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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Clue-into-Climate-image-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-73468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Clue-into-Climate-image-640x360-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"CC_book_post2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories about climate change are in the news just about every day. Whether it's a new study about rising sea levels, or a story exploring the link between \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\">California's drought\u003c/a> and global warming, climate change is a popular topic in the news and on social media. Navigating through all of the stories, and the science, can be a challenge. In order to help students understand the science of climate change, KQED, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Precourt Institute for Energy\u003c/a> at Stanford University have partnered on a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Textbook series and iTunes U course\u003c/a>, called \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong>. The four-part series explores the causes of climate change, its impacts on freshwater and ecosystems, and strategies for curbing and adapting to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“KQED’s climate e-books couldn’t have been published at a better time for educators and students,” says Robin Mencher, director of education and media learning for KQED. “They offer a real-life, media-rich experience of what climate change looks like on the ground and what can be done to stem its effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-73373\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"MH_still_WP\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each e-book in the series begins with a short video that tells a story about climate change in California, and then delves into the science through additional videos, audio stories, interactives, animations and text. The books also feature \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/career-spotlight/\" target=\"_blank\">career spotlight videos\u003c/a>, highlighting people working on climate change issues — from climate modeling to researching how trees are being affected by climate change. Middle- and high-school students across the country can engage in discussion about climate change topics via Twitter through a social media activity included in each book, called “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a>.” There are also opportunities for students to create and share their own media projects on climate change topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-73485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth-346x253.png\" alt=\"How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\" width=\"346\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Responding to climate change involves many thousands of conversations around the world,” says Michael Mastrandrea, Co-Director of Science for Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. \"The KQED books put the science in clear, vibrant terms, inviting dialogue on risks in a changing climate and the opportunities for response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accompanying \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> iTunes U course brings together activities, videos, climate data and chapters from the books to give students an opportunity to examine climate change and look at impacts in their own communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the book series and course are aligned with the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standards\" target=\"_blank\">Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cpo.noaa.gov/OutreachandEducation/ClimateLiteracy.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Literacy: The Essential Principles of Climate Science\u003c/a>. The \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong> iBooks Textbooks are available for iPads and Macs, and can be \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">downloaded for free\u003c/a> from the iBooks Store. Collections of media, including content from our e-books, can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Explore California’s drought, sea level rise, renewable energy and more at the touch of your finger tip! Clue into Climate is a new e-book series about the science behind climate change with interactive animations, infographics, videos and audio reports from KQED and its partners.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Clue-into-Climate-image-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-73468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Clue-into-Climate-image-640x360-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"CC_book_post2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories about climate change are in the news just about every day. Whether it's a new study about rising sea levels, or a story exploring the link between \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/california-drought-watch/\" target=\"_blank\">California's drought\u003c/a> and global warming, climate change is a popular topic in the news and on social media. Navigating through all of the stories, and the science, can be a challenge. In order to help students understand the science of climate change, KQED, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California Museum of Paleontology\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Precourt Institute for Energy\u003c/a> at Stanford University have partnered on a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Textbook series and iTunes U course\u003c/a>, called \u003cstrong>Clue into Climate\u003c/strong>. The four-part series explores the causes of climate change, its impacts on freshwater and ecosystems, and strategies for curbing and adapting to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“KQED’s climate e-books couldn’t have been published at a better time for educators and students,” says Robin Mencher, director of education and media learning for KQED. “They offer a real-life, media-rich experience of what climate change looks like on the ground and what can be done to stem its effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-73373\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/MH_still_WP-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"MH_still_WP\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each e-book in the series begins with a short video that tells a story about climate change in California, and then delves into the science through additional videos, audio stories, interactives, animations and text. The books also feature \u003ca href=\"http://ca.pbslearningmedia.org/collection/career-spotlight/\" target=\"_blank\">career spotlight videos\u003c/a>, highlighting people working on climate change issues — from climate modeling to researching how trees are being affected by climate change. Middle- and high-school students across the country can engage in discussion about climate change topics via Twitter through a social media activity included in each book, called “\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">Do Now\u003c/a>.” There are also opportunities for students to create and share their own media projects on climate change topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-73485\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/12/Evidence-of-a-Warming-Earth-346x253.png\" alt=\"How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\" width=\"346\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How do we know the world is warming? This interactive explains some of the major indicators of climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Responding to climate change involves many thousands of conversations around the world,” says Michael Mastrandrea, Co-Director of Science for Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. \"The KQED books put the science in clear, vibrant terms, inviting dialogue on risks in a changing climate and the opportunities for response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Darfur Stoves Project",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. 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"excerpt": "Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"How Do We Prioritize Protecting Species in the Face of Climate Change?\" href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/2014/10/01/how-do-we-prioritize-protecting-species-in-the-face-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\">DoNow Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>He discovered the trend by accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Kossin, a NOAA scientist stationed in Madison, Wisconsin, started tracking tropical cyclones to settle a disagreement about the temperature at the bottom of the stratosphere. When he looked at all the data he’d gotten about cylcones’ positions, it was clear: they’ve been \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22857\">wandering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical cyclones, a category that includes \u003cstrong>hurricanes\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>typhoons\u003c/strong>, are rotating storms hundreds of miles wide. Once one forms, it gathers strength as water evaporates from the ocean’s surface; it hits a maximum intensity and then wanes and finally dissipates. What Kossin noticed was that over the last 30 years, even though there hasn’t been a change in the frequency or the peak strength of cyclones, they’ve been hitting that peak farther and farther from the equator. His research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7500/full/nature13278.html\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong>, showed that those points of maximum intensity are inching toward the poles at more than 30 miles per decade, putting communities at higher latitudes at greater risk of damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71149\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-71149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones-640x277.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay. \" width=\"640\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This slow exodus out of the tropics reflects changes in the climatic conditions that nurture these storms. Factors like water temperature, humidity, and the temperature difference between the bottom and the top of the lowest layer of the atmosphere combine to determine a cyclone’s maximum possible strength. Whether or not a storm ever reaches that theoretical ferocity, though, depends on the winds it encounters along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of them like a cylinder,” Kossin said. “They like to be vertical.” If there’s a lot of “wind shear,” meaning the wind’s speed or direction changes dramatically as you move upward, that cylinder gets disrupted. Kossin likens the effect of wind shear on cyclones to trying to move a phone book by pushing only on the top few pages. “You can push the phone book as a whole across the table and it's fine,” he explains, “but if you just push on the top and hold the bottom steady, it will shear.” That kind of shear will sap a cyclone’s strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the deep tropics -- places like the southern Philippines -- the temperature and humidity are changing to discourage strong cyclones. Meanwhile, the wind shear is strengthening, weakening cyclones when they form. On the other hand, said Kossin, “if you move away from the equator towards higher latitudes, the opposite is true: the potential intensity is getting relatively stronger, and the shear is getting relatively weaker. The deep tropics are becoming less hospitable, and the higher latitudes are becoming less hostile to tropical cyclones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s really compelling to Kossin is that the cyclones’ shift seems to mirror another trend: the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071203-AP-expanding-tropics.html\">expansion\u003c/a> of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71150\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\" alt=\"The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a map, the tropics are defined by latitude lines. But their characteristic weather patterns are determined far above ground, by a tunnel of air called the Hadley circulation. Warm air rises at the equator and is propelled toward the poles before falling and curling back on itself at a northerly latitude near the Texas-Mexico border and a southerly latitude bisecting South Africa. Where this warm, dry air descends, deserts form, and the tropics end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1970s, though, the Hadley winds have been traveling a few degrees of latitude farther from the equator before dropping back to Earth. Explanations for this tropical expansion vary -- too much ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, too little protective ozone in the upper atmosphere, greenhouse gases that heat up the air and allow it to travel farther -- but they’re all related to human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to conclusively demonstrate that this human-fueled expansion of the tropics is what’s propelling cyclones into new latitudes, but the two trends are strikingly similar. Cyclones are moving north and south at about the same rate as the tropics. When the tropical expansion temporarily sped up in the 1990s, cyclones hustled poleward more quickly, too. Expanding tropics will create more deserts, and the cyclones traveling with them will put new communities in harm’s way while depriving others of seasonal downpours. Together, these two trends mean that the lives of people living anywhere near the equator could look very different just a few decades from now.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>He discovered the trend by accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Kossin, a NOAA scientist stationed in Madison, Wisconsin, started tracking tropical cyclones to settle a disagreement about the temperature at the bottom of the stratosphere. When he looked at all the data he’d gotten about cylcones’ positions, it was clear: they’ve been \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22857\">wandering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical cyclones, a category that includes \u003cstrong>hurricanes\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>typhoons\u003c/strong>, are rotating storms hundreds of miles wide. Once one forms, it gathers strength as water evaporates from the ocean’s surface; it hits a maximum intensity and then wanes and finally dissipates. What Kossin noticed was that over the last 30 years, even though there hasn’t been a change in the frequency or the peak strength of cyclones, they’ve been hitting that peak farther and farther from the equator. His research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7500/full/nature13278.html\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong>, showed that those points of maximum intensity are inching toward the poles at more than 30 miles per decade, putting communities at higher latitudes at greater risk of damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71149\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-71149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones-640x277.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay. \" width=\"640\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This slow exodus out of the tropics reflects changes in the climatic conditions that nurture these storms. Factors like water temperature, humidity, and the temperature difference between the bottom and the top of the lowest layer of the atmosphere combine to determine a cyclone’s maximum possible strength. Whether or not a storm ever reaches that theoretical ferocity, though, depends on the winds it encounters along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of them like a cylinder,” Kossin said. “They like to be vertical.” If there’s a lot of “wind shear,” meaning the wind’s speed or direction changes dramatically as you move upward, that cylinder gets disrupted. Kossin likens the effect of wind shear on cyclones to trying to move a phone book by pushing only on the top few pages. “You can push the phone book as a whole across the table and it's fine,” he explains, “but if you just push on the top and hold the bottom steady, it will shear.” That kind of shear will sap a cyclone’s strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the deep tropics -- places like the southern Philippines -- the temperature and humidity are changing to discourage strong cyclones. Meanwhile, the wind shear is strengthening, weakening cyclones when they form. On the other hand, said Kossin, “if you move away from the equator towards higher latitudes, the opposite is true: the potential intensity is getting relatively stronger, and the shear is getting relatively weaker. The deep tropics are becoming less hospitable, and the higher latitudes are becoming less hostile to tropical cyclones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s really compelling to Kossin is that the cyclones’ shift seems to mirror another trend: the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071203-AP-expanding-tropics.html\">expansion\u003c/a> of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71150\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\" alt=\"The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a map, the tropics are defined by latitude lines. But their characteristic weather patterns are determined far above ground, by a tunnel of air called the Hadley circulation. Warm air rises at the equator and is propelled toward the poles before falling and curling back on itself at a northerly latitude near the Texas-Mexico border and a southerly latitude bisecting South Africa. Where this warm, dry air descends, deserts form, and the tropics end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1970s, though, the Hadley winds have been traveling a few degrees of latitude farther from the equator before dropping back to Earth. Explanations for this tropical expansion vary -- too much ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, too little protective ozone in the upper atmosphere, greenhouse gases that heat up the air and allow it to travel farther -- but they’re all related to human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to conclusively demonstrate that this human-fueled expansion of the tropics is what’s propelling cyclones into new latitudes, but the two trends are strikingly similar. Cyclones are moving north and south at about the same rate as the tropics. When the tropical expansion temporarily sped up in the 1990s, cyclones hustled poleward more quickly, too. Expanding tropics will create more deserts, and the cyclones traveling with them will put new communities in harm’s way while depriving others of seasonal downpours. Together, these two trends mean that the lives of people living anywhere near the equator could look very different just a few decades from now.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>From the ashes of catastrophe, life somehow manages to rise again. This thought hung on Daisy’s mind, sweat pouring down her face, as she uttered a reassuring click to Bud and Betsy, the pair of Belgian draft horses drawing the plow\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 489px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy-548x360.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy plowing\" width=\"489\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You wouldn’t expect those opening words from a story set six decades from today. But those kinds of surprises abound in the tales told in “\u003ca title=\"Yahara 2070 home page\" href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070\">Yahara 2070\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is part of an intensive study of the land, lakes, and rivers incorporating and surrounding Madison, Wisconsin, a thousand-square-kilometer area known as the Yahara Watershed. To engage community thought and discussion, “Yahara 2070” uses illustrated stories set in the year 2070 to explore four distinct imagined futures for the region’s environment and society, each with its own descriptive title and logo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy_Icon-153x169.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy_Icon\" width=\"83\" height=\"91\">n “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/abandonment\">Abandonment and Renewal\u003c/a>,” from which the lines above are taken, the population is unprepared for a dramatic rise in temperature. Government is unable to manage ecological disaster and the area begins to return to the wild, including animals, like elephants, who have escaped the local zoo. Brave settlers have returned to the area, joining those who were unable to evacuate, and together they work to carve out a new way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another scenario, “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/innovation\">Accelerated Innovation\u003c/a>,” technology provides the path away from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71095\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon-149x169.jpg\" alt=\"Accelerated_Icon\" width=\"89\" height=\"101\">\u003c/a> environmental ruin. Agricultural automation optimizes water use, reducing runoff, and ecologically destructive cattle raising has been replaced by genetically engineered, “motherless” meat created in laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon-157x169.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"83\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>While the Robert Frost line may read that good fences make good neighbors, in “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/connected\">Connected Communities\u003c/a>,” neighbors have removed fences, creating space for community gardens and parks. This symbolizes a societal shift in values toward cooperation, community and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/nested\">Nested Watersheds\u003c/a>” takes an idea first proposed by 19th century explorer John Wesley Powell that our largely arbitrary state boundaries be redrawn\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nested_icon\" width=\"88\" height=\"88\">\u003c/a> around watersheds. More water-centric forms of governance are adopted after years of drought and water scarcity, placing a premium on conservation, and rewarding farmers for practices that regenerate groundwater while preventing runoff and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\" alt=\"Land cover map for abandonment scenario\" width=\"605\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg 605w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBased on extensive data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the stories are futuristic science fiction, they are grounded in present-day scientific fact. Background for the scenarios comes from extensive data collection on land use in the Yahara watershed. Modeling how present trends could play out over the coming decades informs the conditions that become the setting for each story. The projection seen above shows the abandonment scenario, with a large swath of green representing a return to forest and grassland after depopulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hearing hopes and fears\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantitative approach of data and projection is combined with qualitative methods of interview and discussion. “We began this project by interviewing a large number of people and conducting workshops with about a hundred people in the watershed to hear what they think about the future. What are the stories in their head about the future? What are their fears, their hopes for the future?” explained Steve Carpenter, “Yahara 2070” leader and director of the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting thought to paper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthesizing those hopes and fears with the background of a changing environment into narratives fell to project writer Jenny Seifert. Unlike producers of all too many high-concept Hollywood science fiction films, Seifert didn’t forget to create stories on a human scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I created characters for each story,” she said. “So I really think about these moments in time for these characters. Focusing on these moments really was my way of trying to help people connect with the stories and kind of see themselves and see what their life could be like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix-464x360.jpg\" alt=\"Felix swimming in lake with elephant in backdrop\" width=\"385\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Felix heard a loud rustle on the shoreline that startled him into alertness. Cougars are known to stalk these shores, and even though he knew the odds that one would bother to jump in after him were miniscule, he couldn’t help but feel a sense of dread as he eyed the distance between himself and the pier, where his machete lay. Then, a trumpet-like noise bellowed from the trees, and the mammoth head of an elephant emerged. Phew, thought Felix. Just an elephant.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>- Excerpt from “Abandonment and Renewal”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imagining and imaging \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deciding what life could be like, or look like, was a special challenge for the project’s illustrator, John Miller, particularly with the technology involved in some of the scenarios. Contemplating his iPhone, Miller said, “You take a look at something like this and it’s just so different from the original phone that if I were to create something, to invent something, nobody would know what I’m showing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asking “What if…”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team makes clear they are not trying to invent the future, or even predict it. Rather, the use of scenarios is a tool to help prepare for what the future may bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of the scenarios is to develop stories about the future that organize our thinking. Carpenter explained, “and also provide guidance to us as scientists about what we should be learning to simulate in order to understand the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of these scenarios seems most likely? Will pachyderms prowl the prairie? Will Wisconsin’s beloved bratwurst be petri-dish-processed before hitting the grill? Both the good and bad parts of each scenario are worth contemplating as we all collectively create the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"\u003c/em>\u003cstrong>From the ashes of catastrophe, life somehow manages to rise again. This thought hung on Daisy’s mind, sweat pouring down her face, as she uttered a reassuring click to Bud and Betsy, the pair of Belgian draft horses drawing the plow\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71097\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 489px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71097\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy-548x360.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy plowing\" width=\"489\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You wouldn’t expect those opening words from a story set six decades from today. But those kinds of surprises abound in the tales told in “\u003ca title=\"Yahara 2070 home page\" href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070\">Yahara 2070\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is part of an intensive study of the land, lakes, and rivers incorporating and surrounding Madison, Wisconsin, a thousand-square-kilometer area known as the Yahara Watershed. To engage community thought and discussion, “Yahara 2070” uses illustrated stories set in the year 2070 to explore four distinct imagined futures for the region’s environment and society, each with its own descriptive title and logo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71098 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Daisy_Icon-153x169.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy_Icon\" width=\"83\" height=\"91\">n “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/abandonment\">Abandonment and Renewal\u003c/a>,” from which the lines above are taken, the population is unprepared for a dramatic rise in temperature. Government is unable to manage ecological disaster and the area begins to return to the wild, including animals, like elephants, who have escaped the local zoo. Brave settlers have returned to the area, joining those who were unable to evacuate, and together they work to carve out a new way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another scenario, “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/innovation\">Accelerated Innovation\u003c/a>,” technology provides the path away from\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71095\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Accelerated_Icon-149x169.jpg\" alt=\"Accelerated_Icon\" width=\"89\" height=\"101\">\u003c/a> environmental ruin. Agricultural automation optimizes water use, reducing runoff, and ecologically destructive cattle raising has been replaced by genetically engineered, “motherless” meat created in laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/CC_Icon-157x169.jpg\" alt=\"Print\" width=\"83\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>While the Robert Frost line may read that good fences make good neighbors, in “\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/connected\">Connected Communities\u003c/a>,” neighbors have removed fences, creating space for community gardens and parks. This symbolizes a societal shift in values toward cooperation, community and sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003ca href=\"https://wsc.limnology.wisc.edu/yahara2070/nested\">Nested Watersheds\u003c/a>” takes an idea first proposed by 19th century explorer John Wesley Powell that our largely arbitrary state boundaries be redrawn\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-71100\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Nested_icon-169x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nested_icon\" width=\"88\" height=\"88\">\u003c/a> around watersheds. More water-centric forms of governance are adopted after years of drought and water scarcity, placing a premium on conservation, and rewarding farmers for practices that regenerate groundwater while preventing runoff and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71105\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg\" alt=\"Land cover map for abandonment scenario\" width=\"605\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps.jpg 605w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/AR_landcover_maps-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBased on extensive data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the stories are futuristic science fiction, they are grounded in present-day scientific fact. Background for the scenarios comes from extensive data collection on land use in the Yahara watershed. Modeling how present trends could play out over the coming decades informs the conditions that become the setting for each story. The projection seen above shows the abandonment scenario, with a large swath of green representing a return to forest and grassland after depopulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hearing hopes and fears\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quantitative approach of data and projection is combined with qualitative methods of interview and discussion. “We began this project by interviewing a large number of people and conducting workshops with about a hundred people in the watershed to hear what they think about the future. What are the stories in their head about the future? What are their fears, their hopes for the future?” explained Steve Carpenter, “Yahara 2070” leader and director of the University of Wisconsin Center for Limnology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Putting thought to paper\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Synthesizing those hopes and fears with the background of a changing environment into narratives fell to project writer Jenny Seifert. Unlike producers of all too many high-concept Hollywood science fiction films, Seifert didn’t forget to create stories on a human scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I created characters for each story,” she said. “So I really think about these moments in time for these characters. Focusing on these moments really was my way of trying to help people connect with the stories and kind of see themselves and see what their life could be like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71099\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 385px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71099\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Felix-464x360.jpg\" alt=\"Felix swimming in lake with elephant in backdrop\" width=\"385\" height=\"299\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration by John Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Felix heard a loud rustle on the shoreline that startled him into alertness. Cougars are known to stalk these shores, and even though he knew the odds that one would bother to jump in after him were miniscule, he couldn’t help but feel a sense of dread as he eyed the distance between himself and the pier, where his machete lay. Then, a trumpet-like noise bellowed from the trees, and the mammoth head of an elephant emerged. Phew, thought Felix. Just an elephant.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>- Excerpt from “Abandonment and Renewal”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Imagining and imaging \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deciding what life could be like, or look like, was a special challenge for the project’s illustrator, John Miller, particularly with the technology involved in some of the scenarios. Contemplating his iPhone, Miller said, “You take a look at something like this and it’s just so different from the original phone that if I were to create something, to invent something, nobody would know what I’m showing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Asking “What if…”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team makes clear they are not trying to invent the future, or even predict it. Rather, the use of scenarios is a tool to help prepare for what the future may bring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of the scenarios is to develop stories about the future that organize our thinking. Carpenter explained, “and also provide guidance to us as scientists about what we should be learning to simulate in order to understand the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which of these scenarios seems most likely? Will pachyderms prowl the prairie? Will Wisconsin’s beloved bratwurst be petri-dish-processed before hitting the grill? Both the good and bad parts of each scenario are worth contemplating as we all collectively create the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/movingcows-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a warm summer day the lines for ice cream at the Daily Scoop on the University of Wisconsin- Madison campus are frustratingly long. Everyone is herded together, waiting their turn to order a cone filled with creamy, cold ice cream -- anything to take the edge off that overheated feeling. But securing a steady supply of this refreshing treat depends on keeping cows cool, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface-334x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"334\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cows create a lot of body heat and use a large amount of energy in the process of producing milk. “When you are comfortable, a cow is warm; when you are hot, a cow is miserable; and when you are cold, a cow is probably fine,” explained Dr. Lou Armentano, a professor in the Department of Dairy Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. On those hot summer days, cows immediately respond to the high temperature with decreased milk production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cows produce the most milk and are \u003ca title=\"Mesonet Cattle Comfort Index\" href=\"http://www.mesonet.org/images/site/Mesonet%20Cattle%20Comfort%20Advisor%20Description.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">most comfortable \u003c/a>when the temperature is between 15 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. When the temperature increases to the 85- to 105-degree range, milk production is decreased by 20 percent, or more. Once it gets above 105 degrees it can be fatal. At that point, up to 5 percent of the herd can be expected to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big issue for all the farmers we work with is risk. Extreme weather is adding uncertainty to this already uncertain profession,” according to Michelle Miller, associate director of the UW-Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year Madison would expect 13 days above 90 degrees, but in the summer of 2012 there were 39 days when the temperature surpassed that mark. And scientists expect more hot summers like that in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065-425x360.png\" alt=\"The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\" width=\"425\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts\" href=\"http://www.wicci.wisc.edu/climate-change.phphttp://\" target=\"_blank\">Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts \u003c/a>(WICCI) predicts that summer days and nights in Wisconsin will become increasingly warmer. Climate models point toward an average temperature increase of as much as 3 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit in Wisconsin by mid-century. By 2055 Madison may be seeing an average of 37 days above 90 degrees and 4 above 100 degrees. Many cows are confined to barns with some measure of temperature control, so for them, extreme weather is not a major concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Various techniques are used in the barns to keep the cows cool. Open-stall barns have curtains that can be opened in the summer to allow natural breezes to blow through. Temperatures can also be held at bay by building the barn so that it’s in the shade during the hottest part of the day. And some farms have installed evaporating systems that mist and fan the cows on hot days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Victor Cabrera, UW-Madison dairy science professor and extension specialist, “The trend is that milk production increases year to year because of genetics and/or better management practices, regardless of climate changes” for the cows that are kept indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all cows spend their time in the barn. The cows at Rick Adamski’s Full Circle Farm, in Seymour, graze outdoors in the pastures. Shade trees are scattered throughout the pasture and provide shelter from the heat of the summer at this organic farm. Still, Adamski finds that his cows are vulnerable to heat stress once the temperature gets above 90 degrees. When it gets that hot, the cows wait to eat until the temperatures have cooled down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they’re ready to graze, “A good permanent pasture shades the soil to keep the soils cooler during the heat of summer,” according to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70207\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adamski. He maintains permanent pastures consisting of dense grasses and clovers in about 85 percent of his 220-acre farm. The thick ground covering of these perennial plants retains moisture and provides additional hydration for the cows. And the diversity of the plants creates a natural insurance for the fluctuations in weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adamski believes that grazing is integral in maintaining this perennial system. “If we manage for both production of the pasture and the livestock, both can be productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For organic operations committed to an outdoor grazing regimen, perennial agricultural systems with soil and herd management may help to meet milk production demands even if hotter summers become the norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic or not, all dairy farmers and ice cream lovers stand to reap the benefits of farming practices that help cows stay cool.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/movingcows-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a warm summer day the lines for ice cream at the Daily Scoop on the University of Wisconsin- Madison campus are frustratingly long. Everyone is herded together, waiting their turn to order a cone filled with creamy, cold ice cream -- anything to take the edge off that overheated feeling. But securing a steady supply of this refreshing treat depends on keeping cows cool, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface-334x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"334\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cows create a lot of body heat and use a large amount of energy in the process of producing milk. “When you are comfortable, a cow is warm; when you are hot, a cow is miserable; and when you are cold, a cow is probably fine,” explained Dr. Lou Armentano, a professor in the Department of Dairy Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. On those hot summer days, cows immediately respond to the high temperature with decreased milk production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cows produce the most milk and are \u003ca title=\"Mesonet Cattle Comfort Index\" href=\"http://www.mesonet.org/images/site/Mesonet%20Cattle%20Comfort%20Advisor%20Description.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">most comfortable \u003c/a>when the temperature is between 15 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. When the temperature increases to the 85- to 105-degree range, milk production is decreased by 20 percent, or more. Once it gets above 105 degrees it can be fatal. At that point, up to 5 percent of the herd can be expected to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big issue for all the farmers we work with is risk. Extreme weather is adding uncertainty to this already uncertain profession,” according to Michelle Miller, associate director of the UW-Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year Madison would expect 13 days above 90 degrees, but in the summer of 2012 there were 39 days when the temperature surpassed that mark. And scientists expect more hot summers like that in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065-425x360.png\" alt=\"The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\" width=\"425\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts\" href=\"http://www.wicci.wisc.edu/climate-change.phphttp://\" target=\"_blank\">Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts \u003c/a>(WICCI) predicts that summer days and nights in Wisconsin will become increasingly warmer. Climate models point toward an average temperature increase of as much as 3 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit in Wisconsin by mid-century. By 2055 Madison may be seeing an average of 37 days above 90 degrees and 4 above 100 degrees. Many cows are confined to barns with some measure of temperature control, so for them, extreme weather is not a major concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Various techniques are used in the barns to keep the cows cool. Open-stall barns have curtains that can be opened in the summer to allow natural breezes to blow through. Temperatures can also be held at bay by building the barn so that it’s in the shade during the hottest part of the day. And some farms have installed evaporating systems that mist and fan the cows on hot days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Victor Cabrera, UW-Madison dairy science professor and extension specialist, “The trend is that milk production increases year to year because of genetics and/or better management practices, regardless of climate changes” for the cows that are kept indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all cows spend their time in the barn. The cows at Rick Adamski’s Full Circle Farm, in Seymour, graze outdoors in the pastures. Shade trees are scattered throughout the pasture and provide shelter from the heat of the summer at this organic farm. Still, Adamski finds that his cows are vulnerable to heat stress once the temperature gets above 90 degrees. When it gets that hot, the cows wait to eat until the temperatures have cooled down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they’re ready to graze, “A good permanent pasture shades the soil to keep the soils cooler during the heat of summer,” according to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70207\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adamski. He maintains permanent pastures consisting of dense grasses and clovers in about 85 percent of his 220-acre farm. The thick ground covering of these perennial plants retains moisture and provides additional hydration for the cows. And the diversity of the plants creates a natural insurance for the fluctuations in weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adamski believes that grazing is integral in maintaining this perennial system. “If we manage for both production of the pasture and the livestock, both can be productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For organic operations committed to an outdoor grazing regimen, perennial agricultural systems with soil and herd management may help to meet milk production demands even if hotter summers become the norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic or not, all dairy farmers and ice cream lovers stand to reap the benefits of farming practices that help cows stay cool.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“The winter is a pretty incredible time of year,” Jonathan Pauli told me. Looking out the window of his office at Wisconsin’s stubborn crust of snow, it occurred to me that “incredible” might not be the most popular adjective, especially this year, as a harrowing winter slowly releases its grip on the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">P\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">auli\u003c/a> and his colleague \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/zuckerberg/\">Benjamin Zuckerberg\u003c/a> explained that winter’s thick blanket of snow,inhospitable as it looks, actually provides a safe haven for plants and animals that spend their lives in northerly latitudes. “You look at the landscape and you see a blanket of homogeneous white,” said Pauli. “You think that it makes everything simple. But what is kind of fun to think about is that complex world that lives underneath the snow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauli and Zuckerberg are both professors in the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They call the narrow band of stability that exists between snow and soil the “subnivium.” In this wintry stratum, plants can germinate and photosynthesize and animals stay active -- some, like shrews, even raise litters here. But according to the scientists’ research, the subnivium is \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1700\">endangered\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two key features help the subnivium support its tenants: temperature stability and air pockets that give animals a little breathing room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stable temperatures -- even low ones -- are easier than fluctuating ones for organisms to accommodate. Because water in any form takes a long time to heat up or cool down, snow is a great insulator. It traps the heat rising from the soil so that even when the air temperature plummets, the temperature at the bottom of a column of snow will hover right around freezing. Meanwhile, the heat emanating from the soil creates a rising cloud of water vapor. Those water molecules condense as they move upward, creating a band of loose, icy snow where animals can move around easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68875 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o\" width=\"341\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small mammals like voles depend on the subnivium's stable temperatures to survive the winter. Image by Jason Ahrns/flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In this stable, humid ecosystem, spiders, woolly bear caterpillars, wood frogs, voles, shrews, lawn-killing fungi called “snow molds,” and delicate glacier lilies all thrive. As the \u003ca href=\"http://whatweknow.aaas.org/get-the-facts/\">climate changes\u003c/a>, though, they might not be thriving for much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doesn’t it seem like winter would be the one time when a warming climate could be a boon for wildlife? At first blush, Pauli admitted, “it does seem paradoxical. Winter is a period of resource limitations, and if it gets warmer, that’s got to be a good thing!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like snow cover, though, it isn’t as simple as it looks. Michael Notaro, a climate researcher at UW-Madison, explained that by the end of the century the 6- to 12-degree jump predicted for the upper Midwest will mean \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1814\">winters that are less snowy\u003c/a>. And the snow that does fall won’t be the few dry, fluffy inches at a time that create the most stable subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air holds more water than cold air, so when the conditions are right for precipitation, “there’s more moisture to wring out,” Notaro explained. By the middle of this century Notaro’s models predict that the Midwest will be walloped by big snowstorms that drop wet, heavy snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence will be a snowpack that fluctuates both in depth and density. And without a reliably thick blanket of snow, the subnivean temperature starts to fluctuate, tracking the temperature of the air above it. The ironic result is that warmer winters will actually leave these subnivean organisms confronting colder temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68888\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 376px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68888 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592-376x253.jpg\" alt=\"6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o\" width=\"376\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants like the glacier lily can avoid freezing or drying out by spending the winter in the subnivium as seeds or root stock. If the subnivium gets too shallow, these plants could be damaged by ice crystals or germinate too early in the season to survive. Image by Steve Redman/National Parks Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a big problem. The subnivium’s inhabitants have developed very finely tuned, if occasionally bizarre, survival strategies that won’t work in new conditions. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjr3A_kfspM\">wood frog\u003c/a>, for example, survives freezing by injecting all its tissues with glucose, which acts as a kind of cellular antifreeze, and then draining all the blood from its organs until the spring thaw jump-starts the frog’s heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below about 18 degrees Fahrenheit, the extra glucose can’t keep ice from invading the frog’s tissues, tearing apart its cells. Even if the temperature never dips below that critical point, freeze/thaw cycles driven by newly unstable temperatures could leave the frog too exhausted to make it though the winter. Other animals’ adaptive strategies are just as delicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fascinating to think about how animals make a living,” Pauli said. “I mean, it really is fascinating. We crawl into our 65-degree houses and it’s comfy and cozy, but these organisms are making a living in a hostile environment.” The subnivium has been a refuge from that hostility, but Pauli believes that climate change “might simply outstrip the ability of organisms to make a living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now this problem has been largely overlooked, partly because the subnivium itself is tucked away. Zuckerberg explained that “degradation in that environment can be pretty invisible to the naked eye.” Unlike a stripped rainforest or garbage-choked river, a shallow, dense band of snow looks a lot like a thick, loose one, but only the latter fosters a healthy subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models predict the biggest temperature jumps during the coldest months of the year. “Most ecology labs are kind of hibernating during the winter,” Zuckerberg says. But neither Zuckerberg nor Pauli will be sleeping their days away: they’ll be out there in that incredible winter, looking for everything hidden under the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"p0RkJkc1xwoFyAGDn6RFPOvOkOn1GBuj\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“The winter is a pretty incredible time of year,” Jonathan Pauli told me. Looking out the window of his office at Wisconsin’s stubborn crust of snow, it occurred to me that “incredible” might not be the most popular adjective, especially this year, as a harrowing winter slowly releases its grip on the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">P\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">auli\u003c/a> and his colleague \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/zuckerberg/\">Benjamin Zuckerberg\u003c/a> explained that winter’s thick blanket of snow,inhospitable as it looks, actually provides a safe haven for plants and animals that spend their lives in northerly latitudes. “You look at the landscape and you see a blanket of homogeneous white,” said Pauli. “You think that it makes everything simple. But what is kind of fun to think about is that complex world that lives underneath the snow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauli and Zuckerberg are both professors in the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They call the narrow band of stability that exists between snow and soil the “subnivium.” In this wintry stratum, plants can germinate and photosynthesize and animals stay active -- some, like shrews, even raise litters here. But according to the scientists’ research, the subnivium is \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1700\">endangered\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two key features help the subnivium support its tenants: temperature stability and air pockets that give animals a little breathing room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stable temperatures -- even low ones -- are easier than fluctuating ones for organisms to accommodate. Because water in any form takes a long time to heat up or cool down, snow is a great insulator. It traps the heat rising from the soil so that even when the air temperature plummets, the temperature at the bottom of a column of snow will hover right around freezing. Meanwhile, the heat emanating from the soil creates a rising cloud of water vapor. Those water molecules condense as they move upward, creating a band of loose, icy snow where animals can move around easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68875 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o\" width=\"341\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small mammals like voles depend on the subnivium's stable temperatures to survive the winter. Image by Jason Ahrns/flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In this stable, humid ecosystem, spiders, woolly bear caterpillars, wood frogs, voles, shrews, lawn-killing fungi called “snow molds,” and delicate glacier lilies all thrive. As the \u003ca href=\"http://whatweknow.aaas.org/get-the-facts/\">climate changes\u003c/a>, though, they might not be thriving for much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doesn’t it seem like winter would be the one time when a warming climate could be a boon for wildlife? At first blush, Pauli admitted, “it does seem paradoxical. Winter is a period of resource limitations, and if it gets warmer, that’s got to be a good thing!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like snow cover, though, it isn’t as simple as it looks. Michael Notaro, a climate researcher at UW-Madison, explained that by the end of the century the 6- to 12-degree jump predicted for the upper Midwest will mean \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1814\">winters that are less snowy\u003c/a>. And the snow that does fall won’t be the few dry, fluffy inches at a time that create the most stable subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air holds more water than cold air, so when the conditions are right for precipitation, “there’s more moisture to wring out,” Notaro explained. By the middle of this century Notaro’s models predict that the Midwest will be walloped by big snowstorms that drop wet, heavy snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence will be a snowpack that fluctuates both in depth and density. And without a reliably thick blanket of snow, the subnivean temperature starts to fluctuate, tracking the temperature of the air above it. The ironic result is that warmer winters will actually leave these subnivean organisms confronting colder temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68888\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 376px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68888 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592-376x253.jpg\" alt=\"6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o\" width=\"376\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants like the glacier lily can avoid freezing or drying out by spending the winter in the subnivium as seeds or root stock. If the subnivium gets too shallow, these plants could be damaged by ice crystals or germinate too early in the season to survive. Image by Steve Redman/National Parks Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a big problem. The subnivium’s inhabitants have developed very finely tuned, if occasionally bizarre, survival strategies that won’t work in new conditions. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjr3A_kfspM\">wood frog\u003c/a>, for example, survives freezing by injecting all its tissues with glucose, which acts as a kind of cellular antifreeze, and then draining all the blood from its organs until the spring thaw jump-starts the frog’s heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below about 18 degrees Fahrenheit, the extra glucose can’t keep ice from invading the frog’s tissues, tearing apart its cells. Even if the temperature never dips below that critical point, freeze/thaw cycles driven by newly unstable temperatures could leave the frog too exhausted to make it though the winter. Other animals’ adaptive strategies are just as delicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fascinating to think about how animals make a living,” Pauli said. “I mean, it really is fascinating. We crawl into our 65-degree houses and it’s comfy and cozy, but these organisms are making a living in a hostile environment.” The subnivium has been a refuge from that hostility, but Pauli believes that climate change “might simply outstrip the ability of organisms to make a living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now this problem has been largely overlooked, partly because the subnivium itself is tucked away. Zuckerberg explained that “degradation in that environment can be pretty invisible to the naked eye.” Unlike a stripped rainforest or garbage-choked river, a shallow, dense band of snow looks a lot like a thick, loose one, but only the latter fosters a healthy subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models predict the biggest temperature jumps during the coldest months of the year. “Most ecology labs are kind of hibernating during the winter,” Zuckerberg says. But neither Zuckerberg nor Pauli will be sleeping their days away: they’ll be out there in that incredible winter, looking for everything hidden under the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"p0RkJkc1xwoFyAGDn6RFPOvOkOn1GBuj\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Building Better Forests\" was produced by QUEST Wisconsin's Andy Soth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees grow slowly. The climate is changing quickly. That combination could be deadly for the nation’s forests -- but new research may show how to make those forests a little tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three-quarters of a billion acres in the United States are covered in forest. And it’s not just sitting there. Forests store and filter water, exchange the carbon dioxide we don’t want in the air for the oxygen we do, provide habitat for animals and smaller plants, and fuel the country’s $30 billion timber industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/staticsites/mladenofflab/\">David Mladenoff\u003c/a>, a professor of forest ecology at the University of Wisconsin who is featured in the video posted above, \u003ca href=\"http://video.wpt.org/video/1714105891/\">explains\u003c/a> that some key tree species -- especially those in northern forests -- might not be able to survive in warmer conditions. More heat-tolerant species could move northward to replace them, but climate change may outpace the ability of southern species to migrate to higher latitudes. If that happens, the total acreage of northern forests could drop dramatically by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that survive these changes will still have to contend with invasive species and new diseases. Pests that used to be eradicated by cold winters will be more likely to infiltrate new territories, attacking trees already stressed by higher temperatures, drought, and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is still hope for these trees. Scientists believe that we might be able to bolster forests’ chances of survival if we can figure out how to create forests that are more resilient. As Mike Dombeck, a former chief of the U.S. Forest Service, explained, “That resilience is always in diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diversity confers resilience because some tree species will weather climate change better than others. Some will succumb to invasive pests; others won’t. A diverse forest can hedge its bets: even if one species is lost, the forest will persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68092\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68092 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001-272x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will bolster the forest's health.\" width=\"272\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will improve the forest's health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a lesson in how to cultivate a diverse and resilient forest, scientists and forest managers have turned their attention to a 220,000-acre Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/\">forest\u003c/a> managed by the Menominee tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dombeck calls the Menominee enterprise “a real success story in forest management.” The Menominee have been harvesting wood from their forest for 150 years, but the reservation holds even more timber today than it did when they started logging. Young and old trees in a variety of species attest that the forest has retained its protective diversity, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe credits its success to its celebrated 19th-century chief Oshkosh, who advised the Menominee to harvest only sick trees, mature trees, dying trees -- leaving plenty of large, healthy ones behind. This strategy is called “selective harvest.” Forester David Mausel points out that it mimics nature’s method for culling the forest, where the weaker trees are the first to succumb to insects and disease. The forest, not the lumber market, determines which trees get cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of Wisconsin’s forests did not reap the rewards of Oshkosh’s advice. Throughout the 19th century, the expanding U.S. timber industry pushed logging ever farther westward. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Lakes states were being stripped of their old-growth forests in what Dombeck describes as “cut and run” forestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence, said Mladenoff, is that state is mostly left with 100-year-old forests -- barely out of babyhood by forestry standards. “Some have already been cut once or twice again so they're even younger. It means we have a very homogenous forest,” he explained. That homogeneity makes the forest vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mladenoff is investigating whether these newer, low-diversity forests can be persuaded to behave like the resilient old-growth forest the Menominee manage. They’ve targeted several features that could help young forests act a little older. “We know that old-growth forests have a very different structure than all our younger managed forests,” Mladenoff said. “They have large trees. They have different sized openings in the canopy. There's many more logs on the forest floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing large trees takes time, but the other changes are easier to make. At their study site in the Flambeau River State Forest about 150 miles northwest of the Menominee reservation, Mladenoff and his team cut down carefully selected trees to create gaps in the canopy, and leave old logs to rot slowly on the forest floor. The effect is similar to what the Menominee achieve with selective harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment will run for 50 years, but some effects are already obvious. New, light-hungry tree species are springing up under the gaps in the canopy, increasing the forest’s biodiversity -- maybe this young forest’s best defense against a warmer future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68093 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trunk respiration001\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Special instruments help Mladenoff's team measure the carbon absorbed and released by the forest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the forests survive, they can help combat climate change at its source. Forests absorb \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988\">billions\u003c/a> of pounds of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> every year, sequestering it in leaves and branches and tree trunks. Carbon is also stored in tree debris on the forest floor and in the soil -- in fact, the soil holds \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705004834\">more than half\u003c/a> the carbon locked up in the forest. Mladenoff’s experiment will measure how the new canopy gaps and extra logs affect the forest’s ability to store and release carbon, to determine if these diversity-enhancing strategies could also make the forest a better carbon sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists assumed that only young, quickly growing forests were good at storing carbon. But more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.html\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that old forests absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, too. Mladenoff explains that even though old trees grow more slowly, their greater mass means that they can still soak up a lot of carbon. A forest where some trees are allowed to reach a ripe old age, and where biodiversity is encouraged, could be both more resistant to climate change and one of our best weapons against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing,” Dombeck said, “is to take care of the goose that lays the golden eggs, and that's the forest.” Mladenoff’s results may one day help ecologists create a healthier and more resilient “goose” that can weather whatever changes lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Building-a-Better-Forest-2_25LLedit.docx\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"gUBDxWgOAbEcmLFlTNZC1lpQMiD1zrF0\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Building Better Forests\" was produced by QUEST Wisconsin's Andy Soth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees grow slowly. The climate is changing quickly. That combination could be deadly for the nation’s forests -- but new research may show how to make those forests a little tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three-quarters of a billion acres in the United States are covered in forest. And it’s not just sitting there. Forests store and filter water, exchange the carbon dioxide we don’t want in the air for the oxygen we do, provide habitat for animals and smaller plants, and fuel the country’s $30 billion timber industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/staticsites/mladenofflab/\">David Mladenoff\u003c/a>, a professor of forest ecology at the University of Wisconsin who is featured in the video posted above, \u003ca href=\"http://video.wpt.org/video/1714105891/\">explains\u003c/a> that some key tree species -- especially those in northern forests -- might not be able to survive in warmer conditions. More heat-tolerant species could move northward to replace them, but climate change may outpace the ability of southern species to migrate to higher latitudes. If that happens, the total acreage of northern forests could drop dramatically by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that survive these changes will still have to contend with invasive species and new diseases. Pests that used to be eradicated by cold winters will be more likely to infiltrate new territories, attacking trees already stressed by higher temperatures, drought, and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is still hope for these trees. Scientists believe that we might be able to bolster forests’ chances of survival if we can figure out how to create forests that are more resilient. As Mike Dombeck, a former chief of the U.S. Forest Service, explained, “That resilience is always in diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diversity confers resilience because some tree species will weather climate change better than others. Some will succumb to invasive pests; others won’t. A diverse forest can hedge its bets: even if one species is lost, the forest will persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68092\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68092 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001-272x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will bolster the forest's health.\" width=\"272\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will improve the forest's health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a lesson in how to cultivate a diverse and resilient forest, scientists and forest managers have turned their attention to a 220,000-acre Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/\">forest\u003c/a> managed by the Menominee tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dombeck calls the Menominee enterprise “a real success story in forest management.” The Menominee have been harvesting wood from their forest for 150 years, but the reservation holds even more timber today than it did when they started logging. Young and old trees in a variety of species attest that the forest has retained its protective diversity, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe credits its success to its celebrated 19th-century chief Oshkosh, who advised the Menominee to harvest only sick trees, mature trees, dying trees -- leaving plenty of large, healthy ones behind. This strategy is called “selective harvest.” Forester David Mausel points out that it mimics nature’s method for culling the forest, where the weaker trees are the first to succumb to insects and disease. The forest, not the lumber market, determines which trees get cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of Wisconsin’s forests did not reap the rewards of Oshkosh’s advice. Throughout the 19th century, the expanding U.S. timber industry pushed logging ever farther westward. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Lakes states were being stripped of their old-growth forests in what Dombeck describes as “cut and run” forestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence, said Mladenoff, is that state is mostly left with 100-year-old forests -- barely out of babyhood by forestry standards. “Some have already been cut once or twice again so they're even younger. It means we have a very homogenous forest,” he explained. That homogeneity makes the forest vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mladenoff is investigating whether these newer, low-diversity forests can be persuaded to behave like the resilient old-growth forest the Menominee manage. They’ve targeted several features that could help young forests act a little older. “We know that old-growth forests have a very different structure than all our younger managed forests,” Mladenoff said. “They have large trees. They have different sized openings in the canopy. There's many more logs on the forest floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing large trees takes time, but the other changes are easier to make. At their study site in the Flambeau River State Forest about 150 miles northwest of the Menominee reservation, Mladenoff and his team cut down carefully selected trees to create gaps in the canopy, and leave old logs to rot slowly on the forest floor. The effect is similar to what the Menominee achieve with selective harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment will run for 50 years, but some effects are already obvious. New, light-hungry tree species are springing up under the gaps in the canopy, increasing the forest’s biodiversity -- maybe this young forest’s best defense against a warmer future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68093 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trunk respiration001\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Special instruments help Mladenoff's team measure the carbon absorbed and released by the forest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the forests survive, they can help combat climate change at its source. Forests absorb \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988\">billions\u003c/a> of pounds of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> every year, sequestering it in leaves and branches and tree trunks. Carbon is also stored in tree debris on the forest floor and in the soil -- in fact, the soil holds \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705004834\">more than half\u003c/a> the carbon locked up in the forest. Mladenoff’s experiment will measure how the new canopy gaps and extra logs affect the forest’s ability to store and release carbon, to determine if these diversity-enhancing strategies could also make the forest a better carbon sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists assumed that only young, quickly growing forests were good at storing carbon. 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A forest where some trees are allowed to reach a ripe old age, and where biodiversity is encouraged, could be both more resistant to climate change and one of our best weapons against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing,” Dombeck said, “is to take care of the goose that lays the golden eggs, and that's the forest.” Mladenoff’s results may one day help ecologists create a healthier and more resilient “goose” that can weather whatever changes lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Building-a-Better-Forest-2_25LLedit.docx\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Ski-cast: Is There Hope for the Slopes?",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first time I struck out on skis was at Butternut Mountain, a beginner-friendly ski resort that’s been around since 1963 in Massachusetts’ Berkshire range. On that sunny but brisk February day, the bunny hill was brimming with wobbly novices like me -- a veritable sea of flailing poles and legs gone wild. I can still remember a particularly exhilarating run in which I managed to knock over a small child before landing on my side in a pile of snow that was clearly intended to stop people like me from careening into an adjacent parking lot. That was the day I literally and figuratively fell for skiing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every winter thousands of people fall for skiing and snowboarding at places like Butternut, places with gentle slopes where even future Olympians first begin building their confidence and ability. But, unfortunately, it’s at these small, snowy havens where we often get our start where the fun may soon be coming to an end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517712001367\">a study\u003c/a> out of Canada’s University of Ottawa about the impact of climate change on regional ski areas, none of the 17 winter resorts in Massachusetts and Connecticut will be able to sustain a viable skiing season as soon as 2039 as a result of reduced snowfall. Meanwhile, many of the slopes in neighboring Vermont are expected to fare better. The main reason for the differing predictions? Altitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may seem obvious that temperatures would remain colder at higher elevations, what we don’t know is when these more vulnerable ski spots will no longer be able to survive the financial toll of changing climate conditions. After crunching the data for 103 northeast resorts, with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc-data.org/\">IPCC climate models\u003c/a>, the researchers concluded that in the next 15 years the number of “skiable” days at many areas could fall to fewer than 100. While season lengths vary depending on a resort’s size and capacity, the 100-day rule has long been a general benchmark of economic viability for any ski hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the biggest factors impacting these smaller ski areas is that the season will also become shorter as the warming trend continues,” said Jackie Dawson, one of the report’s authors. “Snow won’t really start falling until after the December holidays, and that’s when these resorts usually make 35 percent of their total revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67868\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/SKI-Snowmaking-on-Aspen-Mtn.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/SKI-Snowmaking-on-Aspen-Mtn-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Colorado's Aspen Mountain. Image by Brent Gardner-Smith/Aspen Journalism\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Machine-made snow is blasted on Colorado's Aspen Mountain. Image by Brent Gardner-Smith/\u003ca href=\"http://aspenjournalism.org/\">Aspen Journalism\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Dawson’s report focused on Northeast ski resorts, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/winter-olympics-downhill-forecast-1.14639\">recent article in the journal \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> also highlighted predictions for other ski destinations whose future remains “climatically unreliable,” with milder winters threatening to render obsolete even former Olympic ski areas like those in and around Salt Lake City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong> article also cited another prediction that “by 2030 the rising snowline at Colorado’s world famous Aspen resort will be near the base of the chairlifts,” and snow may only cover the summit by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if you live in the Northeast you are probably scratching your head and wondering how these projections could possibly be true after being hammered by snow in 2014. “A lot of people are under the false impression that climate change will only result in warmer temperatures,” Dawson reminded me. “The reality is that we will experience more extreme weather events and increased variability. This means we will not only see warmer temperatures but also increased events of extreme precipitation during short periods of time and more extreme cold temperatures for short periods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although machine-made snow can help make up for lost precipitation, Dawson pointed out that snowmaking still requires cold temperatures and works best with a base layer of real snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowmaking is also a costly and resource-intensive endeavor. Comprised of the same ingredients as real snow, machine-made snow is created by forcing pressurized air and water through the nozzle of a snow gun and blasting it onto the mountain. A consistent and powerful source of energy is required to run the snow machines, and the process requires vast amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.snowmakers.com/snowmaking-basic.html\">SMI Snow Makers\u003c/a>, the company that saved the day by making snow for the 2014 Winter Olympics, it takes 82,000 gallons of water (enough to fill about 11 tanker trucks) to create a six-inch layer of snow covering a 200-by-200-foot area. To cover a medium-sized ski slope, some 1.5 million gallons of water are required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the main Olympic skiing venue near Sochi, two man-made lakes were constructed from which water could be drawn to make snow. More typically, water is siphoned from local rivers, lakes and underground aquifers. Although some water returns after the snow melts, moving it around can disturb ecosystems, impacting the health of aquatic plants and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/family_windturbine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-67954 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/family_windturbine-254x360.jpg\" alt=\"lmage by Rob Boss/Courtesy of Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort\" width=\"254\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jiminy Creek's 1.5MW wind turbine provides about 33% of the resort's electrical demands annually. lmage by Rob Boss/Courtesy of Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And when the weather is balmy and water is scarce, as it has been in California this winter, snowmaking becomes difficult for some. Without the physical and financial resources to keep their snow machines humming, the owners of the small but popular Donner Ski Ranch in California’s Lake Tahoe ski area were unable to open their slopes for business until March 1 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dawson believes there is hope for these slopes, and her study even offers suggestions to ski resort managers about how to deal with climate change. She pointed with optimism to Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort, a Massachusetts ski area where \u003ca href=\"http://www.jiminypeak.com/green-jiminy\">energy-efficient technologies\u003c/a>, such as an on-site wind turbine, will help them prepare for the increasing need to make snow. The resort has also found other ways to market themselves as hiking and mountain biking destinations in non-winter months, as have many other ski areas across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all about adaptation -- that’s how these places will survive,” said Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, although these ski resorts won’t be turning into water parks just yet, the next generation of skiers will likely be taking their first steps -- and falls -- on higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the increasing costs of making snow, their lift tickets won’t be getting any cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Despite predictions that many ski resorts in New England and around the nation may no longer be economically viable in just 15 years, researchers point to adaptation as the key to staying the course.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first time I struck out on skis was at Butternut Mountain, a beginner-friendly ski resort that’s been around since 1963 in Massachusetts’ Berkshire range. On that sunny but brisk February day, the bunny hill was brimming with wobbly novices like me -- a veritable sea of flailing poles and legs gone wild. I can still remember a particularly exhilarating run in which I managed to knock over a small child before landing on my side in a pile of snow that was clearly intended to stop people like me from careening into an adjacent parking lot. That was the day I literally and figuratively fell for skiing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every winter thousands of people fall for skiing and snowboarding at places like Butternut, places with gentle slopes where even future Olympians first begin building their confidence and ability. But, unfortunately, it’s at these small, snowy havens where we often get our start where the fun may soon be coming to an end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517712001367\">a study\u003c/a> out of Canada’s University of Ottawa about the impact of climate change on regional ski areas, none of the 17 winter resorts in Massachusetts and Connecticut will be able to sustain a viable skiing season as soon as 2039 as a result of reduced snowfall. Meanwhile, many of the slopes in neighboring Vermont are expected to fare better. The main reason for the differing predictions? Altitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it may seem obvious that temperatures would remain colder at higher elevations, what we don’t know is when these more vulnerable ski spots will no longer be able to survive the financial toll of changing climate conditions. After crunching the data for 103 northeast resorts, with help from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc-data.org/\">IPCC climate models\u003c/a>, the researchers concluded that in the next 15 years the number of “skiable” days at many areas could fall to fewer than 100. While season lengths vary depending on a resort’s size and capacity, the 100-day rule has long been a general benchmark of economic viability for any ski hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the biggest factors impacting these smaller ski areas is that the season will also become shorter as the warming trend continues,” said Jackie Dawson, one of the report’s authors. “Snow won’t really start falling until after the December holidays, and that’s when these resorts usually make 35 percent of their total revenue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67868\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/SKI-Snowmaking-on-Aspen-Mtn.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67868 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/SKI-Snowmaking-on-Aspen-Mtn-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Colorado's Aspen Mountain. Image by Brent Gardner-Smith/Aspen Journalism\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Machine-made snow is blasted on Colorado's Aspen Mountain. Image by Brent Gardner-Smith/\u003ca href=\"http://aspenjournalism.org/\">Aspen Journalism\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Dawson’s report focused on Northeast ski resorts, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/winter-olympics-downhill-forecast-1.14639\">recent article in the journal \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> also highlighted predictions for other ski destinations whose future remains “climatically unreliable,” with milder winters threatening to render obsolete even former Olympic ski areas like those in and around Salt Lake City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong> article also cited another prediction that “by 2030 the rising snowline at Colorado’s world famous Aspen resort will be near the base of the chairlifts,” and snow may only cover the summit by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, if you live in the Northeast you are probably scratching your head and wondering how these projections could possibly be true after being hammered by snow in 2014. “A lot of people are under the false impression that climate change will only result in warmer temperatures,” Dawson reminded me. “The reality is that we will experience more extreme weather events and increased variability. This means we will not only see warmer temperatures but also increased events of extreme precipitation during short periods of time and more extreme cold temperatures for short periods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although machine-made snow can help make up for lost precipitation, Dawson pointed out that snowmaking still requires cold temperatures and works best with a base layer of real snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snowmaking is also a costly and resource-intensive endeavor. Comprised of the same ingredients as real snow, machine-made snow is created by forcing pressurized air and water through the nozzle of a snow gun and blasting it onto the mountain. A consistent and powerful source of energy is required to run the snow machines, and the process requires vast amounts of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.snowmakers.com/snowmaking-basic.html\">SMI Snow Makers\u003c/a>, the company that saved the day by making snow for the 2014 Winter Olympics, it takes 82,000 gallons of water (enough to fill about 11 tanker trucks) to create a six-inch layer of snow covering a 200-by-200-foot area. To cover a medium-sized ski slope, some 1.5 million gallons of water are required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the main Olympic skiing venue near Sochi, two man-made lakes were constructed from which water could be drawn to make snow. More typically, water is siphoned from local rivers, lakes and underground aquifers. Although some water returns after the snow melts, moving it around can disturb ecosystems, impacting the health of aquatic plants and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/family_windturbine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-67954 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/family_windturbine-254x360.jpg\" alt=\"lmage by Rob Boss/Courtesy of Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort\" width=\"254\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jiminy Creek's 1.5MW wind turbine provides about 33% of the resort's electrical demands annually. lmage by Rob Boss/Courtesy of Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And when the weather is balmy and water is scarce, as it has been in California this winter, snowmaking becomes difficult for some. Without the physical and financial resources to keep their snow machines humming, the owners of the small but popular Donner Ski Ranch in California’s Lake Tahoe ski area were unable to open their slopes for business until March 1 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dawson believes there is hope for these slopes, and her study even offers suggestions to ski resort managers about how to deal with climate change. She pointed with optimism to Jiminy Peak Mountain Resort, a Massachusetts ski area where \u003ca href=\"http://www.jiminypeak.com/green-jiminy\">energy-efficient technologies\u003c/a>, such as an on-site wind turbine, will help them prepare for the increasing need to make snow. The resort has also found other ways to market themselves as hiking and mountain biking destinations in non-winter months, as have many other ski areas across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all about adaptation -- that’s how these places will survive,” said Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, although these ski resorts won’t be turning into water parks just yet, the next generation of skiers will likely be taking their first steps -- and falls -- on higher ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the increasing costs of making snow, their lift tickets won’t be getting any cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ocean Acidification: The Basics",
"title": "Ocean Acidification: The Basics",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cdiv style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\">\u003c!--[if lt IE 9]>\u003cscript>document.createElement('video');\u003c/script>\u003c![endif]-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cvideo class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-0-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"453\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\">\u003csource type=\"video/mp4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v?_=1\">\u003c/source>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\">http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WHOI-OAvid.m4v\u003c/a>\u003c/video>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">Animation created by Sarah Cooley, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showing a computer recreation of surface ocean pH from 1895 to the present and a forecast of ocean pH between now and 2100 under current emission rates. The pH scale is shown on the right.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide is naturally present in tiny amounts in the atmosphere; however, since humans started burning fossil fuels at the beginning of the industrial age, carbon dioxide levels have increased dramatically. Carbon dioxide is a gas that plants combine with energy from the sun to create food. It is also a greenhouse gas: it traps the heat of the sun and keeps it from reflecting back into space. Today the oceans absorb about 25 percent of the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> released every year. Initially, scientists focused on the benefits of removing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, but in the last decade research has shown that the excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> absorbed by the oceans is changing the chemistry -- the pH -- of the seawater in a process called ocean acidification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use the pH scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen (H) ions in a solution on a scale of 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, numbers smaller than 7 indicate increased acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate increased alkalinity. The pH scale is logarithmic, so one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold increase in the concentration of H ions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification takes place when excess CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from the atmosphere dissolves in the ocean and combines with seawater to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions -- the increase in hydrogen ions reduces the pH of the seawater, causing it to become more acidic, and interferes with the uptake of calcium carbonate by shelled ocean organisms. Many shelled organisms are affected by a decrease in pH, including oysters, scallops, abalone, and even the smallest plankton that makes up an important part of the ocean food web. When there is less carbonate available, shells become thinner and growth slows down. Organisms have to spend more energy building their shells, which means less energy for growth. Larval stages are especially at risk because they need to grow shells before they start to eat. Shelled organisms provide food for a multitude of other creatures in the ocean, and so their decline has the potential to affect the entire ocean ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the major concerns of ocean acidification is the drastic rate at which it is happening. Scientists have determined the most rapid CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> increase in Earth’s history occurred 55 million years ago, and that change was likely not as rapid as the change we see today. It is uncertain whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to the rapidly changing chemistry in such a short time. As organisms are compromised, the biodiversity of the ocean may decrease, as only certain species will be able to adapt to the changing chemistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists studying ocean acidification have concluded that in order to keep the ocean environment sustainable, we need to reduce CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions. Reducing the burning of fossil fuels is necessary for the health of the ocean as well as Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Pre-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is the ocean valuable to humans?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a greenhouse gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How are greenhouse gases created?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Post-discussion Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How have humans contributed to ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is ocean acidification affecting organisms in the ocean?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is the rate of ocean acidification alarming to scientists?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can you do to reduce the effects of ocean acidification?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Extension Activities\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.html\">Carbon Cycle Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence\u003c/strong> (COSEE). This digital game lets students take on the role of a carbon atom moving through the carbon cycle. Understanding the carbon cycle is essential to understanding the causes and consequences of climate change.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/kidsite/portfolio/alien-juice-bar/\">GEMS Alien Juice Bar Game\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/strong>. An engaging game for students in grades 4 through 8 explores the properties of acids and bases using red cabbage juice. The game helps students to understand the pH scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3> \u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://seattletimes.com/seachange\">Sea Change: The Pacific’s Perilous Turn\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Seattle Times. \u003c/strong>A multimedia investigation of ocean acidification with video, images, and text discusses the science and impacts of ocean acidification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean%2BAcidification\">Ocean Acidification,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Pacific Marine Environmental Lab, NOAA\u003c/strong>. This content- and media-rich website is by scientists studying ocean acidification. The site contains research, background information, videos, and infographics.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaLRcVdTbM&feature=channel_video_title\">Ocean Acidification: The Other Carbon Dioxide Problem\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>NOAA\u003c/strong>. This four-minute video explains what ocean acidification is and its potential impact on marine ecosystems.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://virtualurchin.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm\">Our Acidifying Ocean\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Stanford University\u003c/strong>. This interactive slideshow about ocean acidification is directed at a middle-school audience. The slideshow contains text, images, and games.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/60703322\">We Are Aware, Are You?,\u003c/a> \u003cstrong>Suquamish Tribe\u003c/strong>. This video was made by four high school students from the Suquamish Tribe in Washington State to highlight the impact of ocean acidification in their community.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/water/article/coral-reefs-and-shellfish-battle-acidifying-oceans/\">Coral Reefs and Shellfish Battling Acidifying Oceans\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>EarthFix\u003c/strong>. This multimedia presentation about acidifying oceans features two six-minute videos: “Acidifying Waters Corrode Northwest Shellfish” and “Florida’s Coral Reefs Face Altered Oceans.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation: \u003c/strong>Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth’s Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect, stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions, asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
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