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"content": "\u003cp>We’d all like to be a little happier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that \u003ca href=\"http://sonjalyubomirsky.com/wp-content/themes/sonjalyubomirsky/papers/LSS2005.pdf\">much of what determines happiness is outside of our control\u003c/a>. Some of us are genetically predisposed to see the world through rose-colored glasses, while others have a generally negative outlook. Bad things happen, to us and in the world. People can be unkind, and jobs can be tedious.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An analysis of 1 million teens showed those who spent more time on the internet, playing computer games, on social media, texting, using video chat or watching TV were less happy.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> But we do have some control over how we spend our leisure time. That’s one reason why it’s worth asking which leisure time activities are linked to happiness, and which aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Femo0000403\">a new analysis of 1 million U.S. teens\u003c/a>, my co-authors and I looked at how teens were spending their free time and which activities correlated with happiness, and which didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We wanted to see if changes in the way teens spend their free time might partially explain a startling drop in teens’ happiness after 2012 – and perhaps the decline in adults’ happiness since 2000 as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A possible culprit emerges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In our study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/\">we analyzed data\u003c/a> from a nationally representative survey of eighth-, 10th- and 12th-graders that’s been conducted annually since 1991.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, teens are asked about their general happiness, in addition to how they spend their time. We found that teens who spent more time seeing their friends in person, exercising, playing sports, attending religious services, reading or even doing homework were happier. However, teens who spent more time on the internet, playing computer games, on social media, texting, using video chat or watching TV were less happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, every activity that didn’t involve a screen was linked to more happiness, and every activity that involved a screen was linked to less happiness. The differences were considerable: Teens who spent more than five hours a day online were twice as likely to be unhappy as those who spent less than an hour a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it might be that unhappy people seek out screen activities. However, a growing number of studies show that most of the causation goes from screen use to unhappiness, not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2016.0259?journalCode=cyber\">one experiment\u003c/a>, people who were randomly assigned to give up Facebook for a week ended that time happier, less lonely and less depressed than those who continued to use Facebook. In another study, young adults required to give up Facebook for their jobs \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2916158\">were happier than those who kept their accounts\u003c/a>. In addition, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755296616300862\">several\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069841\">longitudinal\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11482-016-9458-7\">studies\u003c/a> show that screen time leads to unhappiness but \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093386\">unhappiness doesn’t lead to more screen time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you wanted to give advice based on this research, it would be very simple: Put down your phone or tablet and go do something – just about anything – else.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>It’s not just teens\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>These links between happiness and time use are worrying news, as the current generation of teens (whom I call “iGen” \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501151989\">in my book of the same name\u003c/a>) spends more time with screens than any previous generation. Time spent online doubled between 2006 and 2016, and 82 percent of 12th-graders now use social\u003cbr>\nmedia every day (up from 51 percent in 2008).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, teens’ happiness suddenly plummeted after 2012 (the year when the majority of Americans owned smartphones). So did teens’ self-esteem and their satisfaction with their lives, especially their satisfaction with their friends, the amount of fun they were having, and their lives as a whole. These declines in well-being mirror other studies finding sharp increases in mental health issues among iGen, including in \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2167702617723376\">depressive symptoms\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/11/10/peds.2016-1878\">major depression\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2664031/\">self-harm\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6630a6.htm\">suicide\u003c/a>. Especially compared to the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02204.x\">optimistic and almost relentlessly positive millennials\u003c/a>, iGen is markedly less self-assured, and more are depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar trend might be occurring for adults: My co-authors and I previously found that \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550615602933?journalCode=sppa\">adults over age 30 were less happy than they were 15 years ago\u003c/a>, and that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265779\">adults were having sex less frequently\u003c/a>. There may be many reasons for these trends, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/30/health/americans-screen-time-nielsen/index.html\">adults are also spending more time with screens\u003c/a> than they used to. That might mean less face-to-face time with other people, including with their sexual partners. The result: \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1948550615616462\">less sex and less happiness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although both teen and adult happiness dropped during the years of high unemployment amid the Great Recession (2008-2010), happiness didn’t rebound in the years after 2012 \u003ca href=\"https://www.economicgreenfield.com/2016/01/08/u-3-and-u-6-unemployment-rate-long-term-reference-charts-as-of-january-8-2016/\">when the economy was doing progressively better\u003c/a>. Instead, happiness continued to decline as the economy improved, making it unlikely that economic cycles were to blame for lower happiness after 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing income inequality could play a role, especially for adults. But if so, one would expect that happiness would have been dropping continuously since the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dreaming-of-a-better-gini/\">when income inequality began to grow\u003c/a>. Instead, happiness began to decline around 2000 for adults and around 2012 for teens. Nevertheless, it’s possible that concerns about the job market and income inequality reached a tipping point in the early 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhat surprisingly, we found that teens who didn’t use digital media at all were actually a little less happy than those who used digital media a little bit (less than an hour a day). Happiness was then steadily lower with more hours of use. Thus, the happiest teens were those who used digital media, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-apple-have-an-obligation-to-make-the-iphone-safer-for-kids-89822\">but for a limited amount of time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, then, is not to give up technology entirely. Instead, the solution is a familiar adage: everything in moderation. Use your phone for all the cool things it’s good for. And then set it down and go do something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be happier for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jean-twenge-315939\">Jean Twenge \u003c/a>is a professor of psychology,\u003c/em> at \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/san-diego-state-university-1241\">San Diego State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, teens are asked about their general happiness, in addition to how they spend their time. We found that teens who spent more time seeing their friends in person, exercising, playing sports, attending religious services, reading or even doing homework were happier. However, teens who spent more time on the internet, playing computer games, on social media, texting, using video chat or watching TV were less happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, every activity that didn’t involve a screen was linked to more happiness, and every activity that involved a screen was linked to less happiness. The differences were considerable: Teens who spent more than five hours a day online were twice as likely to be unhappy as those who spent less than an hour a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it might be that unhappy people seek out screen activities. However, a growing number of studies show that most of the causation goes from screen use to unhappiness, not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2016.0259?journalCode=cyber\">one experiment\u003c/a>, people who were randomly assigned to give up Facebook for a week ended that time happier, less lonely and less depressed than those who continued to use Facebook. In another study, young adults required to give up Facebook for their jobs \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2916158\">were happier than those who kept their accounts\u003c/a>. In addition, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755296616300862\">several\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069841\">longitudinal\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11482-016-9458-7\">studies\u003c/a> show that screen time leads to unhappiness but \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28093386\">unhappiness doesn’t lead to more screen time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you wanted to give advice based on this research, it would be very simple: Put down your phone or tablet and go do something – just about anything – else.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>It’s not just teens\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>These links between happiness and time use are worrying news, as the current generation of teens (whom I call “iGen” \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501151989\">in my book of the same name\u003c/a>) spends more time with screens than any previous generation. Time spent online doubled between 2006 and 2016, and 82 percent of 12th-graders now use social\u003cbr>\nmedia every day (up from 51 percent in 2008).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, teens’ happiness suddenly plummeted after 2012 (the year when the majority of Americans owned smartphones). So did teens’ self-esteem and their satisfaction with their lives, especially their satisfaction with their friends, the amount of fun they were having, and their lives as a whole. These declines in well-being mirror other studies finding sharp increases in mental health issues among iGen, including in \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2167702617723376\">depressive symptoms\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/11/10/peds.2016-1878\">major depression\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2664031/\">self-harm\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6630a6.htm\">suicide\u003c/a>. Especially compared to the \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02204.x\">optimistic and almost relentlessly positive millennials\u003c/a>, iGen is markedly less self-assured, and more are depressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar trend might be occurring for adults: My co-authors and I previously found that \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550615602933?journalCode=sppa\">adults over age 30 were less happy than they were 15 years ago\u003c/a>, and that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28265779\">adults were having sex less frequently\u003c/a>. There may be many reasons for these trends, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/30/health/americans-screen-time-nielsen/index.html\">adults are also spending more time with screens\u003c/a> than they used to. That might mean less face-to-face time with other people, including with their sexual partners. The result: \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1948550615616462\">less sex and less happiness\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although both teen and adult happiness dropped during the years of high unemployment amid the Great Recession (2008-2010), happiness didn’t rebound in the years after 2012 \u003ca href=\"https://www.economicgreenfield.com/2016/01/08/u-3-and-u-6-unemployment-rate-long-term-reference-charts-as-of-january-8-2016/\">when the economy was doing progressively better\u003c/a>. Instead, happiness continued to decline as the economy improved, making it unlikely that economic cycles were to blame for lower happiness after 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing income inequality could play a role, especially for adults. But if so, one would expect that happiness would have been dropping continuously since the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dreaming-of-a-better-gini/\">when income inequality began to grow\u003c/a>. Instead, happiness began to decline around 2000 for adults and around 2012 for teens. Nevertheless, it’s possible that concerns about the job market and income inequality reached a tipping point in the early 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somewhat surprisingly, we found that teens who didn’t use digital media at all were actually a little less happy than those who used digital media a little bit (less than an hour a day). Happiness was then steadily lower with more hours of use. Thus, the happiest teens were those who used digital media, \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-apple-have-an-obligation-to-make-the-iphone-safer-for-kids-89822\">but for a limited amount of time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, then, is not to give up technology entirely. Instead, the solution is a familiar adage: everything in moderation. Use your phone for all the cool things it’s good for. And then set it down and go do something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be happier for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jean-twenge-315939\">Jean Twenge \u003c/a>is a professor of psychology,\u003c/em> at \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/san-diego-state-university-1241\">San Diego State University\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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