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"content": "\u003cp>In cities around America, thousands of construction companies, restaurants and other businesses are bracing for \"A Day Without Immigrants,\" a combination boycott/strike that highlights the contributions of immigrants to U.S. business and culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The movement is a response to President Trump's immigration agenda, which includes a pledge to seal the U.S. border with Mexico and a travel ban on citizens of seven majority-Muslim countries (which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/02/13/514966051/for-refugees-and-advocates-trump-immigration-order-stay-leads-to-disarray\">now on hold\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some businesses are closing for the day; others are staying open and pledging to contribute a share of the day's proceeds to nonprofits that aid Latino communities. In a number of cases, business owners are abiding by the wishes of their staffs, after holding votes to decide whether to open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"PgL0tf0mQohRq9Dp4d1Q4rwLOH4wuXFp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several closures are high-profile: Chef and entrepreneur \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/15/515441650/chef-jos-andr-s-to-close-restaurants-for-day-without-immigrants\">José Andrés told NPR\u003c/a> this week, \"It was a very easy decision\" to close his restaurants in Washington, D.C., saying he wants to support his employees who had planned not to work Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrity chef Rick Bayless, who's famous for popularizing the complex flavors of Mexico's cuisine, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Rick_Bayless/status/832018508120629248\">says he closed\u003c/a> four Chicago restaurants for the day out of respect for his staff's vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Los Angeles, Danielle Karson reports for our Newscast unit:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Thousands of immigrants are skipping work; not shopping; not eating at restaurants, buying gas, or sending their children to school. LA County Supervisor Hilda Solis says immigrants, regardless of legal status, contribute 40 percent of LA County's gross domestic product: almost $300 billion a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'It's incumbent on us to be brave, which we're prepared to do,' Solis said. 'To step up; to say to him, not in my house; not in my county; not in my state.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The day of protest comes after Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents alarmed immigrant rights advocates by arresting some 680 people in raids across the U.S. last week. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/02/13/515032423/75-percent-of-immigration-raid-arrests-were-for-criminal-convictions-dhs-says\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>, the Department of Homeland Security has called those raids routine, saying they targeted people who had criminal convictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Charlotte, North Carolina, teacher Hayley Rowley tweeted an image of empty desks in her classroom \"as over half my class stays home,\" \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/HayleyaRowley/status/832249028251414528\">she wrote\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/HayleyaRowley/status/832249028251414528\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 250 businesses in the Charlotte region are closed today, \u003ca href=\"http://wfae.org/post/more-250-businesses-remain-closed-thursday-immigrants-protest-ice-arrests?utm_content=buffer63570&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer\">member station WFAE reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Kansas City, Missouri, protesters spilled off of the steps of City Hall and into a plaza — one of many cities where public rallies are being held today. According to member station \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/laurazig/status/832279772550070276\">KCUR's Laura Ziegler\u003c/a>, hundreds of people in Kansas City chanted \"USA! USA!\" in support of immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/laurazig/status/832279772550070276\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, D.C., at least two schools are closed for the day. And Ahmad Erfani, who was born in Iran and grew up in France, says he's closing his bakery, Le Caprice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mostly the people who work here are immigrants. We spoke with them. They thought it's good for solidarity with the others to not work,\" he tells \u003ca href=\"http://wamu.org/story/17/02/16/bars-restaurants-schools-close-doors-day-without-immigrants/\">member station WAMU\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erfani added, \"They are hard workers. I am not happy when I see they are not very happy these days, because it is difficult. They work hard, they come here 6 in the morning. It is not very comfortable for us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Day Without Immigrants comes more than 10 years after another national movement, the Great American Boycott, used a May 1 boycott to protest the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5373673\">Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That legislation, also called HR 4437, would have required hundreds of miles of new fencing to be built along the Mexican border, along with toughening the federal stance toward people who are in the country illegally — and toward anyone in the U.S. who offers them shelter or aid. The bill won passage in the House of Representatives before failing in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. 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"content": "\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/307877957\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\"Just One Breath\"\u003c/strong>: Read More \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/valleyfever\" target=\"_blank\">Investigations\u003c/a> About Valley Fever\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/valleyfever\" target=\"_blank\">“Just One Breath”\u003c/a> project results from an innovative reporting venture, the Center for Health Journalism Collaborative, which currently involves the Bakersfield Californian, Radio Bilingüe in Fresno, Valley Public Radio in Fresno and Bakersfield, Vida en el Valle in Fresno, Hanford Sentinel, the Voice of OC in Santa Ana, the Arizona Daily Star in Tucson and La Estrella de Tucsón. The collaborative is an initiative of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a> at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When the wind kicks up in the town of Coalinga, dust devils whirl over almond orchards and pumpjacks. You can even see the narrow brown funnels from the grounds of Pleasant Valley State Prison, on the outskirts of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the prison itself, there’s hardly any dust. That's evidence of years of work by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to reduce and control the San Joaquin Valley's ubiquitous wind-borne dust. The dust carries the spores of the debilitating fungal disease known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/\" target=\"_blank\">coccidioidomycosis\u003c/a>, or \"valley fever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, it’s a slight breeze but there’s nothing blowing around,” says prison spokesman Matt Martin, gesturing toward dirt-packed exercise yards and the unpaved shoulders of nearby roads. \"It’s a dirt spray, it’ll keep the dust down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inhaling the dust can be deadly. Spores of the dangerous fungus lurk inside the dust, and if prisoners inhale those spores, they can get sick.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 2011, hundreds of state prisoners were falling ill with the disease every year. Annual prisoner deaths from the disease ranged between six to nine. Pleasant Valley had the most cases; in 2011, the prison's diagnosis rate was more than 600 times the general California rate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prisoners are especially vulnerable to valley fever. They can’t install new air filters or double-paned windows. And they obviously can’t leave.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_291432\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-291432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pleasant Valley State Prison in western Fresno County has reported the most cases of valley fever of any California state prison.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pleasant Valley State Prison in western Fresno County has reported the most cases of valley fever of any California state prison. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Preventing this disease is challenging because we all breathe, and many of us live in areas where this fungus is found,” says Dr. Tom Chiller, chief of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/mycotics/\" target=\"_blank\">mycotic diseases branch \u003c/a>of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in the last few years, California’s state prisons have made progress. They’ve worked to screen out the prisoners most vulnerable to the disease and have taken measures to lower the risk to inmates incarcerated there. Between 2011 and 2015, while background valley fever rates in the southwest dropped by 30 to 50 percent, rates in state prisons fell close to 90 percent overall. Those improvements did not happen quickly or easily, and some required intervention by outsiders.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some prisoners more vulnerable than others\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Richard Nuwintore was barely three weeks into his sentence at Taft Correctional Institution when he began to cough and experience chest pain. Within a few days, it was obvious something was wrong.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I could touch my skin and I was really hot,” Nuwintore recalls. “I had the coughing, the night sweats. My appetite was gone. I couldn't eat. I couldn't swallow, and I was losing weight really, really fast.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Valley fever is endemic to dusty areas of the southwestern United States. Most who inhale the spores overcome the disease without ever knowing it. Some develop symptoms resembling pneumonia or bronchitis. In a small minority, the disease causes severe lung infection or disseminates throughout the body, requiring lifelong treatment. In the worst cases, the infection leads to fatal meningitis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease draws its name from the San Joaquin Valley, the agricultural belt in the center of the state where the disease is concentrated. Kern County — where Nuwintore was incarcerated at Taft — has the highest valley fever incidence of any California county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a refugee from the east African country of Burundi, Nuwintore had never heard of the disease before arriving at Taft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other inmates were telling me about valley fever, and I was like, ‘What is it? What is it?’ ” he says. “It was something scary, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuwintore was a victim of confinement in an endemic area, but weather and genetics also played a role. In 2011, when he was diagnosed, valley fever rates in Arizona and California were skyrocketing — a peak experts largely attribute to\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bakersfield.com/special/just-one-breath/valley-fever-cases-spike-is-it-the-weather/article_7ce6b232-d0a0-5674-bdf6-e512a3d46d42.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">weather cycles of rain and drought\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And research shows that individuals of African-American or African descent, like Nuwintore, are especially prone to the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taft is a federal prison and its health data have not been made available. But in state prisons all around Taft, the disease simmered. Between 2007 and 2015, almost 3,500 state prisoners in California were diagnosed with valley fever — many of whom, like Nuwintore, still struggle to manage the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Prisons take steps to reduce risk\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation began taking steps to prevent valley fever long before the alarming 2011 spike in cases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2006, prison officials began excluding inmates with weakened immune systems — due to factors such as HIV or chemotherapy — from all eight prisons in the Central Valley. But valley fever rates still rose among prisoners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_291430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-291430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Between 2007 and 2015, almost 3,500 state prisoners in California were diagnosed with valley fever.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Between 2007 and 2015, almost 3,500 state prisoners in California were diagnosed with valley fever. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More sweeping interventions arrived in 2013, at the behest of federal officials who by that time had taken over the administration of prison health care in California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal oversight officials added a new rule specifically for prisoners who are African-American or Filipino, another group that is especially susceptible to the disease. The rule held that inmates from those two ethnic groups could \u003cem>not\u003c/em> be sent to the two most affected prisons, Pleasant Valley and nearby Avenal State Prison.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At those two prisons, officials have distributed dust masks that inmates can wear outside. Prisoners also have the option to stay indoors when wind speeds are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think [valley fever] is one of the biggest issues that we've had in this system,” says Janet Mohle-Boetani, a health administrator with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. “We're taking precautions for every prison in the Central Valley, and we're taking extra special precautions for the two prisons that have the very high rates of valley fever.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most significant change, perhaps, arrived in 2015 on the recommendation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It’s\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/post/new-valley-fever-skin-test-shows-promise-obstacles-remain\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a skin test called Spherusol\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that can detect valley fever immunity, and it’s offered to every inmate entering the state prison system. An individual who tests positive has already been exposed to the fungus and fought it off successfully, and is henceforth immune. Inmates who test negative are still at risk. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If they inhale the dust with the fungus in it and they've tested negative, they're much more likely to get the disease than someone who has a positive test,” says Mohle-Boetani. “So if someone comes into the reception center and then they test negative, we put a medical restriction on those patients so they are not sent to live in Avenal or Pleasant Valley State Prison.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People gain immunity after successfully fighting off the disease. In a mass screening in early 2015, around 35,000 inmates in the California prison system took the test and roughly 9 percent were shown to be immune.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The CDC recommended Spherusol to the state prison system shortly after the test became commercially available in 2014. The FDA has not actually approved Spherusol for this purpose, but like other medical products, it is being used off-label to sort the prisoners by risk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Given the fact that they were having such high rates of cocci, we knew that we needed to do whatever we could to try to help them lower the risk,” says the CDC’s Tom Chiller, referring to valley fever by its scientific nickname, cocci. “We immediately thought 'Maybe this could be used to understand which prisoners could exist in an area with the fungal spores but not get infected, or at least have an extremely low risk of getting infected.'”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Galgiani, director of the University of Arizona’s Valley Fever Center for Excellence, is optimistic about the decline in valley fever reported in California’s prisons, but he says it’s too early to determine the exact reasons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think they should be given credit for the drop to some extent,” Galgiani says, “but it'll take time to see if it stays low, to see if it's because of the policies that are now put in place.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Health impacts linger after prison sentence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, Richard Nuwintore lives on a suburban cul-de-sac outside Sacramento with his mother and girlfriend.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He may be free from prison, but he’s not free of the disease. He’s too sick to work, and he’ll probably be on antifungal medications for the rest of his life. The fat pink and blue pills keep him alive, but their side effects are almost as bad as the disease itself.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You wake up, you have a little bit of energy, but as the day goes by you start to just feel pain in the joints,” he says. “Of course, your stomach is still on fire because the medicine is kind of powerful. And [there's] fatigue, and sometimes you get dizzy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Nuwintore and another inmate won a landmark case that established the right of prisoners to sue the federal government for damages related to the disease, even though Taft is managed by a private contractor. They’ve now filed a second lawsuit to recoup their medical costs and lost earnings — a sum that could reach millions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fungal spores swirling within the dust of the San Joaquin Valley have forced state prisons to ramp up prevention efforts.",
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"title": "California Prisons Fight to Reduce Dangerous 'Valley Fever' Infections Among Inmates | KQED",
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"headline": "California Prisons Fight to Reduce Dangerous 'Valley Fever' Infections Among Inmates",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/people/kerry-klein\" target=\"_blank\">Kerry Klein\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/br>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Valley Public Radio\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/307877957&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/307877957'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>\"Just One Breath\"\u003c/strong>: Read More \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/valleyfever\" target=\"_blank\">Investigations\u003c/a> About Valley Fever\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/valleyfever\" target=\"_blank\">“Just One Breath”\u003c/a> project results from an innovative reporting venture, the Center for Health Journalism Collaborative, which currently involves the Bakersfield Californian, Radio Bilingüe in Fresno, Valley Public Radio in Fresno and Bakersfield, Vida en el Valle in Fresno, Hanford Sentinel, the Voice of OC in Santa Ana, the Arizona Daily Star in Tucson and La Estrella de Tucsón. The collaborative is an initiative of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a> at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When the wind kicks up in the town of Coalinga, dust devils whirl over almond orchards and pumpjacks. You can even see the narrow brown funnels from the grounds of Pleasant Valley State Prison, on the outskirts of town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at the prison itself, there’s hardly any dust. That's evidence of years of work by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to reduce and control the San Joaquin Valley's ubiquitous wind-borne dust. The dust carries the spores of the debilitating fungal disease known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/\" target=\"_blank\">coccidioidomycosis\u003c/a>, or \"valley fever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you can see, it’s a slight breeze but there’s nothing blowing around,” says prison spokesman Matt Martin, gesturing toward dirt-packed exercise yards and the unpaved shoulders of nearby roads. \"It’s a dirt spray, it’ll keep the dust down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inhaling the dust can be deadly. Spores of the dangerous fungus lurk inside the dust, and if prisoners inhale those spores, they can get sick.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">By 2011, hundreds of state prisoners were falling ill with the disease every year. Annual prisoner deaths from the disease ranged between six to nine. Pleasant Valley had the most cases; in 2011, the prison's diagnosis rate was more than 600 times the general California rate. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prisoners are especially vulnerable to valley fever. They can’t install new air filters or double-paned windows. And they obviously can’t leave.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_291432\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-291432\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Pleasant Valley State Prison in western Fresno County has reported the most cases of valley fever of any California state prison.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley3-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pleasant Valley State Prison in western Fresno County has reported the most cases of valley fever of any California state prison. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Preventing this disease is challenging because we all breathe, and many of us live in areas where this fungus is found,” says Dr. Tom Chiller, chief of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/mycotics/\" target=\"_blank\">mycotic diseases branch \u003c/a>of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But in the last few years, California’s state prisons have made progress. They’ve worked to screen out the prisoners most vulnerable to the disease and have taken measures to lower the risk to inmates incarcerated there. Between 2011 and 2015, while background valley fever rates in the southwest dropped by 30 to 50 percent, rates in state prisons fell close to 90 percent overall. Those improvements did not happen quickly or easily, and some required intervention by outsiders.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Some prisoners more vulnerable than others\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Richard Nuwintore was barely three weeks into his sentence at Taft Correctional Institution when he began to cough and experience chest pain. Within a few days, it was obvious something was wrong.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I could touch my skin and I was really hot,” Nuwintore recalls. “I had the coughing, the night sweats. My appetite was gone. I couldn't eat. I couldn't swallow, and I was losing weight really, really fast.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Valley fever is endemic to dusty areas of the southwestern United States. Most who inhale the spores overcome the disease without ever knowing it. Some develop symptoms resembling pneumonia or bronchitis. In a small minority, the disease causes severe lung infection or disseminates throughout the body, requiring lifelong treatment. In the worst cases, the infection leads to fatal meningitis. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease draws its name from the San Joaquin Valley, the agricultural belt in the center of the state where the disease is concentrated. Kern County — where Nuwintore was incarcerated at Taft — has the highest valley fever incidence of any California county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a refugee from the east African country of Burundi, Nuwintore had never heard of the disease before arriving at Taft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other inmates were telling me about valley fever, and I was like, ‘What is it? What is it?’ ” he says. “It was something scary, you know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuwintore was a victim of confinement in an endemic area, but weather and genetics also played a role. In 2011, when he was diagnosed, valley fever rates in Arizona and California were skyrocketing — a peak experts largely attribute to\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bakersfield.com/special/just-one-breath/valley-fever-cases-spike-is-it-the-weather/article_7ce6b232-d0a0-5674-bdf6-e512a3d46d42.html\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">weather cycles of rain and drought\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And research shows that individuals of African-American or African descent, like Nuwintore, are especially prone to the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taft is a federal prison and its health data have not been made available. But in state prisons all around Taft, the disease simmered. Between 2007 and 2015, almost 3,500 state prisoners in California were diagnosed with valley fever — many of whom, like Nuwintore, still struggle to manage the disease.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Prisons take steps to reduce risk\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation began taking steps to prevent valley fever long before the alarming 2011 spike in cases.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2006, prison officials began excluding inmates with weakened immune systems — due to factors such as HIV or chemotherapy — from all eight prisons in the Central Valley. But valley fever rates still rose among prisoners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_291430\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-291430\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Between 2007 and 2015, almost 3,500 state prisoners in California were diagnosed with valley fever.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/02/PleasantValley1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Between 2007 and 2015, almost 3,500 state prisoners in California were diagnosed with valley fever. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/Valley Public Radio)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">More sweeping interventions arrived in 2013, at the behest of federal officials who by that time had taken over the administration of prison health care in California. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The federal oversight officials added a new rule specifically for prisoners who are African-American or Filipino, another group that is especially susceptible to the disease. The rule held that inmates from those two ethnic groups could \u003cem>not\u003c/em> be sent to the two most affected prisons, Pleasant Valley and nearby Avenal State Prison.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At those two prisons, officials have distributed dust masks that inmates can wear outside. Prisoners also have the option to stay indoors when wind speeds are high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think [valley fever] is one of the biggest issues that we've had in this system,” says Janet Mohle-Boetani, a health administrator with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. “We're taking precautions for every prison in the Central Valley, and we're taking extra special precautions for the two prisons that have the very high rates of valley fever.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The most significant change, perhaps, arrived in 2015 on the recommendation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It’s\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/post/new-valley-fever-skin-test-shows-promise-obstacles-remain\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a skin test called Spherusol\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that can detect valley fever immunity, and it’s offered to every inmate entering the state prison system. An individual who tests positive has already been exposed to the fungus and fought it off successfully, and is henceforth immune. Inmates who test negative are still at risk. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“If they inhale the dust with the fungus in it and they've tested negative, they're much more likely to get the disease than someone who has a positive test,” says Mohle-Boetani. “So if someone comes into the reception center and then they test negative, we put a medical restriction on those patients so they are not sent to live in Avenal or Pleasant Valley State Prison.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People gain immunity after successfully fighting off the disease. In a mass screening in early 2015, around 35,000 inmates in the California prison system took the test and roughly 9 percent were shown to be immune.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The CDC recommended Spherusol to the state prison system shortly after the test became commercially available in 2014. The FDA has not actually approved Spherusol for this purpose, but like other medical products, it is being used off-label to sort the prisoners by risk.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Given the fact that they were having such high rates of cocci, we knew that we needed to do whatever we could to try to help them lower the risk,” says the CDC’s Tom Chiller, referring to valley fever by its scientific nickname, cocci. “We immediately thought 'Maybe this could be used to understand which prisoners could exist in an area with the fungal spores but not get infected, or at least have an extremely low risk of getting infected.'”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Galgiani, director of the University of Arizona’s Valley Fever Center for Excellence, is optimistic about the decline in valley fever reported in California’s prisons, but he says it’s too early to determine the exact reasons.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I think they should be given credit for the drop to some extent,” Galgiani says, “but it'll take time to see if it stays low, to see if it's because of the policies that are now put in place.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Health impacts linger after prison sentence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Today, Richard Nuwintore lives on a suburban cul-de-sac outside Sacramento with his mother and girlfriend.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He may be free from prison, but he’s not free of the disease. He’s too sick to work, and he’ll probably be on antifungal medications for the rest of his life. The fat pink and blue pills keep him alive, but their side effects are almost as bad as the disease itself.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You wake up, you have a little bit of energy, but as the day goes by you start to just feel pain in the joints,” he says. “Of course, your stomach is still on fire because the medicine is kind of powerful. And [there's] fatigue, and sometimes you get dizzy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Nuwintore and another inmate won a landmark case that established the right of prisoners to sue the federal government for damages related to the disease, even though Taft is managed by a private contractor. They’ve now filed a second lawsuit to recoup their medical costs and lost earnings — a sum that could reach millions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "why-is-marin-county-so-white",
"title": "Why is Marin County So White?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Take a trip through some pivotal moments in Marin history that contributed to its demographics today. \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">podcast\u003c/a> from KQED that answers your questions about the Bay Area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dropcap]S[/dropcap]ix years ago, Henry Ma moved to the Bay Area with his wife from New York City. They settled in San Rafael — the perfect location between both of their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they had two girls, he started to notice something about where he lived in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our daughter was the only Asian in the school of 72 kids,” Ma said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It made him wonder: “The Bay Area is one of the most diverse places in the country. Within the Bay Area, why is Marin County the least diverse?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312354\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11312354\" title=\"Courtesy of Henry Ma\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-800x1106.jpg\" alt=\"attachment (8)\" width=\"300\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-800x1106.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-160x221.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-1020x1410.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-1920x2655.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-1180x1632.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-960x1327.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-240x332.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-375x518.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-520x719.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henry Ma lives in San Rafael \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Henry Ma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Looking at the Numbers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The data back up Henry’s experience. According to the most recent U.S. Census data, a huge majority — as in 72 percent — of people who live in Marin County identify their race as white. And that doesn’t include Hispanic/Latino folks who also identify as white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison,\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Alameda County is 33 percent white and 29 percent Asian. Asians make up just 6 percent of people in Marin County.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look back at Marin County’s history and you’ll find that it wasn’t always that way. In fact, its demographic history is not too far off from the rest of the Bay Area’s. Archives at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinlibrary.org/californiaroom/\">Anne T. Kent California Room\u003c/a> show that what is now Marin County was once almost completely occupied by tribes of the Coast Miwok Indians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1817, the Spanish established Mission San Rafael Arcangel in what is now the city of San Rafael. Between 1834-1846, significant portions of Marin were owned by people of Spanish and Mexican descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there was a huge influx of African-Americans who came to work in the shipyards during World War II, though it wasn’t enough to change the demographics significantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what explains the county’s demographics as they look today?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common guess is that it has to do with the lack of public transportation options in Marin County. BART, for example, doesn’t reach the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income residents who live in San Rafael — home to the highest percentage of Latinos in Marin County — \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201111300630/a\">have reported\u003c/a> that they live there because of the public transportation options. San Rafael has the most used transit service in the county, and some residents say that better transit throughout the county would \u003ca href=\"http://www.reimaginerpe.org/node/2813\">allow them to move.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a lot more to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Conservation Efforts Took Up Space\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There were a few huge moments in Marin County history that played a role in changing the demographics of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first came in 1896, when a couple of business-minded conservationists built the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/muwo/learn/historyculture/upload/MtTamMUWOrrIDP.pdf\"> Mount Tamalpais Scenic Railway.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mt. Tamalpais & Muir Woods Railroad, 1926\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/V8KlsOxpzAM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The railway was an 8-mile long, open-air ride up the side of Mount Tamalpais. At the peak of the mountain was a spectacular view of the San Francisco Bay Area. There was a resort, a grand restaurant, bar and tavern where visitors could stay the night. People from the East Coast and even Europe would travel to Marin County to ride the railway in long dresses and three-piece suits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the main purpose of the railway was to showcase the natural beauty of Marin so that people would want to preserve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing those things inspired people to want to create the national parks they have now,” said Fred Runner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20170102/NEWS/170109973\">a historian\u003c/a> who wrote a book on the historic railway. “Their whole thing was to show off the lovely scenery and to try to promote wilderness conservation. Everybody who worked on the railroad believed in that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11312357\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-1020x650.jpg\" alt=\"Fred Runner stands in front of the Book Depot in Mill Valley, where the Mt. Tam Science Railway trains would board passengers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-960x612.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-520x332.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149.jpg 1752w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fred Runner stands in front of the Book Depot in Mill Valley, where the Mount Tamalpais Scenic Railway trains would board passengers. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The railway was just the start of fruitful conservation efforts in Marin County — efforts that today leave around \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincounty.org/main/county-press-releases/press-releases/2016/deeper-affordablehousing-071416\">80 percent\u003c/a> of the county undeveloped because of long-standing commitments to land preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County has \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2012/05/22/bay-area-open-space-75-percent-is-being-protected-but-300000-acres-are-still-at-risk/\">the most\u003c/a> land set aside for preservation of any Bay Area county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the battles that raged early on was to try and stop building homes,” said Runner. “There were a number of legal battles around that — just by the skin of their teeth — being able to stop housing developments and create preserved wilderness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11315553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11315553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/21046960594_a078496170_k-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"The Mt. Tamalpais Watershed\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mount Tamalpais Watershed \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jesse/21046960594/in/photolist-2kcPC3-2kcPAu-2kcPxq-2kcPxG-2kcPBG-2kcPAm-7HgJCy-gPaXKd-9Doaub-q1GG9S-q1GGFJ-p71GvU-pLpPow-aMxGi6-p74km2-aMxEbZ-7UCwmZ-p71HHU-2k8UNr-aomb5K-aooWsG-aokUfH-wBdWNn-p74k4t-jWF2Ao-pLpPrs-6Cetsq-q3Cwbr-pLpPBh-dtbMoy-6qaEXZ-aMxFHc-aMxC2R-5FY3DA-6CerH9-6CesJ9-6nsL7e-6CaiW2-aMxDQB-E93ukJ-aMxBXF-4nr8vF-xtUmm-6CetkY-aomxxK-aokU6B-Gk5gcg-B6unam-y4Rb7W-dtbzLK/\">Jesse Wagstaff\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A combination of limited land, zoning laws and Marin County’s proximity to San Francisco created a scenario in which the demand for housing far outweighed supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homes that were built were very expensive. Who doesn’t want to live next to a giant park, right? Today, the median household income is nearly $94,000 a year, according to census data. This, over time, began to limit who was able to move into Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312513\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11312513\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3364-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Fred Runner shows historic photos of the Mount Tam Scenic Railway from his book.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fred Runner shows historic photos of the Mount Tam Scenic Railway from his book. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Fights Over Affordable Housing\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Marin’s skewed demographics caught the attention of the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2011, and it conducted \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201111300630/a\">an audit\u003c/a> on the county. It sought to answer: Was the county working hard enough to include people of color in its housing plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“HUD identified Marin as a county of interest because Marin County is primarily white,” said Jessica Tankersley Sparks, who co-wrote a report called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/cd/federal-grants/analysis_of_impediments_to_fair_housing_choice.pdf\">“Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice”\u003c/a> for Marin County. “In comparison to surrounding counties, those demographics are strikingly different from the demographics in Marin County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11315486\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11315486\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/26672489733_ae180a6d9e_k-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"The median household income in Marin County is almost $94,000 a year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The median household income in Marin County is almost $94,000 a year. \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/elchode/26672489733/in/photolist-GCXtWD-Hsjcj4-dvCB1v-dvCzUF-dvCERa-dvCFAR-dvCA1T-dvCDf8-dvJcz3-dvJdZC-dvCBpR-dvCAAe-dvJbnW-dvJfL1-dvCGfv-dvCDCp-dvCF3z-dvCE4x-dvCGtx-dvJcMw-dvCG2H-dvCEEM-dvJf1w-dvCFqa-dvCAo8-dvCBdc-dvCAd8-dvCCra-bo1BCA-Mdhpkp-8PGSn4-aZMCSn-bmMDpE-bnbqaY-62BHuv-62FYHJ-dayJcL-di1JFY-di1Js5-LAPshW-Lufx11-LAPktL-LufF45-fiEDBv-fiEFip-fiEBHM-fiUPBj-fiUNZ9-fiEFZB-fiUV9L\">Garden State Hiker\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The county’s demographics looked a lot like Westchester County in New York, which became the site of a famous fair housing lawsuit related to patterns of residential segregation. Officials suspected the same thing might be happening in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you talk about Marin County, you really have to look at the history of segregation,” said Caroline Peattie, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairhousingnorcal.org/\">Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California \u003c/a>and another co-author of the audit. “In some ways it’s not atypical. It just played out in slightly different ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11319043\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11319043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-1020x651.jpg\" alt=\"Caroline Peattie, executive director of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, sits in her office in San Rafael.\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-1020x651.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-800x511.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-1180x753.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-960x613.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-520x332.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215.jpg 1690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caroline Peattie, executive director of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, sits in her office in San Rafael. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The audit found that the county had \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201111300630/a\">failed to comply\u003c/a> with fair housing and civil rights laws, agreeing that it had built only a fraction of the low-income housing mandated by the Association of Bay Area Governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By failing to comply with these laws, the audit found, Marin County had failed to take active steps to welcome the people those laws sought to protect — including people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]“What we saw by and large was that the effective opposition to affordable housing had a corollary effect of creating impediments to housing choice to people in protected classes,” said Sparks. “[That includes] people of color, people with children, people with disabilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County isn’t the only place with some history of opposition to affordable housing. But other factors — namely, all of the land set aside for conservation — made it that much more difficult to find suitable places to build affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11319045\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11319045 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3289-1020x589.jpg\" alt='A painting that reads \"Good neighbors come in all colors\" hangs in the office at Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, which was formerly known as Fair Housing of Marin. ' width=\"640\" height=\"370\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting that reads “good neighbors come in all colors” hangs in the office of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, which was formerly known as Fair Housing of Marin. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Marin is very wealthy and the houses here cost quite a bit,” said Peattie. “It’s hard to own property here [and it’s] easy to say, ‘Oh, it’s just a question about money, it’s not about race at all.’ But it’s not that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Role of Reputation\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While the lack of affordable housing answers why low-income people of color might not move into Marin, why aren’t high-income people of color moving there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.responsiblelending.org/research-publication/drought-continues-mortgage-credit-runs-dry-californians-color\">A report \u003c/a>from the Center for Responsible Lending found that people of color in California who can afford to move into expensive neighborhoods typically choose not to. Instead, they mostly still choose to live in low-income, majority-minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rIdDhGSTpcv7i0SqEAzWbFQegR0YIq4O”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are quick to turn to a “self-segregation” argument, says professor Maria Krysan, head of the \u003ca href=\"https://soc.uic.edu/\">sociology department\u003c/a> at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She thinks that argument doesn’t hold up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The desire to avoid those settings is not driven by an affinity to live with their own kind, but a desire to avoid negative treatment by their neighbors,” says Krysan. “Certainly a perception or reputation of a community, and its openness to people of your own race and ethnicity, is something that comes up more often for African-Americans and Latinos than it does for whites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This anticipation for hostility, she says, has historical precedence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[It] comes from a history of discrimination and discriminatory treatment. It comes from a long history of that for African-Americans moving into white neighborhoods,” she said. “People trying to move into these communities were met with a great deal of hostility and violence, and I think that the memory of that and the repeat performance of that over time, creates a dynamic of anticipated discrimination that can make it an unpleasant prospect to move into an all-white neighborhood — especially if that neighborhood has been making the news or has reinforced that reputation of not being welcoming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s hard to own property here, and it’s easy to say, ‘Oh, it’s just a question about money, it’s not about race at all.’ But it’s not that simple.”\u003ccite>Caroline Peattie, Executive Director of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>Fighting Perception\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>I met a guy named John Young, who was born and raised in Marin City. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He’s African-American and he says he knows people of color who have floated around this idea of Marin as a place just for white people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That’s why a lot of people of color stay away,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Young hoped to change that. He became executive director of a group called Marin Grassroots, which was all about empowering people of color in local politics in Marin — a task he says was a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11319047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11319047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3375-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"John Young sits in his Vallejo home, where he's lived for 17 years now. He was born and raised in Marin City.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Young sits in his Vallejo home, where he’s lived for 17 years now. He was born and raised in Marin City. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was no baseline for social justice anywhere there,” he said. “Even the language of social justice, social equity … there was none of that present in Marin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young admits that he had his fair share of encounters with cops because of “driving while black.” But he also says he loves Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t really have whites on this side, blacks on [that side],” he said. “I didn’t walk outside saying, ‘Oh, this is a racist place where I live at.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">John lives in Vallejo now because he couldn’t afford to stay. But if he could move back, he would. He says there are people in Marin County who recognize the lack of diversity, and who are working to change it — including white people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Setting That ‘Represents Society’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Marin has made some changes that some say are steps in the right direction. County supervisors are trying to get landlords to rent to more Section 8 voucher holders, for example. They’ve also taken \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20151119/NEWS/151119763\">some measures\u003c/a> to begin making up for their shortage of affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I asked Henry Ma why he asked us this question, it was personal — especially when it came to his kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want them to think that they are such a rare occurrence — that being Asian is such a rare situation,” said Ma. “We don’t know how it’s going to shape their view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s important to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just think that when they get out to society that the representation is not going to be like this,” he said. “We want to expose them to a setting that represents society. That’s all that we want to ask for.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Why is Marin County So White? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Take a trip through some pivotal moments in Marin history that contributed to its demographics today. \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">podcast\u003c/a> from KQED that answers your questions about the Bay Area. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>ix years ago, Henry Ma moved to the Bay Area with his wife from New York City. They settled in San Rafael — the perfect location between both of their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they had two girls, he started to notice something about where he lived in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our daughter was the only Asian in the school of 72 kids,” Ma said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It made him wonder: “The Bay Area is one of the most diverse places in the country. Within the Bay Area, why is Marin County the least diverse?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312354\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11312354\" title=\"Courtesy of Henry Ma\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-800x1106.jpg\" alt=\"attachment (8)\" width=\"300\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-800x1106.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-160x221.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-1020x1410.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-1920x2655.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-1180x1632.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-960x1327.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-240x332.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-375x518.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/attachment-8-e1486850618807-520x719.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henry Ma lives in San Rafael \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Henry Ma)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Looking at the Numbers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The data back up Henry’s experience. According to the most recent U.S. Census data, a huge majority — as in 72 percent — of people who live in Marin County identify their race as white. And that doesn’t include Hispanic/Latino folks who also identify as white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison,\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Alameda County is 33 percent white and 29 percent Asian. Asians make up just 6 percent of people in Marin County.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look back at Marin County’s history and you’ll find that it wasn’t always that way. In fact, its demographic history is not too far off from the rest of the Bay Area’s. Archives at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinlibrary.org/californiaroom/\">Anne T. Kent California Room\u003c/a> show that what is now Marin County was once almost completely occupied by tribes of the Coast Miwok Indians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1817, the Spanish established Mission San Rafael Arcangel in what is now the city of San Rafael. Between 1834-1846, significant portions of Marin were owned by people of Spanish and Mexican descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, there was a huge influx of African-Americans who came to work in the shipyards during World War II, though it wasn’t enough to change the demographics significantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what explains the county’s demographics as they look today?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A common guess is that it has to do with the lack of public transportation options in Marin County. BART, for example, doesn’t reach the North Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-income residents who live in San Rafael — home to the highest percentage of Latinos in Marin County — \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201111300630/a\">have reported\u003c/a> that they live there because of the public transportation options. San Rafael has the most used transit service in the county, and some residents say that better transit throughout the county would \u003ca href=\"http://www.reimaginerpe.org/node/2813\">allow them to move.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a lot more to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Conservation Efforts Took Up Space\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There were a few huge moments in Marin County history that played a role in changing the demographics of the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first came in 1896, when a couple of business-minded conservationists built the\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/muwo/learn/historyculture/upload/MtTamMUWOrrIDP.pdf\"> Mount Tamalpais Scenic Railway.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mt. Tamalpais & Muir Woods Railroad, 1926\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/V8KlsOxpzAM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The railway was an 8-mile long, open-air ride up the side of Mount Tamalpais. At the peak of the mountain was a spectacular view of the San Francisco Bay Area. There was a resort, a grand restaurant, bar and tavern where visitors could stay the night. People from the East Coast and even Europe would travel to Marin County to ride the railway in long dresses and three-piece suits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the main purpose of the railway was to showcase the natural beauty of Marin so that people would want to preserve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing those things inspired people to want to create the national parks they have now,” said Fred Runner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20170102/NEWS/170109973\">a historian\u003c/a> who wrote a book on the historic railway. “Their whole thing was to show off the lovely scenery and to try to promote wilderness conservation. Everybody who worked on the railroad believed in that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11312357\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-1020x650.jpg\" alt=\"Fred Runner stands in front of the Book Depot in Mill Valley, where the Mt. Tam Science Railway trains would board passengers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-1180x752.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-960x612.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149-520x332.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3351-e1486850814149.jpg 1752w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fred Runner stands in front of the Book Depot in Mill Valley, where the Mount Tamalpais Scenic Railway trains would board passengers. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The railway was just the start of fruitful conservation efforts in Marin County — efforts that today leave around \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincounty.org/main/county-press-releases/press-releases/2016/deeper-affordablehousing-071416\">80 percent\u003c/a> of the county undeveloped because of long-standing commitments to land preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County has \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2012/05/22/bay-area-open-space-75-percent-is-being-protected-but-300000-acres-are-still-at-risk/\">the most\u003c/a> land set aside for preservation of any Bay Area county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the battles that raged early on was to try and stop building homes,” said Runner. “There were a number of legal battles around that — just by the skin of their teeth — being able to stop housing developments and create preserved wilderness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11315553\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11315553\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/21046960594_a078496170_k-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"The Mt. Tamalpais Watershed\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mount Tamalpais Watershed \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jesse/21046960594/in/photolist-2kcPC3-2kcPAu-2kcPxq-2kcPxG-2kcPBG-2kcPAm-7HgJCy-gPaXKd-9Doaub-q1GG9S-q1GGFJ-p71GvU-pLpPow-aMxGi6-p74km2-aMxEbZ-7UCwmZ-p71HHU-2k8UNr-aomb5K-aooWsG-aokUfH-wBdWNn-p74k4t-jWF2Ao-pLpPrs-6Cetsq-q3Cwbr-pLpPBh-dtbMoy-6qaEXZ-aMxFHc-aMxC2R-5FY3DA-6CerH9-6CesJ9-6nsL7e-6CaiW2-aMxDQB-E93ukJ-aMxBXF-4nr8vF-xtUmm-6CetkY-aomxxK-aokU6B-Gk5gcg-B6unam-y4Rb7W-dtbzLK/\">Jesse Wagstaff\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A combination of limited land, zoning laws and Marin County’s proximity to San Francisco created a scenario in which the demand for housing far outweighed supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homes that were built were very expensive. Who doesn’t want to live next to a giant park, right? Today, the median household income is nearly $94,000 a year, according to census data. This, over time, began to limit who was able to move into Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312513\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11312513\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3364-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Fred Runner shows historic photos of the Mount Tam Scenic Railway from his book.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fred Runner shows historic photos of the Mount Tam Scenic Railway from his book. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Fights Over Affordable Housing\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Marin’s skewed demographics caught the attention of the Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2011, and it conducted \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201111300630/a\">an audit\u003c/a> on the county. It sought to answer: Was the county working hard enough to include people of color in its housing plans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“HUD identified Marin as a county of interest because Marin County is primarily white,” said Jessica Tankersley Sparks, who co-wrote a report called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincounty.org/~/media/files/departments/cd/federal-grants/analysis_of_impediments_to_fair_housing_choice.pdf\">“Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice”\u003c/a> for Marin County. “In comparison to surrounding counties, those demographics are strikingly different from the demographics in Marin County.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11315486\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11315486\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/26672489733_ae180a6d9e_k-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"The median household income in Marin County is almost $94,000 a year. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The median household income in Marin County is almost $94,000 a year. \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/elchode/26672489733/in/photolist-GCXtWD-Hsjcj4-dvCB1v-dvCzUF-dvCERa-dvCFAR-dvCA1T-dvCDf8-dvJcz3-dvJdZC-dvCBpR-dvCAAe-dvJbnW-dvJfL1-dvCGfv-dvCDCp-dvCF3z-dvCE4x-dvCGtx-dvJcMw-dvCG2H-dvCEEM-dvJf1w-dvCFqa-dvCAo8-dvCBdc-dvCAd8-dvCCra-bo1BCA-Mdhpkp-8PGSn4-aZMCSn-bmMDpE-bnbqaY-62BHuv-62FYHJ-dayJcL-di1JFY-di1Js5-LAPshW-Lufx11-LAPktL-LufF45-fiEDBv-fiEFip-fiEBHM-fiUPBj-fiUNZ9-fiEFZB-fiUV9L\">Garden State Hiker\u003c/a>/Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The county’s demographics looked a lot like Westchester County in New York, which became the site of a famous fair housing lawsuit related to patterns of residential segregation. Officials suspected the same thing might be happening in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you talk about Marin County, you really have to look at the history of segregation,” said Caroline Peattie, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairhousingnorcal.org/\">Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California \u003c/a>and another co-author of the audit. “In some ways it’s not atypical. It just played out in slightly different ways.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11319043\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11319043\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-1020x651.jpg\" alt=\"Caroline Peattie, executive director of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, sits in her office in San Rafael.\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-1020x651.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-800x511.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-1180x753.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-960x613.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215-520x332.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3271-e1487232694215.jpg 1690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caroline Peattie, executive director of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, sits in her office in San Rafael. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The audit found that the county had \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201111300630/a\">failed to comply\u003c/a> with fair housing and civil rights laws, agreeing that it had built only a fraction of the low-income housing mandated by the Association of Bay Area Governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By failing to comply with these laws, the audit found, Marin County had failed to take active steps to welcome the people those laws sought to protect — including people of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“What we saw by and large was that the effective opposition to affordable housing had a corollary effect of creating impediments to housing choice to people in protected classes,” said Sparks. “[That includes] people of color, people with children, people with disabilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marin County isn’t the only place with some history of opposition to affordable housing. But other factors — namely, all of the land set aside for conservation — made it that much more difficult to find suitable places to build affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11319045\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11319045 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3289-1020x589.jpg\" alt='A painting that reads \"Good neighbors come in all colors\" hangs in the office at Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, which was formerly known as Fair Housing of Marin. ' width=\"640\" height=\"370\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A painting that reads “good neighbors come in all colors” hangs in the office of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California, which was formerly known as Fair Housing of Marin. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Marin is very wealthy and the houses here cost quite a bit,” said Peattie. “It’s hard to own property here [and it’s] easy to say, ‘Oh, it’s just a question about money, it’s not about race at all.’ But it’s not that simple.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Role of Reputation\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While the lack of affordable housing answers why low-income people of color might not move into Marin, why aren’t high-income people of color moving there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.responsiblelending.org/research-publication/drought-continues-mortgage-credit-runs-dry-californians-color\">A report \u003c/a>from the Center for Responsible Lending found that people of color in California who can afford to move into expensive neighborhoods typically choose not to. Instead, they mostly still choose to live in low-income, majority-minority neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are quick to turn to a “self-segregation” argument, says professor Maria Krysan, head of the \u003ca href=\"https://soc.uic.edu/\">sociology department\u003c/a> at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She thinks that argument doesn’t hold up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The desire to avoid those settings is not driven by an affinity to live with their own kind, but a desire to avoid negative treatment by their neighbors,” says Krysan. “Certainly a perception or reputation of a community, and its openness to people of your own race and ethnicity, is something that comes up more often for African-Americans and Latinos than it does for whites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This anticipation for hostility, she says, has historical precedence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[It] comes from a history of discrimination and discriminatory treatment. It comes from a long history of that for African-Americans moving into white neighborhoods,” she said. “People trying to move into these communities were met with a great deal of hostility and violence, and I think that the memory of that and the repeat performance of that over time, creates a dynamic of anticipated discrimination that can make it an unpleasant prospect to move into an all-white neighborhood — especially if that neighborhood has been making the news or has reinforced that reputation of not being welcoming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s hard to own property here, and it’s easy to say, ‘Oh, it’s just a question about money, it’s not about race at all.’ But it’s not that simple.”\u003ccite>Caroline Peattie, Executive Director of Fair Housing Advocates of Northern California\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003ch3>Fighting Perception\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>I met a guy named John Young, who was born and raised in Marin City. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He’s African-American and he says he knows people of color who have floated around this idea of Marin as a place just for white people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That’s why a lot of people of color stay away,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Young hoped to change that. He became executive director of a group called Marin Grassroots, which was all about empowering people of color in local politics in Marin — a task he says was a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11319047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11319047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_3375-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"John Young sits in his Vallejo home, where he's lived for 17 years now. He was born and raised in Marin City.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Young sits in his Vallejo home, where he’s lived for 17 years now. He was born and raised in Marin City. \u003ccite>(Ericka Cruz Guevarra/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was no baseline for social justice anywhere there,” he said. “Even the language of social justice, social equity … there was none of that present in Marin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young admits that he had his fair share of encounters with cops because of “driving while black.” But he also says he loves Marin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t really have whites on this side, blacks on [that side],” he said. “I didn’t walk outside saying, ‘Oh, this is a racist place where I live at.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">John lives in Vallejo now because he couldn’t afford to stay. But if he could move back, he would. He says there are people in Marin County who recognize the lack of diversity, and who are working to change it — including white people. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Setting That ‘Represents Society’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Marin has made some changes that some say are steps in the right direction. County supervisors are trying to get landlords to rent to more Section 8 voucher holders, for example. They’ve also taken \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/article/NO/20151119/NEWS/151119763\">some measures\u003c/a> to begin making up for their shortage of affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I asked Henry Ma why he asked us this question, it was personal — especially when it came to his kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want them to think that they are such a rare occurrence — that being Asian is such a rare situation,” said Ma. “We don’t know how it’s going to shape their view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s important to him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just think that when they get out to society that the representation is not going to be like this,” he said. “We want to expose them to a setting that represents society. That’s all that we want to ask for.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Broad Institute Wins Decision Over UC Berkeley in CRISPR Patent Battle",
"title": "Broad Institute Wins Decision Over UC Berkeley in CRISPR Patent Battle",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. patent office has delivered a potentially lucrative victory to bioengineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/zhang-lab\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute in Massachusetts, regarding patents for an extraordinarily useful gene-editing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a technology that's already worth billions of dollars, is shaping up to play a big role in medicine and medical research because it can edit DNA with unprecedented accuracy. But exactly who has the right to profit from the technology has been up for debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said patents issued to the Broad Institute in 2014, and then challenged by the University of California, Berkeley, are in fact valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pretty monumental decision here,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the New York Law School, who has been tracking the dispute closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to reward the most valuable aspect of CRISPR to the Broad Institute,\" Sherkow told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proceedings aren't entirely settled, but as Sherkow sees the situation, the Broad Institute — a joint venture of Harvard University and MIT — will hold the patent for using CRISPR in human beings, other animals, and plants. Sherkow told Shots he believes Cal's patent, which has not yet been issued, could be limited to bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously the patents covering the application of this technology in human cells ... are going to be much more financially valuable than using the same technology in bacteria,\" Sherkow says, \"because one can develop drugs and other therapies from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors Wednesday seemed to agree with this assessment. The value of companies that were spun off to license the Broad patents rose sharply, while the company based on the Berkeley patent lost value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, tens of billions of dollars are at stake here, both for the companies and for the universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, of U.C. Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, discovered the biology that underlies this technology along with a European colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, who is now director of the Institute for Infection Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told Shots she isn't convinced that Berkeley is the big loser here. She said the ruling paves the way for her patent application to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking forward to having our patent issued,\" she said. \"And our patent is a very broad patent that covers the composition and the use of this technology in all cell types.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the patent office rules the way Doudna hopes it will, people wanting to use CRISPR in higher organisms will have get licenses from both Berkeley and the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the thing that I think is a bit crazy about the way the decision comes down,\" Doudna said. \"It leaves the field — the situation — where a license would be necessary from both parties. There's not further clarity at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's yet another possibility: Berkeley could appeal Wednesday's ruling, and once again challenge the Broad Institute's patents. Doudna said the university hasn't decided what to do just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Broad+Institute+Wins+Big+Battle+Over+CRISPR+Gene-Editing+Patent&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "CRISPR technology is already worth billions of dollars, investors say. This ruling seems to affirm the biggest piece of the pie goes to the Broad, over patent rival University of California, Berkeley.",
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"description": "CRISPR technology is already worth billions of dollars, investors say. This ruling seems to affirm the biggest piece of the pie goes to the Broad, over patent rival University of California, Berkeley.",
"title": "Broad Institute Wins Decision Over UC Berkeley in CRISPR Patent Battle | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. patent office has delivered a potentially lucrative victory to bioengineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/zhang-lab\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute in Massachusetts, regarding patents for an extraordinarily useful gene-editing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a technology that's already worth billions of dollars, is shaping up to play a big role in medicine and medical research because it can edit DNA with unprecedented accuracy. But exactly who has the right to profit from the technology has been up for debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said patents issued to the Broad Institute in 2014, and then challenged by the University of California, Berkeley, are in fact valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pretty monumental decision here,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the New York Law School, who has been tracking the dispute closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to reward the most valuable aspect of CRISPR to the Broad Institute,\" Sherkow told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proceedings aren't entirely settled, but as Sherkow sees the situation, the Broad Institute — a joint venture of Harvard University and MIT — will hold the patent for using CRISPR in human beings, other animals, and plants. Sherkow told Shots he believes Cal's patent, which has not yet been issued, could be limited to bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously the patents covering the application of this technology in human cells ... are going to be much more financially valuable than using the same technology in bacteria,\" Sherkow says, \"because one can develop drugs and other therapies from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors Wednesday seemed to agree with this assessment. The value of companies that were spun off to license the Broad patents rose sharply, while the company based on the Berkeley patent lost value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, tens of billions of dollars are at stake here, both for the companies and for the universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, of U.C. Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, discovered the biology that underlies this technology along with a European colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, who is now director of the Institute for Infection Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told Shots she isn't convinced that Berkeley is the big loser here. She said the ruling paves the way for her patent application to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking forward to having our patent issued,\" she said. \"And our patent is a very broad patent that covers the composition and the use of this technology in all cell types.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the patent office rules the way Doudna hopes it will, people wanting to use CRISPR in higher organisms will have get licenses from both Berkeley and the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the thing that I think is a bit crazy about the way the decision comes down,\" Doudna said. \"It leaves the field — the situation — where a license would be necessary from both parties. There's not further clarity at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's yet another possibility: Berkeley could appeal Wednesday's ruling, and once again challenge the Broad Institute's patents. Doudna said the university hasn't decided what to do just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Broad+Institute+Wins+Big+Battle+Over+CRISPR+Gene-Editing+Patent&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Richmond Cuts Jobs, Street Repairs, Library Books to Keep Up With Pension Costs",
"title": "Richmond Cuts Jobs, Street Repairs, Library Books to Keep Up With Pension Costs",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>When the state auditor gauged the fiscal health of California cities in 2015, this port community on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay made a short list of six distressed municipalities at risk of bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond has cut about 200 jobs — roughly 20 percent of its workforce — since 2008. Its credit rating is at junk status. And in November, voters rejected a tax increase that city leaders had hoped would help close a chronic budget deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s any chance we can avoid it,” said former City Councilman Vinay Pimple, referring to bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major cause of Richmond’s problems: relentless growth in pension costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Payments for employee pensions, pension-related debt and retiree health care have climbed from $25 million to $44 million in the last five years, outpacing all other expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2021, retirement expenses could exceed $70 million — 41 percent of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond is a stark example of how pension costs are causing fiscal stress in cities across California. Four municipalities — Vallejo, Stockton, San Bernardino and Mammoth Lakes — have filed for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/municipalities-declared-bankruptcy/\">bankruptcy\u003c/a> protection since 2008. Others are on the brink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is that there are cities all over the state that just aren’t owning up to all their problems,” said San Bernardino City Manager Mark Scott.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, pension costs consume \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-pension-squeeze/\">15 percent or more\u003c/a> of big city budgets, crowding out basic services and leaving local governments more vulnerable than ever to the next economic downturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11318519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-800x470.jpg\" alt=\"RichmondChart\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-160x94.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-240x141.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-375x220.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond is a racially diverse, working-class city of 110,000 whose largest employer is a massive Chevron oil refinery. Like many California municipalities, Richmond dug a financial hole for itself by granting generous retirement benefits to police and firefighters on the assumption that pension fund investments would grow fast enough to cover the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That optimism proved unfounded, and now the bill is coming due.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Manager Bill Lindsay insists that Richmond can avoid going off a cliff. Last year, financial consultants mapped a path to stability for the city by 2021 — but at a considerable cost in public services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city cut \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/06/facing-prospect-of-further-credit-downgrade-richmond-passes-budget/\">11 positions\u003c/a>, reduced after-school and senior classes, eliminated neighborhood cleanups to tackle illegal trash dumping, and trimmed spending on new library books — saving $12 million total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials also negotiated a four-year contract with firefighters that freezes salaries and requires firefighters to pay $4,800 a year each toward retirement health care. Until then, the benefit was fully funded by taxpayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s a huge mess. I don’t know how it’s going to get resolved. One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.'\u003ccite>Mayor Tom Butt\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen some of my good friends go through it in Vallejo and Stockton, and what we found out during those [bankruptcies] is that your union contracts aren’t necessarily guaranteed,” said Jim Russey, president of Richmond Firefighters Local 188.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond’s consultants said the city had to find \u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/richmond-five-year-budget-forecast-2016/\">$15 million\u003c/a> more in new revenue or budget cuts by 2021. Lindsay said the city has been looking hard for additional savings, and the police union recently agreed to have its members contribute toward retirement health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the five-year forecast, with reasonable assumptions, even with the growth in pension cost, it does start to generate a surplus,” Lindsay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Nation, a former Democratic state legislator who teaches public policy at Stanford’s Institute for Economic Policy Research, is not so sanguine. He reviewed Richmond’s retirement cost projections and said they leave little room to maneuver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next five years, every dollar the city collects in new revenue will go toward retirement costs, leaving little hope of restoring city services, Nation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there is an economic downturn of any kind, I can imagine that they could be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy, if not bankruptcy,” Nation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS), the state’s main pension fund, lowered its projected rate of return on investments from 7.5 percent to 7 percent per year. That means Richmond and other communities will have to pay \u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/calpers-circular-letter/\">more\u003c/a> each year to fund current and future pension benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is expected to increase local government pension payments by at least 20 percent starting in 2018, according to CalPERS spokeswoman Amy Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11318524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11318524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-800x895.jpg\" alt=\"The city of Richmond’s pension-related budget problems have taken a toll on public services, including street repair. \" width=\"800\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-800x895.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-160x179.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-1020x1141.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-1180x1320.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-960x1074.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-240x268.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-375x419.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-520x581.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Richmond’s pension-related budget problems have taken a toll on public services, including street repair. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An analysis by the nonprofit news organization CALmatters indicates that Richmond’s retirement-related expenses could grow to more than $70 million per year by 2021. That represents 41 percent of a projected $174 million general fund budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay said the city’s estimates of future pension costs are lower because of different assumptions about salary increases and other costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved a sales tax increase in 2014 to help stabilize the city’s finances. But in November, voters rejected \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/39147\">an increase in the property transfer tax\u003c/a> that was expected to bring in an additional $4 million to $6 million annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay said the city was never counting on the property transfer tax in its five-year plan. If the city needed more cash, he says Richmond has properties it can sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Budget management is much more difficult in Richmond than in Beverly Hills, but you still manage it,” Lindsay said. “To say it’s spiraling out of control into bankruptcy does incredible damage to our community and it’s just not accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond is especially hard hit by personnel costs because of high salaries for public employees. The city’s \u003ca href=\"http://publicpay.ca.gov/Reports/Cities/Cities.aspx\">average salary of $92,000\u003c/a> for its 938 employees was fifth highest in California as of 2015, according to the state controller. The city’s median household income is $54,857.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police officers and firefighters in Richmond make more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/richmond-city-safety-2015.pdf\">$137,000\u003c/a> per year on average, compared with an average $128,000 per year for Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/berkeley-city-safety-police-2015.pdf\">police\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/berkeley-city-safety-fire-2015.pdf\">firefighters\u003c/a>, where housing prices are more than 60 percent higher than in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public safety salaries averaged \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/oakland-city-safety-2015.pdf\">$115,000\u003c/a> in Oakland and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/vallejo-city-safety-2015.pdf\">$112,000\u003c/a> in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11318522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11318522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-800x573.jpg\" alt=\"Mayor Tom Butt says of Richmond’s pension-related financial problems: 'It’s a huge mess ... One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-800x573.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-960x688.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-375x269.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayor Tom Butt says of Richmond’s pension-related financial problems: 'It’s a huge mess ... One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.' \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Richmond Mayor Tom Butt, an architect and general contractor who has served on the City Council for two decades, says the city that was once among the state’s most dangerous has little choice but to pay higher salaries to compete for employees with nearby communities that are safer and more affluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t convince anyone here that they deserve less than anybody in any other city,” Butt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay said the decision to offer higher salaries for public safety employees was strategic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The City Council made a conscious decision to put a lot into public safety, in particular reducing violent crime. And largely, we’ve been successful,” Lindsay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Violent crimes have been declining in the city over the past decade, with homicides dropping to a low of 11 in 2014. But Richmond is experiencing an uptick, recording 24 homicides in 2016, according to the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the challenge with public safety costs dates to 1999, when Richmond, like many local governments, matched the state’s decision to sweeten retirement benefits for California Highway Patrol officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CHP officers could retire as early as 50 with 3 percent of salary for each year of service, providing up to 90 percent of their peak salaries in retirement. Other police departments soon demanded and got similar treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond firefighters are eligible to retire at age 55 with 3 percent of salary for each year of service. Recent hires will have to work longer to qualify for a less generous formula under legislation passed in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11318528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11318528\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-800x504.jpg\" alt=\"To cope with severe budgetary pressures, the city of Richmond put this Fire Department training facility up for sale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-800x504.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-1020x643.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-1180x744.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-960x605.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-240x151.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-375x236.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-520x328.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To cope with severe budgetary pressures, the city of Richmond put this Fire Department training facility up for sale. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Richmond’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/richmond-city-safety-2015.pdf\">actuarial pension report\u003c/a> shows there are nearly two retirees for every police officer or firefighter currently on the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, Richmond is a preview of what California cities face in the years ahead. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/board-agendas/201609/financeadmin/item-8c-01.pdf\">CalPERS\u003c/a>, there were two active workers for every retiree in its system in 2001. Today, there are 1.3 workers for each retiree. In the next 10 or 20 years, there will be as few as 0.6 workers for each retiree collecting a pension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because benefits have already been promised to today’s workers and retirees, cuts in pension benefits for new employees do little to ease the immediate burden. It “means decades before the full burden of this will be completely dealt with,” said Phil Batchelor, former Contra Costa County administrator and former interim city manager for Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Richmond’s taxpayers are spending more to make up for underperforming pension investments. CalPERS projects that the city’s payments for unfunded pension liabilities will more than double in the next five years, from $11.2 million to $26.8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the lower assumed rate of investment return is projected to add nearly $9 million to Richmond’s costs by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge mess,” said Mayor Butt. “I don’t know how it’s going to get resolved. One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Judy Lin is a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\">CALmatters\u003c/a>, a nonprofit journalism venture in Sacramento covering state policy and politics. This story is part of an ongoing project involving the Los Angeles Times, CALmatters and Capital Public Radio.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The city has cut roughly 20 percent of its workforce since 2008. Its credit rating is at junk status. And in November, voters rejected a tax increase that city leaders had hoped would help close a chronic budget deficit.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the state auditor gauged the fiscal health of California cities in 2015, this port community on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay made a short list of six distressed municipalities at risk of bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond has cut about 200 jobs — roughly 20 percent of its workforce — since 2008. Its credit rating is at junk status. And in November, voters rejected a tax increase that city leaders had hoped would help close a chronic budget deficit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think there’s any chance we can avoid it,” said former City Councilman Vinay Pimple, referring to bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major cause of Richmond’s problems: relentless growth in pension costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Payments for employee pensions, pension-related debt and retiree health care have climbed from $25 million to $44 million in the last five years, outpacing all other expenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2021, retirement expenses could exceed $70 million — 41 percent of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond is a stark example of how pension costs are causing fiscal stress in cities across California. Four municipalities — Vallejo, Stockton, San Bernardino and Mammoth Lakes — have filed for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/municipalities-declared-bankruptcy/\">bankruptcy\u003c/a> protection since 2008. Others are on the brink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is that there are cities all over the state that just aren’t owning up to all their problems,” said San Bernardino City Manager Mark Scott.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, pension costs consume \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/projects/la-me-pension-squeeze/\">15 percent or more\u003c/a> of big city budgets, crowding out basic services and leaving local governments more vulnerable than ever to the next economic downturn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11318519\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-800x470.jpg\" alt=\"RichmondChart\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-160x94.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-240x141.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-375x220.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondChart-520x306.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond is a racially diverse, working-class city of 110,000 whose largest employer is a massive Chevron oil refinery. Like many California municipalities, Richmond dug a financial hole for itself by granting generous retirement benefits to police and firefighters on the assumption that pension fund investments would grow fast enough to cover the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That optimism proved unfounded, and now the bill is coming due.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City Manager Bill Lindsay insists that Richmond can avoid going off a cliff. Last year, financial consultants mapped a path to stability for the city by 2021 — but at a considerable cost in public services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city cut \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/06/facing-prospect-of-further-credit-downgrade-richmond-passes-budget/\">11 positions\u003c/a>, reduced after-school and senior classes, eliminated neighborhood cleanups to tackle illegal trash dumping, and trimmed spending on new library books — saving $12 million total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials also negotiated a four-year contract with firefighters that freezes salaries and requires firefighters to pay $4,800 a year each toward retirement health care. Until then, the benefit was fully funded by taxpayers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s a huge mess. I don’t know how it’s going to get resolved. One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.'\u003ccite>Mayor Tom Butt\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’ve seen some of my good friends go through it in Vallejo and Stockton, and what we found out during those [bankruptcies] is that your union contracts aren’t necessarily guaranteed,” said Jim Russey, president of Richmond Firefighters Local 188.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond’s consultants said the city had to find \u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/richmond-five-year-budget-forecast-2016/\">$15 million\u003c/a> more in new revenue or budget cuts by 2021. Lindsay said the city has been looking hard for additional savings, and the police union recently agreed to have its members contribute toward retirement health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the five-year forecast, with reasonable assumptions, even with the growth in pension cost, it does start to generate a surplus,” Lindsay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Nation, a former Democratic state legislator who teaches public policy at Stanford’s Institute for Economic Policy Research, is not so sanguine. He reviewed Richmond’s retirement cost projections and said they leave little room to maneuver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next five years, every dollar the city collects in new revenue will go toward retirement costs, leaving little hope of restoring city services, Nation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there is an economic downturn of any kind, I can imagine that they could be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy, if not bankruptcy,” Nation said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS), the state’s main pension fund, lowered its projected rate of return on investments from 7.5 percent to 7 percent per year. That means Richmond and other communities will have to pay \u003ca href=\"http://documents.latimes.com/calpers-circular-letter/\">more\u003c/a> each year to fund current and future pension benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change is expected to increase local government pension payments by at least 20 percent starting in 2018, according to CalPERS spokeswoman Amy Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11318524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11318524\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-800x895.jpg\" alt=\"The city of Richmond’s pension-related budget problems have taken a toll on public services, including street repair. \" width=\"800\" height=\"895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-800x895.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-160x179.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-1020x1141.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-1180x1320.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-960x1074.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-240x268.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-375x419.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondStreet-520x581.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The city of Richmond’s pension-related budget problems have taken a toll on public services, including street repair. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An analysis by the nonprofit news organization CALmatters indicates that Richmond’s retirement-related expenses could grow to more than $70 million per year by 2021. That represents 41 percent of a projected $174 million general fund budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay said the city’s estimates of future pension costs are lower because of different assumptions about salary increases and other costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters approved a sales tax increase in 2014 to help stabilize the city’s finances. But in November, voters rejected \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/39147\">an increase in the property transfer tax\u003c/a> that was expected to bring in an additional $4 million to $6 million annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay said the city was never counting on the property transfer tax in its five-year plan. If the city needed more cash, he says Richmond has properties it can sell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Budget management is much more difficult in Richmond than in Beverly Hills, but you still manage it,” Lindsay said. “To say it’s spiraling out of control into bankruptcy does incredible damage to our community and it’s just not accurate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond is especially hard hit by personnel costs because of high salaries for public employees. The city’s \u003ca href=\"http://publicpay.ca.gov/Reports/Cities/Cities.aspx\">average salary of $92,000\u003c/a> for its 938 employees was fifth highest in California as of 2015, according to the state controller. The city’s median household income is $54,857.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police officers and firefighters in Richmond make more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/richmond-city-safety-2015.pdf\">$137,000\u003c/a> per year on average, compared with an average $128,000 per year for Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/berkeley-city-safety-police-2015.pdf\">police\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/berkeley-city-safety-fire-2015.pdf\">firefighters\u003c/a>, where housing prices are more than 60 percent higher than in Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public safety salaries averaged \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/oakland-city-safety-2015.pdf\">$115,000\u003c/a> in Oakland and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/vallejo-city-safety-2015.pdf\">$112,000\u003c/a> in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11318522\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11318522\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-800x573.jpg\" alt=\"Mayor Tom Butt says of Richmond’s pension-related financial problems: 'It’s a huge mess ... One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-800x573.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-1020x730.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-1180x845.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-960x688.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-375x269.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondMayor-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayor Tom Butt says of Richmond’s pension-related financial problems: 'It’s a huge mess ... One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.' \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Richmond Mayor Tom Butt, an architect and general contractor who has served on the City Council for two decades, says the city that was once among the state’s most dangerous has little choice but to pay higher salaries to compete for employees with nearby communities that are safer and more affluent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t convince anyone here that they deserve less than anybody in any other city,” Butt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindsay said the decision to offer higher salaries for public safety employees was strategic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The City Council made a conscious decision to put a lot into public safety, in particular reducing violent crime. And largely, we’ve been successful,” Lindsay said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Violent crimes have been declining in the city over the past decade, with homicides dropping to a low of 11 in 2014. But Richmond is experiencing an uptick, recording 24 homicides in 2016, according to the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the challenge with public safety costs dates to 1999, when Richmond, like many local governments, matched the state’s decision to sweeten retirement benefits for California Highway Patrol officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CHP officers could retire as early as 50 with 3 percent of salary for each year of service, providing up to 90 percent of their peak salaries in retirement. Other police departments soon demanded and got similar treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond firefighters are eligible to retire at age 55 with 3 percent of salary for each year of service. Recent hires will have to work longer to qualify for a less generous formula under legislation passed in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11318528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11318528\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-800x504.jpg\" alt=\"To cope with severe budgetary pressures, the city of Richmond put this Fire Department training facility up for sale.\" width=\"800\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-800x504.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-160x101.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-1020x643.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-1180x744.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-960x605.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-240x151.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-375x236.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/RichmondTrainingFacil-520x328.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To cope with severe budgetary pressures, the city of Richmond put this Fire Department training facility up for sale. \u003ccite>(Robert Durell/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Richmond’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/actuarial-reports/2015/richmond-city-safety-2015.pdf\">actuarial pension report\u003c/a> shows there are nearly two retirees for every police officer or firefighter currently on the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, Richmond is a preview of what California cities face in the years ahead. According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/docs/board-agendas/201609/financeadmin/item-8c-01.pdf\">CalPERS\u003c/a>, there were two active workers for every retiree in its system in 2001. Today, there are 1.3 workers for each retiree. In the next 10 or 20 years, there will be as few as 0.6 workers for each retiree collecting a pension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because benefits have already been promised to today’s workers and retirees, cuts in pension benefits for new employees do little to ease the immediate burden. It “means decades before the full burden of this will be completely dealt with,” said Phil Batchelor, former Contra Costa County administrator and former interim city manager for Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Richmond’s taxpayers are spending more to make up for underperforming pension investments. CalPERS projects that the city’s payments for unfunded pension liabilities will more than double in the next five years, from $11.2 million to $26.8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the lower assumed rate of investment return is projected to add nearly $9 million to Richmond’s costs by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge mess,” said Mayor Butt. “I don’t know how it’s going to get resolved. One of these days, it’s just going to come crashing down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Judy Lin is a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\" target=\"_blank\">CALmatters\u003c/a>, a nonprofit journalism venture in Sacramento covering state policy and politics. This story is part of an ongoing project involving the Los Angeles Times, CALmatters and Capital Public Radio.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "trump-labor-nominee-andrew-puzder-withdraws-first-cabinet-pick-to-fall",
"title": "Trump Labor Nominee Andrew Puzder Withdraws, First Cabinet Pick to Fall",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 4:15 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-food executive Andrew Puzder withdrew his nomination to head the Labor Department on Wednesday as his support on Capitol Hill faltered. Facing criticism from both sides of the aisle, Puzder became the first Trump Cabinet pick whose nomination failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/AndyPuzder/status/831973151730958336\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puzder put out a statement on Wednesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“After careful consideration and discussions with my family, I am withdrawing my nomination for Secretary of Labor. I am honored to have been considered by President Donald Trump to lead the Department of Labor and put America’s workers and businesses back on a path to sustainable prosperity. I want to thank President Trump for his nomination. I also thank my family and my many supporters—employees, businesses, friends and people who have voiced their praise and hopeful optimism for the policies and new thinking I would have brought to America as Secretary of Labor. While I won’t be serving in the administration, I fully support the President and his highly qualified team.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Ahead of his scheduled confirmation hearing on Thursday, which had been delayed several times, it became less clear that Puzder had support from his own party, facing pressure to withdraw. Several Republican senators, including Maine’s Susan Collins, Alaska’s Lisa Murkowski, Georgia’s Johnny Isakson and South Carolina’s Tim Scott, signaled trouble by saying they were undecided on Puzder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement responding to Puzder’s withdrawal, Scott said, “As revelations regarding paying employees in cash, illegal immigration, and comments regarding some of the American workforce came to light, I developed serious concerns regarding his nomination.” Scott said he informed Senate GOP leadership about his reluctance to support Puzder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puzder has faced a range of criticisms, from his record running the Hardee’s and Carl’s Jr.’s fast-food chains to old allegations — since retracted — of domestic abuse made by his ex-wife. More recently, Puzder disclosed he employed a housekeeper who was not in the country legally. Labor unions, which had planned to protest his nomination outside the Senate offices where the hearing was to be held, have argued a Puzder-led Labor Department would undermine their efforts to raise the federal minimum wage, expand the eligibility for overtime pay and enforce wage and hour violations, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puzder, a corporate attorney by training, was first a lawyer for CKE Restaurants, which operates Hardee’s, Carl’s Jr., Green Burrito and Red Burrito restaurants. He helped founder Carl Karcher settle an insider trading case with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Then, after the chain fell into financial trouble following its acquisition of Hardee’s in the late 1990s, Puzder helped turn the company around and in 2000 was named CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As CEO, and later as a Trump campaign adviser, Puzder has been outspoken about his views on labor policy, contributing to newspaper opinion pages and on television, discussing issues such as immigration. During the Republican presidential primaries, Puzder advocated creating a path to legal status for unauthorized workers living in the U.S. He endorsed a more moderate “comprehensive immigration reform,” similar to what candidates Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio were proposing at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That endorsement won him critics from the right, who want the Trump administration to make good on promises to get tougher on illegal immigration and crack down to deport those in the country illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an opinion piece titled “No to Puzder” in the \u003cem>National Review\u003c/em> published Feb. 15, the conservative magazine wrote: “The case for his confirmation has diminished to the point of disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most vocal critics, however, have pointed to his industry’s record at the very department he would lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the fast-food industry overall, during the 2016 federal fiscal year, the agency found violations in 86 percent of the 1,300 cases it investigated for wage theft or for unpaid overtime. CKE Restaurants had one of the lowest incidents of reported cases, faring relatively well in an industry that came in for a lot of criticism under the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Trumka, president of the AFL-CIO, said Puzder would not have enforced labor laws against his own industry. “How can he possibly go out and defend workers,” he said, arguing the agency should be headed by someone with a history of trying to protect the interests of workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The fast-food CEO faced fierce opposition from labor groups, plus personal controversies. Ultimately, he didn't have support from enough Republican senators.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 4:15 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast-food executive Andrew Puzder withdrew his nomination to head the Labor Department on Wednesday as his support on Capitol Hill faltered. Facing criticism from both sides of the aisle, Puzder became the first Trump Cabinet pick whose nomination failed.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Puzder put out a statement on Wednesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“After careful consideration and discussions with my family, I am withdrawing my nomination for Secretary of Labor. I am honored to have been considered by President Donald Trump to lead the Department of Labor and put America’s workers and businesses back on a path to sustainable prosperity. I want to thank President Trump for his nomination. I also thank my family and my many supporters—employees, businesses, friends and people who have voiced their praise and hopeful optimism for the policies and new thinking I would have brought to America as Secretary of Labor. While I won’t be serving in the administration, I fully support the President and his highly qualified team.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Ahead of his scheduled confirmation hearing on Thursday, which had been delayed several times, it became less clear that Puzder had support from his own party, facing pressure to withdraw. Several Republican senators, including Maine’s Susan Collins, Alaska’s Lisa Murkowski, Georgia’s Johnny Isakson and South Carolina’s Tim Scott, signaled trouble by saying they were undecided on Puzder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement responding to Puzder’s withdrawal, Scott said, “As revelations regarding paying employees in cash, illegal immigration, and comments regarding some of the American workforce came to light, I developed serious concerns regarding his nomination.” Scott said he informed Senate GOP leadership about his reluctance to support Puzder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puzder has faced a range of criticisms, from his record running the Hardee’s and Carl’s Jr.’s fast-food chains to old allegations — since retracted — of domestic abuse made by his ex-wife. More recently, Puzder disclosed he employed a housekeeper who was not in the country legally. Labor unions, which had planned to protest his nomination outside the Senate offices where the hearing was to be held, have argued a Puzder-led Labor Department would undermine their efforts to raise the federal minimum wage, expand the eligibility for overtime pay and enforce wage and hour violations, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Puzder, a corporate attorney by training, was first a lawyer for CKE Restaurants, which operates Hardee’s, Carl’s Jr., Green Burrito and Red Burrito restaurants. He helped founder Carl Karcher settle an insider trading case with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Then, after the chain fell into financial trouble following its acquisition of Hardee’s in the late 1990s, Puzder helped turn the company around and in 2000 was named CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As CEO, and later as a Trump campaign adviser, Puzder has been outspoken about his views on labor policy, contributing to newspaper opinion pages and on television, discussing issues such as immigration. During the Republican presidential primaries, Puzder advocated creating a path to legal status for unauthorized workers living in the U.S. He endorsed a more moderate “comprehensive immigration reform,” similar to what candidates Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio were proposing at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That endorsement won him critics from the right, who want the Trump administration to make good on promises to get tougher on illegal immigration and crack down to deport those in the country illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an opinion piece titled “No to Puzder” in the \u003cem>National Review\u003c/em> published Feb. 15, the conservative magazine wrote: “The case for his confirmation has diminished to the point of disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most vocal critics, however, have pointed to his industry’s record at the very department he would lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the fast-food industry overall, during the 2016 federal fiscal year, the agency found violations in 86 percent of the 1,300 cases it investigated for wage theft or for unpaid overtime. CKE Restaurants had one of the lowest incidents of reported cases, faring relatively well in an industry that came in for a lot of criticism under the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Trumka, president of the AFL-CIO, said Puzder would not have enforced labor laws against his own industry. “How can he possibly go out and defend workers,” he said, arguing the agency should be headed by someone with a history of trying to protect the interests of workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most companies that care about employee recruitment and retention try to offer the best benefit packages possible to attract top talent. In tech, an industry facing perpetual talent shortages, that often means going big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook last week said it would yet again expand its family leave benefit package, offering employees 20 days of paid sick leave to grieve an immediate relative and 10 days to mourn an extended family member’s death. They also added three days to care for a sick child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a Facebook post outlining the policy, company COO Sheryl Sandberg referenced her own bereavement in 2015 after the unexpected death of her husband, Dave Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Amid the nightmare of Dave’s death when my kids needed me more than ever, I was grateful every day to work for a company that provides bereavement leave and flexibility,” Sandberg wrote. “I know how rare that is, and I believe strongly that it shouldn’t be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED, Sandberg said her experience helped to shape the bereavement policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, just getting out of bed is a struggle,” Sandberg told \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em>. “And I know I’m not the only one who faced something like this. And so I think what we’re trying to do with this policy is give people time … time for themselves, time to grieve, and time to take care of the things they need to take care of for their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook is well positioned to offer these costly benefits because the company’s business is growing so fast. Revenues in 2016 increased 54 percent over the year before, and the company has $29 billion cash on hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for other companies who aren’t so cash flush, the question is: How do you lure top-flight talent with a bottom-shelf budget? That puzzle is especially tough for nonprofits to figure out, with many repeatedly voicing concern that they’re being left behind in the Silicon Valley hiring race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandberg said she recognizes that not all companies can keep up with Facebook, but they should still try to “stretch” to offer as many benefits as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s great when companies do more,” she said. “I think it’s great when employees know that they’re valued, and I think there are a lot of ways companies can do this.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, just getting out of bed is a struggle,” Sandberg told \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em>. “And I know I’m not the only one who faced something like this. And so I think what we’re trying to do with this policy is give people time … time for themselves, time to grieve, and time to take care of the things they need to take care of for their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facebook is well positioned to offer these costly benefits because the company’s business is growing so fast. Revenues in 2016 increased 54 percent over the year before, and the company has $29 billion cash on hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for other companies who aren’t so cash flush, the question is: How do you lure top-flight talent with a bottom-shelf budget? That puzzle is especially tough for nonprofits to figure out, with many repeatedly voicing concern that they’re being left behind in the Silicon Valley hiring race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandberg said she recognizes that not all companies can keep up with Facebook, but they should still try to “stretch” to offer as many benefits as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s great when companies do more,” she said. “I think it’s great when employees know that they’re valued, and I think there are a lot of ways companies can do this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The federal judge overseeing the Oakland Police Department is taking over an investigation into how the police leadership initially responded to allegations of sexual exploitation because the city's probe was failing and moving too slowly, according to one of the attorneys who brought the lawsuit leading to court oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Thelton Henderson ordered Oakland officials on Tuesday to provide a court-appointed attorney with records of the internal affairs investigation into charges that several officers sexually exploited Jasmine Abuslin, the teenage daughter of a police dispatcher. The revelations originating in Oakland led to a law enforcement scandal implicating officers in at least six Bay Area agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson's order appears to override a similar investigation initiated by Mayor Libby Schaaf in May when she hired Morin Jacob, a private attorney with the law firm Liebert Cassidy Whitmore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Express, which has broken several major developments in the sexual exploitation case, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/court-appointed-attorney-taking-over-oakland-mayors-investigation-of-mishandled-opd-sex-scandal-case/Content?oid=5109952\" target=\"_blank\">first reported that a court-appointed attorney was taking over the case\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials were most likely not cooperating with Jacob, leading to the slow pace of the investigation, said civil rights attorney Jim Chanin, who along with John Burris brought the Riders civil rights lawsuit that placed the Police Department under federal oversight in 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been almost a year and there's still been nothing,\" Chanin said Wednesday. \"It appears to me that the court is frustrated and wants this to be over and completed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland police officials say there's been no stalling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The city has cooperated and will continue to cooperate with the compliance director's review and investigation of IAD case 15-0771,\" OPD spokeswoman Officer Johnna Watson said in an emailed response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson's order directs the Oakland City Attorney's Office to provide privileged or protected information to attorney Edward Swanson, who in the past investigated problems with disciplining officers for misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob was reviewing \"the propriety and integrity\" of the internal affairs investigation and tracking down city employees who may have leaked information about the scandal to the press, a move criticized by free speech advocates, journalists and political experts as a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/21/city-leaders-defend-opd-leak-investigation-critics-say-itll-stick-schaaf/\" target=\"_blank\">witch hunt.\u003c/a> It's unclear whether she had the same access to records Swanson now has under the court's order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least five months in, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/11/28/opd-leak-probe-comes-up-empty-so-far/\" target=\"_blank\">the leak investigation had yielded no results\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob has not filed a report on her work and no city workers were disciplined based on anything she learned, according to Oakland city spokesman Harry Hamilton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A determination has not yet been made by the city on the role of Morin Jacob moving forward,\" Hamilton said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city paid her $11,682.50 so far, according to Hamilton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob has not returned a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been enormous progress with OPD,\" Chanin said, adding that the number of complaints and uses-of-force incidents have dropped recently. \"To some degree we've seen the culture change that we all wanted to see.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said court oversight will likely continue until the court is satisfied with the probe into the sexual exploitation case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This investigation and the delays don't help,\" Chanin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city moved in September to fire four officers and discipline another seven for their involvement in the sexual exploitation case. Alameda County prosecutors then charged five current and former OPD officers with crimes stemming from the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[scribd id=339350835 key=key-cSQeIR90n0xAsRhs4Pfc mode=scroll]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alex Emslie of KQED news contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The federal judge overseeing the Oakland Police Department is taking over an investigation into how the police leadership initially responded to allegations of sexual exploitation because the city's probe was failing and moving too slowly, according to one of the attorneys who brought the lawsuit leading to court oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Thelton Henderson ordered Oakland officials on Tuesday to provide a court-appointed attorney with records of the internal affairs investigation into charges that several officers sexually exploited Jasmine Abuslin, the teenage daughter of a police dispatcher. The revelations originating in Oakland led to a law enforcement scandal implicating officers in at least six Bay Area agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson's order appears to override a similar investigation initiated by Mayor Libby Schaaf in May when she hired Morin Jacob, a private attorney with the law firm Liebert Cassidy Whitmore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Express, which has broken several major developments in the sexual exploitation case, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/court-appointed-attorney-taking-over-oakland-mayors-investigation-of-mishandled-opd-sex-scandal-case/Content?oid=5109952\" target=\"_blank\">first reported that a court-appointed attorney was taking over the case\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>City officials were most likely not cooperating with Jacob, leading to the slow pace of the investigation, said civil rights attorney Jim Chanin, who along with John Burris brought the Riders civil rights lawsuit that placed the Police Department under federal oversight in 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been almost a year and there's still been nothing,\" Chanin said Wednesday. \"It appears to me that the court is frustrated and wants this to be over and completed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland police officials say there's been no stalling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The city has cooperated and will continue to cooperate with the compliance director's review and investigation of IAD case 15-0771,\" OPD spokeswoman Officer Johnna Watson said in an emailed response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henderson's order directs the Oakland City Attorney's Office to provide privileged or protected information to attorney Edward Swanson, who in the past investigated problems with disciplining officers for misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob was reviewing \"the propriety and integrity\" of the internal affairs investigation and tracking down city employees who may have leaked information about the scandal to the press, a move criticized by free speech advocates, journalists and political experts as a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/21/city-leaders-defend-opd-leak-investigation-critics-say-itll-stick-schaaf/\" target=\"_blank\">witch hunt.\u003c/a> It's unclear whether she had the same access to records Swanson now has under the court's order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least five months in, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/11/28/opd-leak-probe-comes-up-empty-so-far/\" target=\"_blank\">the leak investigation had yielded no results\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob has not filed a report on her work and no city workers were disciplined based on anything she learned, according to Oakland city spokesman Harry Hamilton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A determination has not yet been made by the city on the role of Morin Jacob moving forward,\" Hamilton said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city paid her $11,682.50 so far, according to Hamilton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jacob has not returned a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been enormous progress with OPD,\" Chanin said, adding that the number of complaints and uses-of-force incidents have dropped recently. \"To some degree we've seen the culture change that we all wanted to see.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said court oversight will likely continue until the court is satisfied with the probe into the sexual exploitation case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This investigation and the delays don't help,\" Chanin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city moved in September to fire four officers and discipline another seven for their involvement in the sexual exploitation case. Alameda County prosecutors then charged five current and former OPD officers with crimes stemming from the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\"\n src=\"//www.scribd.com/embeds/339350835/content?start_page=1&view_mode=&access_key=key-cSQeIR90n0xAsRhs4Pfc\"\n title=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/339350835\"\n data-auto-height=\"true\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"scribd_339350835\"\n width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\n \u003ca class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__scribdShortcode__scribd_footer\"\n href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/339350835\"\n target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">View this document on Scribd\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alex Emslie of KQED news contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Footage from the security video taken inside the Capri Club in El Sobrante early on the morning of Saturday, Nov. 12, 2016, is grainy, and the voices are hard to hear over loud rap music. A 28-year-old African-American man named William Sims walks into the bar and orders a Coors Light. He talks with people at the bar, drinks his beer and goes into the bathroom. After about half an hour, the bartender gives last call, and Sims walks out the door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minutes later, police found Sims badly beaten and shot to death in the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Contra Costa County district attorney is seeking to convict three men — Ray Simons, Daniel Ortega and Daniel Porter-Kelly — with robbing, beating and murdering Sims. Prosecutors say the homicide was racially motivated, and they’re charging it as a hate crime. The trial of Richmond resident Porter-Kelly begins this week. He is the first of the three defendants to face a jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/307914921″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the election of President Trump, the Southern Poverty Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> a spike in alleged hate crimes across the country. The FBI defines a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/hate-crimes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hate crime\u003c/a> as “a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are many hate crimes reported each year, hate crime killings are relatively rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“According to the FBI, there were 18 hate homicides in the United States in 2015, which would be the highest number in about 15 years,” said \u003ca href=\"http://criminaljustice.csusb.edu/facultystaff/levin.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Levin\u003c/a>, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism and professor of criminal justice at California State University San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of those were the nine individuals killed in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/us/dylann-roof-trial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charleston church shooting massacre\u003c/a>. Levin pointed out that the actual number is likely higher, as homicides may in fact be hate killings even if they are not identified or charged as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the district attorney announced that he would prosecute this case as a hate crime, William Sims’ fellow musicians, along with various community members, held a vigil in his memory. Friends described him as a gifted artist and a gentle young man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all see what type of person he was. This is not the type of individual that would walk in somewhere and start some problems,” said vigil organizer Kev Choice, who taught piano to Sims at \u003ca href=\"http://oaktownjazz.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oakland Jazz Workshops\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the DA hasn’t given the public details about his theory of the case. But in a preliminary hearing, Detective William Root of the Contra Costa Sheriff’s Office presented testimony from a witness he interviewed alleging that at least one of the defendants used racial slurs while hitting Sims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For defendants convicted of hate crimes, the hate crime enhancement comes into play during the sentencing phase, where offenders can face heavy additional penalties. However, these cases can be difficult to prosecute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One has to prove the specific intent of the defendant in making that decision to select a crime victim because of their status,” Levin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of William Sims, the prosecutor will have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants selected Sims to attack because of his race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is a complex case, even apart from the question of racial bias. There are three defendants charged with the murder. But only one man, Ray Simons, is alleged to have shot Sims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a key element in attorney Colin Cooper’s defense of Daniel Porter-Kelly, the defendant whose trial begins this week. Cooper said video surveillance shows his client driving away from the bar before Sims was shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daniel Porter-Kelly left in his own car, alone, four or five minutes before the shooting took place,” Cooper said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter-Kelly’s long-term girlfriend, Erica Martinez, said the media and the DA have got the father of her 3-year-old son all wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s not what they say,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pointing to their mixed-race family and the mostly African-American neighborhood where they live, Martinez said the man she knows and loves isn’t a racist. And she believes Kelly is innocent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s not this kind of guy at all,” she said. “Just like I said, wrong place, wrong time, knowing the wrong people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez said she’s also heartbroken for Sims’ parents, who will never get their son back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s heartbreaking, as much as I love my son, you know?” she said. “Never to even think something like that, but you know it’s hard and you think, gosh, you know the kid didn’t deserve this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A jury will hear evidence against Porter-Kelly and in his defense over the coming weeks. Ray Simons and Daniel Ortega will face preliminary hearings later this month. Both have pleaded not guilty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to KQED Arts for the use of audio recordings from the William Sims vigil.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Footage from the security video taken inside the Capri Club in El Sobrante early on the morning of Saturday, Nov. 12, 2016, is grainy, and the voices are hard to hear over loud rap music. A 28-year-old African-American man named William Sims walks into the bar and orders a Coors Light. He talks with people at the bar, drinks his beer and goes into the bathroom. After about half an hour, the bartender gives last call, and Sims walks out the door.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minutes later, police found Sims badly beaten and shot to death in the street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Contra Costa County district attorney is seeking to convict three men — Ray Simons, Daniel Ortega and Daniel Porter-Kelly — with robbing, beating and murdering Sims. Prosecutors say the homicide was racially motivated, and they’re charging it as a hate crime. The trial of Richmond resident Porter-Kelly begins this week. He is the first of the three defendants to face a jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/307914921″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/307914921″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the election of President Trump, the Southern Poverty Law Center \u003ca href=\"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2016/11/18/update-incidents-hateful-harassment-election-day-now-number-701\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> a spike in alleged hate crimes across the country. The FBI defines a \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/civil-rights/hate-crimes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hate crime\u003c/a> as “a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are many hate crimes reported each year, hate crime killings are relatively rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“According to the FBI, there were 18 hate homicides in the United States in 2015, which would be the highest number in about 15 years,” said \u003ca href=\"http://criminaljustice.csusb.edu/facultystaff/levin.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brian Levin\u003c/a>, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism and professor of criminal justice at California State University San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of those were the nine individuals killed in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/us/dylann-roof-trial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charleston church shooting massacre\u003c/a>. Levin pointed out that the actual number is likely higher, as homicides may in fact be hate killings even if they are not identified or charged as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the district attorney announced that he would prosecute this case as a hate crime, William Sims’ fellow musicians, along with various community members, held a vigil in his memory. Friends described him as a gifted artist and a gentle young man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all see what type of person he was. This is not the type of individual that would walk in somewhere and start some problems,” said vigil organizer Kev Choice, who taught piano to Sims at \u003ca href=\"http://oaktownjazz.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oakland Jazz Workshops\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the DA hasn’t given the public details about his theory of the case. But in a preliminary hearing, Detective William Root of the Contra Costa Sheriff’s Office presented testimony from a witness he interviewed alleging that at least one of the defendants used racial slurs while hitting Sims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For defendants convicted of hate crimes, the hate crime enhancement comes into play during the sentencing phase, where offenders can face heavy additional penalties. However, these cases can be difficult to prosecute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One has to prove the specific intent of the defendant in making that decision to select a crime victim because of their status,” Levin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of William Sims, the prosecutor will have to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendants selected Sims to attack because of his race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is a complex case, even apart from the question of racial bias. There are three defendants charged with the murder. But only one man, Ray Simons, is alleged to have shot Sims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a key element in attorney Colin Cooper’s defense of Daniel Porter-Kelly, the defendant whose trial begins this week. Cooper said video surveillance shows his client driving away from the bar before Sims was shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daniel Porter-Kelly left in his own car, alone, four or five minutes before the shooting took place,” Cooper said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Porter-Kelly’s long-term girlfriend, Erica Martinez, said the media and the DA have got the father of her 3-year-old son all wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s not what they say,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pointing to their mixed-race family and the mostly African-American neighborhood where they live, Martinez said the man she knows and loves isn’t a racist. And she believes Kelly is innocent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s not this kind of guy at all,” she said. “Just like I said, wrong place, wrong time, knowing the wrong people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martinez said she’s also heartbroken for Sims’ parents, who will never get their son back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s heartbreaking, as much as I love my son, you know?” she said. “Never to even think something like that, but you know it’s hard and you think, gosh, you know the kid didn’t deserve this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A jury will hear evidence against Porter-Kelly and in his defense over the coming weeks. Ray Simons and Daniel Ortega will face preliminary hearings later this month. Both have pleaded not guilty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to KQED Arts for the use of audio recordings from the William Sims vigil.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Oroville Dam Crisis Highlights Infrastructure Needs Within State",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/07/engineers-assess-spillway-problem-at-oroville-dam/\" target=\"_blank\">Oroville Dam crisis\u003c/a> highlights the need for water system improvements, California is putting forward more than $100 billion in infrastructure projects for consideration by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list was submitted before a damaged spillway at the dam led state officials to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/14/lake-oroville-evacuation-order-lifted-water-level-falling/\" target=\"_blank\">evacuate about 180,000 people\u003c/a> last weekend. The evacuation order has since been lifted. On Tuesday the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved federal assistance to support communities affected by the situation at the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration had asked states to submit projects via the National Governors Association that could possibly be included in a nationwide infrastructure investment plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/CA_Infrastructure_Letter_and_Projects_2.7.17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">submitted 51 projects\u003c/a>, ranging from highway improvements and flood control to rail and transit construction. While improvements to Folsom Dam, located west of Sacramento, were included on the list, projects related to Oroville Dam were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Kelly, secretary of California's State Transportation Agency, stressed these are not the state’s only infrastructure priorities but are ones that best met the administration’s criteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"guO5YzNJLPjEJ6tlErRGC4bfxLzmnZEO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would describe the list as diverse in terms of meeting highway, road (and) public transit safety concerns,\" he said. \"It is a geographically balanced list, and generally all the projects have phases that can start very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had an acrimonious relationship with the federal government since President Trump has taken over. But Kelly says he's hopeful that it won't affect whether California's transportation projects ultimately receive any federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a long history of partnering well with the federal government to get these kinds of projects done,\" he said. \"And we hope and expect that the relationship will continue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown and legislative leaders have agreed on an April 6 deadline for any state transportation funding deal to move forward. Brown's budget proposal calls for a $42 billion, 10-year infrastructure investment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/07/engineers-assess-spillway-problem-at-oroville-dam/\" target=\"_blank\">Oroville Dam crisis\u003c/a> highlights the need for water system improvements, California is putting forward more than $100 billion in infrastructure projects for consideration by the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list was submitted before a damaged spillway at the dam led state officials to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/02/14/lake-oroville-evacuation-order-lifted-water-level-falling/\" target=\"_blank\">evacuate about 180,000 people\u003c/a> last weekend. The evacuation order has since been lifted. On Tuesday the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved federal assistance to support communities affected by the situation at the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration had asked states to submit projects via the National Governors Association that could possibly be included in a nationwide infrastructure investment plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/CA_Infrastructure_Letter_and_Projects_2.7.17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">submitted 51 projects\u003c/a>, ranging from highway improvements and flood control to rail and transit construction. While improvements to Folsom Dam, located west of Sacramento, were included on the list, projects related to Oroville Dam were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Kelly, secretary of California's State Transportation Agency, stressed these are not the state’s only infrastructure priorities but are ones that best met the administration’s criteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We would describe the list as diverse in terms of meeting highway, road (and) public transit safety concerns,\" he said. \"It is a geographically balanced list, and generally all the projects have phases that can start very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has had an acrimonious relationship with the federal government since President Trump has taken over. But Kelly says he's hopeful that it won't affect whether California's transportation projects ultimately receive any federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a long history of partnering well with the federal government to get these kinds of projects done,\" he said. \"And we hope and expect that the relationship will continue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown and legislative leaders have agreed on an April 6 deadline for any state transportation funding deal to move forward. Brown's budget proposal calls for a $42 billion, 10-year infrastructure investment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "DACA Recipient Sues Government After Being Detained by Immigration Authorities",
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"content": "\u003cp>A 23-year-old man who was detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents in Seattle on Feb. 10 says his constitutional rights have been violated and is suing the U.S. government for his release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Ramirez Medina, who is currently being held by immigration authorities in Tacoma, Washington, is registered with the U.S. government under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA, program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appears to be the first arrest by ICE of a DACA recipient. A federal judge in Seattle has scheduled \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3462085-2016-02-14-30-Order-Setting-Briefing-Schedule.html\">a hearing\u003c/a> in the case for Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to court documents, Ramirez was born in Mexico and brought to the U.S. when he was about 7 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Ramirez was approved to stay in the U.S. under DACA. He paid a fee to register with the government, underwent an extensive background check and was granted a work permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dvbj0C7aLAzvSgzWXHiSGJNVcRwbiqFK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 5, 2016, his DACA status was renewed a second time. The renewal stated, \"Unless terminated, this decision to defer removal action will remain in effect for 2 years from the date of this notice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez's lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security, of which ICE is a part, was filed on Monday. The complaint alleges Ramirez was asleep at his father's home in Seattle when agents arrived with an arrest warrant for the father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3462084-Ramirez-Complaint.html\">the complaint\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Following his arrest, Mr. Ramirez's father granted the ICE officers permission to enter his home so that he could inform his two sons about his arrest. When the ICE agents entered the home, they asked Mr. Ramirez, 'Are you legally here?' Mr. Ramirez replied, 'Yes, I have a work permit.' On the recommendation of his brother (a DACA recipient who was also then present), Mr. Ramirez declined to answer additional questions at that time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"...The ICE agents then took Mr. Ramirez to a processing center in Seattle, Washington. When he again informed them about his work permit, one of the ICE agents stated: 'It doesn't matter, because you weren't born in this country.' At this point, the ICE agents had Mr. Ramirez's wallet, which contained his work permit, which clearly identified him as a DACA recipient with a 'C-33' code, which reflects a work authorization issued pursuant to DACA. Despite this fact, Mr. Ramirez was questioned further, fingerprinted, booked, and taken to a detention center in Tacoma, Washington.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Attorneys for Ramirez, whose own child is an American citizen, claim his detention without probable cause violates his Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICE spokeswoman Rose Richeson said Ramirez is a \"self-admitted gang member,\" NPR's Hansi Lo Wang reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez's attorney, Ethan Dettmer, said his client \"unequivocally denies\" that assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While in custody, he was repeatedly pressured by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents to falsely admit gang affiliation. The statement issued tonight by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is not accurate,\" Dettmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"z3KSUhd1pcXhkdfvOKtxvntyW0yv2XaX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court complaint also addresses the seeming failure of a stopgap measure — a 24/7 law enforcement \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/lesc\">hotline\u003c/a> that DACA recipients are instructed to call if they find themselves incorrectly detained by immigration authorities, as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-process/frequently-asked-questions#mscellaneous\">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website explains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \"when Mr. Ramirez's counsel called the hotline, he was provided no assistance in remedying the mistake that had been made by the arresting ICE agents,\" the complaint states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez's arrest comes three weeks after President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/30/2017-02102/enhancing-public-safety-in-the-interior-of-the-united-states\">signed an order\u003c/a> regarding the enforcement of immigration laws inside the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One section of that order addressed how federal agencies collect and share information about people in the U.S. under the Privacy Act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Agencies shall, to the extent consistent with applicable law, ensure that their privacy policies exclude persons who are not United States citizens or lawful permanent residents from the protections of the Privacy Act regarding personally identifiable information.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Advocates for DACA recipients say they would be troubled if data collected by the Obama administration through the program could now be used to deport people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A 23-year-old man who was detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents in Seattle on Feb. 10 says his constitutional rights have been violated and is suing the U.S. government for his release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Ramirez Medina, who is currently being held by immigration authorities in Tacoma, Washington, is registered with the U.S. government under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, or DACA, program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appears to be the first arrest by ICE of a DACA recipient. A federal judge in Seattle has scheduled \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3462085-2016-02-14-30-Order-Setting-Briefing-Schedule.html\">a hearing\u003c/a> in the case for Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to court documents, Ramirez was born in Mexico and brought to the U.S. when he was about 7 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Ramirez was approved to stay in the U.S. under DACA. He paid a fee to register with the government, underwent an extensive background check and was granted a work permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On May 5, 2016, his DACA status was renewed a second time. The renewal stated, \"Unless terminated, this decision to defer removal action will remain in effect for 2 years from the date of this notice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez's lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security, of which ICE is a part, was filed on Monday. The complaint alleges Ramirez was asleep at his father's home in Seattle when agents arrived with an arrest warrant for the father.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3462084-Ramirez-Complaint.html\">the complaint\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Following his arrest, Mr. Ramirez's father granted the ICE officers permission to enter his home so that he could inform his two sons about his arrest. When the ICE agents entered the home, they asked Mr. Ramirez, 'Are you legally here?' Mr. Ramirez replied, 'Yes, I have a work permit.' On the recommendation of his brother (a DACA recipient who was also then present), Mr. Ramirez declined to answer additional questions at that time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"...The ICE agents then took Mr. Ramirez to a processing center in Seattle, Washington. When he again informed them about his work permit, one of the ICE agents stated: 'It doesn't matter, because you weren't born in this country.' At this point, the ICE agents had Mr. Ramirez's wallet, which contained his work permit, which clearly identified him as a DACA recipient with a 'C-33' code, which reflects a work authorization issued pursuant to DACA. Despite this fact, Mr. Ramirez was questioned further, fingerprinted, booked, and taken to a detention center in Tacoma, Washington.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Attorneys for Ramirez, whose own child is an American citizen, claim his detention without probable cause violates his Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICE spokeswoman Rose Richeson said Ramirez is a \"self-admitted gang member,\" NPR's Hansi Lo Wang reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez's attorney, Ethan Dettmer, said his client \"unequivocally denies\" that assertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While in custody, he was repeatedly pressured by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents to falsely admit gang affiliation. The statement issued tonight by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is not accurate,\" Dettmer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court complaint also addresses the seeming failure of a stopgap measure — a 24/7 law enforcement \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/lesc\">hotline\u003c/a> that DACA recipients are instructed to call if they find themselves incorrectly detained by immigration authorities, as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-process/frequently-asked-questions#mscellaneous\">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website explains\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \"when Mr. Ramirez's counsel called the hotline, he was provided no assistance in remedying the mistake that had been made by the arresting ICE agents,\" the complaint states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez's arrest comes three weeks after President Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/30/2017-02102/enhancing-public-safety-in-the-interior-of-the-united-states\">signed an order\u003c/a> regarding the enforcement of immigration laws inside the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One section of that order addressed how federal agencies collect and share information about people in the U.S. under the Privacy Act:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Agencies shall, to the extent consistent with applicable law, ensure that their privacy policies exclude persons who are not United States citizens or lawful permanent residents from the protections of the Privacy Act regarding personally identifiable information.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Advocates for DACA recipients say they would be troubled if data collected by the Obama administration through the program could now be used to deport people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal judge in San Francisco granted initial approval Tuesday to a deal worth at least $1.2 billion that aims to compensate the owners of roughly 78,000 Volkswagens with 3-liter engines that were rigged to cheat on emissions tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company previously agreed to spend up to $10 billion compensating owners of roughly 475,000 Volkswagens and Audi vehicles with 2-liter diesel engines — the bulk of the vehicles caught up in Volkswagen’s emissions cheating scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer congratulated attorneys for Volkswagen and car owners before granting preliminary approval to the smaller deal involving Volkswagens, Audis and Porsches. He said the settlement was complicated and motivated by economic and environmental concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal offers thousands of dollars in compensation to individual car owners on top of buybacks or repairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This settlement marks an important milestone in Volkswagen’s efforts to make things right in the United States,” said Robert Giuffra, an attorney representing the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Owners of 20,000 3-liter models dating back to 2009-2012 that cannot be fixed to meet pollution standards will be offered buybacks or trade-ins. They also will receive compensation ranging from $7,755 to $13,880, according to attorneys representing car owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who bought 58,000 newer cars will get compensation of $7,039 to $16,114. If VW can’t fix the newer cars to regulators’ satisfaction, then the owners’ attorneys are expected to go back to court to seek buybacks. That could push the value of the deal for the 3-liter engines up to $4 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary approval allows consumers to weigh in on the deal and learn online whether they have an eligible vehicle and how much compensation to expect. Breyer set May 11 for a hearing on final approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen has now settled most U.S. consumer claims stemming from the emissions scandal and agreed to pay $4.3 billion to settle a U.S. criminal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has acknowledged that the cars were programmed to turn on emissions controls during government lab tests and turn off the controls while on the road.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Owners of 20,000 3-liter models dating back to 2009-2012 that cannot be fixed to meet pollution standards will be offered buybacks or trade-ins. They also will receive compensation ranging from $7,755 to $13,880, according to attorneys representing car owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who bought 58,000 newer cars will get compensation of $7,039 to $16,114. If VW can’t fix the newer cars to regulators’ satisfaction, then the owners’ attorneys are expected to go back to court to seek buybacks. That could push the value of the deal for the 3-liter engines up to $4 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preliminary approval allows consumers to weigh in on the deal and learn online whether they have an eligible vehicle and how much compensation to expect. Breyer set May 11 for a hearing on final approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen has now settled most U.S. consumer claims stemming from the emissions scandal and agreed to pay $4.3 billion to settle a U.S. criminal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company has acknowledged that the cars were programmed to turn on emissions controls during government lab tests and turn off the controls while on the road.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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