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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Penguin.jpg\">\u003cem>Photo courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Earlier this summer, you may have heard about a surprising \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070625-giant-penguins.html\">paleontological discovery \u003c/a>from southern Peru. In a paper published in the journal PNAS, a team of paleontologists announced the discovery of two new species of fossil penguins, \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Perudyptes\u003c/em>, from an area a few hundred kiometers south of Lima. This desert region is one of the most arid places on the world, but 36 million years ago, it was the shoreline of a balmy, humid world. During this time (the late \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene\">Eocene\u003c/a>), global climate was much warmer than it is today, and neither polar region was especially cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does this have to do with penguins? The skeletons of these new species have hallmark penguin characteristics shared with living penguins, but they also differ in significant ways: their snouts, for example, are much longer and narrow than any living one. Most interestingly, one of these penguins was enormous-- \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> was nearly 5 feet tall, making it larger than the largest living penguin (the emperor penguin, \u003cem>Aptenodytes forsteri\u003c/em>), which is about 4 feet tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Size is important because evolutionary biologists have proposed a general trend, called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann's_Rule\">Bergmann's rule\u003c/a>, to describe the phenomenon of large animal body size at high latitudes. Birds have mammal-like metabolisms too, and scientists were generally content that penguins demonstrated Bergmann's rule because the largest living penguins were also those that lived in the highest latitudes. The pattern seemed true until the Peruvian discoveries, because the largest fossil penguins were found at high latitudes (with localities in Peru, Argentina, New Zealand). \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Perudyptes\u003c/em> tell us that the picture is much more complex, and that Bergmann's rule may not apply to penguin evolution-- giant penguins did fine at the equator (that area of Peru was even closer to the equator than it is today, based on paleogeographic reconstructions). \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Perudyptes\u003c/em> are also all the more important because the skeletons are relatively complete-- in the past, penguins had been described with \u003ca href=\"http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/summary/299/5615/1994\">far fewer comparable parts\u003c/a>, a problem which is all to familiar to dinosaur and hominid paleontologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If penguins were so successful in warm climates, why don't we have Happy Feet off the coast of California? I'll save that for next post…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Photo courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History Earlier this summer, you may have heard about a surprising paleontological discovery from southern Peru. In a paper published in the journal PNAS, a team of paleontologists announced the discovery of two new species of fossil penguins, Icadyptes and Perudyptes, from an area a few hundred",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/Penguin.jpg\">\u003cem>Photo courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Earlier this summer, you may have heard about a surprising \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/06/070625-giant-penguins.html\">paleontological discovery \u003c/a>from southern Peru. In a paper published in the journal PNAS, a team of paleontologists announced the discovery of two new species of fossil penguins, \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Perudyptes\u003c/em>, from an area a few hundred kiometers south of Lima. This desert region is one of the most arid places on the world, but 36 million years ago, it was the shoreline of a balmy, humid world. During this time (the late \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene\">Eocene\u003c/a>), global climate was much warmer than it is today, and neither polar region was especially cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does this have to do with penguins? The skeletons of these new species have hallmark penguin characteristics shared with living penguins, but they also differ in significant ways: their snouts, for example, are much longer and narrow than any living one. Most interestingly, one of these penguins was enormous-- \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> was nearly 5 feet tall, making it larger than the largest living penguin (the emperor penguin, \u003cem>Aptenodytes forsteri\u003c/em>), which is about 4 feet tall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Size is important because evolutionary biologists have proposed a general trend, called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergmann's_Rule\">Bergmann's rule\u003c/a>, to describe the phenomenon of large animal body size at high latitudes. Birds have mammal-like metabolisms too, and scientists were generally content that penguins demonstrated Bergmann's rule because the largest living penguins were also those that lived in the highest latitudes. The pattern seemed true until the Peruvian discoveries, because the largest fossil penguins were found at high latitudes (with localities in Peru, Argentina, New Zealand). \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Perudyptes\u003c/em> tell us that the picture is much more complex, and that Bergmann's rule may not apply to penguin evolution-- giant penguins did fine at the equator (that area of Peru was even closer to the equator than it is today, based on paleogeographic reconstructions). \u003cem>Icadyptes\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Perudyptes\u003c/em> are also all the more important because the skeletons are relatively complete-- in the past, penguins had been described with \u003ca href=\"http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/summary/299/5615/1994\">far fewer comparable parts\u003c/a>, a problem which is all to familiar to dinosaur and hominid paleontologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If penguins were so successful in warm climates, why don't we have Happy Feet off the coast of California? I'll save that for next post…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_garden.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years back, I took my Second Grade class to Slide Ranch in Marin, a working educational, ecological farm. There, we visited the hen house and observed the hens sitting calmly on their nests. One clucked and strutted away, revealing a perfect, white egg. I directed Adina to pick it up and bring it to us. She did so tenderly, held it up and asked, \"is this a \u003cem>real\u003c/em> egg?\" A Slide Ranch teacher took the egg, placed it in a Safeway egg carton and showed the class. \"Oooohhhhh,\" they all said, \"it \u003cem>is\u003c/em> real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of today's children do not know where their food comes from. They have spent too little time out in farms and gardens to make the connection between picking tomatoes and salsa, between chickens and eggs. They have spent too little time in woods and fields to deeply appreciate predators and prey, the web of life, tracks and scat -- and tree forts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I teach a Zoo School class at the Oakland Zoo, I am amazed by the wealth of factual knowledge the students have about animals. Animal Planet has created generations of zoological geniuses. They can name an exotic animal species like an expert, but can't name the plants or animals in their own habitats. They seem to be void of hands on, three dimensional experiences in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I tour students around the zoo grounds, we observe magnificent creatures: tigers, elephants, monkeys, giraffe, but it is the backyard animals that get visiting youngsters most excited. While checking out a dream view of the male lion, lying in the sunshine, mane, paws and teeth exposed, a child will ignore the cat and scream, \"Lizard!!!!\" at the sight of a plain, brown, tiny lizard on a rock. The same holds true for the many birds, squirrels, hummingbirds and butterflies that cross our path on a zoo tour. Nothing is more exciting then seeing a gopher popping out of his hole. Nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book \u003cem>Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder\u003c/em>, author Richard Louv believes that children have traded in real nature experiences for television, computers and organized sports. He blames paranoid parents, sensationalist media, dependence on technology and uncreative school programming. He believes that nature is needed in the lives of children to lower stress, increase connections to friends, inspire confidence, compassion and a sense of place in the world. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R706011000\" title=\"Nature Deficit Disorder on Forum\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> for more about Nature Deficit Disorder on KQED's Forum.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My first memories were of exploring the woods by my house with my dog, digging in the dirt or sitting in a tree pretending to be a squirrel. I am certain these experiences lead me to be an adult who cares about nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It does seem clear that children benefit from free-form, outdoor nature play, but not all Bay Area children have a safe wood in their backyard. Please share with us your ideas for places for children to connect with nature, besides the zoo, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, stop reading and go out and play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Oakland Zoo\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_garden.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years back, I took my Second Grade class to Slide Ranch in Marin, a working educational, ecological farm. There, we visited the hen house and observed the hens sitting calmly on their nests. One clucked and strutted away, revealing a perfect, white egg. I directed Adina to pick it up and bring it to us. She did so tenderly, held it up and asked, \"is this a \u003cem>real\u003c/em> egg?\" A Slide Ranch teacher took the egg, placed it in a Safeway egg carton and showed the class. \"Oooohhhhh,\" they all said, \"it \u003cem>is\u003c/em> real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of today's children do not know where their food comes from. They have spent too little time out in farms and gardens to make the connection between picking tomatoes and salsa, between chickens and eggs. They have spent too little time in woods and fields to deeply appreciate predators and prey, the web of life, tracks and scat -- and tree forts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I teach a Zoo School class at the Oakland Zoo, I am amazed by the wealth of factual knowledge the students have about animals. Animal Planet has created generations of zoological geniuses. They can name an exotic animal species like an expert, but can't name the plants or animals in their own habitats. They seem to be void of hands on, three dimensional experiences in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I tour students around the zoo grounds, we observe magnificent creatures: tigers, elephants, monkeys, giraffe, but it is the backyard animals that get visiting youngsters most excited. While checking out a dream view of the male lion, lying in the sunshine, mane, paws and teeth exposed, a child will ignore the cat and scream, \"Lizard!!!!\" at the sight of a plain, brown, tiny lizard on a rock. The same holds true for the many birds, squirrels, hummingbirds and butterflies that cross our path on a zoo tour. Nothing is more exciting then seeing a gopher popping out of his hole. Nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book \u003cem>Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder\u003c/em>, author Richard Louv believes that children have traded in real nature experiences for television, computers and organized sports. He blames paranoid parents, sensationalist media, dependence on technology and uncreative school programming. He believes that nature is needed in the lives of children to lower stress, increase connections to friends, inspire confidence, compassion and a sense of place in the world. (Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R706011000\" title=\"Nature Deficit Disorder on Forum\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a> for more about Nature Deficit Disorder on KQED's Forum.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My first memories were of exploring the woods by my house with my dog, digging in the dirt or sitting in a tree pretending to be a squirrel. I am certain these experiences lead me to be an adult who cares about nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It does seem clear that children benefit from free-form, outdoor nature play, but not all Bay Area children have a safe wood in their backyard. Please share with us your ideas for places for children to connect with nature, besides the zoo, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, stop reading and go out and play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Oakland Zoo\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park",
"title": "Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a> allows hikers to make a trip back in time. The park is a still-forested hill nestled among several of the famous valley's wineries. It stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. Though the trees and other plants have been largely removed from the land used as vineyards, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Visiting the Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\" target=\"_blank\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n3801 St. Helena Highway North\u003cbr>\nCalistoga, CA 94515\u003cbr>\n707-942-4575 \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>5 miles north of St. Helena and 4 miles south of Calistoga on Highway 29/128.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 north to Highway 37 at Novato, east on Highway 37 to Highway 121, north on Highway 121 to Highway 29 near Napa, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 north to I580, west on I580 to I680, north to I780, north to I80, east to Highway 37, west to Highway 29, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 south to Calistoga exit, go east on Mark West Rd., continuing on Porter Creek Rd. to Petrified Forest Rd., turn left, go to Highway 128, turn right and follow Highway 128 past Calistoga to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North-Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 south to Highway 20, west to Highway 53, south to Highway 29 at Lower Lake, then south on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>East\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I80 west to Highway 12, west to Highway 29, then north to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activities\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiking\u003c/strong>: there are well over 10 miles of trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming\u003c/strong>: Memorial Day weekend through mid-June, then daily through Labor Day, from 12- 6 p.m. There is an additional fee for the use of the swimming pool, to be paid at the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Horseback riding\u003c/strong>: horseback ride during the spring, summer, or fall. Reservations for horseback rides can be made through \u003ca href=\"http://triplecreekhorseoutfit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Creek Horse Outfit\u003c/a> by calling (707) 933-1600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picnics\u003c/strong>: The large picnic grounds are located in the day use area, and are even available for group events and getaways. A covered area for group use contains picnic tables, a sink and an electrical outlet with a horseshoe pit and wheelchair-accessible restroom nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interpretive programs\u003c/strong>: offered throughout the year. Special programs can sometimes be arranged for groups by calling the park in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate Recommended Clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park exhibits more seasonal changes than most Californians experience. Hot, dry summers change to mild, wet winters; in between, in spring and fall, the park and its surrounding area are probably at their finest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures may reach 105 degrees Fahrenheit, but nights are usually cool. In the fall, when daytime temperatures are more pleasant, the leaves begin to turn, creating a dramatic and colorful display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures don't often go below freezing and snow is infrequent, but nearly 45 inches of rain are apt to fall during a single winter - between December and March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More about the park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the park is rugged, with elevations ranging from 300 to 2,000 feet. You will notice a pattern in the vegetation: the forests are on the north-facing slopes and in canyons, while south-facing slopes tend to be brushy; redwoods grow only near creeks or springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant life hides much of the park's geology, which is principally volcanic, but you can see a reminder of the area's violent geologic past in the volcanic ash cliffs of upper Ritchey Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is home to raccoons, gray squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, and coyotes to name a few, but they are sometimes difficult to spot because of their nocturnal habits and the heavy forest cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several species of birds can be easily detected though, including the six kinds of woodpecker that inhabit the park. The spectacular crow-sized pileated woodpecker is one of them. On a more rare occasion a spotted owl can be found, perched high in a redwood tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located by the entrance to the park is the Visitor Center. The Visitor Center and entrance station are open intermittently when staffing is available. Brochures (hiking maps) are also available by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to the park's visitor center is the Native American Garden which displays some of the plants important to the first people of this area. Today, many of the same plants are used by the Wappo people. A guide for the garden is available by mail or in the visitor center to broaden one's understanding of the first people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the day use/picnic area is the Pioneer Cemetery, resting-place of some of the original settlers of the Napa Valley. The cemetery is an interesting place to visit while on a day hike, and is currently under restoration to return it to its original, mid-1800's appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wine Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Bright, accessible fruit.\" \"Complex minerality.\" \"Rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-pinot.jpg\">\u003c/span> Wait a minute... wine has corners? Well, in a manner of speaking. What wine definitely has is complex chemistry that changes over time, and lends each vintage its own distinctive taste-- one that reflects the environment the grapes are grown in and the scientific decisions of the winemaker. The resulting tastes and aromas are so intricate that wine lovers have their own rich vocabulary to describe them. (We'll get to those \"corners\" in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Acid Test\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The acids in wine are important in lending a crisp, fresh taste that balances the natural sweetness of the grapes and helps give the wine liveliness. Too much acid, though, makes a wine taste sharp, and too little leaves it lifeless. There's a bit of personal preference involved here, too: just as some people favor grapefruit over apple juice, some wine drinkers prefer a more acidic wine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-vineyard.jpg\">\u003c/span>Acidity can also reflect the climate in which the grapes were grown. As they grow, grapes produce two acids, tartaric and malic, and compounds derived from these acids are found in finished wine. Grapes grown in cooler temperatures will typically be more acidic than those grown in warmer climes because in warmer temperatures, the grapes can \"sweat out\" some of their acids through respiration. What does this mean for you as a wine drinker? You can expect a Chardonnay from the somewhat toasty Napa Valley to be less acidic than one from the cooler Burgundy region of France. This is one clue an experienced wine taster can use in determining the region where a wine's grapes were grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tannins and Tinted Teeth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tannins are an altogether different family of chemicals and flavors (though some wine tasters confuse the two). To sense the difference, swish a sip of wine between your teeth. The acid will make your mouth water. The tannins will leave behind a dry, astringent feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Found mostly in red wines, tannins are a group of chemicals that lend body and structure to a wine (those mysterious \"rounded corners\"). Tannins readily bind with proteins in your saliva and can stick to your teeth when you swish-- leaving serious tasters somewhat burgundy-toothed. Wines with lots of tannin are sometimes considered \"big,\" because they have a dense texture, though a wine that's \"too big\" can taste harsh. Highly tannic wines can be tempered by fatty foods, like bleu cheese, which coat your mouth and keep the tannins from reacting with your saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-grapes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wine acquires tannins from grape stems, skins, and seeds, and from wood if it's aged in oak barrels. Winemakers can control tannin level in a wine by altering factors like how long the juice remains in contact with the skin after the grapes are crushed and how long the wine is aged. They consider not only the flavor of the wine, but whether or not they intend for it to be consumed soon after bottling or to be aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Uncorking a Great Debate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A wine's tannins soften as it ages, so highly tannic wines are good candidates for the cellar. Wine researchers don't have a clear understanding of exactly what happens chemically as a wine ages, but they do know that the changes are fueled by oxygen. The wine itself contains some of the gas when it's bottled, and tiny amounts of oxygen seep in around the cork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the \"leaky cork\" in the aging process is central to a debate raging in the wine community. While corks have a romantic aesthetic and may contribute to the maturing of a fine wine, they are also responsible for most of the spoilage that occurs. \"Cork taint\" results when a cork contains one of a number of compounds that impart a musty or medicinal smell to a finished wine. Cork taint affects between 5 and 8 percent of wine bottles, a significant enough percentage to send winemakers looking for other options. One of them, the screw cap, has been both lauded as a savior and dismissed with indifference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers from Down Under-- Australia and New Zealand-- have taken the lead in pushing this alternative to corks. Advocates note there's no worry of contamination from a screw cap and it provides an airtight seal that can prevent oxidation. But screw caps don't quite carry the allure of a cork. And from a scientific perspective, can a wine still age finely without the tiny bit of oxygen afforded entry by a cork? It's hard for wine researchers to answer this question, since there's no clear picture of exactly what's going on inside the jug. The jury may be out for years, until connoisseurs open their decade-old screw-capped bottles and confer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"Manipulation\" vs. \"Cheating\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-tools.jpg\">\u003c/span>Have a look at a wine label and you'll see items like alcohol content, the producer, and the vintage year. What you won't see is a list of ingredients. While it's true that wine is pretty much just grapes and the yeasts used to ferment them, winemakers will often tweak flavors or coax a developing process along. Winemaking regulations differ throughout the world; in sweltering California, it's common practice to dilute wine with water to control the high alcohol content that results from sugary-ripe grapes, or to add acid lost through respiration. Such embellishments are forbidden in more temperate Burgundy, where winemakers often add sugar (a process banned in California) to make up for its lower content in their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of manipulations occur before adding yeast, and are viewed by most wine enthusiasts as corrections to the deficiencies of nature. Other tweaks, however, are made after yeast is added, and might be viewed differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most visible example is the sulfites that are often added to wine. These compounds keep harmful bacteria and other microbes at bay, but some consumers say they'd prefer wines without them. In response, a number of organic wineries have adopted a \"no sulfites\" practice. Many wine aficionados argue that it's difficult to make a good quality wine without sulfites, and that, since sulfites already occur naturally in small amounts during fermentation, people don't actually avoid them just by drinking organic wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-barrels.jpg\">\u003c/span>More subtle questions also arise around manipulations that can alter the taste or aging process of a wine in ways that might seem artificial. A winemaker can choose to age his latest batch in newer barrels to impart an oakier flavor. Or he could speed up the aging process by injecting small amounts of oxygen into the barrel (a process known as microoxygenation). Both actions intentionally alter the wine. While the first method is one that's been practiced for centuries, the second is relatively new. Does that make the newer one \"cheating\"? Some wine drinkers would say that whatever improves the quality of the wine counts the most, while others would argue that using more traditional methods preserves the integrity of the winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't read about these behind-the-scenes manipulations on a wine label, but there's still a lot to be learned from the packaging. Knowing where a wine is produced, for example, can give you clues to how it might taste (remember the \"lower acidity in warmer climates\" hint?). If you know what you're looking for, the label can help you discern whether all the grapes are from the same region or, if it's a blend, how much of each kind of grape is used. There are many types of grapes, called varietals, each having its own unique qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes labels include a description of the wine's flavors; try tasting the wine and see if the description matches your experience. For more of a challenge, spend some time contemplating a wine's aroma. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/winearomas.html\">Download these lists\u003c/a> with common terms used to characterize scents found in a wine's bouquet. With a little practice, you just might find yourself talking about \"grapefruit,\" \"pepper,\" and those no-longer-elusive \"rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to David W. Graves of \u003ca href=\"http://www.saintsbury.com/\">Saintsbury Vineyard\u003c/a> for his kind assistance providing insights for this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/477027@N22\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/napaCA1978/napaCA1978.pdf\">Soil Survey of Napa County, California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca>The Sparkling Science of Champagne\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/food/\">Check Please! Bay Area - KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bothe-Napa Valley State Park stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. However, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain. The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a> allows hikers to make a trip back in time. The park is a still-forested hill nestled among several of the famous valley's wineries. It stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. Though the trees and other plants have been largely removed from the land used as vineyards, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Visiting the Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\" target=\"_blank\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n3801 St. Helena Highway North\u003cbr>\nCalistoga, CA 94515\u003cbr>\n707-942-4575 \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>5 miles north of St. Helena and 4 miles south of Calistoga on Highway 29/128.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 north to Highway 37 at Novato, east on Highway 37 to Highway 121, north on Highway 121 to Highway 29 near Napa, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 north to I580, west on I580 to I680, north to I780, north to I80, east to Highway 37, west to Highway 29, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 south to Calistoga exit, go east on Mark West Rd., continuing on Porter Creek Rd. to Petrified Forest Rd., turn left, go to Highway 128, turn right and follow Highway 128 past Calistoga to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North-Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 south to Highway 20, west to Highway 53, south to Highway 29 at Lower Lake, then south on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>East\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I80 west to Highway 12, west to Highway 29, then north to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activities\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiking\u003c/strong>: there are well over 10 miles of trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming\u003c/strong>: Memorial Day weekend through mid-June, then daily through Labor Day, from 12- 6 p.m. There is an additional fee for the use of the swimming pool, to be paid at the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Horseback riding\u003c/strong>: horseback ride during the spring, summer, or fall. Reservations for horseback rides can be made through \u003ca href=\"http://triplecreekhorseoutfit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Creek Horse Outfit\u003c/a> by calling (707) 933-1600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picnics\u003c/strong>: The large picnic grounds are located in the day use area, and are even available for group events and getaways. A covered area for group use contains picnic tables, a sink and an electrical outlet with a horseshoe pit and wheelchair-accessible restroom nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interpretive programs\u003c/strong>: offered throughout the year. Special programs can sometimes be arranged for groups by calling the park in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate Recommended Clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park exhibits more seasonal changes than most Californians experience. Hot, dry summers change to mild, wet winters; in between, in spring and fall, the park and its surrounding area are probably at their finest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures may reach 105 degrees Fahrenheit, but nights are usually cool. In the fall, when daytime temperatures are more pleasant, the leaves begin to turn, creating a dramatic and colorful display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures don't often go below freezing and snow is infrequent, but nearly 45 inches of rain are apt to fall during a single winter - between December and March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More about the park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the park is rugged, with elevations ranging from 300 to 2,000 feet. You will notice a pattern in the vegetation: the forests are on the north-facing slopes and in canyons, while south-facing slopes tend to be brushy; redwoods grow only near creeks or springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant life hides much of the park's geology, which is principally volcanic, but you can see a reminder of the area's violent geologic past in the volcanic ash cliffs of upper Ritchey Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is home to raccoons, gray squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, and coyotes to name a few, but they are sometimes difficult to spot because of their nocturnal habits and the heavy forest cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several species of birds can be easily detected though, including the six kinds of woodpecker that inhabit the park. The spectacular crow-sized pileated woodpecker is one of them. On a more rare occasion a spotted owl can be found, perched high in a redwood tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located by the entrance to the park is the Visitor Center. The Visitor Center and entrance station are open intermittently when staffing is available. Brochures (hiking maps) are also available by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to the park's visitor center is the Native American Garden which displays some of the plants important to the first people of this area. Today, many of the same plants are used by the Wappo people. A guide for the garden is available by mail or in the visitor center to broaden one's understanding of the first people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the day use/picnic area is the Pioneer Cemetery, resting-place of some of the original settlers of the Napa Valley. The cemetery is an interesting place to visit while on a day hike, and is currently under restoration to return it to its original, mid-1800's appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wine Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Bright, accessible fruit.\" \"Complex minerality.\" \"Rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-pinot.jpg\">\u003c/span> Wait a minute... wine has corners? Well, in a manner of speaking. What wine definitely has is complex chemistry that changes over time, and lends each vintage its own distinctive taste-- one that reflects the environment the grapes are grown in and the scientific decisions of the winemaker. The resulting tastes and aromas are so intricate that wine lovers have their own rich vocabulary to describe them. (We'll get to those \"corners\" in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Acid Test\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The acids in wine are important in lending a crisp, fresh taste that balances the natural sweetness of the grapes and helps give the wine liveliness. Too much acid, though, makes a wine taste sharp, and too little leaves it lifeless. There's a bit of personal preference involved here, too: just as some people favor grapefruit over apple juice, some wine drinkers prefer a more acidic wine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-vineyard.jpg\">\u003c/span>Acidity can also reflect the climate in which the grapes were grown. As they grow, grapes produce two acids, tartaric and malic, and compounds derived from these acids are found in finished wine. Grapes grown in cooler temperatures will typically be more acidic than those grown in warmer climes because in warmer temperatures, the grapes can \"sweat out\" some of their acids through respiration. What does this mean for you as a wine drinker? You can expect a Chardonnay from the somewhat toasty Napa Valley to be less acidic than one from the cooler Burgundy region of France. This is one clue an experienced wine taster can use in determining the region where a wine's grapes were grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tannins and Tinted Teeth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tannins are an altogether different family of chemicals and flavors (though some wine tasters confuse the two). To sense the difference, swish a sip of wine between your teeth. The acid will make your mouth water. The tannins will leave behind a dry, astringent feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Found mostly in red wines, tannins are a group of chemicals that lend body and structure to a wine (those mysterious \"rounded corners\"). Tannins readily bind with proteins in your saliva and can stick to your teeth when you swish-- leaving serious tasters somewhat burgundy-toothed. Wines with lots of tannin are sometimes considered \"big,\" because they have a dense texture, though a wine that's \"too big\" can taste harsh. Highly tannic wines can be tempered by fatty foods, like bleu cheese, which coat your mouth and keep the tannins from reacting with your saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-grapes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wine acquires tannins from grape stems, skins, and seeds, and from wood if it's aged in oak barrels. Winemakers can control tannin level in a wine by altering factors like how long the juice remains in contact with the skin after the grapes are crushed and how long the wine is aged. They consider not only the flavor of the wine, but whether or not they intend for it to be consumed soon after bottling or to be aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Uncorking a Great Debate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A wine's tannins soften as it ages, so highly tannic wines are good candidates for the cellar. Wine researchers don't have a clear understanding of exactly what happens chemically as a wine ages, but they do know that the changes are fueled by oxygen. The wine itself contains some of the gas when it's bottled, and tiny amounts of oxygen seep in around the cork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the \"leaky cork\" in the aging process is central to a debate raging in the wine community. While corks have a romantic aesthetic and may contribute to the maturing of a fine wine, they are also responsible for most of the spoilage that occurs. \"Cork taint\" results when a cork contains one of a number of compounds that impart a musty or medicinal smell to a finished wine. Cork taint affects between 5 and 8 percent of wine bottles, a significant enough percentage to send winemakers looking for other options. One of them, the screw cap, has been both lauded as a savior and dismissed with indifference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers from Down Under-- Australia and New Zealand-- have taken the lead in pushing this alternative to corks. Advocates note there's no worry of contamination from a screw cap and it provides an airtight seal that can prevent oxidation. But screw caps don't quite carry the allure of a cork. And from a scientific perspective, can a wine still age finely without the tiny bit of oxygen afforded entry by a cork? It's hard for wine researchers to answer this question, since there's no clear picture of exactly what's going on inside the jug. The jury may be out for years, until connoisseurs open their decade-old screw-capped bottles and confer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"Manipulation\" vs. \"Cheating\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-tools.jpg\">\u003c/span>Have a look at a wine label and you'll see items like alcohol content, the producer, and the vintage year. What you won't see is a list of ingredients. While it's true that wine is pretty much just grapes and the yeasts used to ferment them, winemakers will often tweak flavors or coax a developing process along. Winemaking regulations differ throughout the world; in sweltering California, it's common practice to dilute wine with water to control the high alcohol content that results from sugary-ripe grapes, or to add acid lost through respiration. 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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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