds, Audubon\" href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/global-warming-and-california-birds\">seven-year study\u003c/a> released in September 2014 from the National Audubon Society. Since bluebirds rely on insects and berries, a mismatch in timing between when food sources are available and when the migrating birds arrive and build nests, could severely impact their populations into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get out this spring to enjoy the nesting season’s grand show, the flashy males, fluffy fledglings and parental dedication won’t disappoint — just be sure not to disturb the nest box. If you’re interested in a longer-term commitment to the birds, consider becoming a “Bluebirder” or doing other volunteer work for wildlife. You can also join a naturalist-led program with East Bay Regional Parks for a more in-depth look at our local nature and open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other organizations working on behalf of bluebirds include the \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/\">National Audubon Society of California\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nabluebirdsociety.org/\">North American Bluebird Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29611\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Bluebird-Feeding-Fledgling-by-Allen-Hirsch.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Bluebird-Feeding-Fledgling-by-Allen-Hirsch.jpg\" alt=\"Hungry fledglings are fed by both parents, mostly insects. (Courtesy of Allen Hirsch)\" width=\"640\" height=\"562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both bluebird parents feed their hungry fledglings, mostly with insects. (Courtesy of Allen Hirsch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With a flash of brilliant blue wings, the \u003ca title=\"Western bluebirds, Nest Watch.org, Cornell\" href=\"http://nestwatch.org/learn/focal-species/western-bluebird/\">Western bluebird\u003c/a> arrives, swooping to the ground to scrounge insects. Taking flight, it heads toward a wooden nest box on a pole, where hungry hatchlings wait for their meal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bluebird populations were once in steep decline. Widespread use of DDT in the mid-20th century reduced populations of insects, one of the bluebirds’ primary food sources. And introduced bird species drove bluebirds from choice nesting spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As cavity nesters, bluebirds can’t drill their own nesting holes, and rely on abandoned woodpecker nests. But non-native starlings and house sparrows out-competed them for nest space in suitable trees. Bluebirds were listed as Species of Special Concern on the Audubon Society’s Watch List in the 1970s and ’80s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29608\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/San-Pablo-bluebird-5733.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29608\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/San-Pablo-bluebird-5733.jpg\" alt=\"Male Western bluebirds attract a lot of attention with their brilliant colors. (Allen Hirsch)\" width=\"320\" height=\"377\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brilliant blue males attract a lot of attention. (Courtesy of Allen Hirsch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All three bluebird species — the Mountain, the Eastern and the Western — are found only in North America. Their populations are growing largely because volunteers from bluebird clubs and societies are dedicated to building, installing, and monitoring bluebird nest boxes. National Geographic \u003ca href=\"http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/bird_blue_nesting\">credits one man\u003c/a> with doing significant work to help to bring the Eastern bluebird back from extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bluebirders” adopt areas, called Bluebird Trails, to install nesting boxes specially designed to exclude non-native starlings and house sparrows as well as discourage predators. They monitor and report the number of eggs, hatchlings and fledglings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"CA Bluebird Recovery Project\" href=\"http://www.cbrp.org/\">California Bluebird Recovery Project\u003c/a> recently published its nest box data for 2014. \u003ca title=\"19 years of nesting records, CBRP\" href=\"http://www.cbrp.org/documents/results_19yr.pdf\">Project records\u003c/a> show a significant increase in the number of Western bluebirds tracked in California over the last 19 years. The number of fledglings soared from 5,077 in 1996 to more than 17,000 in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the many Bay Area parks and open spaces where volunteers have installed nest boxes, is \u003ca title=\"Crown Beach, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/crown_beach\">Crown Beach\u003c/a>. The East Bay Regional Park District installed six bluebird nest boxes there three years ago, with the help of a local school, and bluebirds have nested there each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29610\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 317px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/640px-Sialia_mexicana_-adult_feeding_chicks_in_a_nestbox-8.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29610\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/640px-Sialia_mexicana_-adult_feeding_chicks_in_a_nestbox-8.jpg\" alt=\"640px-Sialia_mexicana_-adult_feeding_chicks_in_a_nestbox-8\" width=\"317\" height=\"238\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hungry hatchlings keep both bluebird parents busy. The open yellow beaks make an easy target. (Shirley Binn/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Western bluebirds are among the 170 California bird species currently considered threatened or endangered by climate change, in a \u003ca title=\"Global Warming and California Birds, Audubon\" href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/global-warming-and-california-birds\">seven-year study\u003c/a> released in September 2014 from the National Audubon Society. Since bluebirds rely on insects and berries, a mismatch in timing between when food sources are available and when the migrating birds arrive and build nests, could severely impact their populations into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get out this spring to enjoy the nesting season’s grand show, the flashy males, fluffy fledglings and parental dedication won’t disappoint — just be sure not to disturb the nest box. If you’re interested in a longer-term commitment to the birds, consider becoming a “Bluebirder” or doing other volunteer work for wildlife. You can also join a naturalist-led program with East Bay Regional Parks for a more in-depth look at our local nature and open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other organizations working on behalf of bluebirds include the \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/\">National Audubon Society of California\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nabluebirdsociety.org/\">North American Bluebird Society\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Alien Life Might Live in Our Own Solar System",
"headTitle": "Alien Life Might Live in Our Own Solar System | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/04/20150413ScienceSolarSystemLife.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of vents on Saturn's moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of vents on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are thousands of planets orbiting stars in Earth’s galactic neighborhood. Scientists are spotting new planets so fast it’s hard to keep up — and many of them could be habitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-nasa-search-alien-life-20150407-story.html\">said NASA chief scientist Ellen Stofan\u003c/a> last week. “I think we’re going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, we might find alien life right here in our own backyard, just a few planets over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life — at least, life as we know it — requires liquid water, more and more of which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html\">keeps turning up\u003c/a> around the solar system. Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14262.epdf?referrer_access_token=TIJP4EwwMbxZ9hQ9sCXqRNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MfNjfSDEXIGYUVERnxB4yt1qm3vncv6g0T2d4NhWGHs7O9c8Esa6txChvxJCKD9sAE7lIUHsxgJv72rpaMa0etTtSTViTyGTBJxE5E2Y1H-9Kxbv-hyjLlQgO6Y0ICrZR6KI8SpFqUYkFuvRdaV1rU5jxiKfVSTukyweAxnbUZ0_xzi0pcBKYP7AkjaQ0skO6YzPb9c5GRAD1S-EB14paO&tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com\">published last month\u003c/a> in the journal Nature says one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus, has water that’s near boiling — cozy, for certain forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we aren’t likely to find Hollywood aliens like the one that exploded out of Sigourney Weaver’s shipmate, or that stalked “Men in Black’s” Tommy Lee Jones: “Imagine a giant cockroach with unlimited strength, a massive inferiority complex, and a real short temper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade.’\u003ccite>— Ellen Stofan,\u003cbr>\nNASA’s Chief Scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rather, experts say there’s a good chance of finding microbial aliens. After all, by some measures microbes are the dominant form of life here on Earth. They were here a couple billion years before us, or dinosaurs or even jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tori Hoehler is a chemist who studies microbiology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/\">NASA’s Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View; the facility also happens to boast the world’s largest wind tunnel. Hoehler says one place to get a glimpse of the ancient world is on the roof above his office. “Some people think a time machine looks like a DeLorean,” he says, referencing “Back To The Future’s” time-traveling car. “But it actually looks like a greenhouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside NASA’s greenhouse are boxes containing thick carpets of what Hoehler calls “orange goo.” It’s hard to fathom, but this is almost entirely made up of microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every cubic centimeter in there would have about a trillion individuals in it,” Hoehler says, “microbial cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gunk is the bulk of life’s history on Earth. If alien explorers had visited Earth two billion years ago looking for life, Hoehler says, “they would’ve found a slime world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists develop an ever clearer picture of the outer solar system, the odds of finding a place that resembles a slime world are looking decent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\" alt=\"New research says water below the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\" width=\"272\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research says water below the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moons in the Outer Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon Enceladus is tiny – just 300 miles in diameter. It doesn’t have the mysterious methane lakes and dense atmosphere of Titan, another one of Saturn’s moons. It also lacks the convenient proximity of Mars. Trips to the red planet from Earth can be measured in months, while missions to Saturn take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary geologist Cynthia Phillips says Enceladus’ claim to fame are its geysers, which spew ice out into Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found these plumes actually venting material from near the south pole of Enceladus, and that was really surprising,” Phillips says. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we’ve found there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> in Mountain View. SETI stands for Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence, although for Phillips, that last bit is not a deal-breaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t have to be intelligent life,” she says. “Any kind of life. I’ll take microbes, I’ll take single-celled organisms — anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moons orbiting gas giants like Saturn and Jupiter are subject to immense gravitational forces; these pull on and flex the moons’ crusts. The resulting friction leads to a process called “tidal heating.” Phillips points fondly to a globe of Europa. The icy moon that orbits Jupiter is a potential candidate for life (and future exploration) and is Phillips’ avowed favorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being five times as far from the sun as Earth, Europa gets 25 times less energy, meaning life there can’t bank on the sun for warmth. Tidal heating could be a tidy alternative, keeping some water in liquid form below the surface of moons like Europa and Enceladus. Recent research from the University of Colorado, Boulder, suggests that water under the surface of Enceladus is actually quite hot – 194 degrees Fahrenheit – well within the known parameters of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And even if it’s only bacteria,” says Seth Shostak, senior astronomer and research director at SETI, “that tells you that biology is all over the place. That’s big news!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ever More Possibilities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak says there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?Category=Planets&IM_ID=20089\">several places\u003c/a> in the solar system where life could turn up. In addition to Europa, there are signs of subsurface oceans on two other moons of Jupiter: Callisto and Ganymede. And those oceans are some 20 times deeper than Earth’s Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29123\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\" alt=\"Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"515\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each of those has an ocean that’s maybe 60 miles deep,” says Shostak, “so this is incredibly large amounts of water. On these moons there’s more water — twice as much water as on the Earth. It’s been sitting there for four billion years, maybe it’s cooked something up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it has, life there could well be quite different from Earthly biology. DNA may not even be a factor. In fact, alien life could theoretically get by without carbon or water at all, instead substituting alternatives like silicon and ammonia. While some astrobiologists say this “weird life” could occur in the clouds of Venus, most believe life in the solar system is staked around liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">more data streams in\u003c/a> from nearby stars, it looks like about one in five has a planet somewhat like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, \u003cem>somewhat\u003c/em> might be good enough for microbes,” says Shostak. “So if that’s the case, that means that there are on the order of maybe a hundred billion worlds in our galaxy that have biology, if biology’s easy to cook up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a very big number, Shostak says – and keep in mind, there are 150 billion other galaxies out there, at least that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's top scientist says she thinks evidence of life beyond Earth will turn up in the next couple of decades. Why so optimistic? Scientists have been discovering liquid water all around the solar system, and even though life on other planets might look different than it does here on Earth, scientists bet liquid water will be essential.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus-e1428707689654.jpg\" alt=\"An artist's rendering of vents on Saturn's moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of vents on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. New research suggests water below the surface there is near boiling hot and could be habitable for microbial life. (David Seal/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are thousands of planets orbiting stars in Earth’s galactic neighborhood. Scientists are spotting new planets so fast it’s hard to keep up — and many of them could be habitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-nasa-search-alien-life-20150407-story.html\">said NASA chief scientist Ellen Stofan\u003c/a> last week. “I think we’re going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, we might find alien life right here in our own backyard, just a few planets over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life — at least, life as we know it — requires liquid water, more and more of which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html\">keeps turning up\u003c/a> around the solar system. Research \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nature14262.epdf?referrer_access_token=TIJP4EwwMbxZ9hQ9sCXqRNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MfNjfSDEXIGYUVERnxB4yt1qm3vncv6g0T2d4NhWGHs7O9c8Esa6txChvxJCKD9sAE7lIUHsxgJv72rpaMa0etTtSTViTyGTBJxE5E2Y1H-9Kxbv-hyjLlQgO6Y0ICrZR6KI8SpFqUYkFuvRdaV1rU5jxiKfVSTukyweAxnbUZ0_xzi0pcBKYP7AkjaQ0skO6YzPb9c5GRAD1S-EB14paO&tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com\">published last month\u003c/a> in the journal Nature says one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus, has water that’s near boiling — cozy, for certain forms of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we aren’t likely to find Hollywood aliens like the one that exploded out of Sigourney Weaver’s shipmate, or that stalked “Men in Black’s” Tommy Lee Jones: “Imagine a giant cockroach with unlimited strength, a massive inferiority complex, and a real short temper.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade.’\u003ccite>— Ellen Stofan,\u003cbr>\nNASA’s Chief Scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Rather, experts say there’s a good chance of finding microbial aliens. After all, by some measures microbes are the dominant form of life here on Earth. They were here a couple billion years before us, or dinosaurs or even jellyfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tori Hoehler is a chemist who studies microbiology at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/\">NASA’s Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View; the facility also happens to boast the world’s largest wind tunnel. Hoehler says one place to get a glimpse of the ancient world is on the roof above his office. “Some people think a time machine looks like a DeLorean,” he says, referencing “Back To The Future’s” time-traveling car. “But it actually looks like a greenhouse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside NASA’s greenhouse are boxes containing thick carpets of what Hoehler calls “orange goo.” It’s hard to fathom, but this is almost entirely made up of microbes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every cubic centimeter in there would have about a trillion individuals in it,” Hoehler says, “microbial cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This gunk is the bulk of life’s history on Earth. If alien explorers had visited Earth two billion years ago looking for life, Hoehler says, “they would’ve found a slime world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists develop an ever clearer picture of the outer solar system, the odds of finding a place that resembles a slime world are looking decent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29128\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29128\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Enceladus1.jpg\" alt=\"New research says water below the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\" width=\"272\" height=\"320\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New research says water below the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus is near boiling hot. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we found there,” says one planetary geologist. (NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Moons in the Outer Solar System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon Enceladus is tiny – just 300 miles in diameter. It doesn’t have the mysterious methane lakes and dense atmosphere of Titan, another one of Saturn’s moons. It also lacks the convenient proximity of Mars. Trips to the red planet from Earth can be measured in months, while missions to Saturn take years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planetary geologist Cynthia Phillips says Enceladus’ claim to fame are its geysers, which spew ice out into Saturn’s rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found these plumes actually venting material from near the south pole of Enceladus, and that was really surprising,” Phillips says. “It has no excuse for having the degree of geologic activity that we’ve found there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips works at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> in Mountain View. SETI stands for Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence, although for Phillips, that last bit is not a deal-breaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t have to be intelligent life,” she says. “Any kind of life. I’ll take microbes, I’ll take single-celled organisms — anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moons orbiting gas giants like Saturn and Jupiter are subject to immense gravitational forces; these pull on and flex the moons’ crusts. The resulting friction leads to a process called “tidal heating.” Phillips points fondly to a globe of Europa. The icy moon that orbits Jupiter is a potential candidate for life (and future exploration) and is Phillips’ avowed favorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being five times as far from the sun as Earth, Europa gets 25 times less energy, meaning life there can’t bank on the sun for warmth. Tidal heating could be a tidy alternative, keeping some water in liquid form below the surface of moons like Europa and Enceladus. Recent research from the University of Colorado, Boulder, suggests that water under the surface of Enceladus is actually quite hot – 194 degrees Fahrenheit – well within the known parameters of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And even if it’s only bacteria,” says Seth Shostak, senior astronomer and research director at SETI, “that tells you that biology is all over the place. That’s big news!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ever More Possibilities\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak says there are \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?Category=Planets&IM_ID=20089\">several places\u003c/a> in the solar system where life could turn up. In addition to Europa, there are signs of subsurface oceans on two other moons of Jupiter: Callisto and Ganymede. And those oceans are some 20 times deeper than Earth’s Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29123\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29123\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/PierceLife-1024x515.jpg\" alt=\"Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"515\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Life could turn up in several places around the solar system; here are a few scientists are curious about. (David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each of those has an ocean that’s maybe 60 miles deep,” says Shostak, “so this is incredibly large amounts of water. On these moons there’s more water — twice as much water as on the Earth. It’s been sitting there for four billion years, maybe it’s cooked something up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it has, life there could well be quite different from Earthly biology. DNA may not even be a factor. In fact, alien life could theoretically get by without carbon or water at all, instead substituting alternatives like silicon and ammonia. While some astrobiologists say this “weird life” could occur in the clouds of Venus, most believe life in the solar system is staked around liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/\">more data streams in\u003c/a> from nearby stars, it looks like about one in five has a planet somewhat like Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, \u003cem>somewhat\u003c/em> might be good enough for microbes,” says Shostak. “So if that’s the case, that means that there are on the order of maybe a hundred billion worlds in our galaxy that have biology, if biology’s easy to cook up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a very big number, Shostak says – and keep in mind, there are 150 billion other galaxies out there, at least that we can see.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "River Otter Populations Are Expanding in the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "River Otter Populations Are Expanding in the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29088\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/148004639144242151_img_9071-1024x939.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/148004639144242151_img_9071-1024x939.jpg\" alt=\"The otters dense whiskers are used for hunting underwater. (Courtesy of Brenden Collett-Grether)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"939\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The otters’ dense whiskers are used for hunting underwater. (Brenden Collett-Grether/ROEP)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cavorting along stream banks, sliding on their bellies, munching crayfish with relish, river otters seem to approach the necessities of life with playful abandon. After decades of absence in the San Francisco Bay Area’s coastal habitats, river otters appear to be back, according to a census published in \u003ca title=\"SF Bay Area River Otter Study, Northwestern Naturalist\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1898/NWN14-09.1?journalCode=nwnt\">Northwestern Naturalist,\u003c/a> the journal of the Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two-year study covering 2012-13 found otters reported in eight of the nine Bay Area counties, including what co-authors Paola Bouley and Megan Isadore say are the first river otter sightings in decades in Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bouley and Isadore are co-founders of the \u003ca title=\"River Otter Ecology.org\" href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/\">River Otter Ecology Project\u003c/a>, or ROEP. Project staff monitored a focal study area in Marin County with over 200 km. of coastline and bay habitats, collected documentation from wildlife cameras and used information from citizen scientists who recorded over 1,000 sightings on the ROEP website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“River otters are often perceived as animals that require pristine wilderness to survive,” ROEP executive director Isadore said in a statement. “But our research shows that they are adapting well to urban and semi-urban living in and around San Francisco Bay and the Marin and Sonoma coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says otters will likely continue to expand their range southward, unless there are barriers to them doing so. While river otters tend to hunt for food in freshwater habitats like lakes, streams and reservoirs, researchers saw them foraging in the marine environment and returning from the ocean along beaches to their freshwater areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/118420394564741178_3otters.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/118420394564741178_3otters.jpg\" alt=\"River otter groups are usually composed of mothers and their young. This group was photographed in Abbott's Lagoon. (Anthony Brewer/ROEP)\" width=\"366\" height=\"273\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">River otter groups are usually composed of mothers and their young. This group was photographed in Abbott’s Lagoon. (Anthony Brewer/ROEP)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not to be confused with their ocean-loving cousins, the sea otters, river otters are smaller, and have dens for raising their pups and feet adapted to digging and scampering over land. The Aquarium of the Bay website has a good \u003ca title=\"otter comparison, Aquarium of the Bay\" href=\"http://aquariumofthebay.org/pages/detail/4313\">comparison of the two species\u003c/a>. If you see an otter in the Bay Area it’s highly likely to be a river otter, even if you see it in the bay. There have been a few scattered sightings of sea otters, even one that hung around in the bay for a while, but they are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ROEP study also says river otters may be able to play an important role in assessing ecosystem health, especially since they live in the highly urban San Francisco estuary. Authors didn’t look for pollutants in the otters, but noted that a study of harbor seals has shown a correlation between human-caused pollution and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s healthy, expanding otter population is a testimony to their resilience as a species. The report notes that the first sighting of an otter in Lake Merritt near downtown Oakland occurred after the city re-linked the lake with the bay, allowing tides to surge in. Fresh scat was seen last month at Temescal, near downtown Oakland, so there’s likely an otter in the area. You can check the \u003ca title=\"Map of Otter Sightings, ROEP\" href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/maps-of-bay-area-sightings.html\">Otter Spotter map\u003c/a> on the ROEP website to see where else they’ve been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that they are returning is a very hopeful sign, and underscores the importance of restoration and conservation of Bay Area watersheds,” Isadore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see an otter, you can contribute to the ongoing project on the \u003ca title=\"Otter Spotter, ROEP website\" href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/otter-spotter-citizen-science-project.html\">ROEP website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "River otters in the Bay Area finally have the first-ever census of their population published this year. After decades of no sign of the species, their numbers are expanding to nearly all nine counties in the Bay Area. Find out more from naturalist Sharol Nelson-Embry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29088\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/148004639144242151_img_9071-1024x939.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29088\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/148004639144242151_img_9071-1024x939.jpg\" alt=\"The otters dense whiskers are used for hunting underwater. (Courtesy of Brenden Collett-Grether)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"939\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The otters’ dense whiskers are used for hunting underwater. (Brenden Collett-Grether/ROEP)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cavorting along stream banks, sliding on their bellies, munching crayfish with relish, river otters seem to approach the necessities of life with playful abandon. After decades of absence in the San Francisco Bay Area’s coastal habitats, river otters appear to be back, according to a census published in \u003ca title=\"SF Bay Area River Otter Study, Northwestern Naturalist\" href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1898/NWN14-09.1?journalCode=nwnt\">Northwestern Naturalist,\u003c/a> the journal of the Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two-year study covering 2012-13 found otters reported in eight of the nine Bay Area counties, including what co-authors Paola Bouley and Megan Isadore say are the first river otter sightings in decades in Alameda, San Francisco, and Santa Clara counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bouley and Isadore are co-founders of the \u003ca title=\"River Otter Ecology.org\" href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/\">River Otter Ecology Project\u003c/a>, or ROEP. Project staff monitored a focal study area in Marin County with over 200 km. of coastline and bay habitats, collected documentation from wildlife cameras and used information from citizen scientists who recorded over 1,000 sightings on the ROEP website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“River otters are often perceived as animals that require pristine wilderness to survive,” ROEP executive director Isadore said in a statement. “But our research shows that they are adapting well to urban and semi-urban living in and around San Francisco Bay and the Marin and Sonoma coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study says otters will likely continue to expand their range southward, unless there are barriers to them doing so. While river otters tend to hunt for food in freshwater habitats like lakes, streams and reservoirs, researchers saw them foraging in the marine environment and returning from the ocean along beaches to their freshwater areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/118420394564741178_3otters.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-29087\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/118420394564741178_3otters.jpg\" alt=\"River otter groups are usually composed of mothers and their young. This group was photographed in Abbott's Lagoon. (Anthony Brewer/ROEP)\" width=\"366\" height=\"273\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">River otter groups are usually composed of mothers and their young. This group was photographed in Abbott’s Lagoon. (Anthony Brewer/ROEP)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not to be confused with their ocean-loving cousins, the sea otters, river otters are smaller, and have dens for raising their pups and feet adapted to digging and scampering over land. The Aquarium of the Bay website has a good \u003ca title=\"otter comparison, Aquarium of the Bay\" href=\"http://aquariumofthebay.org/pages/detail/4313\">comparison of the two species\u003c/a>. If you see an otter in the Bay Area it’s highly likely to be a river otter, even if you see it in the bay. There have been a few scattered sightings of sea otters, even one that hung around in the bay for a while, but they are rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ROEP study also says river otters may be able to play an important role in assessing ecosystem health, especially since they live in the highly urban San Francisco estuary. Authors didn’t look for pollutants in the otters, but noted that a study of harbor seals has shown a correlation between human-caused pollution and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s healthy, expanding otter population is a testimony to their resilience as a species. The report notes that the first sighting of an otter in Lake Merritt near downtown Oakland occurred after the city re-linked the lake with the bay, allowing tides to surge in. Fresh scat was seen last month at Temescal, near downtown Oakland, so there’s likely an otter in the area. You can check the \u003ca title=\"Map of Otter Sightings, ROEP\" href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/maps-of-bay-area-sightings.html\">Otter Spotter map\u003c/a> on the ROEP website to see where else they’ve been reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fact that they are returning is a very hopeful sign, and underscores the importance of restoration and conservation of Bay Area watersheds,” Isadore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you see an otter, you can contribute to the ongoing project on the \u003ca title=\"Otter Spotter, ROEP website\" href=\"http://www.riverotterecology.org/otter-spotter-citizen-science-project.html\">ROEP website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warm Winter Wrought Havoc for Coastal Wildlife",
"headTitle": "Warm Winter Wrought Havoc for Coastal Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”MfJmpy5dydzjjZP5TvjbfFNpvjkhihqw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Warm air and warm ocean waters together proved bad news this winter for wildlife on the Farallon Islands and along the nothern California coast.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28950\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Seals-SophieWebb-1024x640.jpg\" alt=\"On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"640\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the Farallones, the warm air and warm ocean this winter proved harsh for wildlife like these weaned elephant seal pups. (Sophie Webb/Point Blue)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Warm ocean waters and the recent lack of cool weather coalesced into a rough winter for wildlife on the islands known as “\u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands-californias-galapagos/\">California’s Galapagos.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About thirty miles out from the Golden Gate, the federally protected Farallones are breeding grounds visited by hundreds of thousands of seabirds – many of which use the islands as a winter way station — but not this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerry McChesney, manager of the site for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a>, says that’s a bad sign not just for the Farallon Islands but also for wildlife more broadly along California’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also hardship for breeding marine mammals. Dozens of pregnant sea lions proved too weak to carry their pups to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s such a bizarre thing,” McChesney says. “We were seeing multiple aborted fetuses every day,” 94 in total – or nearly half the number of sea lions born there in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor was the warm winter kind to elephant seal pups. Russ Bradley, Farallon program manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue Conservation Science\u003c/a>, says elephant seal mothers, trying to cool off amid the unusual heat, led their pups up to a cliff that, while breezy, proved perilous – “and actually had a fair amount of pups fall into this sea channel, because they’re pups and they’re clumsy and they got too close to the edge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is pretty brutal for the biologists out here that had to watch it,” McChesney says. “It was pretty tough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the conspicuously absent birds was a type called Cassin’s Auklet, which feeds on krill. All along the Pacific coast, McChesney says, these birds have been suffering “a huge, unprecedented die-off like we’ve never seen” for want of food. That’s also bad news for other species that eat krill, he says, from salmon to blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the warm winter and warm water may have made the islands more inviting for other species, like brown boobies – a bird much more familiar to Central America and Mexico. Pointing to records from 1968 to 1999, “We had 11 observations of this species total in 30 years,” McChesney says. “A week ago, I saw 12 at the same time on the island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ancestry Uses a Drop of Saliva to Find Your Relatives From Centuries Ago",
"title": "Ancestry Uses a Drop of Saliva to Find Your Relatives From Centuries Ago",
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"content": "\u003cp>By submitting a sample of your DNA, you can now learn about your ancestors from generations ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://ancestry.com\">Ancestry.com\u003c/a>-owned company called \u003ca href=\"http://dna.ancestry.com/\">AncestryDNA\u003c/a> released a product this week that it claims can provide glimpses into the lives of your distant descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange for a drop of spit, about 30 percent of Ancestry's customers can access details about their probable long-lost relatives, including their hometown, their criminal record and potentially even their cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Previously, the company has been offering a $99 DNA kit, which breaks down consumer's ethnicity and provides links to living relatives. But now the company is trying to go back several generations into the past. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the millions of people who are addicted to genealogical research, unlocking clues about family history is worthwhile in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But AncestryDNA says its new product could prove to be useful for those who want to learn more about their own health. If the data is accurate, it might indicate a family history of a disease like breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the DNA test, there’s a decent chance you’ll learn something about your ancestors as far back as the eighteenth-century,” said Ancestry.com CEO Tim Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-1196 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg\" alt=\"Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan \" width=\"600\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan is one of millions of people fascinated by genealogical research \u003ccite>(Ancestry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Family health histories are a natural extension of this product,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AncestryDNA is already testing a web service that lets people aggregate their family medical histories online, Sullivan said. But it’s not available to everyone just yet, as the company is slowly rolling out this tool to a small group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is watching closely as DNA testing company \u003ca href=\"http://23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a>, based in Mountain View, pushes for regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its home DNA tests. AncestryDNA may release a similar service that determines people’s propensity for a whole battery of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is AncestryDNA tracing people’s family histories – no genealogical research required?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its geneticists are making connections between living people, like second or third cousins, who have submitted their DNA samples. Once that happens, a new customer who hasn’t submitted any genealogical information can learn more about their \"new\" relative's family tree, and glean information pulled from death records and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ancestry’s geneticists say this technique is effective enough to \"retroactively\" link people back to descendants who lived hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 455px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-1193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg\" alt=\"AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative\" width=\"455\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg 2724w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-400x354.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-678x600.jpg 678w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-1180x1045.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-768x680.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-320x283.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company’s product manager, Kenny Freestone, demonstrated this week how it’s done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone's DNA sample connected him to a distant ancestor, a bearded fellow named Ebenezer Hunter, who was born in Scotland in 1831. Ancestry.com gathered information about Hunter from over 140 people’s family trees, as well as census records and other publicly available information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone discovered that his ancestor was a polygamist who sired 25 children; he also learned some basic facts about how he died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some genetics experts say products like these have enormous potential for health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of other labs have already tried to make these huge family trees using big databases,” said Alexandre Bolze, a geneticist and postdoctoral researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is useful to understanding how genetics influenced certain traits, like height. Not everything is caused by genetics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others caution that it’s a challenge to determine if historical information is accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going back three or four generations, it’s going to be hard for a researcher to know whether you are descended from George Smith, the oldest of the family, or any of the other sons,” said Hank Greely, a director at the Center for Law and Biosciences at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company is going to need an awful lot of family members' DNA to determine with a high degree of probability how closely you're related to a distant ancestor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greeley points out that it’s difficult for researchers to ascertain how long-lost relatives died, as reports are often inconclusive. Even 50 years ago, medical reports tended to be far more vague, citing things like “fever” or “cancer” as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is worth informing your doctor if you learn that you have a family history of disease going back three or four generations, Greeley said, but it’s not cause for panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to imagine that this information would be powerful enough to raise any immediate personal health concerns.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>By submitting a sample of your DNA, you can now learn about your ancestors from generations ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://ancestry.com\">Ancestry.com\u003c/a>-owned company called \u003ca href=\"http://dna.ancestry.com/\">AncestryDNA\u003c/a> released a product this week that it claims can provide glimpses into the lives of your distant descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In exchange for a drop of spit, about 30 percent of Ancestry's customers can access details about their probable long-lost relatives, including their hometown, their criminal record and potentially even their cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Previously, the company has been offering a $99 DNA kit, which breaks down consumer's ethnicity and provides links to living relatives. But now the company is trying to go back several generations into the past. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the millions of people who are addicted to genealogical research, unlocking clues about family history is worthwhile in its own right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But AncestryDNA says its new product could prove to be useful for those who want to learn more about their own health. If the data is accurate, it might indicate a family history of a disease like breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take the DNA test, there’s a decent chance you’ll learn something about your ancestors as far back as the eighteenth-century,” said Ancestry.com CEO Tim Sullivan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1196\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-1196 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg\" alt=\"Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan \" width=\"600\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/sullivan-lg-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ancestry CEO Tim Sullivan is one of millions of people fascinated by genealogical research \u003ccite>(Ancestry)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Family health histories are a natural extension of this product,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AncestryDNA is already testing a web service that lets people aggregate their family medical histories online, Sullivan said. But it’s not available to everyone just yet, as the company is slowly rolling out this tool to a small group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company is watching closely as DNA testing company \u003ca href=\"http://23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a>, based in Mountain View, pushes for regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its home DNA tests. AncestryDNA may release a similar service that determines people’s propensity for a whole battery of diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding Your Roots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How is AncestryDNA tracing people’s family histories – no genealogical research required?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its geneticists are making connections between living people, like second or third cousins, who have submitted their DNA samples. Once that happens, a new customer who hasn’t submitted any genealogical information can learn more about their \"new\" relative's family tree, and glean information pulled from death records and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ancestry’s geneticists say this technique is effective enough to \"retroactively\" link people back to descendants who lived hundreds of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 455px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-1193\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg\" alt=\"AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative\" width=\"455\" height=\"403\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone.jpg 2724w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-400x354.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-678x600.jpg 678w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-1180x1045.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-768x680.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/kenny-freestone-320x283.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">AncestryDNA's product manager Kenny Freestone finds a link to a long-lost relative \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company’s product manager, Kenny Freestone, demonstrated this week how it’s done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone's DNA sample connected him to a distant ancestor, a bearded fellow named Ebenezer Hunter, who was born in Scotland in 1831. Ancestry.com gathered information about Hunter from over 140 people’s family trees, as well as census records and other publicly available information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freestone discovered that his ancestor was a polygamist who sired 25 children; he also learned some basic facts about how he died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some genetics experts say products like these have enormous potential for health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of other labs have already tried to make these huge family trees using big databases,” said Alexandre Bolze, a geneticist and postdoctoral researcher at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is useful to understanding how genetics influenced certain traits, like height. Not everything is caused by genetics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others caution that it’s a challenge to determine if historical information is accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Going back three or four generations, it’s going to be hard for a researcher to know whether you are descended from George Smith, the oldest of the family, or any of the other sons,” said Hank Greely, a director at the Center for Law and Biosciences at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company is going to need an awful lot of family members' DNA to determine with a high degree of probability how closely you're related to a distant ancestor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greeley points out that it’s difficult for researchers to ascertain how long-lost relatives died, as reports are often inconclusive. Even 50 years ago, medical reports tended to be far more vague, citing things like “fever” or “cancer” as the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is worth informing your doctor if you learn that you have a family history of disease going back three or four generations, Greeley said, but it’s not cause for panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s difficult to imagine that this information would be powerful enough to raise any immediate personal health concerns.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "What Happens When You Put a Hummingbird in a Wind Tunnel?",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]With spring in full bloom, \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/browse_tax/62/\">hummingbirds\u003c/a> can be spotted across the Bay Area flitting from flower to flower and lapping up the sugary nectar inside. These tiniest of birds have the highest metabolism of any warm-blooded animal, requiring them to consume their own body weight in nectar each day to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, if a 150-pound human had the metabolism of a hummingbird, he or she would need to consume the caloric equivalent of more than 300 hamburgers a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just an extreme appetite that sets hummingbirds apart from other birds. These avian acrobats are the only birds that can fly sideways, backwards and hover for long stretches of time. In fact, hovering is essential to hummingbirds’ survival since they have to keep their long, thin beaks as steady as a surgeon’s scalpel while probing flowers for nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds don’t just hover to feed when the weather is nice. They have to keep hovering and feeding even if it’s windy or raining, a remarkable feat considering most of these birds weigh less than a nickel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\" alt=\"An Anna's hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Image by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Anna’s hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out how the birds do this, in 2010, biology professor Robert Dudley and post-doctoral researcher Victor M. Ortega brought hummingbirds into the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleyflightlab.org/\">Animal Flight Laboratory\u003c/a> at the University of California-Berkeley for a closer view. The researchers worked with Anna’s hummingbirds, a species that can be found year-round in the Bay Area, which they caught on the Berkeley campus and later released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the birds had to be trained to feed from an artificial flower – a syringe with plastic petals around it – filled with sugar water, a substitute for flower nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the birds were moved into a wind tunnel inside the Animal Flight Laboratory. The researchers could control the wind speed, subjecting the birds to speeds of three, six and nine meters per second –roughly 7 to 20 miles per hour. As the birds flew into the direction of the wind to feed from an artificial flower, a high-speed camera filmed their flight from top and side views at up to 1000 frames per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds’ wings can beat up to 80 times a second – too fast for the naked eye to see. So by filming them with the high-speed camera, the scientists could capture in super-slow motion how the birds used their wings, tails and bodies to hover in windy conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The videos showed that the birds were still able to fly steadily, even in windy turbulence. To adapt, they twisted and turned their tiny bodies in the direction of the air flow, and used their wings for control and their tails like rudders to stay steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hummingbird’s gyrations in the wind tunnel resembled a kind of aerobatic dance that also burned up more calories when the bird had to fly into turbulent winds to get to the nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega and Dudley performed another experiment with Anna’s hummingbirds, but this time they wanted to see how they responded to rain. They placed each bird in a Plexiglas cube and, using a water spray nozzle, simulated a light rainfall that they turned on when the bird either hovered to feed or rested on its perch. Again, a high-speed camera recorded the bird’s movements, but this time, to the element of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the 500 frames-per-second video was played back, the scientists observed that rain didn’t keep the bird from feeding. When it finished, the wet bird flew backwards and vigorously shook its body while rotating its wings in the opposite direction – in mid-air, no less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\" alt=\"A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They shake their bodies like dogs while still flying, but they don’t lose control,” said Ortega.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for birds that weigh only weigh a few grams, even a few drops of rain clinging to feathers add extra weight that can make it tough to hover in pursuit of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would hummingbirds perform when they had to fly sideways during turbulence generated in the wind tunnel? Ortega hopes to find out when he runs the experiment later this year or next.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>With spring in full bloom, \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/browse_tax/62/\">hummingbirds\u003c/a> can be spotted across the Bay Area flitting from flower to flower and lapping up the sugary nectar inside. These tiniest of birds have the highest metabolism of any warm-blooded animal, requiring them to consume their own body weight in nectar each day to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparison, if a 150-pound human had the metabolism of a hummingbird, he or she would need to consume the caloric equivalent of more than 300 hamburgers a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not just an extreme appetite that sets hummingbirds apart from other birds. These avian acrobats are the only birds that can fly sideways, backwards and hover for long stretches of time. In fact, hovering is essential to hummingbirds’ survival since they have to keep their long, thin beaks as steady as a surgeon’s scalpel while probing flowers for nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds don’t just hover to feed when the weather is nice. They have to keep hovering and feeding even if it’s windy or raining, a remarkable feat considering most of these birds weigh less than a nickel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28764\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28764\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DeepLook_hummingbird_perch2_P1070210_SCALED.jpg\" alt=\"An Anna's hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Image by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Anna’s hummingbird rests after feeding in a wind tunnel at the Animal Flight Laboratory at UC Berkeley. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To find out how the birds do this, in 2010, biology professor Robert Dudley and post-doctoral researcher Victor M. Ortega brought hummingbirds into the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeleyflightlab.org/\">Animal Flight Laboratory\u003c/a> at the University of California-Berkeley for a closer view. The researchers worked with Anna’s hummingbirds, a species that can be found year-round in the Bay Area, which they caught on the Berkeley campus and later released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the birds had to be trained to feed from an artificial flower – a syringe with plastic petals around it – filled with sugar water, a substitute for flower nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the birds were moved into a wind tunnel inside the Animal Flight Laboratory. The researchers could control the wind speed, subjecting the birds to speeds of three, six and nine meters per second –roughly 7 to 20 miles per hour. As the birds flew into the direction of the wind to feed from an artificial flower, a high-speed camera filmed their flight from top and side views at up to 1000 frames per second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds’ wings can beat up to 80 times a second – too fast for the naked eye to see. So by filming them with the high-speed camera, the scientists could capture in super-slow motion how the birds used their wings, tails and bodies to hover in windy conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The videos showed that the birds were still able to fly steadily, even in windy turbulence. To adapt, they twisted and turned their tiny bodies in the direction of the air flow, and used their wings for control and their tails like rudders to stay steady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hummingbird’s gyrations in the wind tunnel resembled a kind of aerobatic dance that also burned up more calories when the bird had to fly into turbulent winds to get to the nectar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega and Dudley performed another experiment with Anna’s hummingbirds, but this time they wanted to see how they responded to rain. They placed each bird in a Plexiglas cube and, using a water spray nozzle, simulated a light rainfall that they turned on when the bird either hovered to feed or rested on its perch. Again, a high-speed camera recorded the bird’s movements, but this time, to the element of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the 500 frames-per-second video was played back, the scientists observed that rain didn’t keep the bird from feeding. When it finished, the wet bird flew backwards and vigorously shook its body while rotating its wings in the opposite direction – in mid-air, no less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DL-hummingbirds-hi-speed-solo.jpg\" alt=\"A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A framegrab from high-speed video of a hummingbird feeding in a wind tunnel at UC Berkeley. Image courtesy of Victor M. Ortega, UC Berkeley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They shake their bodies like dogs while still flying, but they don’t lose control,” said Ortega.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for birds that weigh only weigh a few grams, even a few drops of rain clinging to feathers add extra weight that can make it tough to hover in pursuit of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how would hummingbirds perform when they had to fly sideways during turbulence generated in the wind tunnel? Ortega hopes to find out when he runs the experiment later this year or next.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drought Hasn't Dampened Gorgeous Bay Area Wildflowers Display",
"headTitle": "Drought Hasn’t Dampened Gorgeous Bay Area Wildflowers Display | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Group_of_California_Poppy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28604\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Group_of_California_Poppy.jpg\" alt=\"Carpets of California poppies color the hillsides golden. (Christine/Wikimedia)\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carpets of California poppies color the hillsides golden. (\u003ca title=\"Christine, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_California_Poppy.jpg\">Christine/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As we head into the fourth year of a severe drought, evidently the wildflowers find there’s been enough rain at the right time to bloom. Throughout the Bay Area the wildflowers are prime for viewing right now. Carpets of \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, Ithuriel's Spear\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8160\">Ithuriel’s Spear\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, poppies\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3512\">California Poppies\u003c/a> with splashes of \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, owl's clover\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=1694\">Owl’s Clover\u003c/a> are decorating the green hills. The \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, bush lupine\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5097\">bush lupine\u003c/a> are in bloom with spikes of purple or lavender flowers rising above the grassland and chaparral.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender-1.jpg\" alt=\"Bush lupine rises above the grasses and attracts pollinators. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28601\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bush lupine rises above the grasses and attracts pollinators. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought may actually be helping wildflowers. They compete with the plants from other areas for water, real estate, sunlight, and nutrients so in harsher conditions the native species oftentimes are better adapted. A wildfire often produces a similar phenomenon by wiping out competing vegetation, and leaving the native wildflowers to put on an extraordinary show. Bay Nature Institute just published an article this week, \u003ca title=\"Second Spring, Bay Nature.org\" href=\"https://baynature.org/articles/second-spring/\">“Second Spring,”\u003c/a> tracking the second-year of wildflower blooms after the Mount Diablo fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooming season may be shorter lived than during a normal rainfall year, though, so don’t delay getting out to enjoy them. Denise Defreese, the EBRPD’s Wildland Vegetation Manager, recommends, “eastern area parks to see wildflowers and native grasses, Morgan Territory, Sunol/Ohlone, Del Valle, Contra Loma, Black Diamond or visit Round Valley (sorry no dogs allowed) or Brushy Peak to see the vernal pool of Frick Lake (dogs required to be on leash only).” You can enjoy a variety of naturalist led trips to see the wildflowers and also join us for the \u003ca title=\"Sunol Wildflower Festival, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/features/Spring_Wildflower_Festival_at_Sunol_Regional_Wilderness\">Sunol Wildflower Festival\u003c/a> on April 18. you can also find links to the regional parks photo guides to identify wildflowers in the parks on the event webpage. There are many other parks all around the Bay Area to enjoy the colorful show and a long list of favorite flower hikes can be found at \u003ca title=\"Best Bay Area Wildflower Hikes, Natural History Wanderings\" href=\"http://naturalhistorywanderings.com/2012/03/31/best-bay-area-wildflower-hikes/\">Natural History Wanderings.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender.jpg\" alt=\"A blue haze of Ithuriel's Spear brightens the green hills this spring at Black Diamond Mines Regional Park. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28603\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue haze of Ithuriel’s Spear brightens the green hills this spring at Black Diamond Mines Regional Park. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can read my previous blog, “\u003ca title=\"KQED Science, Nelson-Embry\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/\">Bay Area Wildflowers are Waking Up\u003c/a>,” from 2012 which includes links about wildflower identification. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28604\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Group_of_California_Poppy.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28604\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Group_of_California_Poppy.jpg\" alt=\"Carpets of California poppies color the hillsides golden. (Christine/Wikimedia)\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carpets of California poppies color the hillsides golden. (\u003ca title=\"Christine, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_California_Poppy.jpg\">Christine/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">As we head into the fourth year of a severe drought, evidently the wildflowers find there’s been enough rain at the right time to bloom. Throughout the Bay Area the wildflowers are prime for viewing right now. Carpets of \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, Ithuriel's Spear\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8160\">Ithuriel’s Spear\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, poppies\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=3512\">California Poppies\u003c/a> with splashes of \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, owl's clover\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=1694\">Owl’s Clover\u003c/a> are decorating the green hills. The \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora, bush lupine\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5097\">bush lupine\u003c/a> are in bloom with spikes of purple or lavender flowers rising above the grassland and chaparral.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender-1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender-1.jpg\" alt=\"Bush lupine rises above the grasses and attracts pollinators. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28601\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bush lupine rises above the grasses and attracts pollinators. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The drought may actually be helping wildflowers. They compete with the plants from other areas for water, real estate, sunlight, and nutrients so in harsher conditions the native species oftentimes are better adapted. A wildfire often produces a similar phenomenon by wiping out competing vegetation, and leaving the native wildflowers to put on an extraordinary show. Bay Nature Institute just published an article this week, \u003ca title=\"Second Spring, Bay Nature.org\" href=\"https://baynature.org/articles/second-spring/\">“Second Spring,”\u003c/a> tracking the second-year of wildflower blooms after the Mount Diablo fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blooming season may be shorter lived than during a normal rainfall year, though, so don’t delay getting out to enjoy them. Denise Defreese, the EBRPD’s Wildland Vegetation Manager, recommends, “eastern area parks to see wildflowers and native grasses, Morgan Territory, Sunol/Ohlone, Del Valle, Contra Loma, Black Diamond or visit Round Valley (sorry no dogs allowed) or Brushy Peak to see the vernal pool of Frick Lake (dogs required to be on leash only).” You can enjoy a variety of naturalist led trips to see the wildflowers and also join us for the \u003ca title=\"Sunol Wildflower Festival, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/features/Spring_Wildflower_Festival_at_Sunol_Regional_Wilderness\">Sunol Wildflower Festival\u003c/a> on April 18. you can also find links to the regional parks photo guides to identify wildflowers in the parks on the event webpage. There are many other parks all around the Bay Area to enjoy the colorful show and a long list of favorite flower hikes can be found at \u003ca title=\"Best Bay Area Wildflower Hikes, Natural History Wanderings\" href=\"http://naturalhistorywanderings.com/2012/03/31/best-bay-area-wildflower-hikes/\">Natural History Wanderings.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/FullSizeRender.jpg\" alt=\"A blue haze of Ithuriel's Spear brightens the green hills this spring at Black Diamond Mines Regional Park. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\" width=\"480\" height=\"640\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28603\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A blue haze of Ithuriel’s Spear brightens the green hills this spring at Black Diamond Mines Regional Park. (Courtesy of Jennifer McNerney)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can read my previous blog, “\u003ca title=\"KQED Science, Nelson-Embry\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/13/wildflowers-are-waking-up-in-the-bay-area/\">Bay Area Wildflowers are Waking Up\u003c/a>,” from 2012 which includes links about wildflower identification. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Researchers at SLAC Study Promising Alternative to Morphine",
"headTitle": "Researchers at SLAC Study Promising Alternative to Morphine | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (sfxeric/Flickr).\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sfxeric/3964596491/in/photolist-73kApV-qgtj9G\">sfxeric/Flickr\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morphine is a powerful narcotic, commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain from surgery, injury and chronic health conditions like cancer or osteoarthritis. However, morphine has many negative side effects. It can cause drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and constipation. More troubling, people can become dependent on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca title=\"CDC statistics opioid use\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db189.htm\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, narcotic dependence and overdose deaths are a growing health problem in the United States. Narcotic sales quadrupled from 1999 to 2010 and narcotic-related deaths more than tripled from 1999 to 2012. More than 2 million people in the U.S. currently abuse narcotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to address this problem, researchers have long searched for alternative drugs that effectively relieve pain without inducing dependence as morphine does. A team of researchers now believe they’ve found a good candidate for such a drug, although it will be a long time before this drug, if it proves to be effective, is available in stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers are studying their new kind of pain reliever using an ultrabright, ultrafast X-ray source called the \u003ca href=\"https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/aboutlcls/Pages/About-LCLS.aspx\">Linac Coherent Light Source\u003c/a> (LCLS), which is located at \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS creates the brightest X-ray source on the planet, which researchers need to accurately study the structure of tiny, nanoscale drug compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Narcotics Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcotics are also called opioid pain relievers, because they block the sensation of pain by binding to opioid receptors within the pain pathway of the brain. A drug can provide pain relief by binding to one of three types of opioid receptors in the brain: delta, mu and kappa. Narcotics like morphine target the opioid mu receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that long-term use of morphine reduces the number of available opioid mu receptors. As a result, tolerance develops so a higher dose of the drug is needed to achieve the same level of pain relief. Ultimately, prolonged use leads to physical dependence — which is when the neurons adapt to the presence of the drug and function normally only when it’s in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">Previous research\u003c/a> has shown that administering morphine with another drug that simultaneously blocks the opioid delta receptors prevents this morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. Researchers just need to find the right drug combination with minimal side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a team of researchers, led by University of Southern California chemistry professor Vadim Cherezov, developed a drug that activates opioid mu receptors while blocking opioid delta receptors. Their drug is derived from a specialized peptide – a naturally occurring chain of amino acids. Their \u003ca title=\"journal article\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">research results\u003c/a> were reported in the February issue of \u003cem>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Tiny Crystals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it is very difficult to study new opioid compounds like the one Cherezov recently developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> ‘This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency.’ \u003ccite>— Vadim Cherezov, USC \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In order to understand the structure of new compounds, scientists usually grow crystals of the compound and then hit them with X-rays. By measuring the angles and intensity of how the X-rays bounce off the crystals, they can produce a three-dimensional picture of the crystal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it can be difficult to grow crystals large enough to use this standard method, called X-ray crystallography. Plus, you typically need to freeze the crystal to make it more rigid, rather than study it in natural conditions and temperatures. On top of that, a conventional X-ray beam might blast and destroy the small crystal before you can collect enough data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cherezov’s team used the Linac Coherent Light Source to perform their experiment on tiny crystals, very fast, and at room temperature. LCLS X-ray pulses last just a quadrillionth of a second, or 100 times faster than it takes light to travel the width of a human hair. Yet they are a billion times brighter than a conventional X-ray source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this unique X-ray source with higher-intensity, very short pulses, Cherezov was able to use smaller crystals and still collect terabytes of structural data before the crystals vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each crystal the research team prepared was a millionth of a meter and contained many copies of their new opioid compound bound to an opioid receptor. The team placed the crystals in a toothpaste-like gel to simulate the receptors’ natural environment, and then injected a thin stream of this gel into the path of the LCLS X-ray beam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting structural model was precise enough to show how the new drug molecules bind with the receptor. This atomic-scale map should help scientists develop pain-relieving drugs with fewer negative side effects. It’s likely to to take years, though, before it can be tested in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency,” Cherezov said in a \u003ca title=\"SLAC press release\" href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2015-02-17-study-could-pave-way-painkillers-fewer-side-effects.aspx%20\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherezov’s experiment is just one of many performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS is a Department of Energy User Facility where approximately 600 scientists conduct groundbreaking experiments each year, across many fields, including chemistry, biology, material science, technology and energy science.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/3964596491_d30ac31296_o_Flickr_800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (sfxeric/Flickr).\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Morphine is a common narcotic pain reliever with significant side effects (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/sfxeric/3964596491/in/photolist-73kApV-qgtj9G\">sfxeric/Flickr\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Morphine is a powerful narcotic, commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain from surgery, injury and chronic health conditions like cancer or osteoarthritis. However, morphine has many negative side effects. It can cause drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and constipation. More troubling, people can become dependent on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca title=\"CDC statistics opioid use\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db189.htm\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>, narcotic dependence and overdose deaths are a growing health problem in the United States. Narcotic sales quadrupled from 1999 to 2010 and narcotic-related deaths more than tripled from 1999 to 2012. More than 2 million people in the U.S. currently abuse narcotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to address this problem, researchers have long searched for alternative drugs that effectively relieve pain without inducing dependence as morphine does. A team of researchers now believe they’ve found a good candidate for such a drug, although it will be a long time before this drug, if it proves to be effective, is available in stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These researchers are studying their new kind of pain reliever using an ultrabright, ultrafast X-ray source called the \u003ca href=\"https://portal.slac.stanford.edu/sites/lcls_public/aboutlcls/Pages/About-LCLS.aspx\">Linac Coherent Light Source\u003c/a> (LCLS), which is located at \u003ca href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS creates the brightest X-ray source on the planet, which researchers need to accurately study the structure of tiny, nanoscale drug compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Narcotics Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Narcotics are also called opioid pain relievers, because they block the sensation of pain by binding to opioid receptors within the pain pathway of the brain. A drug can provide pain relief by binding to one of three types of opioid receptors in the brain: delta, mu and kappa. Narcotics like morphine target the opioid mu receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that long-term use of morphine reduces the number of available opioid mu receptors. As a result, tolerance develops so a higher dose of the drug is needed to achieve the same level of pain relief. Ultimately, prolonged use leads to physical dependence — which is when the neurons adapt to the presence of the drug and function normally only when it’s in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">Previous research\u003c/a> has shown that administering morphine with another drug that simultaneously blocks the opioid delta receptors prevents this morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. Researchers just need to find the right drug combination with minimal side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, a team of researchers, led by University of Southern California chemistry professor Vadim Cherezov, developed a drug that activates opioid mu receptors while blocking opioid delta receptors. Their drug is derived from a specialized peptide – a naturally occurring chain of amino acids. Their \u003ca title=\"journal article\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v22/n3/full/nsmb.2965.html\">research results\u003c/a> were reported in the February issue of \u003cem>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Tiny Crystals\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, it is very difficult to study new opioid compounds like the one Cherezov recently developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> ‘This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency.’ \u003ccite>— Vadim Cherezov, USC \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In order to understand the structure of new compounds, scientists usually grow crystals of the compound and then hit them with X-rays. By measuring the angles and intensity of how the X-rays bounce off the crystals, they can produce a three-dimensional picture of the crystal structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, it can be difficult to grow crystals large enough to use this standard method, called X-ray crystallography. Plus, you typically need to freeze the crystal to make it more rigid, rather than study it in natural conditions and temperatures. On top of that, a conventional X-ray beam might blast and destroy the small crystal before you can collect enough data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Cherezov’s team used the Linac Coherent Light Source to perform their experiment on tiny crystals, very fast, and at room temperature. LCLS X-ray pulses last just a quadrillionth of a second, or 100 times faster than it takes light to travel the width of a human hair. Yet they are a billion times brighter than a conventional X-ray source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this unique X-ray source with higher-intensity, very short pulses, Cherezov was able to use smaller crystals and still collect terabytes of structural data before the crystals vaporized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each crystal the research team prepared was a millionth of a meter and contained many copies of their new opioid compound bound to an opioid receptor. The team placed the crystals in a toothpaste-like gel to simulate the receptors’ natural environment, and then injected a thin stream of this gel into the path of the LCLS X-ray beam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting structural model was precise enough to show how the new drug molecules bind with the receptor. This atomic-scale map should help scientists develop pain-relieving drugs with fewer negative side effects. It’s likely to to take years, though, before it can be tested in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This work will provide a solid basis for the design of a new generation of pain relievers with reduced dependency,” Cherezov said in a \u003ca title=\"SLAC press release\" href=\"https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2015-02-17-study-could-pave-way-painkillers-fewer-side-effects.aspx%20\">press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherezov’s experiment is just one of many performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The LCLS is a Department of Energy User Facility where approximately 600 scientists conduct groundbreaking experiments each year, across many fields, including chemistry, biology, material science, technology and energy science.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. ",
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"title": "Newt Sex: Buff Males! Writhing Females! Cannibalism! | KQED",
"description": "Every winter, California newts leave the safety of their forest burrows and travel as far as three miles to mate in the pond where they were born. Their mating ritual is a raucous affair that involves bulked-up males, writhing females and a little cannibalism. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Gabriela Quirós\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Japanese Pool at the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley was built in 1941. Stones from Japan line its edges, and a small Japanese-style bridge offers visitors a place to sit and contemplate the water’s surface. It looks peaceful, but beneath the surface is a riot of writhing activity: the newts have come to town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California newts (\u003cem>Taricha torosa)\u003c/em> have marched in from the surrounding forests by the dozens (some years there are hundreds), to mate and lay eggs in the pond. Most of the time, California newts live quiet, hidden lives in the forests of California. But every winter – and newts can live for 20 years – they return to mate in the same ponds in which they were born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28291 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0594-e1426542791975.jpg\" alt=\"Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond's peaceful surface\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josh Cassidy gets a peek below the pond’s peaceful surface (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These amphibious creatures are about five to eight inches long, with rust-colored skin, except for their bright yellow eyes and belly. They began to arrive at the UC Botanical Garden around November, and will stay here for the duration of the rainy season, usually through the end of March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, has been observing the newts in the Japanese Pool for 12 years, since he became director in 2003. But his fascination began long before that, as he studied newts and newt hormones for more than 40 years as a zoologist at the University of California, Berkeley. In those days, he says, he never just sat and watched them like he does now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was usually out collecting them in the field,” he says, “or doing experiments with them in the lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Licht enjoys simply observing them, year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re a very special kind of animal,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California newts are only about six inches long, they might travel as far as three miles to return to their birthplace. That’s the equivalent for a human of walking about a marathon and a half, without any signs or road maps. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how they find their way, but they think it might be based on smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Victor Twitty, a biologist at Stanford University in the 1960s, tampered with the olfactory organs of a related species, the red-bellied newt (\u003cem>Taricha rivularis\u003c/em>) and observed that they had a hard time getting home, while undamaged newts were able to get back to their ponds with astounding accuracy, even when he moved them miles away to places they had never been before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their migration takes them out of the burrows where they spend the rest of the year, eating bugs and living a terrestrial life in the forests along the California coast. It starts with the release of a hormone called prolactin, the same chemical that helps women breastfeed. In newts, it triggers an urge to head towards the water they were born in, and in males it combines with testosterone to induce a physical transformation that prepares them for the months they will spend in the water, fighting over females and engaging in an elaborate mating ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they get closer to the pond, the males’ skin transforms from pimply and rough to slimy and smooth. They bulk up, and grow pads on their feet for clamping onto females. Their tails flatten, grow wider and turn into fins that will power them through the water. When the breeding season ends, they emerge from the water, slim down, dry out, and re-adapt to a land-based lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28278\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_floats-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts' transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Release of the hormone prolactin triggers male newts’ transformation into aquatic creatures (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rapid change in phenotype, year in and year out,” says Sean Reilly, a graduate student who studies newts in the integrative biology department at UC Berkeley.” These newts are pretty amazing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts generally enjoy a relatively safe existence, protected by a poison in their skin called tetrodotoxin, one of the world’s most potent neurotoxins. It’s the same poison found in Japanese puffer fish that occasionally kills adventurous sushi eaters –23 people were fatally poisoned in Japan between 2000 and 2009. The bright coloring of the California newt, and their even more toxic cousin, the rough-skinned newt (\u003cem>Taricha granulosa\u003c/em>), warns most predators that they’re a bad choice for a meal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28287\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28287\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_yellow_eyes_CU-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newts' bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newts’ bright yellow belly and eyes warn predators to stay away from their toxic skin (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s one exception, a predator that doesn’t need to heed this warning: the garter snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newts and garter snakes are locked in an epic struggle that Jim McGuire, a herpetologist at UC Berkeley, calls a “co-evolutionary arms race.” Some of the snakes in the newt’s habitat have evolved immunity to tetrodotoxin, and in response, some newts have become even more toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s essentially a geographic mosaic across the West,” McGuire says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, newts are very toxic and can keep the snakes at bay. But in other places, “it seems like the garter snake has essentially won,” and the newts are less toxic, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28281\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28281\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt_in_headlight_WWS-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt's journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Road crossings can be some of the most dangerous parts of a newt’s journey (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When newts begin their annual odyssey from the forest to the water, they often encounter dangers that even the strongest poison can’t protect them from. Cars driving through their territory aren’t deterred by the newts’ bright colors, and road crossings can be the most dangerous part of a newt’s journey. Excluding the dangers of cars and roads, McGuire says, “It’s hard for me to imagine that many of them would be prevented from making it to their breeding site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors of Tilden Park, just a few miles from the Japanese Pool, became concerned a few years ago by the newts they were finding flattened on the road. They persuaded the park to close a road in the newt’s migration path from November to March to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28297\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-28297\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/DSC_0573-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"South Park Drive in Berkeley's Tilden Park is closed for the newts' breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">South Park Drive in Berkeley’s Tilden Park is closed for the newts’ breeding season every year (Gabriela Quiros/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But closing roads may not be the only protection they need. Licht said that during the past two years he’s seen the lowest numbers of newts and newt eggs since he started working at the garden. California newts aren’t currently endangered, but Licht is concerned by the decline that he’s seen in the Japanese Pool population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Last year, the whole season we only saw one egg cluster,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, he sees hundreds, dotting the pond’s muddy bottom and hidden in the vegetation. The male newts are even known to snack on a few of them for extra protein, adding cannibalism to the newts’ yearly ritual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28275\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Newt-eat-eggs-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newt eggs can be energy-rich snacks for cannibalistic male newts (Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There were more egg clusters this year, but still many fewer than usual. Licht doesn’t know what caused the downturn. He says it might be due to California’s severe drought, now in its fourth year, but naturalist James Wilson with the East Bay Regional Park District, reports he’s seen normal numbers this year at breeding sites only a few miles away from the Japanese Pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may never know why they almost disappeared from the Japanese Pool, Licht says, but he’s glad to see a few more this season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We mostly study them when they come to breed, we don’t know what they do the rest of the year,” he says. “There’s still a lot of mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bee Decline Linked to a Combination of Stressors",
"headTitle": "Bee Decline Linked to a Combination of Stressors | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28121\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28121 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\" alt=\"There is concern that native bees and honeybee population declines could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There is concern that the decline in native bee and honeybee populations could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the clear warm days we’ve just enjoyed and more to come, our gardens and parks have been buzzing with pollinators: bees and Anna’s hummingbirds. Searching out the newly blooming flowers for nectar and pollen, the insects and birds point to spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and naturalists are concerned, though, about the decline in honeybee and native bee populations. Every third bite of our food is pollinated by bees, and the value of pollination services from wild pollinators in the U.S. alone is estimated at $4 billion to $6 billion per year, according to the \u003ca title=\"Great Sunflower Project website\" href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/node/1000090\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A February \u003ca title=\"Science Magazine abstract, Bee Declines\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/25/science.1255957.abstract\">review for Science Magazine\u003c/a>, co-authored by University of Sussex biology professor Dave Goulson, notes that bee populations are falling because of the combined stressors of pesticides, parasites, and a decline in the abundance and variety of flowers. The review says climate change is likely to exacerbate all of these problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28119\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has pinpointed a class of widely used insecticides called \u003ca title=\"Harvard, Neonicotinoids and Bee Colony Collapse\" href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/study-strengthens-link-between-neonicotinoids-and-collapse-of-honey-bee-colonies/\">neonicotinoids as likely culprits\u003c/a> for the collapse of honeybee colonies. At certain levels of exposure, these chemicals can poison bees, and at lower levels, they can weaken bees’ immune systems, making them more susceptible to infection and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even home gardeners who want to cultivate bee-friendly habitats may unknowingly expose bees to these insecticides. Tests on common garden plants and seeds marketed as “bee-friendly,” and purchased from commercial retailers around the country, found more than half of them had been treated with neonicotinoids, according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/system/storage/877/60/a/3130/Gardeners_beware_report_8-13-13_final_updated.pdf\">Friends of the Earth report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goulson’s study suggests some steps we can take immediately to help bees, as well as save our food supply. “Incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted,” the study says. “Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\" width=\"297\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>, started in 2008, is one way anyone can assist with monitoring bees and improving their habitat. It has some resources to help you assess your garden for pollinator-friendly plants, as well as find retailers who provide pesticide-free plants and seeds. You don’t have to be an expert to participate in the Project. Everyone, including school kids, can sign up and log their observation data into the organization’s nationwide system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has a very high participation rate, with many folks contributing to pollinator knowledge. It’s easy to get started, too — just a commitment of five to fifteen minutes of observation and then enter your findings online. Whether you monitor your yard or nearby open space for pollinator activity or simply get out to enjoy the nice days ahead, I hope you’ll notice the busy pollinators at work around us.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's plenty you can do, however, to help honeybees, from observations you can make when watching pollinators to what you plant in your garden. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28121\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28121 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/Bee_and_mammoth_sunflower-e1426220910197.jpg\" alt=\"There is concern that native bees and honeybee population declines could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There is concern that the decline in native bee and honeybee populations could ultimately impact our food supplies. (Gardenkitty/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the clear warm days we’ve just enjoyed and more to come, our gardens and parks have been buzzing with pollinators: bees and Anna’s hummingbirds. Searching out the newly blooming flowers for nectar and pollen, the insects and birds point to spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and naturalists are concerned, though, about the decline in honeybee and native bee populations. Every third bite of our food is pollinated by bees, and the value of pollination services from wild pollinators in the U.S. alone is estimated at $4 billion to $6 billion per year, according to the \u003ca title=\"Great Sunflower Project website\" href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/node/1000090\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A February \u003ca title=\"Science Magazine abstract, Bee Declines\" href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/02/25/science.1255957.abstract\">review for Science Magazine\u003c/a>, co-authored by University of Sussex biology professor Dave Goulson, notes that bee populations are falling because of the combined stressors of pesticides, parasites, and a decline in the abundance and variety of flowers. The review says climate change is likely to exacerbate all of these problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28119\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28119\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_0812-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Director Gretchen LeBuhn records pollinators on native wildflowers. The Great Sunflower Project expanded its study this year to include any flower. (Courtesy of Mark Reynolds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has pinpointed a class of widely used insecticides called \u003ca title=\"Harvard, Neonicotinoids and Bee Colony Collapse\" href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/study-strengthens-link-between-neonicotinoids-and-collapse-of-honey-bee-colonies/\">neonicotinoids as likely culprits\u003c/a> for the collapse of honeybee colonies. At certain levels of exposure, these chemicals can poison bees, and at lower levels, they can weaken bees’ immune systems, making them more susceptible to infection and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even home gardeners who want to cultivate bee-friendly habitats may unknowingly expose bees to these insecticides. Tests on common garden plants and seeds marketed as “bee-friendly,” and purchased from commercial retailers around the country, found more than half of them had been treated with neonicotinoids, according to a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/system/storage/877/60/a/3130/Gardeners_beware_report_8-13-13_final_updated.pdf\">Friends of the Earth report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goulson’s study suggests some steps we can take immediately to help bees, as well as save our food supply. “Incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted,” the study says. “Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28120\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-28120\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/IMG_2047-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\" width=\"297\" height=\"223\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Everyone can help our bee populations, including school children. (Courtesy of Gretchen LeBuhn)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.greatsunflower.org/\">Great Sunflower Project\u003c/a>, started in 2008, is one way anyone can assist with monitoring bees and improving their habitat. It has some resources to help you assess your garden for pollinator-friendly plants, as well as find retailers who provide pesticide-free plants and seeds. You don’t have to be an expert to participate in the Project. Everyone, including school kids, can sign up and log their observation data into the organization’s nationwide system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area has a very high participation rate, with many folks contributing to pollinator knowledge. It’s easy to get started, too — just a commitment of five to fifteen minutes of observation and then enter your findings online. Whether you monitor your yard or nearby open space for pollinator activity or simply get out to enjoy the nice days ahead, I hope you’ll notice the busy pollinators at work around us.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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