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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_sirius.jpg\">\u003cem>Credit: H.E. Bond, E. Nelan, M. Burleigh,\u003cbr>\nJ.B. Holberg, STScI, NASA; The bright star Sirius,\u003cbr>\nseen through the Hubble Space Telescope.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>It's time to talk about those lights in the sky. \"What does he mean?\" you’re thinking, \"This is an astronomy blog; isn't astronomy all about those lights in the sky?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not talking about \u003cem>those \u003c/em>lights--stars, planets, Sun, and Moon. Those are the ones we've \u003cstrong>identified\u003c/strong>. I'm talking about the \"U-word\" of astronomy: \u003cstrong>UFOs\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the phone calls and emails I get from people with a sky question, one of the most common categories are amazing things they've seen in the sky that they can't explain or identify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the archetypal anecdote, told to me by someone who we'll simply call \"Bob.\" Bob came into work a few days ago, and through the fog to the east saw the Full Moon. To his credit, Bob couldn’t believe his eyes, for he knew enough about the ways of the Moon to know it shouldn't be anywhere near Full at the time. After a period of bewilderment, Bob saw the light: he was looking at the \u003cstrong>Sun, filtered drastically by the fog\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very often, I am able to supply the inquisitor with a plausible candidate for the apparition they've witnessed. They say there are more car accidents around Full Moon. I also note a rise in sightings of inexplicable lights when Venus or the bright star Sirius is visible in the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html\">Venus\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> can be astonishingly bright. I recall in childhood getting up at 4:00 AM to see Venus. Even though I expected it to be bright, I was still taken by surprise. I could see my own shadow cast by Venus' light onto a nearby juniper bush!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960902.html\">Sirius\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, as I mentioned in an earlier blog, was that quintessential sight that sparked my interest in astronomy. Its light, refracted and distorted by atmospheric effects, forms a twinkling, prismatic bouquet of color, making it a unique spectacle among stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amsmeteors.org/\">Bright meteor trails\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> are another impetus for those urgent, late-night calls to the astronomy 9-1-1 voice line (my phone).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of course, there are the inevitable accounts that I cannot give a plausible explanation for. It's the stories of \u003cem>moving \u003c/em>objects with \u003cem>blinking \u003c/em>lights, which the observer swears was not an airplane, blimp, helicopter, or other explicable vehicle, that leaves me with little choice but to say, \"Gee whiz, I wish I’d seen that too!\" On these occasions, the plausible explanation must be that they have seen some kind of aircraft, no matter how unusual it may have appeared. I don't rule out \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO\">extraterrestrial spacecraft\u003c/a>--having no evidence for or against--but I'm never in a mood to suggest that's what someone saw...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, here's my embarrassing UFO story. Back in my 20's, I was driving north along 395, from Death Valley toward Mono Lake. Suddenly, a cloud appeared out of thin air, ahead in the distance. Then, just as suddenly, the cloud vanished! I blinked my eyes, and it appeared again! I stopped the car, there about a mile from the middle of nowhere, got out, closed the door, walked to the front of the car, put my hands on my hips, and set my eyes and jaw in a stance determined to understand what I was seeing. Then, I realized something, nodded my head, rolled my eyes, and said out loud, \"I just locked my keys in the car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epilogue: I did regain entry to the car by exploiting a flaw in its design--and the mysterious appearing/disappearing cloud turned out to be a \u003cstrong>large flock of pelicans\u003c/strong> turning together, in unison presenting their brown tops and white undersides... mystery solved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html\">Venus\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> can be astonishingly bright. I recall in childhood getting up at 4:00 AM to see Venus. Even though I expected it to be bright, I was still taken by surprise. I could see my own shadow cast by Venus' light onto a nearby juniper bush!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap960902.html\">Sirius\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, as I mentioned in an earlier blog, was that quintessential sight that sparked my interest in astronomy. Its light, refracted and distorted by atmospheric effects, forms a twinkling, prismatic bouquet of color, making it a unique spectacle among stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amsmeteors.org/\">Bright meteor trails\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> are another impetus for those urgent, late-night calls to the astronomy 9-1-1 voice line (my phone).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of course, there are the inevitable accounts that I cannot give a plausible explanation for. It's the stories of \u003cem>moving \u003c/em>objects with \u003cem>blinking \u003c/em>lights, which the observer swears was not an airplane, blimp, helicopter, or other explicable vehicle, that leaves me with little choice but to say, \"Gee whiz, I wish I’d seen that too!\" On these occasions, the plausible explanation must be that they have seen some kind of aircraft, no matter how unusual it may have appeared. I don't rule out \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO\">extraterrestrial spacecraft\u003c/a>--having no evidence for or against--but I'm never in a mood to suggest that's what someone saw...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, here's my embarrassing UFO story. Back in my 20's, I was driving north along 395, from Death Valley toward Mono Lake. Suddenly, a cloud appeared out of thin air, ahead in the distance. Then, just as suddenly, the cloud vanished! I blinked my eyes, and it appeared again! I stopped the car, there about a mile from the middle of nowhere, got out, closed the door, walked to the front of the car, put my hands on my hips, and set my eyes and jaw in a stance determined to understand what I was seeing. Then, I realized something, nodded my head, rolled my eyes, and said out loud, \"I just locked my keys in the car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epilogue: I did regain entry to the car by exploiting a flaw in its design--and the mysterious appearing/disappearing cloud turned out to be a \u003cstrong>large flock of pelicans\u003c/strong> turning together, in unison presenting their brown tops and white undersides... mystery solved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_ball.jpg\">\u003c/span>On Labor Day at the Exploratorium, visiting artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeneaswilder.co.uk/exhibitionsSFE.htm\">Aeneas Wilder\u003c/a> witnessed museum visitors toppling a sculpture he'd spent many painstaking days to create in our Seeing gallery. Earlier this summer, Aeneas carefully stacked pieces of specially measured wood, one at a time, until he'd constructed an enormous cage-like sphere. (To get a sense of its size, compare the sphere you see in the photo to the door just to its left.) For weeks, it stood steadily without the help of glue, nails, or anything else holding the pieces together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at 4 pm on September 3, as Aeneas watched, two visitors were invited to whack at the sphere. It collapsed in seconds like a pile of toothpicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exhilarating. Who doesn't love to behold order collapsing into chaos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/wA3jr2da78g\">YouTube video of sphere destruction\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I watched our You Tube video of the event three times. Four times. Five times. And as I watched, it dawned on me that Aeneas' sculpture--and its destruction--is actually a great metaphor for science.Our understanding of the world and nature is, on one level, a carefully constructed sculpture of observations, experiments, and calculations that build on each other. Their collective result takes shape as knowledge.But knowledge is an evolving entity. New discoveries or experiments often force old--sometimes dearly held--ideas to give way, making space for new insights about the natural world. No matter how beautiful a theory or idea is, if we learn something new that negates it, we must be ready to let the old idea go. Our ability to remain unattached to ideas in the search for truth is what creates space for growth in our knowledge of the natural world.Though many people think of \"art\" and \"science\" as opposite ends of a spectrum, there's a surprising number of parallels between them. For example, it's no coincidence that, before constructing his sphere, Aeneas built two sculptures in our exhibition space, only to kick them both down. As the artistic process demands, he reworked and refined his approach, taking the building blocks (both literal and figurative) and the lessons learned from his first attempts, and stepping back enough to let go of certain aspects of his earlier approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, this looks a lot like the process of science: a search for the \"right\" understanding, tests and trials, a necessary willingness to readjust or rethink an idea, even if it's elegant, when new information shows that it's flawed. In comparison to the efforts of one artist testing and refine his ideas, though, science relies on the efforts of a whole intellectual community testing and refining each other's ideas. Science is rooted in the notion that knowledge shifts and changes, and that our understanding of the world tomorrow will--and in fact, has to--look a little bit different than our understanding of it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this light, thinking about temporariness is an important practice in science. Ryan Jenkins, one of the Exploratorium's Explainers, recalled how reluctant he'd felt to take apart a pegboard he'd thoughtfully constructed. \"I can only imagine what it would be like to destroy something that you spent so much time, planning, and precise placing of wooden boards,\" he wrote. \"Although the spectacle of the crash might be pretty damn satisfying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_ball.jpg\">\u003c/span>On Labor Day at the Exploratorium, visiting artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.aeneaswilder.co.uk/exhibitionsSFE.htm\">Aeneas Wilder\u003c/a> witnessed museum visitors toppling a sculpture he'd spent many painstaking days to create in our Seeing gallery. Earlier this summer, Aeneas carefully stacked pieces of specially measured wood, one at a time, until he'd constructed an enormous cage-like sphere. (To get a sense of its size, compare the sphere you see in the photo to the door just to its left.) For weeks, it stood steadily without the help of glue, nails, or anything else holding the pieces together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, at 4 pm on September 3, as Aeneas watched, two visitors were invited to whack at the sphere. It collapsed in seconds like a pile of toothpicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exhilarating. Who doesn't love to behold order collapsing into chaos?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/wA3jr2da78g\">YouTube video of sphere destruction\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I watched our You Tube video of the event three times. Four times. Five times. And as I watched, it dawned on me that Aeneas' sculpture--and its destruction--is actually a great metaphor for science.Our understanding of the world and nature is, on one level, a carefully constructed sculpture of observations, experiments, and calculations that build on each other. Their collective result takes shape as knowledge.But knowledge is an evolving entity. New discoveries or experiments often force old--sometimes dearly held--ideas to give way, making space for new insights about the natural world. No matter how beautiful a theory or idea is, if we learn something new that negates it, we must be ready to let the old idea go. Our ability to remain unattached to ideas in the search for truth is what creates space for growth in our knowledge of the natural world.Though many people think of \"art\" and \"science\" as opposite ends of a spectrum, there's a surprising number of parallels between them. For example, it's no coincidence that, before constructing his sphere, Aeneas built two sculptures in our exhibition space, only to kick them both down. As the artistic process demands, he reworked and refined his approach, taking the building blocks (both literal and figurative) and the lessons learned from his first attempts, and stepping back enough to let go of certain aspects of his earlier approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To me, this looks a lot like the process of science: a search for the \"right\" understanding, tests and trials, a necessary willingness to readjust or rethink an idea, even if it's elegant, when new information shows that it's flawed. In comparison to the efforts of one artist testing and refine his ideas, though, science relies on the efforts of a whole intellectual community testing and refining each other's ideas. Science is rooted in the notion that knowledge shifts and changes, and that our understanding of the world tomorrow will--and in fact, has to--look a little bit different than our understanding of it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this light, thinking about temporariness is an important practice in science. Ryan Jenkins, one of the Exploratorium's Explainers, recalled how reluctant he'd felt to take apart a pegboard he'd thoughtfully constructed. \"I can only imagine what it would be like to destroy something that you spent so much time, planning, and precise placing of wooden boards,\" he wrote. \"Although the spectacle of the crash might be pretty damn satisfying.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who current serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_universes.jpg\">\u003cem>The history of the universe in a nutshell\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>On to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/30/out-of-the-office\">next question\u003c/a>: \"Yes, I have many burning universal questions. This one is a two-parter. Is there evidence that the universe's rate of expansion is slowing down? And if so, does it allow us to infer what would happen if expansion stopped, i.e. would it put the universe in stasis or would it contract? This keeps me up at night, so I would appreciate any insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein had the same question, and it kept him up at night also. In fact, he got this one wrong. Einstein had mistakenly assumed that the universe had to be static, looking exactly today as it will look tomorrow. When he formulated his improved version of the theory of gravity, known as \u003ca href=\"http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html\">general relativity\u003c/a>, he found that his equations predicted otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The theory of general relativity not only describes how gravity effects planets and stars, but also how matter and energy affect space-time itself. The universe can actually expand or contract, depending on its composition. Einstein became very concerned when he saw this prediction from his own equations, and added a fudge factor known as the cosmological constant to \"fix\" the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1929, \u003ca href=\"http://www.edwinhubble.com/\">Edwin Hubble\u003c/a>, namesake of what may be the astronomy's greatest instrument, the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, observed that almost all of the nearby galaxies were moving away from us. This observation was the first evidence that the universe is expanding AND the first evidence that Einstein made mistakes. Here is a \u003ca href=\"http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/ExpandUni.html\">site with further explanation\u003c/a> and a less than exciting animation of the expanding universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's gonna happen next? Well, if there is enough matter out there, the universe may slow down, begin to contract, and eventually collapse on itself in a Big Crunch. Is there enough matter out there? We don't think so, we think that there is \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">too much dark energy\u003c/a> in the universe. This dark energy counteracts the affects of matter and pushes space apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the dark energy scenario, the universe doesn't ever slow down to the point where it stops expanding. Instead, it actually begins to accelerate. Observations indicate that this acceleration began a few billion years ago and will continue for the rest of time. If this interpretation is correct, than we will experience not a Big Crunch, but just the opposite: \u003ca href=\"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/05/1078464631459.html\">A Big Chill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If dark energy causes the universe to accelerate forever, then all of those receding galaxies we observe will eventually speed out of sight. In this future universe, astronomers will look out with their fancy telescopes, and instead of observing a universe rich with galaxies, they'll see only empty space. It's a bleak future for our breed; if we thought research funding was difficult now, imagine how bad it will be then. Fortunately we should have plenty of time over the next 50 billion or so years to figure it out. I'll just have to remind everyone to take notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>\u003cem>The composition of the universe determines its ultimate fate. If we live in a universe with an excess of matter, as shown in the lowest dotted curve, the universe will eventually collapse on itself in a \"Big Crunch\". However, it appears that we may live in a universe dominated by a so-called \"dark energy.\" This universe will not only continue to expand, but will actually accelerate in its growth as demonstrated by the top dashed curve.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the dark energy scenario, the universe doesn't ever slow down to the point where it stops expanding. Instead, it actually begins to accelerate. Observations indicate that this acceleration began a few billion years ago and will continue for the rest of time. If this interpretation is correct, than we will experience not a Big Crunch, but just the opposite: \u003ca href=\"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/05/1078464631459.html\">A Big Chill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If dark energy causes the universe to accelerate forever, then all of those receding galaxies we observe will eventually speed out of sight. In this future universe, astronomers will look out with their fancy telescopes, and instead of observing a universe rich with galaxies, they'll see only empty space. It's a bleak future for our breed; if we thought research funding was difficult now, imagine how bad it will be then. Fortunately we should have plenty of time over the next 50 billion or so years to figure it out. I'll just have to remind everyone to take notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>*\u003c/strong>\u003cem>The composition of the universe determines its ultimate fate. If we live in a universe with an excess of matter, as shown in the lowest dotted curve, the universe will eventually collapse on itself in a \"Big Crunch\". However, it appears that we may live in a universe dominated by a so-called \"dark energy.\" This universe will not only continue to expand, but will actually accelerate in its growth as demonstrated by the top dashed curve.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_voyager.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of NASA's Voyager 1, now\u003cbr>\nthe most distant spacecraft from Earth.\u003cbr> Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>One of the hardest things to explain to people is of the astronomical sizes and distances involved in our Universe. It's hard to explain because it’s hard for us--any of us--to really get our heads around the numbers, and what they really mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the road to understanding all things big and far away, I'll start small: \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth&Display=Facts\">the Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big as our world is, it's really only relative-- but relative to what? It's just shy of 8000 miles in diameter. As a volume of space, that's about 268 billion cubic miles. In other words, were Earth a giant fish-bowl (an empty sphere), we could divvy up that volume between every human on Earth today, and each of us would get a cube of space about three and a half miles on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about that walk to the Moon? Do you remember from elementary school how long it would take you to walk to the Moon--IF you could walk to the Moon? The Moon is about 240,000 miles away, and while it \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light\">takes light only 1.3 seconds to cross that distance\u003c/a>, walking at a speed of 3 miles per hour it would take you about nine years to get there. That's equivalent to walking around the Earth's equator ten times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Next step out might be Mars\u003c/a>. At least, NASA's talking about sending people to Mars next--after a return to our Moon in 2019 (note that in this plan, it will take us longer to get back to the Moon that it would to walk there...). Walking the distance to Mars, even when it's at its closest (35 million miles) would take well over a thousand years--so the walking tour is out. At NASA-speed, it takes about 7 months to get a spacecraft to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the quintessential distances when talking about the scales of space is that old favorite: \"Pluto distance.\" About forty times farther from the Sun than the Earth, a walk to Pluto would take an appalling 170,000+ years. At the speed of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">NASA's New Horizons spacecraft\u003c/a>, which is currently past Jupiter and heading toward the distant dwarf planet at 50,000 miles per hour, it's about a ten-year journey. And New Horizons is the fastest spacecraft ever hurtled off into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To top off this blog (because there isn't nearly enough space in here to go much farther up), I'll leave you with space exploration's greatest up, up, and out story: \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>. After 30 years in space, Voyager 1 is now a hundred times farther from the Sun than the Earth--that's two-and-a-half times farther out than Pluto! About nine billion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, now for the big finale. So, Voyager 1 is nine billion miles out, and it's taken it 30 years to get there. Hypothetically, if Voyager 1 were bound for the nearest star in space to our Sun--the Alpha Centauri system--then the portion of that journey it has now completed is equivalent to someone on a road trip from Oakland to New York City who has gone a single mile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming up in a future blog: \u003cem>Mile Two\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Artist concept of NASA's Voyager 1, now the most distant spacecraft from Earth. Credit: NASAOne of the hardest things to explain to people is of the astronomical sizes and distances involved in our Universe. It's hard to explain because it’s hard for us--any of us--to really get our heads around the numbers, and what they",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_voyager.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of NASA's Voyager 1, now\u003cbr>\nthe most distant spacecraft from Earth.\u003cbr> Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>One of the hardest things to explain to people is of the astronomical sizes and distances involved in our Universe. It's hard to explain because it’s hard for us--any of us--to really get our heads around the numbers, and what they really mean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the road to understanding all things big and far away, I'll start small: \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth&Display=Facts\">the Earth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big as our world is, it's really only relative-- but relative to what? It's just shy of 8000 miles in diameter. As a volume of space, that's about 268 billion cubic miles. In other words, were Earth a giant fish-bowl (an empty sphere), we could divvy up that volume between every human on Earth today, and each of us would get a cube of space about three and a half miles on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How about that walk to the Moon? Do you remember from elementary school how long it would take you to walk to the Moon--IF you could walk to the Moon? The Moon is about 240,000 miles away, and while it \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light\">takes light only 1.3 seconds to cross that distance\u003c/a>, walking at a speed of 3 miles per hour it would take you about nine years to get there. That's equivalent to walking around the Earth's equator ten times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/\">Next step out might be Mars\u003c/a>. At least, NASA's talking about sending people to Mars next--after a return to our Moon in 2019 (note that in this plan, it will take us longer to get back to the Moon that it would to walk there...). Walking the distance to Mars, even when it's at its closest (35 million miles) would take well over a thousand years--so the walking tour is out. At NASA-speed, it takes about 7 months to get a spacecraft to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the quintessential distances when talking about the scales of space is that old favorite: \"Pluto distance.\" About forty times farther from the Sun than the Earth, a walk to Pluto would take an appalling 170,000+ years. At the speed of \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/\">NASA's New Horizons spacecraft\u003c/a>, which is currently past Jupiter and heading toward the distant dwarf planet at 50,000 miles per hour, it's about a ten-year journey. And New Horizons is the fastest spacecraft ever hurtled off into space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To top off this blog (because there isn't nearly enough space in here to go much farther up), I'll leave you with space exploration's greatest up, up, and out story: \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Voyager 1\u003c/a>. After 30 years in space, Voyager 1 is now a hundred times farther from the Sun than the Earth--that's two-and-a-half times farther out than Pluto! About nine billion miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, now for the big finale. So, Voyager 1 is nine billion miles out, and it's taken it 30 years to get there. Hypothetically, if Voyager 1 were bound for the nearest star in space to our Sun--the Alpha Centauri system--then the portion of that journey it has now completed is equivalent to someone on a road trip from Oakland to New York City who has gone a single mile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coming up in a future blog: \u003cem>Mile Two\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp> According to the National Science Board, Americans are pretty interested in science-- but not all that informed about it. And in our knowledge-based society, the Board adds, this lack of understanding can have implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what does that mean? What don’t people know? What would they like to know? And what difference would it make?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.soc.american.edu/content.cfm?id=294\">Matt Nisbet\u003c/a>, a communications professor at American University, spends his life thinking about how people understand science. In late July, he paid the Exploratorium a two-week visit as part of our \u003ca href=\"http://apps.exploratorium.edu/blogs/marym/2007/08/02/can-scientists-be-great-communicators/\">Osher Fellowship program\u003c/a>, and shared some of his ideas about what it means to be \"science literate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_sunglasses.jpg\">\u003cem>Do YOU know why polarized lenses are better\u003cbr>\nat shading your eyes?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>There are different ways of viewing science literacy, Nisbet says. One person might think of it as having practical knowledge that can help our understanding of everyday experiences: \"calories\" actually mean \"energy;\" rain is water that once evaporated from the earth; polarized sunglasses work so well because ________ (\u003cem>can you fill in the blank? if not, try the link below\u003c/em>). Another person might view \"literates\" as folks who understand the process of science enough to know why researchers often disagree, and are able to interpret scientists' differing viewpoints. Still another person might say that a scientifically literate citizen is one who understands science in relation to larger, more politicized issues, like climate change or stem cell research, and whose knowledge might therefore affect voting or other societal activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt pointed us to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7h.htm\">National Science Board's annual report on public attitudes and understanding of science and technology\u003c/a>. Some of the results cited in this report are fascinating: for example, Americans overwhelmingly say that science makes their lives happier and more comfortable. At the same time, less than half of us know that electrons are smaller than atoms, and even fewer realize that antibiotics don't kill viruses. Is there a conflict in having this trust in science while lacking an understanding of some of its basics?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone working at a science education institution, I'm interested to know: What kind of knowledge makes you feel scientifically literate? What role does understanding science play in your life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P.S. Polarized lenses shade your eyes well because they absorb all light rays except those that are moving in a certain direction. You can see this for yourself by doing a little \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/polarized_sunglasses.html\">hands-on investigation with your polarized shades\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who currently serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>, a hands-on museum of science, art, and human perception in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> According to the National Science Board, Americans are pretty interested in science-- but not all that informed about it. And in our knowledge-based society, the Board adds, this lack of understanding can have implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what does that mean? What don’t people know? What would they like to know? And what difference would it make?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.soc.american.edu/content.cfm?id=294\">Matt Nisbet\u003c/a>, a communications professor at American University, spends his life thinking about how people understand science. In late July, he paid the Exploratorium a two-week visit as part of our \u003ca href=\"http://apps.exploratorium.edu/blogs/marym/2007/08/02/can-scientists-be-great-communicators/\">Osher Fellowship program\u003c/a>, and shared some of his ideas about what it means to be \"science literate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_sunglasses.jpg\">\u003cem>Do YOU know why polarized lenses are better\u003cbr>\nat shading your eyes?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>There are different ways of viewing science literacy, Nisbet says. One person might think of it as having practical knowledge that can help our understanding of everyday experiences: \"calories\" actually mean \"energy;\" rain is water that once evaporated from the earth; polarized sunglasses work so well because ________ (\u003cem>can you fill in the blank? if not, try the link below\u003c/em>). Another person might view \"literates\" as folks who understand the process of science enough to know why researchers often disagree, and are able to interpret scientists' differing viewpoints. Still another person might say that a scientifically literate citizen is one who understands science in relation to larger, more politicized issues, like climate change or stem cell research, and whose knowledge might therefore affect voting or other societal activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt pointed us to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7h.htm\">National Science Board's annual report on public attitudes and understanding of science and technology\u003c/a>. Some of the results cited in this report are fascinating: for example, Americans overwhelmingly say that science makes their lives happier and more comfortable. At the same time, less than half of us know that electrons are smaller than atoms, and even fewer realize that antibiotics don't kill viruses. Is there a conflict in having this trust in science while lacking an understanding of some of its basics?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As someone working at a science education institution, I'm interested to know: What kind of knowledge makes you feel scientifically literate? What role does understanding science play in your life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P.S. Polarized lenses shade your eyes well because they absorb all light rays except those that are moving in a certain direction. You can see this for yourself by doing a little \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/polarized_sunglasses.html\">hands-on investigation with your polarized shades\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_robinm.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Robin Marks\u003c/strong> is a journalist and science writer who currently serves as a Multimedia Projects Developer for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>, a hands-on museum of science, art, and human perception in San Francisco, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_galaxy.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hubble Deep Field: The galaxies in this image\u003cbr>\nare really far away, but not as far away as the edge of\u003cbr>\nthe universe.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am going to spend the next couple of months addressing the questions asked by readers at the end of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/30/out-of-the-office/\" target=\"_blank\">my late-July post\u003c/a>. I'll start with the question that prompted the solicitation to begin with. Two months ago, my friend Taron emailed me to ask \"How large is the universe?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with most questions about science research, this seemingly simple question actually has quite a complicated answer. It is complicated for several reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.\tWe don't really know the shape of space or the complete history of the universe\u003cbr>\n2.\tWe can only see a fraction of the universe\u003cbr>\n3.\tWe don't have any idea how large this fraction is\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of research has gone into trying to answer problem numero uno. One of the main goals of my research, and cosmology research in general, is to better understand the history of the universe. There are still a lot of details waiting to be sorted out, but we do have a pretty good outline of how events unfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main building blocks of our understanding of the history of the universe is \u003ca href=\"http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/John_Gribbin/cosmo.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a theory called inflation\u003c/a>. In inflation, the very young universe experienced a sort of explosion, causing it to grow so fast that light itself couldn't keep up. Because it happened so fast, we can't measure how much space grew during inflation, leading us to points #2 and #3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Points #2 and #3 are impossible to answer because we rely on light to carry information to us from the far reaches of space, and light can only travel at the snail's pace of 186,000 miles in a second. This is all fine and dandy when making a call on your cell phone, but observing the far reaches of the universe can become a real test of one's patience. If I were to chat with an alien from the nearest star, I'd have to endure a pause of several years for a response after every question. If I want to know what's happening in some of the most distant galaxies, I have to wait BILLIONS of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the universe is about 14 billion years old. Going back nearly this far, we see the oldest photons in the universe, from the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html\" target=\"_blank\">cosmic microwave background\u003c/a>. If I were to half-heartedly attempt to answer Tarons question, I would simply say that this background is the edge of the OBSERVABLE universe and call it a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This over-simplification misses the mark in several ways. First, the info we get from the cosmic microwave background is a bit outdated, to say the least. It tells us about the universe as it was 14 billion years ago, and things have changed quite a bit in that time. The spots in the cosmic microwave background have since receded from us even further and have evolved into stars and galaxies in that time. If we were able to measure the distance to those stars and galaxies now, without the inconvenience of the speed of light, we'd measure a distance of 46.5 billion light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second way in which this over-simplification is unsatisfactory is that it ignores all that lies beyond the observable universe. We know from inflation that the universe is much larger than what can be observed, but we have no idea of how much larger. In fact, it is probably impossible to ever know what lies beyond the observable universe since we cannot retrieve any information from those far reaches of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, using the distance from Earth to the cosmic microwave background almost implies that we are at the center of the universe. In reality, the cosmic microwave background will appear equally distant when observed from all points in space, and everyone will appear to be at the center of a universe 14 billion years old. Each point in space is just a different reference frame, each having its own visible region of the cosmic microwave background and its own visible population of galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be honest, because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Dltt_is_Dumb.html\" target=\"_blank\">these complications\u003c/a>, I don't even bother thinking about the size of the universe. Instead, I think in an easily measured quantity called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift\" target=\"_blank\">redshift\u003c/a>. The way I see it, the fact that we are limited to a single reference frame and the finite speed of light is part of a game. To ask what lies beyond this set of rules is to open the whole philosophical can of worms that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.websyte.com/alan/metamul.htm\" target=\"_blank\">metaphysics\u003c/a>, and I'm not the one to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_galaxy.jpg\">\u003cem>The Hubble Deep Field: The galaxies in this image\u003cbr>\nare really far away, but not as far away as the edge of\u003cbr>\nthe universe.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am going to spend the next couple of months addressing the questions asked by readers at the end of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/30/out-of-the-office/\" target=\"_blank\">my late-July post\u003c/a>. I'll start with the question that prompted the solicitation to begin with. Two months ago, my friend Taron emailed me to ask \"How large is the universe?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with most questions about science research, this seemingly simple question actually has quite a complicated answer. It is complicated for several reasons:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1.\tWe don't really know the shape of space or the complete history of the universe\u003cbr>\n2.\tWe can only see a fraction of the universe\u003cbr>\n3.\tWe don't have any idea how large this fraction is\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of research has gone into trying to answer problem numero uno. One of the main goals of my research, and cosmology research in general, is to better understand the history of the universe. There are still a lot of details waiting to be sorted out, but we do have a pretty good outline of how events unfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main building blocks of our understanding of the history of the universe is \u003ca href=\"http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/John_Gribbin/cosmo.htm\" target=\"_blank\">a theory called inflation\u003c/a>. In inflation, the very young universe experienced a sort of explosion, causing it to grow so fast that light itself couldn't keep up. Because it happened so fast, we can't measure how much space grew during inflation, leading us to points #2 and #3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Points #2 and #3 are impossible to answer because we rely on light to carry information to us from the far reaches of space, and light can only travel at the snail's pace of 186,000 miles in a second. This is all fine and dandy when making a call on your cell phone, but observing the far reaches of the universe can become a real test of one's patience. If I were to chat with an alien from the nearest star, I'd have to endure a pause of several years for a response after every question. If I want to know what's happening in some of the most distant galaxies, I have to wait BILLIONS of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the universe is about 14 billion years old. Going back nearly this far, we see the oldest photons in the universe, from the \u003ca href=\"http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html\" target=\"_blank\">cosmic microwave background\u003c/a>. If I were to half-heartedly attempt to answer Tarons question, I would simply say that this background is the edge of the OBSERVABLE universe and call it a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This over-simplification misses the mark in several ways. First, the info we get from the cosmic microwave background is a bit outdated, to say the least. It tells us about the universe as it was 14 billion years ago, and things have changed quite a bit in that time. The spots in the cosmic microwave background have since receded from us even further and have evolved into stars and galaxies in that time. If we were able to measure the distance to those stars and galaxies now, without the inconvenience of the speed of light, we'd measure a distance of 46.5 billion light years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second way in which this over-simplification is unsatisfactory is that it ignores all that lies beyond the observable universe. We know from inflation that the universe is much larger than what can be observed, but we have no idea of how much larger. In fact, it is probably impossible to ever know what lies beyond the observable universe since we cannot retrieve any information from those far reaches of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, using the distance from Earth to the cosmic microwave background almost implies that we are at the center of the universe. In reality, the cosmic microwave background will appear equally distant when observed from all points in space, and everyone will appear to be at the center of a universe 14 billion years old. Each point in space is just a different reference frame, each having its own visible region of the cosmic microwave background and its own visible population of galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be honest, because of \u003ca href=\"http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/Dltt_is_Dumb.html\" target=\"_blank\">these complications\u003c/a>, I don't even bother thinking about the size of the universe. Instead, I think in an easily measured quantity called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift\" target=\"_blank\">redshift\u003c/a>. The way I see it, the fact that we are limited to a single reference frame and the finite speed of light is part of a game. To ask what lies beyond this set of rules is to open the whole philosophical can of worms that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.websyte.com/alan/metamul.htm\" target=\"_blank\">metaphysics\u003c/a>, and I'm not the one to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_radio.jpg\">\u003cem>Image from radio observations\u003cbr>\nof the very brightradio galaxy 3C31.\u003cbr>\nThis is an extreme example of the\u003cbr>\ntype of source that could\u003cbr>\ninterfere with a radio survey\u003cbr>\nfor galaxy clusters.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, my Canadian adventure has come to an end, and it was quite the experience. Unfortunately there were more insects than there were large mammals to watch, but we did have a 10 foot beluga whale circle the canoe on the last day. That is now one of my favorite wildlife sightings, ranking 3rd behind a mountain lion just outside San Jose and a pack of wolves in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena\" target=\"_blank\">Denali park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 17 days of paddling through the bush, we finally arrived in \u003ca href=\"http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/kuujjuaq/2001141.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kuujjuac\u003c/a> with a couple hours of tourist time before our flight. After picking up a T-shirt, mug, and a pair of walrus ivory earrings that my girlfriend will probably never wear, I flew out for a 5 day layover in Montreal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took advantage of my layover to do some work with a friend who is now an assistant professor at \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcgill.ca/\" target=\"_blank\">McGill\u003c/a>. We used to work in the same research group, and decided to take advantage of this stop in Montreal to run some computer simulations of the astronomy observations my old group is conducting in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Valley\" target=\"_blank\">Owens Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have already discussed similar observations in one of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/26/a-summer-at-the-south-pole/\" target=\"_blank\">my earlier posts\u003c/a>. The observations in Owens Valley are also part of a search for galaxy clusters, using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/radiotel.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">radio wave telescope\u003c/a> known as the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Array (SZA)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To briefly summarize, the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/primer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich\u003c/a> effect is basically a way of observing galaxy clusters in the radio regime of the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\" target=\"_blank\">electromagnetic spectrum\u003c/a>. A large sample of such clusters would provide deep insights into the way matter and energy interact in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main difficulties in this type of observation is interference from black holes that are found at the center of galaxies. Some of these super-massive black holes power \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">active galactic nuclei (AGN)\u003c/a>, which are among the most luminous sources in the universe. When an AGN, or other similar source shows significant radio emission, it is known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">a radio galaxy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is these radio galaxies that make radio observations of clusters much more difficult. The clusters appear dark and the radio sources appear bright, and it requires a lot of effort to separate the two. In Montreal, we started running computer simulations to model this effort, and to help determine the best technique for extracting the cluster signal in the presence of radio galaxies. I imagine that we will have an answer by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to run now, I'm off for another 10 days of adventure, this time on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcta.org/about_trail/muir/over.asp\" target=\"_blank\">John Muir Trail\u003c/a>. When I get back, I'll start attacking some of those fantastic questions you all dropped on me in my last post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_radio.jpg\">\u003cem>Image from radio observations\u003cbr>\nof the very brightradio galaxy 3C31.\u003cbr>\nThis is an extreme example of the\u003cbr>\ntype of source that could\u003cbr>\ninterfere with a radio survey\u003cbr>\nfor galaxy clusters.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, my Canadian adventure has come to an end, and it was quite the experience. Unfortunately there were more insects than there were large mammals to watch, but we did have a 10 foot beluga whale circle the canoe on the last day. That is now one of my favorite wildlife sightings, ranking 3rd behind a mountain lion just outside San Jose and a pack of wolves in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/dena\" target=\"_blank\">Denali park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 17 days of paddling through the bush, we finally arrived in \u003ca href=\"http://ca.epodunk.com/profiles/quebec/kuujjuaq/2001141.html\" target=\"_blank\">Kuujjuac\u003c/a> with a couple hours of tourist time before our flight. After picking up a T-shirt, mug, and a pair of walrus ivory earrings that my girlfriend will probably never wear, I flew out for a 5 day layover in Montreal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I took advantage of my layover to do some work with a friend who is now an assistant professor at \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcgill.ca/\" target=\"_blank\">McGill\u003c/a>. We used to work in the same research group, and decided to take advantage of this stop in Montreal to run some computer simulations of the astronomy observations my old group is conducting in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Valley\" target=\"_blank\">Owens Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have already discussed similar observations in one of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/26/a-summer-at-the-south-pole/\" target=\"_blank\">my earlier posts\u003c/a>. The observations in Owens Valley are also part of a search for galaxy clusters, using a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrao.edu/whatisra/radiotel.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">radio wave telescope\u003c/a> known as the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Array (SZA)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To briefly summarize, the \u003ca href=\"http://astro.uchicago.edu/sza/primer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sunyaev-Zel'dovich\u003c/a> effect is basically a way of observing galaxy clusters in the radio regime of the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\" target=\"_blank\">electromagnetic spectrum\u003c/a>. A large sample of such clusters would provide deep insights into the way matter and energy interact in the Universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main difficulties in this type of observation is interference from black holes that are found at the center of galaxies. Some of these super-massive black holes power \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">active galactic nuclei (AGN)\u003c/a>, which are among the most luminous sources in the universe. When an AGN, or other similar source shows significant radio emission, it is known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_galaxy\" target=\"_blank\">a radio galaxy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is these radio galaxies that make radio observations of clusters much more difficult. The clusters appear dark and the radio sources appear bright, and it requires a lot of effort to separate the two. In Montreal, we started running computer simulations to model this effort, and to help determine the best technique for extracting the cluster signal in the presence of radio galaxies. I imagine that we will have an answer by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have to run now, I'm off for another 10 days of adventure, this time on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcta.org/about_trail/muir/over.asp\" target=\"_blank\">John Muir Trail\u003c/a>. When I get back, I'll start attacking some of those fantastic questions you all dropped on me in my last post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/116b_exoplanets300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Do other planets like Earth exist? To find out, a team of astronomers from the University of California is building a new telescope in the hills east of San Jose. QUEST finds out what the chances are that there are others like ours somewhere in the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/502\">view the \"The Planet Hunters\"\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_cbauer.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Chris Bauer\u003c/strong> is a Segment Producer for television on QUEST, and is the producer for this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_sunset.jpg\">\u003cem>2:00 AM on the Kuuvik River in the Nunavik region of\u003cbr> northern Quebec. Photo courtesy of my friend,\u003cbr> Drew MacDonald.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being the token astrophysicist in my social circles, I get a lot of questions from friends and family about what’s going on in the Universe these days. I try to use these questions as an outline to the posts I write for the QUEST web site. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one example, I have written quite a few posts about dark matter because that is one of the most confusing topics to people, myself included. I also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/05/07/gamma-rays-and-monsters\">wrote a post\u003c/a> on the dangers of gamma ray bursts from nearby supernova explosions after years of questions from my Incredible Hulk obsessed friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently I was asked \"how large is the universe?\" and \"does a planet orbiting a black hole feel the increased gravity as that black hole grows?\" Both of these are very complicated questions, and require quite a bit of explanation, making them the perfect fodder for future posts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm away on vacation right now, paddling down the Kuuvik River, previously known in English and the Larch River and in French as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_aux_M%C3%A9l%C3%A8zes\">the Rivière aux Mélèzes\u003c/a>. A group of four, we are traveling this river in a wooden canvas canoe in the style of 19th century fur trappers and also of my old employer, Keewaydin Canoe Camp. This is one of the most remote rivers in the world, making internet access rather difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that I’m so far off the grid right now, I'd like to take this opportunity to dig for some more cosmology fodder and ask the QUEST readers what questions they may have. \u003cem>Post your suggestion below\u003c/em> and I'll use it as material when I rejoin society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
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