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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/marsmethane.jpg\">\u003cem>Methane concentrations revealing a plume in Mars' northern\u003cbr> hemisphere during its summer season. Credit: NASA\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Methane on Mars? Really? \u003ca href=\"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/editorial/6228553.html\">What does that mean?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/2008/11/03/mars-methane-mystery-still-beckons/\">existence of methane gas on Mars\u003c/a> for several years now, from independent observations. Further observations have led to the detection of \"plumes\" or clouds of methane gas apparently emanating from specific locations on Mars. One plume is estimated to contain 19,000 metric tons of the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is this exciting news? If you know anything about the source of most of Earth's atmospheric methane gas, you already know the answer: possible life. Not, I should say, \u003cem>necessarily\u003c/em> life on Mars, but maybe a strong piece of evidence in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, methane (CH\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>) is produced by living organisms---mostly by the activity of microbes, but some by the digestive processes in larger organisms (yes, like humans, and cows). Methane is the major constituent of natural gas, which fuels gas powered ovens and heaters in homes, as well as natural gas power plants. Methane is also produced by decaying organic matter---that's where \"swamp gas\" comes from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Mars, methane gas cannot exist for long in the atmosphere; it is relatively quickly broken down by solar radiation. So, the methane detected in Mars' atmosphere must be replenished by something, continually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the big question right now is, where is the methane coming from? Under the surface of Mars, almost certainly. By biological processes---life---underground? Could be. By non-biological means? Could be, too; methane can be produced through inorganic chemical processes. We don't know yet. The next step in finding out more will be the \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a large rover scheduled to be launched to Mars sometime in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one form or another, humans have been trying to see, or find, life on Mars for a long time. Percival Lowell squinted at Mars' small, blurry disk through his 24-inch telescope in Flagstaff, and perceived markings he saw to be vast canal complexes, ostensibly built by a desert Martian civilization thirsty for water harvested from their planet's polar ice caps. This led to much of the science fiction relating to life on Mars in the 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earth-bound telescopes noted seasonal changes in Mars' color and brightness, and some attributed this to possible seasonal growth of Martian vegetation---though it was later found that these variations were the effects of seasonal planet-wide dust storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/viking.html\">Viking landers'\u003c/a> primary mission in the 1970's was to search for life. They didn't find any by scratching around Mars' surface and testing the soils there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1990's saw the controversy over microscopic structures in meteorites found on Earth but determined to have originated on Mars. Some argued that these structures were fossils of Martian microbes that lived on Mars long ago. Whether these findings were in fact fossils and not just geologic structures was never conclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The determination that liquid water once flowed on the surface of Mars, and still exists under its surface at least as ice, is pretty much scientific fact today. Evidence of past liquid flows have been imaged and mapped from space, and the \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/\">Phoenix lander\u003c/a> found water ice in the north polar regions last year. And there's the \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">rover Opportunity\u003c/a> that has confirmed gray hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's almost certain that there are no Martian cows grazing the rusty desert plains out there. But there seems to be a lot of evidence for the possibility that something is going on below Mars' surface---perhaps the presence of liquid water, perhaps the presence of some form of life. We don't know yet, but it sure feels like we're onto something here....\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/putting-a-price-on-nature\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/radio3-17_pricetagnature300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Truckee River Canyon. Credit: Michael Conner.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Natural capital isn't something we hear about very often, and it certainly isn't a new idea. Aldo Leopold and other conservationists recognized the role that natural ecosystems play in our lives as early as the 1940's. But understanding and measuring that role hasn't been easy. That's where the \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Capital Project\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project focuses on \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/toolbox.html#Life\" target=\"_blank\">ecosystem services\u003c/a> - the natural processes that ecosystems provide and humans benefit from. Those include how forests filter our drinking water, how wetlands provide protection from storm surges, and how bees and other pollinators support our agricultural industry. While these services may not be the first thing you think of when it comes to nature, researchers are discovering that they're vital to human health and decision makers are starting to factor that it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few examples:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990's, New York City's water quality dropped below EPA standards. The obvious option was to built a new water filtration plant - with a hefty price tag: $6-8 billion for construction and $300 million in yearly operating expenses. Instead, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chichilnisky.com/pdfs/papers/151.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the city decided to invest in the natural processes\u003c/a> that help keep water clean. That meant looking upstream to the Catskills watershed where intact ecosystems could help filter the water. The city bought land upstream and improved sewer treatment plants - all at a much lower price: $1-1.5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In China, the Yangtze River Basin experienced devastating floods in 1998. Many believed the vast deforestation of the surrounding area had been the major cause, since it had eliminated the natural buffer that existed. Since then, the Chinese Government \u003ca href=\"http://ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/article.news.php?component_id=4193&component_version_id=6082&language_id=12\" target=\"_blank\">has adopted a system of ecosystem payments\u003c/a> - giving subsidies to farmers to plant trees and preserve forested areas. All in all, their program in budgeted in the billions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Natural Capital project has created an \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/InVEST.html\" target=\"_blank\">online tool known as InVEST\u003c/a> that's freely available to the public. It allows users to map ecosystem services in any landscape. The project's co-found Gretchen Daily is hopeful that the tool will make it much easier for natural capital to be part of land use decision-making - especially in countries where development pressures are strong. \"It's stunning to see how rapidly things are changing globally. We're losing trillions of dollars of value in natural capital in the form of rain forests and other key natural assets\" Daily said. The project is already working with the government of Colombia to use InVEST and to improve their resource permitting process. You can read more about \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/wherewework.html\">where else they're working here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/putting-a-price-on-nature\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/putting-a-price-on-nature\">Listen to the Putting a Price on Nature\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.42949 -122.167059\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/samuel-p-taylor-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span>Less than an hour’s drive north from San Francisco, the 2,882 acres of Samuel P. Taylor State Park is within easy driving distance of some of northern California’s most dramatic outdoor scenery. The park features a unique contrast of coastal redwood groves and open grassland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park also features a variety of flowers and trees, including oak, tanoak, madrone, live oak, laurel and Douglas fir. California native wildflowers include buttercups, milkmaids, and Indian paintbrush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common animal in the park is the black-tailed deer. There are also raccoons, striped skunks and gray foxes. Silver salmon and steelhead trout migrate up Papermill Creek to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Location\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The park is 15 miles west of San Rafael on Sir Francis Drake Boulevard.\u003cbr>\nP.O. Box 251\u003cbr>\nLagunitas, CA 94938\u003cbr>\n415-488-9897\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please call the park for current hours of operation at the phone number above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=469\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Ranger Vic Graves and Damien Jones, Supervising State Park Ranger – Marin Sector North Parks of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/\">California State Parks\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Robin Marks of the Exploratorium contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Resilient Redwoods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The coast redwood is no ordinary tree.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the superficial onlooker, the redwood's impressive appearance makes a strong impression. But a more intimate study of California's official state tree reveals a less-obvious feat: \u003cem>Sequoia sempervirens\u003c/em> (meaning \"ever living\") is a master of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few threats short of a chain saw can end an established redwood's life. This resilience comes largely from two of the tree's innate talents: reproduction tricks and defenses that make it almost impervious to injury. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Some Redwood Facts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> The coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, grows taller than any other tree species, and is the official state tree of California. Sequoia sempervirens is native only to a sliver of coast along central and northern California, running from just south of Monterey up to the Oregon border, and inland a mere 35 miles. Redwoods require a very particular environment: wet. but not too wet; warm, but not too warm; near the ocean, but not too near. They aren't particularly tolerant of salt, but they depend on the marine fog, which condenses on their leaves and provides water during the otherwise warm, dry, summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are the tallest trees in the world, and it's not uncommon for them to reach well over 300 feet tall (that's the height of a 30-story building). Enormous trunks make the redwood's mass second only to its inland cousin, the giant sequoia. In fact, a coast redwood isn't even considered \"large\" until its trunk is about 15 feet in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, these are the tree's superficial traits. Within those double-digit trunks hide centuries of growth rings that wouldn't build up as they do if the redwood wasn't so adept at surviving. While sempervirens isn't the very oldest tree in the world, it's certainly in the top echelon. Fifteen-hundred-year-old trees aren't uncommon, and the oldest known living example has been around for about 2,200 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are often found mixed in with other trees, such as Douglas fir and tanoak, as is the case in Samuel P. Taylor State Park in Marin County. Ferns and brackens often make up the forest's understory. The biggest redwoods grow farther north, where the land is flatter than in the Bay Area, on alluvial plains that are prone to flooding. These floods, which occur about twice a century, actually work in the tree's favor: they deposit an enormous amount of sediment, sometimes two feet per flood, that tends to bury most species. Stuck in the mud, a redwood can generate a new root system to plumb the new, higher level of ground, and thus continue on without competing with other plants for light and nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reproduction\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_2.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> Chances are these redwood shoots are much older than they look. Redwoods sprout these tiny clones of themselves when they are damaged. The little trees can linger for centuries waiting for the right conditions to grow into mature redwoods. Redwoods are adept at making more of themselves, whether by cloning or from seeds. They are an example of the smallest seed-cones giving rise to the most majestic trees. Redwood cones are only about an inch long, and the trees don't reach their most fertile period until they're over 250 years old. After that, they can continue to produce viable seeds for almost 1,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many conifers, redwoods rely on wind to disperse their seeds. But the tiny seeds (it takes 120,000 of them to weigh a pound!) aren't well-shaped for air travel, and so seldom fall more than 200 feet or so from the parent tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood saplings are fast growers: yearlings can sprout up to 18 inches, and youngsters in their first decade can gain up to six feet in a single season. Redwood saplings have an advantage over their neighbors, needing less light to grow than Douglas fir, spruce, and other trees that share forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The redwood's niftiest resilience trick is packaged in burls at the base of each tree. These burls are made up of dormant buds, each waiting to sprout into action if the parent tree is damaged. Cut a redwood down, for example, wait three weeks, and you'll find around 100 new baby trees sprouted at its base. Of course, not all these trees will survive, but many of them may, growing at voracious speeds. This stump-sprouting leads to what are called \"fairy circles,\" rings of trees encircling the site where one tree once grew. These circles are easy to find in forests where stumps still remain. Other parks in the Bay Area have ancient fairy circles, huge, cathedral-like rings of millennia-old redwoods surrounding the site of the central tree's long-gone stump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burl sprouts need space and light to grow, commodities that are sometimes in short supply in a dense redwood forest. But no problem: these tiny trees are programmed to wait. And wait. And wait. While the sprouts may look like they're six-month-old redwood infants, they may have been hanging around for centuries—yes, centuries; clones of ol\" Stumpy, waiting for a neighbor tree to topple and lend them the patch of sunlight that will send them skyward. Ponder that next time you tromp by a redwood stump.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Playing with fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_3.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>It's not uncommon for a redwood to sport a foot-thick layer of bark. Redwood bark is low in oils, making the tree unusually fire resistant. The forests of the northern California coast are no strangers to fire. Fire is the redwood's only real foe, but it can also somewhat beneficial. Semperivens has adapted to life in forests that depend on fire, and researchers have found that old-growth redwoods are subjected to—and usually survive—two or three major blazes every century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next time you walk past a redwood giant, take a moment to consider its bark. This outer skin is a real life preserver. Deeply grooved and spongy to the touch, the fibrous redwood bark can be over a foot thick. Redwood bark contains much less oil than most tree barks, which keeps it from catching fire easily. If the tree does catch fire, the burn usually doesn't circle all the way around the trunk, which would kill the tree. Instead, the flames are more likely to destroy a single patch and some heartwood, leaving blackened cavities that are sometimes big enough to accommodate several people. Early settlers in the west used to corral livestock in these redwood caves by putting fences across the openings, lending these caverns the name \"goose pens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_4.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>From inside the Pioneer Tree in Samuel P. Taylor State Park in Marin County, visitors can take stock of the damage from a long-ago forest fire that left the tree standing, but with two hollowed out chambers big enough for a hiker to explore.Being able to withstand fire gives a redwood an obvious advantage over most other forest foliage. Any redwood holding its own after the flames have swept through will find itself surrounded by more light, less competition, and the fallen carcasses of its neighbors to provide nutrients. In other words, if it can survive the onslaught, it will be rewarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods continue to thrive despite fires, floods, and (so far) even the threat posed by logging, thanks to efforts by groups like the Save the Redwoods League. Such groups have been active since early last century, when the effects of logging were becoming clear. Most of the ancient redwood forests that still exist, and many second-growth forests as well, are now on protected public lands. One of the joys of being a Bay Area denizen is that these trees live among us, just across the bridge or down the hill, waiting to welcome admiring visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/960470@N20\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=469\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/learning-center/explore/\">Save the Redwoods Education Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Less than an hour’s drive north from San Francisco, the 2,882 acres of Samuel P. Taylor State Park is within easy driving distance of some of northern California’s most dramatic outdoor scenery. The park features a unique contrast of coastal redwood groves and open grassland.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/samuel-p-taylor-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span>Less than an hour’s drive north from San Francisco, the 2,882 acres of Samuel P. Taylor State Park is within easy driving distance of some of northern California’s most dramatic outdoor scenery. The park features a unique contrast of coastal redwood groves and open grassland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park also features a variety of flowers and trees, including oak, tanoak, madrone, live oak, laurel and Douglas fir. California native wildflowers include buttercups, milkmaids, and Indian paintbrush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common animal in the park is the black-tailed deer. There are also raccoons, striped skunks and gray foxes. Silver salmon and steelhead trout migrate up Papermill Creek to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Location\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The park is 15 miles west of San Rafael on Sir Francis Drake Boulevard.\u003cbr>\nP.O. Box 251\u003cbr>\nLagunitas, CA 94938\u003cbr>\n415-488-9897\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please call the park for current hours of operation at the phone number above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=469\">Download a trail map\u003c/a> and more about the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Ranger Vic Graves and Damien Jones, Supervising State Park Ranger – Marin Sector North Parks of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/\">California State Parks\u003c/a> for their participation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Robin Marks of the Exploratorium contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Resilient Redwoods\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The coast redwood is no ordinary tree.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the superficial onlooker, the redwood's impressive appearance makes a strong impression. But a more intimate study of California's official state tree reveals a less-obvious feat: \u003cem>Sequoia sempervirens\u003c/em> (meaning \"ever living\") is a master of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Few threats short of a chain saw can end an established redwood's life. This resilience comes largely from two of the tree's innate talents: reproduction tricks and defenses that make it almost impervious to injury. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Some Redwood Facts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_1.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> The coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, grows taller than any other tree species, and is the official state tree of California. Sequoia sempervirens is native only to a sliver of coast along central and northern California, running from just south of Monterey up to the Oregon border, and inland a mere 35 miles. Redwoods require a very particular environment: wet. but not too wet; warm, but not too warm; near the ocean, but not too near. They aren't particularly tolerant of salt, but they depend on the marine fog, which condenses on their leaves and provides water during the otherwise warm, dry, summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are the tallest trees in the world, and it's not uncommon for them to reach well over 300 feet tall (that's the height of a 30-story building). Enormous trunks make the redwood's mass second only to its inland cousin, the giant sequoia. In fact, a coast redwood isn't even considered \"large\" until its trunk is about 15 feet in diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, these are the tree's superficial traits. Within those double-digit trunks hide centuries of growth rings that wouldn't build up as they do if the redwood wasn't so adept at surviving. While sempervirens isn't the very oldest tree in the world, it's certainly in the top echelon. Fifteen-hundred-year-old trees aren't uncommon, and the oldest known living example has been around for about 2,200 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are often found mixed in with other trees, such as Douglas fir and tanoak, as is the case in Samuel P. Taylor State Park in Marin County. Ferns and brackens often make up the forest's understory. The biggest redwoods grow farther north, where the land is flatter than in the Bay Area, on alluvial plains that are prone to flooding. These floods, which occur about twice a century, actually work in the tree's favor: they deposit an enormous amount of sediment, sometimes two feet per flood, that tends to bury most species. Stuck in the mud, a redwood can generate a new root system to plumb the new, higher level of ground, and thus continue on without competing with other plants for light and nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reproduction\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_2.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span> Chances are these redwood shoots are much older than they look. Redwoods sprout these tiny clones of themselves when they are damaged. The little trees can linger for centuries waiting for the right conditions to grow into mature redwoods. Redwoods are adept at making more of themselves, whether by cloning or from seeds. They are an example of the smallest seed-cones giving rise to the most majestic trees. Redwood cones are only about an inch long, and the trees don't reach their most fertile period until they're over 250 years old. After that, they can continue to produce viable seeds for almost 1,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many conifers, redwoods rely on wind to disperse their seeds. But the tiny seeds (it takes 120,000 of them to weigh a pound!) aren't well-shaped for air travel, and so seldom fall more than 200 feet or so from the parent tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwood saplings are fast growers: yearlings can sprout up to 18 inches, and youngsters in their first decade can gain up to six feet in a single season. Redwood saplings have an advantage over their neighbors, needing less light to grow than Douglas fir, spruce, and other trees that share forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The redwood's niftiest resilience trick is packaged in burls at the base of each tree. These burls are made up of dormant buds, each waiting to sprout into action if the parent tree is damaged. Cut a redwood down, for example, wait three weeks, and you'll find around 100 new baby trees sprouted at its base. Of course, not all these trees will survive, but many of them may, growing at voracious speeds. This stump-sprouting leads to what are called \"fairy circles,\" rings of trees encircling the site where one tree once grew. These circles are easy to find in forests where stumps still remain. Other parks in the Bay Area have ancient fairy circles, huge, cathedral-like rings of millennia-old redwoods surrounding the site of the central tree's long-gone stump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burl sprouts need space and light to grow, commodities that are sometimes in short supply in a dense redwood forest. But no problem: these tiny trees are programmed to wait. And wait. And wait. While the sprouts may look like they're six-month-old redwood infants, they may have been hanging around for centuries—yes, centuries; clones of ol\" Stumpy, waiting for a neighbor tree to topple and lend them the patch of sunlight that will send them skyward. Ponder that next time you tromp by a redwood stump.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Playing with fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_3.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>It's not uncommon for a redwood to sport a foot-thick layer of bark. Redwood bark is low in oils, making the tree unusually fire resistant. The forests of the northern California coast are no strangers to fire. Fire is the redwood's only real foe, but it can also somewhat beneficial. Semperivens has adapted to life in forests that depend on fire, and researchers have found that old-growth redwoods are subjected to—and usually survive—two or three major blazes every century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next time you walk past a redwood giant, take a moment to consider its bark. This outer skin is a real life preserver. Deeply grooved and spongy to the touch, the fibrous redwood bark can be over a foot thick. Redwood bark contains much less oil than most tree barks, which keeps it from catching fire easily. If the tree does catch fire, the burn usually doesn't circle all the way around the trunk, which would kill the tree. Instead, the flames are more likely to destroy a single patch and some heartwood, leaving blackened cavities that are sometimes big enough to accommodate several people. Early settlers in the west used to corral livestock in these redwood caves by putting fences across the openings, lending these caverns the name \"goose pens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/spt_4.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>From inside the Pioneer Tree in Samuel P. Taylor State Park in Marin County, visitors can take stock of the damage from a long-ago forest fire that left the tree standing, but with two hollowed out chambers big enough for a hiker to explore.Being able to withstand fire gives a redwood an obvious advantage over most other forest foliage. Any redwood holding its own after the flames have swept through will find itself surrounded by more light, less competition, and the fallen carcasses of its neighbors to provide nutrients. In other words, if it can survive the onslaught, it will be rewarded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods continue to thrive despite fires, floods, and (so far) even the threat posed by logging, thanks to efforts by groups like the Save the Redwoods League. Such groups have been active since early last century, when the effects of logging were becoming clear. Most of the ancient redwood forests that still exist, and many second-growth forests as well, are now on protected public lands. One of the joys of being a Bay Area denizen is that these trees live among us, just across the bridge or down the hill, waiting to welcome admiring visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/960470@N20\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=469\">Samuel P. Taylor State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/learning-center/explore/\">Save the Redwoods Education Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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