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"content": "\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">[gallery type=\"slideshow\" link=\"file\" ids=\"58083,58093,58085,58089,58091,58090,58088\"]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fall, Santa Clara county residents will get a new source of water. This water is local and pristine. In fact, it's cleaner than almost anything coming out of taps today. But – for now at least – no one will drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, water from the $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> will flow into segregated, purple pipes to irrigate lawns and cool power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the water is recycled from wastewater – sewage – from a wastewater treatment plant across the street. Engineers say it's possible to purify sewage water until it's cleaner than much of what residents drink today. The bigger challenge, they say, is convincing people to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">The need\u003c/a> for this new Bay Area plant is well established, says \u003ca href=\"http://urbanwatererc.org/people\">Dick Luthy\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem> San Diego’s recycling plan nearly died in 2007 when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We're basically at the limits of our current water supply,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">California's population will increase in coming years. Climate change will make \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/06/09/forget-this-winter-western-snowpack-shrinking/\">snowmelt from the Sierra Mountains\u003c/a> more erratic. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/09/governor-girds-for-battle-over-delta-fix/\">Policy battles\u003c/a> over farms and endangered fish in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">the Delta\u003c/a> mean more competition for less supply. The important thing to realize, says Luthy, is that where we get our water and what we do with it have to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're realizing now,” he says, “is that the ways of the past are not the ways of the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes online, the plant will produce eight million gallons of purified water a day, using some of the most high-tech water purification systems available today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is microfiltration. Canisters filled with spaghetti-like fibers filter out anything larger than one micron – 1/300th of the width of a human hair – including bacteria. Next, high-pressure pumps force water through a reverse osmosis membrane, with pores so small they exclude anything larger than a water molecule, including viruses and traces of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the water gets zapped by ultraviolet rays to scramble the DNA of (and therefore sterilize) anything that might be left living in it. “We are removing 99.99 percent of all pathogens,” says Crystal Yezman, an engineer for the Santa Clara Valley Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose's been recycling water for more than a decade, but this water will be much cleaner. Theoretically, says plant spokesman Marty Grimes, you could drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike water from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">the embattled Delta\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/hetch-hetchy-aqueduct-big-fixes-for-big-quakes/\">Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, the supply – sewage – is basically boundless. And, as Grimes points out, local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water is ours,” he says. “No one can take it away”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58142 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"329\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg 1144w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-400x481.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-800x962.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-960x1155.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, at least, this water will be more expensive than current water sources, like the Delta or underground aquifers. It will also be more expensive than measures to conserve current water supply, like low-flow shower heads or more efficient toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But managers expect recycled water costs to fall in the future, as the practice becomes more common, and say that recycled water is much less expensive than other “new” sources of water, such as desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water recycling has been a tough sell here in California. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiego.gov/water/recycled/\">San Diego’s recycling plan\u003c/a> nearly died \u003ca href=\"http://www.10news.com/news/mayor-opposes-toilet-to-tap-water-supply-proposal\">in 2007\u003c/a> when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago \u003ca href=\"http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/people/bhaddad\">Brent Haddad\u003c/a>, an environmental engineer at UC Santa Cruz, noticed that he kept finding himself at industry meetings listening to water managers complaining about an “irrational” public unwilling to accept perfectly clean, recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on this, here's a terrific \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139642271/why-cleaned-wastewater-stays-dirty-in-our-minds\">NPR story\u003c/a> from a couple years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Haddad conducted a national survey, to try and understand this resistance and what it would take to change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found it has nothing to do with level of education or any other personal demographic traits, like race, religion or salary,” says Haddad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear about drinking recycled water, he says, is “a great equalizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you convince the public to embrace recycled water? Haddad says the first step is to explain to people how the water is treated, and why it is safe to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that process is explaining that Americans have effectively been drinking recycled water for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, cities along the Mississippi or Colorado Rivers. Cities treat their sewage and pump it back into the river. Downstream, other cities suck water from the river, treat it, and pipe it to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any city that gets its water from Colorado river, like Las Vegas and southern California utilities,” says Dave Smith, Managing Director for Water Reuse California. “are getting some of their water supply through incidental potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Haddad says another way to reassure customers is to use what he calls “psychological cleansing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to break the memory, the line of history of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, re-write the history of the water, editing out the part about sewage. One way to do this is to take recycled water and put it back into nature, for instance, a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That river is something that's comforting to people. We don’t have to think that the water came through a city. We just begin the history of the water in the river itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact California's Department of Public Health, which works with utilities to design water recycling facilities, currently requires this kind of “environmental buffer.” (Though the Department is currently reevaluating \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/node/7428\">that policy\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental buffer is built into the design of the world's largest water recycling facility, operated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature\">Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58107\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58107 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\" alt=\"A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\" width=\"400\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of a river, the county's Groundwater Replenishment System cleans treated sewage, then pumps it into underground aquifers, where it mixes with other water and eventually gets pumped up, re-treated, and piped to peoples’ houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers call these systems “indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put it back into the ground and then eventually it becomes part of the water supply,” says the district's general manager Michael Markus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says getting water clean enough that it can be put back into an aquifer is the easy part. Much more of a challenge, he says, was convincing the public that the water would be safe enough to drink. The district decided on a policy of total transparency, he says, and started planning a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went to our local state elected officials, the health and medical community, environmental groups, Rotary clubs,” he says. “We talked to the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution, scouting troops... anyone who would want to hear or receive a presentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole process took nine years. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/ConservationEducation/ToursSpeakersBureau.aspx\">Tours of the facility\u003c/a> are still available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony is that when you put recycled water back into the ecosystem, it actually gets dirtier, and has to be treated again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says it's “frustrating” to watch this facility pump pristine water into a hole in the ground. But he realizes that winning people over to recycled water is an ongoing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is farther along in Southern California. In Los Angeles, says Dave Smith, “One-fifth of the population is already getting part of their water supply from indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Texas, which faces critical water shortages, at least two recycling facilities skip the “environmental buffer” stage entirely, using advanced purification to treat wastewater and pump it directly to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Northern California, the process of use and acceptance is just beginning. When the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center opens up in late fall, the pristine water will be destined for golf courses and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one day, if policies and public opinion change, it could be there for drinking, too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fall, Santa Clara county residents will get a new source of water. This water is local and pristine. In fact, it's cleaner than almost anything coming out of taps today. But – for now at least – no one will drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, water from the $68 million \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/SVAWPC.aspx\">Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center\u003c/a> will flow into segregated, purple pipes to irrigate lawns and cool power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because the water is recycled from wastewater – sewage – from a wastewater treatment plant across the street. Engineers say it's possible to purify sewage water until it's cleaner than much of what residents drink today. The bigger challenge, they say, is convincing people to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/10/30/toilet-to-tap-water-recycling-might-be-in-your-future/\">The need\u003c/a> for this new Bay Area plant is well established, says \u003ca href=\"http://urbanwatererc.org/people\">Dick Luthy\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem> San Diego’s recycling plan nearly died in 2007 when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We're basically at the limits of our current water supply,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">California's population will increase in coming years. Climate change will make \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/06/09/forget-this-winter-western-snowpack-shrinking/\">snowmelt from the Sierra Mountains\u003c/a> more erratic. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2013/05/09/governor-girds-for-battle-over-delta-fix/\">Policy battles\u003c/a> over farms and endangered fish in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">the Delta\u003c/a> mean more competition for less supply. The important thing to realize, says Luthy, is that where we get our water and what we do with it have to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we're realizing now,” he says, “is that the ways of the past are not the ways of the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes online, the plant will produce eight million gallons of purified water a day, using some of the most high-tech water purification systems available today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first step is microfiltration. Canisters filled with spaghetti-like fibers filter out anything larger than one micron – 1/300th of the width of a human hair – including bacteria. Next, high-pressure pumps force water through a reverse osmosis membrane, with pores so small they exclude anything larger than a water molecule, including viruses and traces of pharmaceuticals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the water gets zapped by ultraviolet rays to scramble the DNA of (and therefore sterilize) anything that might be left living in it. “We are removing 99.99 percent of all pathogens,” says Crystal Yezman, an engineer for the Santa Clara Valley Water District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose's been recycling water for more than a decade, but this water will be much cleaner. Theoretically, says plant spokesman Marty Grimes, you could drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike water from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">the embattled Delta\u003c/a>, or \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/hetch-hetchy-aqueduct-big-fixes-for-big-quakes/\">Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, the supply – sewage – is basically boundless. And, as Grimes points out, local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This water is ours,” he says. “No one can take it away”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58142\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 329px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58142 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"329\" height=\"397\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic.jpg 1144w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-400x481.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-800x962.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/recycled_water_graphic-960x1155.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 329px) 100vw, 329px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, at least, this water will be more expensive than current water sources, like the Delta or underground aquifers. It will also be more expensive than measures to conserve current water supply, like low-flow shower heads or more efficient toilets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But managers expect recycled water costs to fall in the future, as the practice becomes more common, and say that recycled water is much less expensive than other “new” sources of water, such as desalination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, water recycling has been a tough sell here in California. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiego.gov/water/recycled/\">San Diego’s recycling plan\u003c/a> nearly died \u003ca href=\"http://www.10news.com/news/mayor-opposes-toilet-to-tap-water-supply-proposal\">in 2007\u003c/a> when the mayor uttered the three most dreaded words for this industry: “Toilet to tap.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago \u003ca href=\"http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/people/bhaddad\">Brent Haddad\u003c/a>, an environmental engineer at UC Santa Cruz, noticed that he kept finding himself at industry meetings listening to water managers complaining about an “irrational” public unwilling to accept perfectly clean, recycled water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(For more on this, here's a terrific \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/08/16/139642271/why-cleaned-wastewater-stays-dirty-in-our-minds\">NPR story\u003c/a> from a couple years ago.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Haddad conducted a national survey, to try and understand this resistance and what it would take to change it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found it has nothing to do with level of education or any other personal demographic traits, like race, religion or salary,” says Haddad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fear about drinking recycled water, he says, is “a great equalizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you convince the public to embrace recycled water? Haddad says the first step is to explain to people how the water is treated, and why it is safe to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of that process is explaining that Americans have effectively been drinking recycled water for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for instance, cities along the Mississippi or Colorado Rivers. Cities treat their sewage and pump it back into the river. Downstream, other cities suck water from the river, treat it, and pipe it to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any city that gets its water from Colorado river, like Las Vegas and southern California utilities,” says Dave Smith, Managing Director for Water Reuse California. “are getting some of their water supply through incidental potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brent Haddad says another way to reassure customers is to use what he calls “psychological cleansing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to break the memory, the line of history of the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, re-write the history of the water, editing out the part about sewage. One way to do this is to take recycled water and put it back into nature, for instance, a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That river is something that's comforting to people. We don’t have to think that the water came through a city. We just begin the history of the water in the river itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact California's Department of Public Health, which works with utilities to design water recycling facilities, currently requires this kind of “environmental buffer.” (Though the Department is currently reevaluating \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/site/node/7428\">that policy\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An environmental buffer is built into the design of the world's largest water recycling facility, operated by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwa.com/content/water-recycling/californias-water-water-recycling-imitates-nature\">Orange County Water District\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58107\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-58107 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg\" alt=\"A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\" width=\"400\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/a-toilet-water-fountain-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A water fountain at San Francisco's Exploratorium challenges people's assumptions about where their water comes from. Photo courtesy of Windell Oskay\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of a river, the county's Groundwater Replenishment System cleans treated sewage, then pumps it into underground aquifers, where it mixes with other water and eventually gets pumped up, re-treated, and piped to peoples’ houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers call these systems “indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put it back into the ground and then eventually it becomes part of the water supply,” says the district's general manager Michael Markus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says getting water clean enough that it can be put back into an aquifer is the easy part. Much more of a challenge, he says, was convincing the public that the water would be safe enough to drink. The district decided on a policy of total transparency, he says, and started planning a series of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went to our local state elected officials, the health and medical community, environmental groups, Rotary clubs,” he says. “We talked to the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution, scouting troops... anyone who would want to hear or receive a presentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole process took nine years. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocwd.com/ConservationEducation/ToursSpeakersBureau.aspx\">Tours of the facility\u003c/a> are still available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The irony is that when you put recycled water back into the ecosystem, it actually gets dirtier, and has to be treated again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markus says it's “frustrating” to watch this facility pump pristine water into a hole in the ground. But he realizes that winning people over to recycled water is an ongoing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That process is farther along in Southern California. In Los Angeles, says Dave Smith, “One-fifth of the population is already getting part of their water supply from indirect potable reuse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Texas, which faces critical water shortages, at least two recycling facilities skip the “environmental buffer” stage entirely, using advanced purification to treat wastewater and pump it directly to customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in Northern California, the process of use and acceptance is just beginning. When the Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center opens up in late fall, the pristine water will be destined for golf courses and power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one day, if policies and public opinion change, it could be there for drinking, too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Living Machine: A Flush Worth Following",
"headTitle": "The Living Machine: A Flush Worth Following | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56673 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 045_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse plants are used to help filter wastewater from toilets at an Oberlin College building.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a>, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-56672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788-233x169.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 033\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">One student writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“Normally I hate\u003cbr>\nPooping in a public place\u003cbr>\nHere I feel proud”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingmachines.com/About-Living-Machine/Water-Reuse.aspx\">Living Machine\u003c/a>. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">An \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">electronic dashboard\u003c/a> displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">webcam\u003c/a> (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for \u003ca href=\"http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment\">wastewater treatment\u003c/a> schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/faqs_causes_habs.html\">algal blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/29/john-todd-living-machines-lecture/\">hear\u003c/a> him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. Local schools organize field trips to see the machine at work, and college students organize campaigns to promote on-campus pooping. Even internet gazers get involved with interactive tools and webcams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It introduces the concept of internal recycling and systems-thinking, says Peterson. “It challenges people to think: what’s waste vs. what’s resource?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson says coming to this building is an experience—an experience that starts with a trip to the bathroom. As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/composting-toilet1.htm\">\u003cem>the composting toilet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-56673 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 045_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-045_21-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greenhouse plants are used to help filter wastewater from toilets at an Oberlin College building.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the small liberal arts campus of Oberlin College in Northeast Ohio, you would expect to see some funky hairdos, a smattering of fixed-gear bikes, and certainly some people strolling barefoot to class. But you might not expect to find their bathroom stalls peppered with “Poop Haikus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies\u003c/a>, musings on human excrement dominate the toilet landscape.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-56672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-033-e1371132935788-233x169.jpg\" alt=\"Living Machine 033\" width=\"233\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">One student writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 20pt;padding-right: 20pt;line-height: 110%\">\u003cem>“Normally I hate\u003cbr>\nPooping in a public place\u003cbr>\nHere I feel proud”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">Why the sense of pride? Because the building is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.livingmachines.com/About-Living-Machine/Water-Reuse.aspx\">Living Machine\u003c/a>. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">It’s an in-house wastewater treatment and reuse system that mimics the processes of natural wetlands. Student (and faculty) poop fuels the machine, and the water used to flush it down is recycled over and over, after passing through an elaborate cleaning system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">An \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">electronic dashboard\u003c/a> displays the amount of recycled vs. city water used at any given moment in the building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I toured “the machine” with biologist John Peterson and building manager Sean Hayes. We set out to follow the flush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first stop is an underground tank, full of—you guessed it—poop.“I think I just saw something coming in!” exclaimed Peterson after lifting the lid of the tank, and Hayes crouched down to confirm the turd sighting. This first tank is where the anaerobic action happens—microbes that don’t dig oxygen live here and start breaking down and converting the organic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the sludge travels to another underground tank, this one with a bubbler that aerates the system. A different set of bacteria hang out here and greedily munch on the carbs and proteins, further breaking down the mess. They’re also helping convert a key element, nitrogen, into a plant-friendly form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-56725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Living-Machine-054-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist John Peterson describes how the tropical plants suck up nitrogen and house beneficial bacteria in their roots.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After this, the mixture heads indoors, into a series of open tanks in a greenhouse. You can watch the greenhouse live on a \u003ca href=\"http://buildingdashboard.net/oberlin/ajlc/#/oberlin/ajlc////\">webcam\u003c/a> (though I can’t say it’s compelling television). Big tropical plants sprout from the tanks; Calla Lilies are in bloom during my visit. The plants suck up nitrogen and their roots house more beneficial bacteria. In addition to burning up organic matter and removing pathogens, it’s important for \u003ca href=\"http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/wastewater-treatment\">wastewater treatment\u003c/a> schemes to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, which if released into the environment, contribute to harmful \u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/faqs_causes_habs.html\">algal blooms.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next stop is a gurgle through the clarifier basin—where the sludge settles and is sent back to the underground tanks to keep the microbe levels high—and then the clear water is piped underneath the gravel bed of the greenhouse. This is referred to as the “marsh.” Here, more anaerobic microbes finish the cleaning job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a toilet needs refilling—or the landscaping needs watering—the clean, treated water is passed through an ultraviolet light to kill any lingering pathogens, and then it’s put into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The water in the building’s toilets is slightly brown, but Peterson says it’s cleaner than much of the world’s drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Living Machine technology was invented by biologist John Todd in the late nineties (\u003ca href=\"http://permaculturenews.org/2013/04/29/john-todd-living-machines-lecture/\">hear\u003c/a> him talk about it), and versions of it are now in place in several buildings across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usefulness of the technology here in Oberlin, where water isn’t scarce, is less about its practical benefits and more about the educational ones. Local schools organize field trips to see the machine at work, and college students organize campaigns to promote on-campus pooping. Even internet gazers get involved with interactive tools and webcams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It introduces the concept of internal recycling and systems-thinking, says Peterson. “It challenges people to think: what’s waste vs. what’s resource?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson says coming to this building is an experience—an experience that starts with a trip to the bathroom. As a friend of mine who had visited the campus proudly told me, “Yep, I made a contribution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Explore a waterless way to deal with human excrement: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/home/composting-toilet1.htm\">\u003cem>the composting toilet\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>CARMEL VALLEY -- A ceremonial groundbreaking in Carmel Valley on Friday marks the beginning of the end for the 92-year-old San Clemente Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanclementedamremoval.org/\">dam removal project\u003c/a> in California history comes nearly 20 years after state inspectors declared the 106-foot-tall concrete structure unsafe and at risk of collapse in an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an earthquake were to cause it to have any breaks it would collapse quickly,” said Trish Chapman, regional manager for the state \u003ca href=\"http://coastalconservancy.org/\">Coastal Conservancy\u003c/a>, which is helping fund the $84 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most dams, the reservoir has accumulated sediment over the years, so much that it’s now 95 percent silted up and no longer provides water to the Monterey Peninsula. Altogether, 2.5 million cubic yards of sand, gravel and other sediment – enough to fill 767 Olympic swimming pools – has piled up behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57020\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-57020 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg\" alt=\"steelhead trout\" width=\"800\" height=\"885\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-800x885.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-400x442.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-1180x1305.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout-960x1062.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/steelhead-trout.jpg 1188w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dam’s owner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.amwater.com/caaw/\">California American Water Company\u003c/a>, based in Coronado, will pay $49 million toward the project, funded through rate increases on Monterey water customers that amount to about $2.55 a month for average residential users over the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam demolition “is a similar situation to how you plan for decommissioning a nuclear plant,” said California American Water President Robert MacLean. “It’s a matter of ‘when’ not ‘if.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only will 1,500 homes and structures downstream be safer after the three-year project is completed, but removing the dam also will help restore habitat for red-legged frogs and steelhead trout whose numbers have plummeted in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A trout population that numbered 1,350 in 1965 has dwindled to 249 this year, in part because the dam blocks the fish’s migration to and from the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited because we’ve been relocating these frogs and fish—now we’re going to let nature take over and let her do what she does best,” said Brian Stranko, regional director for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">Nature Conservancy\u003c/a>, which contributed $1 million to the removal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the project, construction crews will permanently reroute the Carmel River for about half a mile around the sediment, then tear the dam down over two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57056\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57056 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-800x716.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge\" width=\"800\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/san_clemente_dam1_800-400x358.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This project, which also received some funding from federal grants, is being watched as a possible model for other dam removals across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a good example of where the community came together and recognized there is a reason why people and river would benefit from taking [the dam] down,” said William Irvin, president of \u003ca href=\"www.americanrivers.org/%E2%80%8E\">American Rivers\u003c/a>, an environmental group based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest dam removal project in the country was the demolition of the 108-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\">Elwha Dam\u003c/a> and the 210-foot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/removal-of-the-glines-canyon-dam.htm\">Glines Canyon Dam\u003c/a> near Port Angeles, Washington, a project that began in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That demolition released more than 24 million cubic yards of silt and other debris downstream. Ecologists are still waiting to find out how it will affect fish and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irvin said that projects like the San Clemente are part of a broader movement, one that favors dam removals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are approximately 79,000 dams in the U.S., according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usace.army.mil\">Army Corps of Engineers\u003c/a>. Thousands of them are obsolete, silted up or otherwise suited for removal, although finding the funding to remove them and figuring out what to do with the millions of tons of sediment behind them often pose major challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a while we were building dams all the time, but our understanding of rivers has evolved and we know the value of them,” Irvin said. “It’s a golden age for river restoration and we’re just at the beginning of it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Restoring the Earth's \"Kidneys\" ",
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"content": "\u003cdl>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of a wetland like a kidney. Just as kidneys filter blood in the body, wetlands filter pollutants out of waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an especially important task in some urban areas, where big storm events can overwhelm the sewers and cause an overflow into nearby creeks and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-in-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Eastern-United-States-1998-to-2004-News-Release.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres. But projects are underway to restore some of these wetlands, including one federally-funded effort in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Ohio’s Anne Glausser reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"width: 300px;height: 24px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php?year=2013&program=wetland0515\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-56251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TRANSCRIPT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s planting day at Euclid Creek, near the Wildwood Marina in Cleveland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: What a beautiful day. POSIUS: I know, I know, we’re so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m with Claire Posius of the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District who spearheads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuyahogaswcd.org/euclidcreekfiles/ec_lacustrinerefuge.htm\">wetland restoration project\u003c/a> underway here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re standing at a ledge overlooking the creek and thinking about how best to get down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize – too late – that I’m not wearing the right shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s a little treacherous getting down so I’m trying to figure out…so you don’t mind going through the creek? Or we can walk all the way around? GLAUSSER: No, let’s go through, I’m fine, I’ll…these shoes need to be washed a little anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Sound of wading through creek)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wade through a newly-restored creek bed near where the stream meets Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole area used to be an island, gnarled with invasive Japanese Knotweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It looked like a jungle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island came about because of the nearby marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its development in the 30s, they needed somewhere to put all the dredged earth—so they dumped it into the creek and surrounding wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This created flooding problems upstream, so in the 80s the Army Corps came in and made a relief channel for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a quick fix that solved the flooding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it just channeled the water directly into Lake Erie, and did nothing to restore the wetland and its wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, says Posius, they’ve bulldozed the island, restored the wetland, and returned the creek to its natural, meandering state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’re just, we’re recreating what was here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio was once almost 90% wetland, but now only patches remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife report, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s so rare that we find them now, that we haven’t developed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a problem, says Posius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: They are like the kidney of our natural systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands filter pollutants from urban runoff, such as what comes from the pipe upstream from this creek mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: When we have these big storm events, the system becomes overburdened and then unfortunately our sanitary sewer and the stormwater combine in the same pipe and then come into the creeks and streams, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now with the wetland restored, that natural filter is back in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are also prime real-estate for biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: Why do fish like wetlands, and little puddles and crannies? POSIUS: Well there’s lots of habitat here. So before, the island was about 6’ above the water level so the fish couldn’t get up to the habitat. And what we’ve done also is remove all the invasive plants that’s crowded out all the natives and diversity, and we’re planting hundreds of different species that are native to wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says they’ve attracted ducks, herons, creek chubs…even a toothy resident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’ve got a beaver that’s the size of a yellow lab…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Euclid Creek is pretty unusual to get this kind of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration doesn’t come cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project was backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakesrestoration.us/\">Great Lakes Restoration Initiative\u003c/a>, a federal program that’s funded nearly a billion dollars in cleanup projects since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TITUS: Oh well, this one just crumbled. I don’t know how…(voice in the background: You can still plant it). Still plant it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Titus is a sophomore at Richmond Heights and has an armful of native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s one of thirty or so volunteers who have turned out on this sunny Saturday to help plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is Pasa Barnett, who lives nearby and came out with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: We hadn’t been here probably in a year and we were just amazed at the transformation that had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett’s managed to keep his shoes pretty clean—unlike me—but his hands are definitely dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: It’s just, it’s nice to be a part of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anne Glausser, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wcpn.org/\">90.3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Urban development is impeding the ability of native wetlands to serve as natural filters, but efforts are underway in some places to reverse the damage.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdl>\n\u003cdd>\u003c/dd>\n\u003c/dl>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-56236\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/img_0389_cropped-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Titus, from Richmond Heights, Ohio, plants native grasses during an EPA-funded wetland restoration project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think of a wetland like a kidney. Just as kidneys filter blood in the body, wetlands filter pollutants out of waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an especially important task in some urban areas, where big storm events can overwhelm the sewers and cause an overflow into nearby creeks and streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Status-and-Trends-of-Wetlands-in-the-Coastal-Watersheds-of-the-Eastern-United-States-1998-to-2004-News-Release.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres. But projects are underway to restore some of these wetlands, including one federally-funded effort in Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST Ohio’s Anne Glausser reports:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"width: 300px;height: 24px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/audio.php?year=2013&program=wetland0515\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_56251\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-56251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/volunteer__l_2013-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers lend a hand to stabilize the streambank and restore Euclid Creek's damaged wetlands.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TRANSCRIPT:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s planting day at Euclid Creek, near the Wildwood Marina in Cleveland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: What a beautiful day. POSIUS: I know, I know, we’re so lucky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m with Claire Posius of the Cuyahoga Soil and Water Conservation District who spearheads the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuyahogaswcd.org/euclidcreekfiles/ec_lacustrinerefuge.htm\">wetland restoration project\u003c/a> underway here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re standing at a ledge overlooking the creek and thinking about how best to get down there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realize – too late – that I’m not wearing the right shoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s a little treacherous getting down so I’m trying to figure out…so you don’t mind going through the creek? Or we can walk all the way around? GLAUSSER: No, let’s go through, I’m fine, I’ll…these shoes need to be washed a little anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Sound of wading through creek)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wade through a newly-restored creek bed near where the stream meets Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This whole area used to be an island, gnarled with invasive Japanese Knotweed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It looked like a jungle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The island came about because of the nearby marina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During its development in the 30s, they needed somewhere to put all the dredged earth—so they dumped it into the creek and surrounding wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This created flooding problems upstream, so in the 80s the Army Corps came in and made a relief channel for the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a quick fix that solved the flooding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it just channeled the water directly into Lake Erie, and did nothing to restore the wetland and its wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, says Posius, they’ve bulldozed the island, restored the wetland, and returned the creek to its natural, meandering state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’re just, we’re recreating what was here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northeast Ohio was once almost 90% wetland, but now only patches remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2009 Fish and Wildlife report, wetlands along eastern coastal areas, like the Great Lakes, are disappearing at a rapid clip, with yearly losses of nearly 60,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: It’s so rare that we find them now, that we haven’t developed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a problem, says Posius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: They are like the kidney of our natural systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands filter pollutants from urban runoff, such as what comes from the pipe upstream from this creek mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: When we have these big storm events, the system becomes overburdened and then unfortunately our sanitary sewer and the stormwater combine in the same pipe and then come into the creeks and streams, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now with the wetland restored, that natural filter is back in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are also prime real-estate for biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GLAUSSER: Why do fish like wetlands, and little puddles and crannies? POSIUS: Well there’s lots of habitat here. So before, the island was about 6’ above the water level so the fish couldn’t get up to the habitat. And what we’ve done also is remove all the invasive plants that’s crowded out all the natives and diversity, and we’re planting hundreds of different species that are native to wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says they’ve attracted ducks, herons, creek chubs…even a toothy resident:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>POSIUS: We’ve got a beaver that’s the size of a yellow lab…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Euclid Creek is pretty unusual to get this kind of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetland restoration doesn’t come cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project was backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://greatlakesrestoration.us/\">Great Lakes Restoration Initiative\u003c/a>, a federal program that’s funded nearly a billion dollars in cleanup projects since 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TITUS: Oh well, this one just crumbled. I don’t know how…(voice in the background: You can still plant it). Still plant it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anthony Titus is a sophomore at Richmond Heights and has an armful of native grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s one of thirty or so volunteers who have turned out on this sunny Saturday to help plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is Pasa Barnett, who lives nearby and came out with his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: We hadn’t been here probably in a year and we were just amazed at the transformation that had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnett’s managed to keep his shoes pretty clean—unlike me—but his hands are definitely dirty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARNETT: It’s just, it’s nice to be a part of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anne Glausser, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wcpn.org/\">90.3\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Terroir of Tap",
"headTitle": "The Terroir of Tap | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp align=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-55136 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg\" alt=\"tap_featured\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/tap_featured-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Dining at local restaurants is the usual strategy for exploring regional flavors, but it turns out that there’s another way to get a real taste for a place: turn on the tap. We know that tap water tastes different in different parts of the U.S., but what many of us don’t know is that the flavor variations are partly a reflection of local geology. And according to one Cleveland chef, the distinct make-up of regional waters doesn’t just impact the taste of the water we drink; it also plays an important role in shaping the taste of the local dishes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52503\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-52503 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/1-STEVE-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chef Steve Schimoler of Crop Bistro, in front of his water filtration system.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">“In many, many recipes, water is a key ingredient and many times it might be 90 percent of the recipe, so it becomes more important,” says Steve Schimoler, owner and chef at \u003ca href=\"http://cropbistro.com/\">CROP Bistro\u003c/a>, a hip eatery in the Ohio City neighborhood. “As a chef, I go out of my way to procure the best ingredients for our menu. How could you not want the best water?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Despite the earthy connotation of the name CROP, it actually stands for something a bit more technological: “Custom Restaurant Operation Platform.” Schimoler, a former food scientist for industry titans like Nestle, opened CROP as a place to develop recipes that he tests on diners—and he uses the results to advise large restaurant chains. This year he’s turned his attention to taste-testing tap water.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s myth or legend, everyone says New York bagel dough and pizza dough is so good because of the New York City water,” says Schimoler, a native New Yorker who grew up on the city’s iconic foods. So Schimoler put the myth to the test. He made three pizza doughs – one with Cleveland tap, one with New York tap, and one with Reverse Osmosis water (a heavily filtered water, which Schimoler calls “pure H20”) – and presented them to his customers without identifying them. He left it up to his customers to decide which water he should use in his pizza dough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Schimoler refers to the variation in tap water flavor – the subtle difference between Cleveland tap and New York tap – with a rather high-brow culinary term: “You hear the word ‘terroir’ in wine and produce, where those ingredients are picking up the limey-ness, or the slate-ness, or whatever the environmental impact is within a region.” Schimoler believes water can have a slight, but powerful impact – one that can make or break the overall meal he serves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Deirdre Mueller of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/\">American Water Works Association\u003c/a> (AWWA), this “terroir” of tap is the result of a combination of factors, such as whether the source is surface water (e.g. a lake or river), or ground water (e.g. a deep aquifer). “If the water comes from an aquifer, it’s probably been deep underground for perhaps thousands of years and it’s buried in rock, so it could be more mineral-y. A lot of bottled water companies use aquifer water and say that it tastes fresher,” she says. That said, over the last few years, all of the winners of the AWWA’s annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/public-affairs/public-affairs-events/taste-test.aspx\">Tap Water Taste Tests\u003c/a> have been sourced from surface water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_55339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-55339 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg\" alt=\"Untreated Lake Erie water in filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland. \" width=\"346\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water.jpg 2000w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/filter_lake_water-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Untreated Lake Erie water is filtered at the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant in Cleveland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Another factor affecting the taste of tap is a region’s location within a \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm\">watershed\u003c/a>. Cities that are positioned near the top of a watershed, like Denver, receive water straight from the snowpack of surrounding mountains. Being close to the source, this water does not require many disinfectants to make it potable. However, like all public drinking water in the U.S., it is treated and tested to limit the amount of certain naturally-occurring minerals and microorganisms, along with other chemicals added by the water departments (\u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/\">as mandated by the EPA\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">As water from the watershed heads downstream, its flavor often changes. “By the time water gets to cities in Southern California, for instance, it’s probably been through a handful of treatment processes in cities upstream,” says Mueller. The natural organic flavor in the water evolves into “more of a chemical taste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Some regions require more chemical additives disinfectants than others to meet the EPA’s guidelines. The amount needed depends on environmental factors (like pollution levels) and regional health directives . In Cleveland, where Chef Schimoler’s kitchen lab is, that list includes fluoride, mandated by the state of Ohio to prevent cavities; chlorine, to kill bacteria; and orthophosphate, to help control lead corrosion in pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\"> “Regarding the taste, chlorine is one of the things that, I think, many people have a sensitivity to,” says Alex Margevicius, Interim Commissioner of \u003ca href=\"http://www.clevelandwater.com/\">Cleveland Water\u003c/a>. The EPA allows up to \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/disinfectants.cfm\">4 milligrams of chlorine per liter\u003c/a>. Cleveland Water, which sources its water from intake pipes 3-5 miles offshore in Lake Erie, currently adds 1 ½ milligrams per liter, to strike a balance between taste and safety. “Customers, in general, are more demanding than they were 20 years ago.” says Margevicius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/22/drinking-local-the-taste-of-tap/figi-water_ad-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-54263\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-54263 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/figi-water_ad2-302x360.jpg\" alt=\"This now-infamous Fiji Water ad caused quite a stir when is was published in 2006. \" width=\"242\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Fiji Water ad published in 2006.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They’re more demanding because tap water has had some fierce competition: over 9 billion gallons of bottled water are sold in the U.S. every year. But simply because something costs more, doesn’t mean it’s a better product. When Fiji Water released an ad poking fun at Cleveland’s historic water troubles by proclaiming “The Label Says Fiji Because It’s Not Bottled in Cleveland,” Cleveland Water shot back. “We kind of took offense to that,” says Cleveland Water Quality Manager Maggie Rodgers, who went on to test Fiji Water side-by-side with Cleveland tap, and other bottled water brands. “Low and behold, Fiji Water came back with arsenic at higher levels than our water or the other national brands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Health concerns aside, when it comes down to what we prefer to eat and drink, it’s all about taste. Back in his kitchen laboratory, Chef Steve Schimoler assesses the results of his own tests: “Surprisingly, the pizza dough made with New York tap water didn’t win, although, it’s purported to be the best,” he says. The consumers chose the pizza made with the heavily-filtered reverse osmosis water. “They were tasting what they thought they should taste: says Schimoler, “the yeast, the sweetness of the dough, the browning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"left\">Does this mean that filtered water tastes better than tap? Not necessarily. Schimoler acknowledges that when it comes to water, many factors can impact people’s taste preference – even marketing, “Now, if we labeled it New York [pizza], I bet a lot of people would pick New York just because they knew it was New York. So, it’s a little subjective.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Future of Water",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54854\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"Freshwater expert Sandra Postel \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Virginia Smith\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> Sandra Postel\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sandra Postel has been a leading authority on global freshwater issues for 25 years. Through her organization, \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globalwaterpolicy.org/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The Global Water Policy Project\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>, Postel conducts research, writes, and travels the world providing insights into water challenges and solutions. A former Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, she is currently the National Geographic Society’s \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/sandra-postel/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Freshwater Fellow\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> —and she NEVER drinks bottled water if she can help it.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said in the future the human story will become a water story, what do you mean by that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Water is going to be a central driver of the human experience over the next several decades and beyond. It’s about the scarcity of water; the fact that we’re running into limits in so many places around the world when it comes to water to grow food, water to keep cities expanding, and water to keep our populations supplied with what they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s been said “What oil was to the twentieth century, water will be to the twenty-first,” meaning conflict will erupt over water access. Are wars over water inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-water-glass-196x253.png\" alt=\"Water glass\" width=\"196\" height=\"253\">\u003c/em>I think water’s a more serious issue than the oil issue, given that there’s no substitute for water. We can’t transition away from water, the way we can from oil to other sources of energy. The idea that there will be wars over water the way there have been wars over oil; I think that’s a distraction. There’s going to be enormous social unrest and many humanitarian crises around water and related food shortages within countries. We need to think about and plan more for these circumstances than worrying about armies mobilizing over water. When you look at the river basins around the world, there’s more of a tendency to cooperate than to enter into conflict, so that’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I remember once watching David Letterman do a monologue when New York was in drought where he said, “I keep hearing about this water shortage so last night I turned on my shower and this morning it was still going strong.” How can you communicate about water scarcity when, in the first world, it’s pretty much available on demand? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think most people do only think about water from the point of turning on their tap. But it’s hiding in so many other places in our lives; embedded in everything we wear, everything we eat, everything we do. It takes about 2000 gallons a day to sustain the average American’s lifestyle. More than half is our diet. So helping people think about how their dietary choices increase or decrease their personal water footprint makes a difference. Also, it takes 700 gallons to make a cotton shirt. That awareness is really missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54872 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-cotton-field-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cotton field\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to the NRDC, it takes anywhere from 700 to 2,000 gallons of water to produce about a pound of conventional cotton; just enough to make a single t-shirt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some success stories in water conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of urban conservation, I think Boston is one of the best, in part because it’s in a part of the country that you don’t think of as needing to conserve so much. In the late 1980s, Boston was looking at a potential diversion of the Connecticut River to add supply to their reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Connecticut-River-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the citizens said they wanted to protect the river and its salmon populations, so they asked the water authority to take a serious look at conservation measures. They did, and what they put in place was one of the most progressive and comprehensive conservation programs that I’ve seen. It involved retrofitting homes, strategic pricing, education, audits of industries, fixing leaks. A lot of older cities have tremendous leakage in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston’s water use today is back to where it was fifty years ago. It’s gone down 43% from the peak. And this is greater Boston: two and a half, three million people. The conservation program cost half as much as the alternative would have cost, and it is better for the environment. The river wasn’t diverted, and now there’s actually extra water, in a sense, surplus water in the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you drink eight cups of water daily? What kind of water bottle do you use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-2-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\" width=\"241\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I drink tap water and I drink it out of a glass –or I have any number of stainless steel bottles that I put water in if I’m going to take a hike, or play tennis, or do something outdoors. I don’t drink bottled water unless I absolutely have to because I’m somewhere where there’s no other water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You grew up on Long Island, but now live in New Mexico. Does living in an arid environment change your relationship with water\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. All I have to do is look out my window to see the importance of water in our lives. Understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly on the southwestern U.S., and what it’s going to take to sustain agriculture and populations in the West – it’s all right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you want to get an idea of your own water use, try out the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/change-the-course/water-footprint-calculator/\">\u003cem>Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> Sandra Postel helped develop with the National Geographic Society. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Freshwater expert Sandra Postel reveals how water is destined to become our most precious resource— and the impact of your personal water footprint.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54854\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-54854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg\" alt=\"Freshwater expert Sandra Postel \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-Smith-photo-640x3601-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Virginia Smith\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion:\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong> Sandra Postel\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sandra Postel has been a leading authority on global freshwater issues for 25 years. Through her organization, \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.globalwaterpolicy.org/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>The Global Water Policy Project\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>, Postel conducts research, writes, and travels the world providing insights into water challenges and solutions. A former Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment, she is currently the National Geographic Society’s \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/bios/sandra-postel/\">\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Freshwater Fellow\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>\u003cem> —and she NEVER drinks bottled water if she can help it.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve said in the future the human story will become a water story, what do you mean by that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>Water is going to be a central driver of the human experience over the next several decades and beyond. It’s about the scarcity of water; the fact that we’re running into limits in so many places around the world when it comes to water to grow food, water to keep cities expanding, and water to keep our populations supplied with what they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s been said “What oil was to the twentieth century, water will be to the twenty-first,” meaning conflict will erupt over water access. Are wars over water inevitable?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-water-glass-196x253.png\" alt=\"Water glass\" width=\"196\" height=\"253\">\u003c/em>I think water’s a more serious issue than the oil issue, given that there’s no substitute for water. We can’t transition away from water, the way we can from oil to other sources of energy. The idea that there will be wars over water the way there have been wars over oil; I think that’s a distraction. There’s going to be enormous social unrest and many humanitarian crises around water and related food shortages within countries. We need to think about and plan more for these circumstances than worrying about armies mobilizing over water. When you look at the river basins around the world, there’s more of a tendency to cooperate than to enter into conflict, so that’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I remember once watching David Letterman do a monologue when New York was in drought where he said, “I keep hearing about this water shortage so last night I turned on my shower and this morning it was still going strong.” How can you communicate about water scarcity when, in the first world, it’s pretty much available on demand? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think most people do only think about water from the point of turning on their tap. But it’s hiding in so many other places in our lives; embedded in everything we wear, everything we eat, everything we do. It takes about 2000 gallons a day to sustain the average American’s lifestyle. More than half is our diet. So helping people think about how their dietary choices increase or decrease their personal water footprint makes a difference. Also, it takes 700 gallons to make a cotton shirt. That awareness is really missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 542px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-54872 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-cotton-field-542x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cotton field\" width=\"542\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to the NRDC, it takes anywhere from 700 to 2,000 gallons of water to produce about a pound of conventional cotton; just enough to make a single t-shirt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What have been some success stories in water conservation?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of urban conservation, I think Boston is one of the best, in part because it’s in a part of the country that you don’t think of as needing to conserve so much. In the late 1980s, Boston was looking at a potential diversion of the Connecticut River to add supply to their reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-54870\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Connecticut-River-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Connecticut River in western Massachussetts\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the citizens said they wanted to protect the river and its salmon populations, so they asked the water authority to take a serious look at conservation measures. They did, and what they put in place was one of the most progressive and comprehensive conservation programs that I’ve seen. It involved retrofitting homes, strategic pricing, education, audits of industries, fixing leaks. A lot of older cities have tremendous leakage in the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boston’s water use today is back to where it was fifty years ago. It’s gone down 43% from the peak. And this is greater Boston: two and a half, three million people. The conservation program cost half as much as the alternative would have cost, and it is better for the environment. The river wasn’t diverted, and now there’s actually extra water, in a sense, surplus water in the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you drink eight cups of water daily? What kind of water bottle do you use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54851\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Quest-Sandra-Postel-2-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\" width=\"241\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo credit: Cheryl Zook/National Geographic\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I drink tap water and I drink it out of a glass –or I have any number of stainless steel bottles that I put water in if I’m going to take a hike, or play tennis, or do something outdoors. I don’t drink bottled water unless I absolutely have to because I’m somewhere where there’s no other water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You grew up on Long Island, but now live in New Mexico. Does living in an arid environment change your relationship with water\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. All I have to do is look out my window to see the importance of water in our lives. Understanding the impacts of climate change, particularly on the southwestern U.S., and what it’s going to take to sustain agriculture and populations in the West – it’s all right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>If you want to get an idea of your own water use, try out the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/change-the-course/water-footprint-calculator/\">\u003cem>Water Footprint Calculator\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> Sandra Postel helped develop with the National Geographic Society. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Another Try For California's Second National Conservation Area",
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"content": "\u003cp>On one of those crystalline mornings so rare in California valleys, I joined a small group gathered in front of a coffee shop in the town of Winters, about 30 miles west of Sacramento. But we wouldn’t be lingering there over lattes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plan for the day is to go up to Cold Canyon,\" announced Bob Schneider of the Woodland-based conservation group, \u003ca title=\"Tuleyome - main\" href=\"http://www.tuleyome.org/\">Tuleyome\u003c/a>. \"We’re gonna hike up to the ridge for the views.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The views being sought were of what could become the nation’s newest National Conservation Area, tucked into the broad nether region between I-5 and Highway 101. \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA - map\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\">Nearly 350,000 acres\u003c/a> of federal land, the \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Berryessa Snow Mountain Conservation Area\u003c/a> would get permanent protection from mining activity, sale to commercial developers and -- it’s a bit unclear what else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuleyome’s promotional handout calls the region a “largely undiscovered national treasure.” Michael Brune, the national head of the Sierra Club, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It goes up about a hundred miles to the north to Snow Mountain and in between you’ve got got beautiful wintering habitat for bald eagles,\" Brune told me at a spot along Highway 128, overlooking Putah Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune has thrown his weight behind the move to set aside this expanse. \"Tule elk are here,\" he added, \"You've got beautiful rolling hills on the western part of the valley.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild\"- Michael Brune\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Compared to the nation’s 16 existing \u003ca title=\"BLM - NCAs\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/NLCS/National_Conservation_Areas.html\">National Conservation Areas\u003c/a>, it would be among the biggest, a patchwork of lands variously managed by the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Reclamation, pulling in three already-designated wilderness areas and a sizable chunk of the Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild,\" says Brune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you make that hike up one of the ridges off the highway, east of Napa, the area stretches--literally--farther than the eye can see on most days. The \u003ca title=\"USFS - Snow Mtn\" href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recreation/recarea/?recid=25214\">Snow Mountain Wilderness Area\u003c/a> is a hundred miles to the north. Down at the south end, the Conservation Area would encircle Lake Berryessa, a 16,000-acre reservoir and recreational magnet in this part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking with hikers and boaters around the lake, I found few who were even aware of the proposed NCA, let alone knew what it would mean. And that’s where it gets tricky. There seems to be no one set of rules for NCAs. Each one has its own \"site-specific\" set of protections and restrictions.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I say this just doesn’t qualify,\" says Peter Kilkus, who publishes the \u003ca title=\"Lake Berryessa News\" href=\"http://www.lakeberryessanews.com/\">\u003cem>Lake Berryessa News\u003c/em>\u003c/a> website from his 60-acre homestead overlooking the lake. He and some other landowners and business interests have opposed the NCA, saying it’s just not necessary. In February, the Woodland newspaper \u003ca title=\"Woodland Record - op ed\" href=\"http://woodlandrecord.com/letter-yolo-county-farm-bureau-opposes-district-supervisors-berryessa-s-p3062-1.htm\">published an open letter\u003c/a> to Yolo County supervisors from the head of the county's Farm Bureau, charging that an NCA designation \"accomplishes little of merit, other than placing an additional layer of regulation over the affected area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s first National Conservation Area was also the nation’s first -- the \u003ca title=\"BLM - King Range\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/arcata/kingrange/index.html\">King Range\u003c/a>, along the stretch of northern California known as the “Lost Coast.” To qualify, lands are supposed to have “exceptional scientific, cultural, ecological, historical, and recreational values.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you look at this proposed National Conservation Area -- especially this south end at Lake Berryessa -- this in no way falls under what would be suitable for an NCA in my opinion,\" Kilkus says. \"It’s totally man-made, in the first place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True, Berryessa’s not a natural lake. It was created in 1957 when the Bureau of Reclamation penned up Putah Creek with the 300-foot-high Monticello Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53374\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53374 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"360\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Before the lake was here, it was a huge farming community,\" Kilkus explains. \"Then they built the dam, kicked all the people out. And they put in a lake. Even the fish are not indigenous.\" But down at the south end of Berryessa, the conflict doesn’t seem to be about fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many, the thrum of jet skis and power boats is the pulse of the Lake Berryessa economy -- an economy that has suffered in recent years, as an unfolding government snafu caused the shutdown of five of the lake's seven marinas. At first, the proposed NCA set off alarms that this kind of “motorized recreation” might be banned on the lake. Others worried that it might mean more restricted access to the lands themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn’t affect anybody’s private property,\" Congressman Mike Thompson told me at a recent town hall meeting. \"It’s federally owned property that will always be federally owned property.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time that Thompson, a Democrat, has put up a bill to designate this swath of land as an NCA. Barbara Boxer has a similar bill in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re providing this designation so all the federal agencies can better coordinate and better work together to get more bang for the taxpayer dollars,\" said Thompson. \"Now how in the world anybody could be opposed to that is beyond me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, lawmakers wrote in a promise not to mess with motorized recreation on the lake. That seemed to satisfy Marty Rodden, who runs the boat rentals at Markley Cove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hope so,\" he told me, in between tinkering with outboard motors and casting off pontoon boats loaded with partiers. \"Considering that this is how I make my living, and I’ll be out of business [if motors are banned].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodden says he’s hopeful that once under a new multi-agency management plan, some of the abandoned resorts around the lake might come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a lot less going on up here,\" he reflected. \"I believe there was about a million visitors a year, and we’re probably down to 250,000, so it’s taken a really hard hit on everybody.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"- Peter Kilkus\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kilkus and others around Lake Berryessa are still skeptical. They’re concerned that once the land is redesignated, the government might yield to pressure from wilderness advocates and change the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you read the guiding documents behind a NCA, it gives the government huge latitude to do almost anything they want,\" says Kilkus. \"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, the bill will confront another group of skeptics. It now runs the gantlet of congressional committees, including the House Natural Resources Committee, which has not been real receptive of late to designating new protected lands. A committee is expected to hear the Senate version sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53387\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53387 \" title=\"Map: Berryessa-Snow Mountain NCA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg\" alt=\"NCA_Map130305\" width=\"649\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg 1081w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-400x552.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-800x1104.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-960x1325.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed 100-mile-long National Conservation Area, from Lake Berryessa at the south end, to the Mendocino National Forest in the north. Green areas are managed by the US Forest Service, gold areas by the Bureau of Land Management. (Map: Tuleyome)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Just north of the Bay Area is a vast and varied expanse of land and water that could be in line for new federal protections. The proposed Berryessa-Snow Mountain National Conservation Area would link wilderness zones and other lands in five counties. But it’s been a tough sell in some parts.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On one of those crystalline mornings so rare in California valleys, I joined a small group gathered in front of a coffee shop in the town of Winters, about 30 miles west of Sacramento. But we wouldn’t be lingering there over lattes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plan for the day is to go up to Cold Canyon,\" announced Bob Schneider of the Woodland-based conservation group, \u003ca title=\"Tuleyome - main\" href=\"http://www.tuleyome.org/\">Tuleyome\u003c/a>. \"We’re gonna hike up to the ridge for the views.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The views being sought were of what could become the nation’s newest National Conservation Area, tucked into the broad nether region between I-5 and Highway 101. \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA - map\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\">Nearly 350,000 acres\u003c/a> of federal land, the \u003ca title=\"Berryessa-Snow Mtn NCA\" href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/\">Berryessa Snow Mountain Conservation Area\u003c/a> would get permanent protection from mining activity, sale to commercial developers and -- it’s a bit unclear what else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuleyome’s promotional handout calls the region a “largely undiscovered national treasure.” Michael Brune, the national head of the Sierra Club, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It goes up about a hundred miles to the north to Snow Mountain and in between you’ve got got beautiful wintering habitat for bald eagles,\" Brune told me at a spot along Highway 128, overlooking Putah Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune has thrown his weight behind the move to set aside this expanse. \"Tule elk are here,\" he added, \"You've got beautiful rolling hills on the western part of the valley.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild\"- Michael Brune\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Compared to the nation’s 16 existing \u003ca title=\"BLM - NCAs\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/blm_special_areas/NLCS/National_Conservation_Areas.html\">National Conservation Areas\u003c/a>, it would be among the biggest, a patchwork of lands variously managed by the Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Reclamation, pulling in three already-designated wilderness areas and a sizable chunk of the Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a place that is close to Sacramento, close to the Bay Area, but very wild,\" says Brune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you make that hike up one of the ridges off the highway, east of Napa, the area stretches--literally--farther than the eye can see on most days. The \u003ca title=\"USFS - Snow Mtn\" href=\"http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recreation/recarea/?recid=25214\">Snow Mountain Wilderness Area\u003c/a> is a hundred miles to the north. Down at the south end, the Conservation Area would encircle Lake Berryessa, a 16,000-acre reservoir and recreational magnet in this part of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking with hikers and boaters around the lake, I found few who were even aware of the proposed NCA, let alone knew what it would mean. And that’s where it gets tricky. There seems to be no one set of rules for NCAs. Each one has its own \"site-specific\" set of protections and restrictions.\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I say this just doesn’t qualify,\" says Peter Kilkus, who publishes the \u003ca title=\"Lake Berryessa News\" href=\"http://www.lakeberryessanews.com/\">\u003cem>Lake Berryessa News\u003c/em>\u003c/a> website from his 60-acre homestead overlooking the lake. He and some other landowners and business interests have opposed the NCA, saying it’s just not necessary. In February, the Woodland newspaper \u003ca title=\"Woodland Record - op ed\" href=\"http://woodlandrecord.com/letter-yolo-county-farm-bureau-opposes-district-supervisors-berryessa-s-p3062-1.htm\">published an open letter\u003c/a> to Yolo County supervisors from the head of the county's Farm Bureau, charging that an NCA designation \"accomplishes little of merit, other than placing an additional layer of regulation over the affected area.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s first National Conservation Area was also the nation’s first -- the \u003ca title=\"BLM - King Range\" href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/arcata/kingrange/index.html\">King Range\u003c/a>, along the stretch of northern California known as the “Lost Coast.” To qualify, lands are supposed to have “exceptional scientific, cultural, ecological, historical, and recreational values.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you look at this proposed National Conservation Area -- especially this south end at Lake Berryessa -- this in no way falls under what would be suitable for an NCA in my opinion,\" Kilkus says. \"It’s totally man-made, in the first place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True, Berryessa’s not a natural lake. It was created in 1957 when the Bureau of Reclamation penned up Putah Creek with the 300-foot-high Monticello Dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53374\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53374 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"360\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_3402-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Berryessa was born in 1957, when the federal government built the 300-foot-tall Monticello Dam across Putah Creek. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Before the lake was here, it was a huge farming community,\" Kilkus explains. \"Then they built the dam, kicked all the people out. And they put in a lake. Even the fish are not indigenous.\" But down at the south end of Berryessa, the conflict doesn’t seem to be about fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many, the thrum of jet skis and power boats is the pulse of the Lake Berryessa economy -- an economy that has suffered in recent years, as an unfolding government snafu caused the shutdown of five of the lake's seven marinas. At first, the proposed NCA set off alarms that this kind of “motorized recreation” might be banned on the lake. Others worried that it might mean more restricted access to the lands themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn’t affect anybody’s private property,\" Congressman Mike Thompson told me at a recent town hall meeting. \"It’s federally owned property that will always be federally owned property.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second time that Thompson, a Democrat, has put up a bill to designate this swath of land as an NCA. Barbara Boxer has a similar bill in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re providing this designation so all the federal agencies can better coordinate and better work together to get more bang for the taxpayer dollars,\" said Thompson. \"Now how in the world anybody could be opposed to that is beyond me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, lawmakers wrote in a promise not to mess with motorized recreation on the lake. That seemed to satisfy Marty Rodden, who runs the boat rentals at Markley Cove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hope so,\" he told me, in between tinkering with outboard motors and casting off pontoon boats loaded with partiers. \"Considering that this is how I make my living, and I’ll be out of business [if motors are banned].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodden says he’s hopeful that once under a new multi-agency management plan, some of the abandoned resorts around the lake might come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s a lot less going on up here,\" he reflected. \"I believe there was about a million visitors a year, and we’re probably down to 250,000, so it’s taken a really hard hit on everybody.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"- Peter Kilkus\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kilkus and others around Lake Berryessa are still skeptical. They’re concerned that once the land is redesignated, the government might yield to pressure from wilderness advocates and change the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you read the guiding documents behind a NCA, it gives the government huge latitude to do almost anything they want,\" says Kilkus. \"There’s still a lot of mistrust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, the bill will confront another group of skeptics. It now runs the gantlet of congressional committees, including the House Natural Resources Committee, which has not been real receptive of late to designating new protected lands. A committee is expected to hear the Senate version sometime in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53387\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 649px\">\u003ca href=\"http://berryessasnowmountain.org/pdf/NCAMap%2003.05.2013.pdf\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-53387\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-53387 \" title=\"Map: Berryessa-Snow Mountain NCA\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg\" alt=\"NCA_Map130305\" width=\"649\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051.jpg 1081w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-400x552.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-800x1104.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/NCA_Map1303051-960x1325.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed 100-mile-long National Conservation Area, from Lake Berryessa at the south end, to the Mendocino National Forest in the north. Green areas are managed by the US Forest Service, gold areas by the Bureau of Land Management. (Map: Tuleyome)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress",
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"content": "\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\" width=\"360\" height=\"577\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More details have emerged on a $23 billion plan for California’s trickiest water problem: the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water officials are proposing a pair of tunnels through the Delta, which supplies water to two-thirds of the state’s residents. That water supply will depend on thousands of acres of habitat restoration to bring back endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Thursday’s release\u003c/a> was more a trickle than a flood, with just a third of the several thousand-page plan unveiled. But to Chuck Bonham of the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, it was a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many have said it would never come out,” he said. “Some have said it couldn’t come out. It’s out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> is designed to meet two “co-equal” goals, as they’re known. First, to reverse the decline of the Delta’s endangered fish, some of which have suffered steep declines in recent years. Second, to supply cities and farms across the state with water, something that’s been a sore spot recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the presence of Delta smelt this year and also of migrating salmon, we had to reduce deliveries, or exports, from the Delta on the order of 700,000 acre-feet of water,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. Water managers reckon an acre-foot to be about what a typical suburban household uses in a year, though many western households use less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin says similar cutbacks could be prevented in the future with two, 35-mile water tunnels that would run under the Delta. The tunnels would withdraw water farther away from sensitive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries.” \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t mean the state gets all the water it wants. “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries,” Cowin said. According to modeling, the project would export 4.8 to 5.6 million acre feet of water a year, close to the historical average but not as high as several recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply also depends on more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including tidal marshes that could help endangered fish recover. The restoration work would be unprecedented for the region. “We’re talking about restoration potentially observable from space,” said Bonham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This draft follows a previous version released in 2012 that was criticized by state and federal wildlife officials, who said it didn’t do enough to protect endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham says the new plan reflects that feedback. “These goals and objectives are specific at a level that I don’t think we’ve been talking about in the Delta before,” he said. Changes notwithstanding, many residents and lawmakers from the Delta continue to oppose plan. “This draft Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) continues to ignore the very real concerns expressed by northern California stakeholders,\" wrote Congresswoman Doris Matsui (D-Sacramento) in a joint statement with several other legislators opposing the tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $14 billion dollar tunnels would be paid for by water agencies, while the public would be on the hook for habitat restoration. More details on the costs are expected next month.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51030\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Deltamapsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\" width=\"360\" height=\"577\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Path of two 35-mile tunnels through the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. (Graphic: Bay Delta Conservation Plan)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>More details have emerged on a $23 billion plan for California’s trickiest water problem: the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State water officials are proposing a pair of tunnels through the Delta, which supplies water to two-thirds of the state’s residents. That water supply will depend on thousands of acres of habitat restoration to bring back endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/KeyAnnouncements.aspx\">Thursday’s release\u003c/a> was more a trickle than a flood, with just a third of the several thousand-page plan unveiled. But to Chuck Bonham of the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife, it was a victory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many have said it would never come out,” he said. “Some have said it couldn’t come out. It’s out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a> is designed to meet two “co-equal” goals, as they’re known. First, to reverse the decline of the Delta’s endangered fish, some of which have suffered steep declines in recent years. Second, to supply cities and farms across the state with water, something that’s been a sore spot recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the presence of Delta smelt this year and also of migrating salmon, we had to reduce deliveries, or exports, from the Delta on the order of 700,000 acre-feet of water,” said Mark Cowin of the Department of Water Resources. Water managers reckon an acre-foot to be about what a typical suburban household uses in a year, though many western households use less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cowin says similar cutbacks could be prevented in the future with two, 35-mile water tunnels that would run under the Delta. The tunnels would withdraw water farther away from sensitive fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries.” \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That doesn’t mean the state gets all the water it wants. “This plan does not include any guarantees for water supply deliveries,” Cowin said. According to modeling, the project would export 4.8 to 5.6 million acre feet of water a year, close to the historical average but not as high as several recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The supply also depends on more than 100,000 acres of habitat restoration, including tidal marshes that could help endangered fish recover. The restoration work would be unprecedented for the region. “We’re talking about restoration potentially observable from space,” said Bonham.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This draft follows a previous version released in 2012 that was criticized by state and federal wildlife officials, who said it didn’t do enough to protect endangered fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham says the new plan reflects that feedback. “These goals and objectives are specific at a level that I don’t think we’ve been talking about in the Delta before,” he said. Changes notwithstanding, many residents and lawmakers from the Delta continue to oppose plan. “This draft Bay Delta Conservation Plan (BDCP) continues to ignore the very real concerns expressed by northern California stakeholders,\" wrote Congresswoman Doris Matsui (D-Sacramento) in a joint statement with several other legislators opposing the tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $14 billion dollar tunnels would be paid for by water agencies, while the public would be on the hook for habitat restoration. More details on the costs are expected next month.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Aboard the Tugnacious With Dr. Doom",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130304science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sean Greene contributed to this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is retiring after 33 years working on the troubled ecosystem that's central to California's water supply.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two-thirds of California residents rely on water pumped through the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, as its delicate ecosystem teeters on the brink, and its aging levees crumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planners have spent decades searching for a fix. But they'll have to finish the job without the advice of a man who’s played a central role in Delta science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/01/aboard-the-tugnacious-with-dr-doom/mountportrait_edit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50230\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-50230\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/mountportrait_edit-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jeffrey Mount, a retired UC Davis scientist, was dubbed “Doctor Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jeffrey Mount, the scientist dubbed “Dr. Doom” for his dire pronouncements about the Delta, has retired from his post at University California, Davis. Science editor Craig Miller caught up with him – where else – on the river, aboard his 27-foot cruiser, “Tugnacious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The question of what to do about deteriorating conditions in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta has dogged Mount throughout his 33 years as a professor of geology, as co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/\">Center for Watershed Studies\u003c/a> at UC Davis and going back to Governor Brown’s first administration. I asked Mount – one of the Delta’s most plainspoken explainers, why it matters so much.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Miller: Eight in 10 Californians can’t even tell you where or what the Delta is. Why do they need to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Very few Californians get the notion that this is an interconnected system now, with water that comes all the way out of the Trinity River, piped over and into the Sacramento River and down through the Delta, run into canals and ends up in San Diego. I mean really, that’s extraordinary, all the way from the Klamath Basin to San Diego. This is an interconnected network, so 25 million people get some of their water out of the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37115\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-37115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg\" alt=\"aerial view of the Delta\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/slideshow-delta-explainer640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An aerial view of the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: You said in an interview that you thought we were down to our last shot with the Delta. What did you mean by that? And what do you think the real chance is that we'll have a long-term solution in hand by, say 2020?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Let me explain why I think we’re down to our last shot. We have deeply entrenched interests, and regrettably it’s not simple. You’ve got farmers fighting against farmers. You have urban interests fighting against urban interests. You have environmental groups fighting against environmental groups, and then they’re all fighting each other, and that makes it wickedly complicated. And instead of coming out of their foxholes, they seem to be digging deeper and deeper foxholes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/?attachment_id=37951\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37951\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37951\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaThumbnail5.jpg\" alt=\"map\" width=\"170\" height=\"195\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta network.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Events will eventually dictate how we manage the Delta and I have said many times, and nothing in the last seven or eight years has changed in this, that we’re dealing with a system that is unstable, and it will rearrange itself, whether from floods or earthquakes or rising sea level or changing human demands on the system or invasive species, it is unstable and it is changing and if we don’t get our hands around it now, it’s going to be doubly hard to get our hands around it in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Some believe one way to “get our hands around it” is to move southbound water around this fragile ecosystem – or in the case of the latest proposal, under it, with twin tunnels that would shuttle water from upstream on the Sacramento, more than 30 miles south to serve needs in the Central Valley and Southern California. Mount agrees, saying it’s the only way to comply with current laws that put water needs and the environment on equal footing.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: To meet the co-equal goals of the 2009 legislation, I think you’re going to have to have a tunnel or two. Don’t like it, go back and change the policy. You could say, \"We’re going to manage this ecosystem. We’re going to go for ecosystem health as the primary objective within it.\" If that’s the case, at best you want a tiny little pipe – a peripheral garden hose would be the best description of it. You want to dramatically reduce your withdrawals from the Delta, both in-Delta exports and then all those people upstream; all those people like San Francisco, let’s take them for example, they’re taking water from the Delta, they’re just taking it out upstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: By upstream, you mean up in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Yeah, they’re just taking it out before it gets to Delta, that’s all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36945\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\" alt=\"A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the south Delta, sending water to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>CM: Give me your pithiest version of why a tunnel beats a canal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: Actually I don’t think there’s any difference between the two in terms of system performance, but there are major differences politically. Good luck building a peripheral canal across the Delta given the level of local resistance and changes in our practices of eminent domain. I can completely understand why they want to spend more money and go under the problem rather than over the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: We talked a little about this déjà vu aspect of it, this goes further back than Jerry Brown’s first term, this goes back to Pat Brown, doesn’t it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=left color=white]\u003cstrong>California's Deadlocked Delta\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Video explainer: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">What is the Delta?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Interactive map: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\">Envisioning California’s Delta As it Was\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Feature story: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-deadlocked-delta-can-it-be-fixed/\">Can the Delta Be Fixed?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: That’s correct. When the state water project was developed, they knew all along that they had left a hole in it, and that is the Delta. They knew there was a problem even back in the 1950s that the Delta was going to be a major issue. From that point on, this intractable, difficult wicked problem has bedeviled governors, heads of the Department of Water Resources and water managers in California nonstop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: If they were so aware that this was a problem looming, why didn’t they address the problem head on the first time around?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: There’s a tendency in water supply to leave the most complicated and difficult problems to later. We are a society – and there’s no difference in the water supply community – that likes to pluck the low hanging fruit and put off the hard work until later. The Delta fix, if there is one, is not simple, it’s not cheap, it involves burning massive amounts of political capital to get it done, and it involves lots of angry people no matter what you do. I can easily understand why people kept putting that one off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>And yet, with all of the rancor that remains in the Delta water wars, Mount sees a light at end of this tunnel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I can actually say that I think the state government and federal government are starting to paddle together, which has not been the case – it’s actually been one of the principal problems. They are actually starting to look like they’re much more in sync with each other, and that’s a glimmer of hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Does that mean you think we have a decent shot at a long-term solution?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JM: I think it’s a 50-50 chance that we’ll get a long-term solution out of this. This is all of California’s problem. I mean this is 25 million people, also two-thirds of the population of California. It’s our problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mount still has some skin in the game. In his new career is as a consultant, he says he wants to help restore rivers, not just talk about restoring them. As for his nickname, “Dr. Doom,” Mount says it was coined a decade ago by then-KQED reporter Tamara Keith, now Capitol correspondent for NPR. It stuck – and Mount still embraces it, though no doubt he’d love to be proven wrong.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Threat to Dams Overlooked by Regulators",
"title": "Climate Threat to Dams Overlooked by Regulators",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130114science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48609\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48609 \" title=\"NewBullards\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/NewBullards1-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Bullards Bar Dam in Yuba County is the fifth-highest dam in the United States. (Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">130 hydropower projects\u003c/a> in California. They take advantage of steep terrain and gushing mountain rivers to churn out about \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/hydro/index.html\">fourteen percent\u003c/a> of California's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a delicate balance, dependent on heavy snow in the winter, and heavy runoff in the spring as the snow melts. But climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem that federal regulators have chosen to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Stakes Game\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Bullards Bar Dam stretches across a steep rocky canyon in the Sierra Nevada foothills, about fifty miles northeast of Sacramento. It's the fifth-highest dam in North America, towering more than sixty stories over the North Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to run around to all these glorious sites, and work on a multitude of issues,\" says Geoff Rabone. He works for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which owns this and other smaller dams, plus a network of reservoirs, water diversion tunnels and hydroelectric facilities. Standing on top of the spillway, we can see vultures circling below us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabone manages relicensing for the water agency. Every few decades, hydropower projects have to get a new license from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a>, or FERC. If you think going to the DMV is bad, be glad you're not a dam. Applying for a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/18/rethinking-hydropower/\">hydropower license\u003c/a> takes years and costs millions of dollars. It seems like everything gets considered, from how the dams affect water supply, to endangered species, to whitewater sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have 44 different studies going on right now,\" Rabone tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the new license will dictate how much electricity the project generates, and how much water it releases -- and when -- for the next thirty-to-fifty years. That's why there are so many studies, and why FERC relicensing is so important to water agencies, power companies and environmental groups, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one looming issue that Rabone doesn't have to wrangle any studies for: climate change. FERC doesn't require those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore KQED's multimedia series, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\"> Water and Power\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/waterneedspower.jsp\">Water Needs Power\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/powerneedswater.jsp\">Power Needs Water\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Map:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">California's Hundreds of Dams (and Very Few Undammed Rivers)\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change and the \"New Normal\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an approach akin to the cliche of putting their heads in the sand,\" says Steve Rothert, the California director for the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/\">American Rivers\u003c/a>. Rothert says he has asked FERC to include climate change in the relicensing process, but they've turned him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change projections for the Sierra Nevada vary. The region may get wetter; it may get drier. But scientists agree that it will get warmer, dramatically affecting the snow where most of the region’s water comes from-- and not just in the distant future. There’s evidence that we’re already seeing effects of climate change in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet the power companies and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission refuse to consider how climate change will affect these dams and these rivers for the next 50 years,\" says Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48657\" title=\"IMG_3672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/IMG_3672.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E's Belden Powerhouse is part of the chain of hydro facilities on the Feather River, known as the \"Stairway of Power.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Josh Viers, an ecologist at \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">The University of California - Davis\u003c/a>, is similarly perplexed. He argues that FERC's decision to depend only on historic weather and water records doesn't make sense anymore, especially for licenses that won’t expire for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of the projections for California in particular -- and these are multiple scientists using different models and different assumptions -- all converge on the same idea,\" explains Viers. \"The climate 35 years from now is not likely to be what we see today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/11/12/110882/climate_change_could_shrink_sierra_snowpack_dramatically?category=science\">recent study\u003c/a> suggests the emergence of a “new normal” within the next few decades, one in which eight-in-ten winters in the western U.S. will see snow accumulation below what we now consider normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viers says the way California manages water will have to change. Right now, the snowpack itself serves as a reservoir. If it melts earlier, or if more precipitation falls as rain, our man-made reservoirs may have to spill the extra runoff, which could mean more floods in the winter, and more water shortages in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot at stake,\" says Viers. \"So it seems it would be in the public’s best interest if in fact FERC were looking out for the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the strategic planner for one Sierra utility says, when his agency included an entire section on climate effects in its relicensing application, FERC didn’t want it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Consider Climate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC officials acknowledge that climate change will have an impact on hydropower, but say the climate models scientists have developed just aren't specific enough to project local impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are not really any models yet that are granular enough that we would feel comfortable basing a decision on the impact of climate change on an individual facility,\" FERC commissioner John Norris told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC has also said that the focus of relicensing studies is on how hydropower operations affect resources, not how other things -- in this case, climate change -- affect them. Rothert of American Rivers says that's a red herring, though; the studies he's asked for would concern how hydropower projects affect resources in a changed climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If federal regulators are \"whistling in the dark,\" Rabone from the Yuba County Water Agency says climate change is very much on his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to be very interesting to see what happens, if climate change turns out the way it's theorized to work out,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it does, the job of water managers -- balancing the needs of fish, farmers and power plants -- will only get more complicated as the climate changes, whether or not regulators are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hydropower provides a good chunk of California's electricity. It relies on a balance of heavy snow in the winter and heavy runoff in the spring. Climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem the government isn't examining.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48609\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48609 \" title=\"NewBullards\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/NewBullards1-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Bullards Bar Dam in Yuba County is the fifth-highest dam in the United States. (Photo: Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">130 hydropower projects\u003c/a> in California. They take advantage of steep terrain and gushing mountain rivers to churn out about \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/hydro/index.html\">fourteen percent\u003c/a> of California's electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a delicate balance, dependent on heavy snow in the winter, and heavy runoff in the spring as the snow melts. But climate change threatens to throw that balance out of whack, a problem that federal regulators have chosen to ignore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A High-Stakes Game\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Bullards Bar Dam stretches across a steep rocky canyon in the Sierra Nevada foothills, about fifty miles northeast of Sacramento. It's the fifth-highest dam in North America, towering more than sixty stories over the North Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get to run around to all these glorious sites, and work on a multitude of issues,\" says Geoff Rabone. He works for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycwa.com/\">Yuba County Water Agency\u003c/a>, which owns this and other smaller dams, plus a network of reservoirs, water diversion tunnels and hydroelectric facilities. Standing on top of the spillway, we can see vultures circling below us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rabone manages relicensing for the water agency. Every few decades, hydropower projects have to get a new license from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ferc.gov/\">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u003c/a>, or FERC. If you think going to the DMV is bad, be glad you're not a dam. Applying for a new \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/06/18/rethinking-hydropower/\">hydropower license\u003c/a> takes years and costs millions of dollars. It seems like everything gets considered, from how the dams affect water supply, to endangered species, to whitewater sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have 44 different studies going on right now,\" Rabone tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, the new license will dictate how much electricity the project generates, and how much water it releases -- and when -- for the next thirty-to-fifty years. That's why there are so many studies, and why FERC relicensing is so important to water agencies, power companies and environmental groups, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's one looming issue that Rabone doesn't have to wrangle any studies for: climate change. FERC doesn't require those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>Water and Power\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore KQED's multimedia series, \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/\"> Water and Power\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/waterneedspower.jsp\">Water Needs Power\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Illustration: \u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/powerneedswater.jsp\">Power Needs Water\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Map:\u003c/strong> \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/map.jsp\">California's Hundreds of Dams (and Very Few Undammed Rivers)\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change and the \"New Normal\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an approach akin to the cliche of putting their heads in the sand,\" says Steve Rothert, the California director for the environmental organization \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanrivers.org/\">American Rivers\u003c/a>. Rothert says he has asked FERC to include climate change in the relicensing process, but they've turned him down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change projections for the Sierra Nevada vary. The region may get wetter; it may get drier. But scientists agree that it will get warmer, dramatically affecting the snow where most of the region’s water comes from-- and not just in the distant future. There’s evidence that we’re already seeing effects of climate change in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet the power companies and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission refuse to consider how climate change will affect these dams and these rivers for the next 50 years,\" says Rothert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 330px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48657\" title=\"IMG_3672\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/IMG_3672.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"247\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">PG&E's Belden Powerhouse is part of the chain of hydro facilities on the Feather River, known as the \"Stairway of Power.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Josh Viers, an ecologist at \u003ca href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">The University of California - Davis\u003c/a>, is similarly perplexed. He argues that FERC's decision to depend only on historic weather and water records doesn't make sense anymore, especially for licenses that won’t expire for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most of the projections for California in particular -- and these are multiple scientists using different models and different assumptions -- all converge on the same idea,\" explains Viers. \"The climate 35 years from now is not likely to be what we see today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2012/11/12/110882/climate_change_could_shrink_sierra_snowpack_dramatically?category=science\">recent study\u003c/a> suggests the emergence of a “new normal” within the next few decades, one in which eight-in-ten winters in the western U.S. will see snow accumulation below what we now consider normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Viers says the way California manages water will have to change. Right now, the snowpack itself serves as a reservoir. If it melts earlier, or if more precipitation falls as rain, our man-made reservoirs may have to spill the extra runoff, which could mean more floods in the winter, and more water shortages in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot at stake,\" says Viers. \"So it seems it would be in the public’s best interest if in fact FERC were looking out for the public.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the strategic planner for one Sierra utility says, when his agency included an entire section on climate effects in its relicensing application, FERC didn’t want it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Consider Climate?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC officials acknowledge that climate change will have an impact on hydropower, but say the climate models scientists have developed just aren't specific enough to project local impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are not really any models yet that are granular enough that we would feel comfortable basing a decision on the impact of climate change on an individual facility,\" FERC commissioner John Norris told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FERC has also said that the focus of relicensing studies is on how hydropower operations affect resources, not how other things -- in this case, climate change -- affect them. Rothert of American Rivers says that's a red herring, though; the studies he's asked for would concern how hydropower projects affect resources in a changed climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If federal regulators are \"whistling in the dark,\" Rabone from the Yuba County Water Agency says climate change is very much on his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to be very interesting to see what happens, if climate change turns out the way it's theorized to work out,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it does, the job of water managers -- balancing the needs of fish, farmers and power plants -- will only get more complicated as the climate changes, whether or not regulators are paying attention.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Do California's Fracking Regulations Compare to Other States'?",
"title": "How Do California's Fracking Regulations Compare to Other States'?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California released \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/Index/Pages/Index.aspx\">draft fracking regulations\u003c/a> on December 18. Read a breakdown of the new regulations on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/18/calif-regulators-release-draft-fracking-regulations/#regulations\">KQED's News Fix blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48002\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/how-do-californias-fracking-regulations-compare-to-other-states/fracking121207/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48002\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48002 \" title=\"fracking121207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fracking121207.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fracking121207.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fracking121207-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers at the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. (MLADEN ANTONOV/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California regulators are expected to release \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate\">new fracking regulations\u003c/a> by the end of the year. The state doesn't currently have fracking-specific rules, but some activity falls under the state's oil and gas regulations. Nationwide, regulations differ from state to state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Nathan Richardson who is a resident scholar at \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/Pages/default.aspx\">Resources for the Future\u003c/a>, a policy and economics think tank in Washington, D.C. to learn how California's current oil and gas rules compare to other states'. He’s working on a survey of state fracking regulations around the country. You can explore a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/centers/energy_economics_and_policy/Pages/Shale_Maps.aspx\">map comparing states\u003c/a> on different issues at RFF’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of the interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do California’s current regulations compare to other states’?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOur survey is about fracking for shale gas and the majority of fracking occurring in California is for shale oil. But I think it’s still useful to talk about the shale gas regulations in California because a lot of these regulations apply to the process of getting oil and gas from the ground, not fracking in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s regulations on shale gas are relatively unexceptional. If I wanted to pick out some things where California’s regulations are a little bit different from other states, one thing is that California relies somewhat heavily on its permit process. For casing and cementing in wells, for example, California jumps out as a state that uses a case-by-case approach, as opposed to a uniform statewide standard about how to case and cement a well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other thing I noticed is when a well is shut down, you don’t want a bunch of idle wells out there because those can cause risks. So states limit the amount of time a well can stay idle. California does limit this amount of time, but the length is among the highest in the country; it's 300 months. It doesn’t necessarily imply that’s the wrong balance to strike, but it is something California does do differently than most other states.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s go through some of the big issues when it comes to regulating fracking. The first is what chemicals companies are using in their fracking fluid. How are states handling disclosure?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne area where there’s kind of an emerging trend in one direction is with frack fluid disclosure. Not every state that has any shale gas operations requires fluid disclosure, and those states that do require it don’t always require the same thing. Some of the laws that are being passed in diff states are pretty similar, although they have different exceptions for things like trade secrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See part one from this series - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\">California's Large Shale Oil Reserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part two - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate/\">California Prepares First Fracking Regulations\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a lot of similarity here and it really seems like even in the past couple years the trend has been towards disclosure of these fracking fluids to the public. Part of that’s because either opponents of shale gas or proponents of more regulation for shale gas have really made this an issue that they’ve pushed hard. Also the industry has gotten on board: in a lot of states they’ve realized it’s in their interest to be open about what they’re doing, to help them back up their arguments that this activity is safe. So a consensus has developed around fluid disclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do different states deal with wastewater?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWastewater is complicated. In contrast to what I just talked about with fluid disclosure, this is one of the areas where states have great differences in what they do. There’s different things you can do with the wastewater. You can recycle it, you can inject it under ground, with certain kinds of wastewater you can store it in pits until it evaporates, with some kinds you can even use it in the winter to keep snow and ice off your roadways. There’s a lot of different kinds of fluid that come out of the ground depending on the geological formation and the condition of the well, and local conditions are different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this results in a lot of difference among states and how they regulate this. All states allow fluid to be recycled. Many states allow it to be injected underground, but there are a few states that specifically disallow this, in a lot of cases because of fears that this will cause earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about setback rules? It looks from your \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/centers/energy_economics_and_policy/Pages/Shale_Maps.aspx\">maps\u003c/a> that there is a range from a couple hundred feet to a couple thousand feet.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSet back restrictions essentially say that you must drill a well at least a certain distance away from something else. That something can be a building, a church or a school, a source of water, a source of drinkable water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an interesting story because at the 10,000 foot level, states look the same. But states have different rules about what wells have to be set back from, and how far they have to be set back. States in the west where there just isn’t as much water may be worried about water impacts, while places in the east which are more densely populated but richer in water are more worried about impacts on people and communities. You see some of that reflected in the regulations, but I’d hesitate to call it a trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what about monitoring for water contamination?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA few states have regulations that require the developer to test or to pay for testing of local water wells or local water sources before they frack. There are not many states that require this -- only 7 or 8 of them. California does not require this right now as best as we can tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason to do this is, if some problem does occur later, and the driller wants to say, “No that problem was already there, it’s not us,” it allows the state or the landowner to say, “Well let’s go back and check the data and see if you’re right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this data isn’t available it makes attributing any contamination that is uncovered later really hard. So there’s some fairly strong arguments for having this pre-drilling testing, but it’s not free and there are also a lot of states that don’t really depend on well water as much so it may or may not make sense to have testing in that state. Even the states that do have testing, the distance away from the well that needs to be tested really varies a lot too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What role does the federal government play?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe states are the real show here. States are the ones that are on the ground doing the vast majority of regulation, not only of shale gas development, but oil and gas entirely. The entire history of oil and gas has been almost exclusively a state-regulatory activity. Some people don't like that. A lot of greens think the feds should do it. The industry really likes the states doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has always had a role in protecting surface water. The Clean Water Act gives a lot of power to regulate what can and can't be put into rivers and water in the United States. Putting oil and gas waste into water is almost uniformly illegal, and the reason it's illegal is because the federal government prevents it from being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution is traditionally a federal area. It's regulated primarily under the Clean Air Act. The EPA passed performance standards, that required oil and gas operations to reduce their emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, and required them to use processes called \"Green Completion\" that reduce the emission of all kinds of air pollutants, including methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one other layer that is worth mentioning, and it's especially relevant in the West. The federal government is not just a regulator; it's also a huge land owner. And to the extent that the federal government limits what can be done on the lands that it owns, it's really acting as a landowner. Just like if you and I own a piece of property, and a driller wanted to drill there, we could say, \"Yeah, you can do that, but you've gotta use these super safe practices,\" or, \"You can do this and not that.\" The federal government can do that, and the Department of Interior does issue rules about what can and can't be done on its land. It’s just that that starts to look like a regulation when you're in a place like Nevada or Utah, where the federal government owns most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>UPDATE: California released \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservation.ca.gov/Index/Pages/Index.aspx\">draft fracking regulations\u003c/a> on December 18. Read a breakdown of the new regulations on \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/12/18/calif-regulators-release-draft-fracking-regulations/#regulations\">KQED's News Fix blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48002\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/14/how-do-californias-fracking-regulations-compare-to-other-states/fracking121207/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48002\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48002 \" title=\"fracking121207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fracking121207.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fracking121207.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fracking121207-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 307px) 100vw, 307px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers at the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. (MLADEN ANTONOV/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California regulators are expected to release \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate\">new fracking regulations\u003c/a> by the end of the year. The state doesn't currently have fracking-specific rules, but some activity falls under the state's oil and gas regulations. Nationwide, regulations differ from state to state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Nathan Richardson who is a resident scholar at \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/Pages/default.aspx\">Resources for the Future\u003c/a>, a policy and economics think tank in Washington, D.C. to learn how California's current oil and gas rules compare to other states'. He’s working on a survey of state fracking regulations around the country. You can explore a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/centers/energy_economics_and_policy/Pages/Shale_Maps.aspx\">map comparing states\u003c/a> on different issues at RFF’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an edited version of the interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do California’s current regulations compare to other states’?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOur survey is about fracking for shale gas and the majority of fracking occurring in California is for shale oil. But I think it’s still useful to talk about the shale gas regulations in California because a lot of these regulations apply to the process of getting oil and gas from the ground, not fracking in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s regulations on shale gas are relatively unexceptional. If I wanted to pick out some things where California’s regulations are a little bit different from other states, one thing is that California relies somewhat heavily on its permit process. For casing and cementing in wells, for example, California jumps out as a state that uses a case-by-case approach, as opposed to a uniform statewide standard about how to case and cement a well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other thing I noticed is when a well is shut down, you don’t want a bunch of idle wells out there because those can cause risks. So states limit the amount of time a well can stay idle. California does limit this amount of time, but the length is among the highest in the country; it's 300 months. It doesn’t necessarily imply that’s the wrong balance to strike, but it is something California does do differently than most other states.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Let’s go through some of the big issues when it comes to regulating fracking. The first is what chemicals companies are using in their fracking fluid. How are states handling disclosure?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOne area where there’s kind of an emerging trend in one direction is with frack fluid disclosure. Not every state that has any shale gas operations requires fluid disclosure, and those states that do require it don’t always require the same thing. Some of the laws that are being passed in diff states are pretty similar, although they have different exceptions for things like trade secrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More Coverage\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See part one from this series - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\">California's Large Shale Oil Reserve\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part two - \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/california-prepares-first-fracking-regulations-joining-nationwide-debate/\">California Prepares First Fracking Regulations\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a lot of similarity here and it really seems like even in the past couple years the trend has been towards disclosure of these fracking fluids to the public. Part of that’s because either opponents of shale gas or proponents of more regulation for shale gas have really made this an issue that they’ve pushed hard. Also the industry has gotten on board: in a lot of states they’ve realized it’s in their interest to be open about what they’re doing, to help them back up their arguments that this activity is safe. So a consensus has developed around fluid disclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do different states deal with wastewater?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWastewater is complicated. In contrast to what I just talked about with fluid disclosure, this is one of the areas where states have great differences in what they do. There’s different things you can do with the wastewater. You can recycle it, you can inject it under ground, with certain kinds of wastewater you can store it in pits until it evaporates, with some kinds you can even use it in the winter to keep snow and ice off your roadways. There’s a lot of different kinds of fluid that come out of the ground depending on the geological formation and the condition of the well, and local conditions are different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this results in a lot of difference among states and how they regulate this. All states allow fluid to be recycled. Many states allow it to be injected underground, but there are a few states that specifically disallow this, in a lot of cases because of fears that this will cause earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What about setback rules? It looks from your \u003ca href=\"http://www.rff.org/centers/energy_economics_and_policy/Pages/Shale_Maps.aspx\">maps\u003c/a> that there is a range from a couple hundred feet to a couple thousand feet.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSet back restrictions essentially say that you must drill a well at least a certain distance away from something else. That something can be a building, a church or a school, a source of water, a source of drinkable water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an interesting story because at the 10,000 foot level, states look the same. But states have different rules about what wells have to be set back from, and how far they have to be set back. States in the west where there just isn’t as much water may be worried about water impacts, while places in the east which are more densely populated but richer in water are more worried about impacts on people and communities. You see some of that reflected in the regulations, but I’d hesitate to call it a trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what about monitoring for water contamination?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA few states have regulations that require the developer to test or to pay for testing of local water wells or local water sources before they frack. There are not many states that require this -- only 7 or 8 of them. California does not require this right now as best as we can tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason to do this is, if some problem does occur later, and the driller wants to say, “No that problem was already there, it’s not us,” it allows the state or the landowner to say, “Well let’s go back and check the data and see if you’re right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this data isn’t available it makes attributing any contamination that is uncovered later really hard. So there’s some fairly strong arguments for having this pre-drilling testing, but it’s not free and there are also a lot of states that don’t really depend on well water as much so it may or may not make sense to have testing in that state. Even the states that do have testing, the distance away from the well that needs to be tested really varies a lot too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What role does the federal government play?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe states are the real show here. States are the ones that are on the ground doing the vast majority of regulation, not only of shale gas development, but oil and gas entirely. The entire history of oil and gas has been almost exclusively a state-regulatory activity. Some people don't like that. A lot of greens think the feds should do it. The industry really likes the states doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has always had a role in protecting surface water. The Clean Water Act gives a lot of power to regulate what can and can't be put into rivers and water in the United States. Putting oil and gas waste into water is almost uniformly illegal, and the reason it's illegal is because the federal government prevents it from being done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Air pollution is traditionally a federal area. It's regulated primarily under the Clean Air Act. The EPA passed performance standards, that required oil and gas operations to reduce their emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, and required them to use processes called \"Green Completion\" that reduce the emission of all kinds of air pollutants, including methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one other layer that is worth mentioning, and it's especially relevant in the West. The federal government is not just a regulator; it's also a huge land owner. And to the extent that the federal government limits what can be done on the lands that it owns, it's really acting as a landowner. Just like if you and I own a piece of property, and a driller wanted to drill there, we could say, \"Yeah, you can do that, but you've gotta use these super safe practices,\" or, \"You can do this and not that.\" The federal government can do that, and the Department of Interior does issue rules about what can and can't be done on its land. It’s just that that starts to look like a regulation when you're in a place like Nevada or Utah, where the federal government owns most of the state.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
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