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"content": "\u003cp>UCSF just received its largest, individual financial gift ever - a donation of $185 million dedicated to neurosciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The donation was made by Sanford Weill, the former CEO of Citigroup, and his wife, Joan. Weill says the gift is partly inspired by his father’s lifelong struggle with depression, and his mother's battle with Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Mental illness definitely strikes a very personal chord in both of us.”\u003ccite>Joan Weill, philanthropic donor.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“For the last 15 years of her life she was in an institution where she didn’t say a word,” says Weill. “She had no expression as it related to anything. So, that person who looked like my mother was really not my mother. This is a horrible disease!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weill hopes the downward spiral he witnessed with his mother's demise may someday be prevented through therapeutic advances discovered at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joan Weill nods her head in agreement. Tears fill her eyes as she remembers a dear family friend who recently committed suicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was such a tragedy,” She explains with a quivering voice. “This man suffered from depression his whole life. So, mental illness definitely strikes a very personal chord in both of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money will fund a new 270-thousand square foot facility in Mission Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“If we don’t make breakthroughs in Alzheimer's, MS, autism and all the neuro-degenerative diseases it's going to be trillions and trillions of dollars,” '\u003ccite>Sanford Weill, former CEO Citigroup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"The Weill institute will bring together the traditional disciplines of neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery and basic neurosciences to make advances in a faster way than was possible earlier,\" explains neurologist Steve Hauser, the institute’s new director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that UCSF faculty will work across disciplines, and share their research with each other more often if they work in the same place. Currently, neurological departments are spread across different campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to 45 new research labs, the new institute will house clinics that will provide care to patients with diseases including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); and Huntington’s disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and dystonia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sleep disorders.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chronic pain and migraines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Paralysis caused by stroke or injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Weill says it's crucial to prioritize neurological research to lower health care costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t make breakthroughs in Alzheimer's, MS, autism and all the neuro-degenerative diseases it's going to be trillions and trillions of dollars,” says Weill. “And, that’s not a good thing. Nor is the quality of life (for these patients) that’s available today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The philanthropic couple, who split time between their homes in Sonoma County and New York City, is dedicated to staying intellectually engaged and mentally stimulated as they move into their elder years. The couple will soon celebrate their 61st wedding anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We've got to keep our minds working so that we can continue to relate to each other,” says Weill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And, so we know who each other are!” laughs Joan Weill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was such a tragedy,” She explains with a quivering voice. “This man suffered from depression his whole life. So, mental illness definitely strikes a very personal chord in both of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money will fund a new 270-thousand square foot facility in Mission Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“If we don’t make breakthroughs in Alzheimer's, MS, autism and all the neuro-degenerative diseases it's going to be trillions and trillions of dollars,” '\u003ccite>Sanford Weill, former CEO Citigroup\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"The Weill institute will bring together the traditional disciplines of neurology, psychiatry, neurosurgery and basic neurosciences to make advances in a faster way than was possible earlier,\" explains neurologist Steve Hauser, the institute’s new director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that UCSF faculty will work across disciplines, and share their research with each other more often if they work in the same place. Currently, neurological departments are spread across different campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to 45 new research labs, the new institute will house clinics that will provide care to patients with diseases including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); and Huntington’s disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and dystonia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sleep disorders.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Chronic pain and migraines.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Paralysis caused by stroke or injury.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Weill says it's crucial to prioritize neurological research to lower health care costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t make breakthroughs in Alzheimer's, MS, autism and all the neuro-degenerative diseases it's going to be trillions and trillions of dollars,” says Weill. “And, that’s not a good thing. Nor is the quality of life (for these patients) that’s available today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The philanthropic couple, who split time between their homes in Sonoma County and New York City, is dedicated to staying intellectually engaged and mentally stimulated as they move into their elder years. The couple will soon celebrate their 61st wedding anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We've got to keep our minds working so that we can continue to relate to each other,” says Weill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And, so we know who each other are!” laughs Joan Weill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Research Sheds Light on Gambling Addiction ... At Least in Rats",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some people walk into a casino and head to the nickel slots; others march straight to the roulette table with their life savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? What makes us more prone to take risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nature17400.epdf?referrer_access_token=QwrzFIr2jKrPWYNlHtA6-tRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MAMAaL7Wsp_Ll2m98B2kO3GoXldSLV2BdmMcu9-RqTpAlSldZDCtsGdHel7FWnOTMa7SpwaF00k29RCTRZRksssuFfWhVyK27fTovDozEYVIWY5Y4UMG8rLaxlAFIe5VADoWtHYtMraG_2lflq1PX7Ff2rF1UHH70MegF35XLQOMqtkPE2EXMSiIZ27oYu8RFrsViLmOtv26SpWjCGPhRLF2wbHznMiBFsvp9H5i6NYg%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com\">research\u003c/a> out Wednesday from Stanford University, is the failure of specific nerve cells in the brain to send out a signal that inhibits gambling behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery was made in an experiment aimed at studying brain chemistry in rats as they made decisions about whether to get a steady, regular reward or a rare, much larger reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans and rats have similar brain structures involved,” says senior author and practicing psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/\">Karl Deisseroth\u003c/a>. “So every indication is that these findings are relevant to humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High-Rolling Rodents\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers reached their conclusions after devising a task where rats poke their nose in a hole, at which point two levers pop out. When the rats pulled one lever, they received a dependable dose of sugar water. Pulling the other lever most of the time yielded a much smaller amount of sugar water, but a big rush of sugar water every once in a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they had learned the system, about two-thirds of the rats consistently chose the steady-paying dose. The other third preferred the occasional windfall. Like some people, a high-rolling rat doesn't seem to be fazed by a losing streak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Brain and Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the study, researchers were fairly certain that a specific region of the brain called the \u003ca href=\"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html\">nucleus accumbens\u003c/a> was implicated in gambling behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test this, they gave the rats a drug called pramipexole; it's prescribed for Parkinson’s disease, restless leg syndrome and other brain or nervous system disorders, and it can cause gambling problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug turned rats that chose the steady lever into rats looking for a big reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that a drug known to increase risk preference in people had the same effect on the rats,\" Deisseroth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeroing in on nucleus accumbens, scientists then discovered that a small group of nerve cells in the region lit up in the risk-averse rats, but not in those who were risk-prone.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Having this knowledge, knowing which chemicals, which receptors in the brain are responsible means that we can make better predictions about which drugs would increase risk taking and won’t.'\u003ccite>Brian Knutson,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That meant a rat was really bummed out after getting the smaller dose, and was more likely to choose the steadier payout the next time. But the risk taking rodents didn't seem to care if they were disappointed most of the time as long as a big sugar rush arrived occasionally. In other words, the risk-prone rats were less sensitive to loss signals -- they care less when they lose so they're more likely to keep going for the win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks as though we have found a brain signal that, in most individuals, corresponds to a memory of a failed risky choice,” Deisseroth says. “It seems to represent the memory of that recent unfavorable outcome, manifested later at just the right time when it can -- and does -- modify an upcoming decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a couple of different techniques, the researchers then manipulated the rats' brains and found they could influence their choices, turning risk avoiders into risk seekers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Could the Same Be True for People?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers say the findings could inform human therapy down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Knutson, a professor of psychology at Stanford and a study co-author, says the research offers insight into both pharmacotherapy or even environmental cues that influence gambling addicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having this knowledge,” says Knutson, \"knowing which chemicals, which receptors in the brain are responsible means that we can make better predictions about which drugs would increase risk-taking and which won’t.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some people walk into a casino and head to the nickel slots; others march straight to the roulette table with their life savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? What makes us more prone to take risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/nature17400.epdf?referrer_access_token=QwrzFIr2jKrPWYNlHtA6-tRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MAMAaL7Wsp_Ll2m98B2kO3GoXldSLV2BdmMcu9-RqTpAlSldZDCtsGdHel7FWnOTMa7SpwaF00k29RCTRZRksssuFfWhVyK27fTovDozEYVIWY5Y4UMG8rLaxlAFIe5VADoWtHYtMraG_2lflq1PX7Ff2rF1UHH70MegF35XLQOMqtkPE2EXMSiIZ27oYu8RFrsViLmOtv26SpWjCGPhRLF2wbHznMiBFsvp9H5i6NYg%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.nytimes.com\">research\u003c/a> out Wednesday from Stanford University, is the failure of specific nerve cells in the brain to send out a signal that inhibits gambling behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery was made in an experiment aimed at studying brain chemistry in rats as they made decisions about whether to get a steady, regular reward or a rare, much larger reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans and rats have similar brain structures involved,” says senior author and practicing psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://web.stanford.edu/group/dlab/\">Karl Deisseroth\u003c/a>. “So every indication is that these findings are relevant to humans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High-Rolling Rodents\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers reached their conclusions after devising a task where rats poke their nose in a hole, at which point two levers pop out. When the rats pulled one lever, they received a dependable dose of sugar water. Pulling the other lever most of the time yielded a much smaller amount of sugar water, but a big rush of sugar water every once in a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they had learned the system, about two-thirds of the rats consistently chose the steady-paying dose. The other third preferred the occasional windfall. Like some people, a high-rolling rat doesn't seem to be fazed by a losing streak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Brain and Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the study, researchers were fairly certain that a specific region of the brain called the \u003ca href=\"http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html\">nucleus accumbens\u003c/a> was implicated in gambling behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test this, they gave the rats a drug called pramipexole; it's prescribed for Parkinson’s disease, restless leg syndrome and other brain or nervous system disorders, and it can cause gambling problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug turned rats that chose the steady lever into rats looking for a big reward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that a drug known to increase risk preference in people had the same effect on the rats,\" Deisseroth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zeroing in on nucleus accumbens, scientists then discovered that a small group of nerve cells in the region lit up in the risk-averse rats, but not in those who were risk-prone.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Having this knowledge, knowing which chemicals, which receptors in the brain are responsible means that we can make better predictions about which drugs would increase risk taking and won’t.'\u003ccite>Brian Knutson,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That meant a rat was really bummed out after getting the smaller dose, and was more likely to choose the steadier payout the next time. But the risk taking rodents didn't seem to care if they were disappointed most of the time as long as a big sugar rush arrived occasionally. In other words, the risk-prone rats were less sensitive to loss signals -- they care less when they lose so they're more likely to keep going for the win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks as though we have found a brain signal that, in most individuals, corresponds to a memory of a failed risky choice,” Deisseroth says. “It seems to represent the memory of that recent unfavorable outcome, manifested later at just the right time when it can -- and does -- modify an upcoming decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through a couple of different techniques, the researchers then manipulated the rats' brains and found they could influence their choices, turning risk avoiders into risk seekers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Could the Same Be True for People?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers say the findings could inform human therapy down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Knutson, a professor of psychology at Stanford and a study co-author, says the research offers insight into both pharmacotherapy or even environmental cues that influence gambling addicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having this knowledge,” says Knutson, \"knowing which chemicals, which receptors in the brain are responsible means that we can make better predictions about which drugs would increase risk-taking and which won’t.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Apps and gaming companies have claimed for years that video games can improve our cognitive function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all games are created equal. Just one company, Boston-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.brain.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, has plans to submit its video game for regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The makers of the game hope to someday help children and young adults with autism improve their brain function and motor skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/04/06/play-this-video-game-and-call-me-in-the-morning/\">Related: Play This Video Game and Call Me in the Morning.\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, I sat down with University of California, San Francisco neuroscientist and \"chief game designer\" Dr. Adam Gazzaley to discuss the evolving role of video games. \u003ca href=\"http://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/\">Gazzaley runs a lab at UCSF\u003c/a>, where he oversees a small group of neuroscientists, researchers and gamers. He also advises the team at Akili Interactive Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-1263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-800x600.png\" alt=\"Screen shot from the frozen world of Project: Evo. The game could be the first to be approved for medical use by the FDA. \" width=\"363\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-768x576.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-320x240.png 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1.png 1003w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screen shot from the frozen world of Project: Evo. The game could be the first to be approved for medical use by the FDA. \u003ccite>(Akili )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My primary takeaway from the conversation is that it's still early days for the field of neuroscience and gaming. It's not yet clear whether games will help some people and not others, or whether the effects will be positive or negative. But Gazzaley seemed optimistic that a focus on the science will yield positive results -- as long as we don't get swept up by the hype!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evening was hosted by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commonwealthclub.org/\">Commonwealth Club of California. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/video-games-and-neuroscience-vision-future-medicine-and-education\">Listen to the full talk via the podcast\u003c/a> or read on for an condensed and edited version of my discussion with Gazzaley. Note: Some of the questions below were drawn from the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's a typical day like in your lab at UCSF? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say that most of my time is really spent building [products]. I have the role of \"chief game designer\" at my lab, which is sort of a weird thing after getting an MD and becoming a neurologist... A lot of [my time at the lab] is spent going over data, trying to interpret it, and meeting with companies to form alliances. We hope they develop amazing technology in our lab so we don't have to wait ten years [to access it], as many neuroscientists do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were you a hardcore gamer as a kid? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's funny to think back on those days. I was an intense game player when I was seven or eight. Half of what we were doing is figuring out how to take apart the code and make it better. I stopped [playing games] when I was in medical school and college. The fact that they [science and gaming] came together in my adult life as powerfully as they have is completely unanticipated, but a lot of fun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you noticed that there's a demographic, like men versus women, that tends to respond best to video games and show the most cognitive improvement?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know yet as our studies are very early. It's not the type of data that drives me to say this is a prescription, but I think there's a signal that we can continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't have very large populations -- that's the next study. We don't have enough numbers to say whether women or men or what age group responds better, but we know that not everyone responds the same. We know that there's some element of motivation and engagement to it, among so many factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your opinion on brain training games, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>? Are there any that you'd recommend?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I always try to be diplomatic about these type of questions. There is some controversy about what works and [what] doesn't work. But the field rests on the premise that the brain is plastic and can change. The foundation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“I do think that we need to go a little slower and really figure out what works and doesn't work. There's something exciting here and I'd hate to see the baby get thrown out with the bath water.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Neuroscientist Dr. Adam Gazzaley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the devil is in the details. It's [the brain is] plastic, but it's also very stable....Not everything will harness plasticity. And plasticity has no morality -- it can go positive or negative, meaning not everything will lead to a meaningful change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is to find those things that can engender that [positive change]. The second challenge is to validate this. It took us five years for our first study. We are in our infancy in this field, but the bar will continue to be raised -- and we want to keep pushing that... All fields struggle with this steep curve at the beginning where people get excited and claims get out of proportion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any chance that \u003ca href=\"http://mariokart8.nintendo.com/\">Mario Kart\u003c/a> [a popular game from Nintendo] might improve something?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. Video games are a massive category... and growing all the time. Men and women play games; many heads of households and six-year-olds play games. Studies have found that regular off-the-shelf games can have some benefits on cognition. But what's the right dose and what are the negative effects? Those are reasonable questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last year, dozens of scientists issued “The Consensus on the Brain Training Industry From the Scientific Community,” a statement denouncing the claims made by some game companies and the media that games can forestall Alzheimer’s and other diseases. You signed that statement -- why? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did it to challenge the field and to be a bit more cautious. I do think that we need to go a little slower and really figure out what works and doesn't work. There's something exciting here and I'd hate to see the baby get thrown out with the bath water... People signed it for different reasons... but my own inspiration was to try to move some of the excitement back to the science domain and say 'let's figure out how to do this right.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The company you're advising is going after FDA approval. Do you see that as being the norm? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prediction is a dangerous job, but it does seem like there's a growing interest from labs and companies to consider this pathway for these unique tech tools. You only need FDA approval when you have a clear clinical indication... but you don't need it for a game that [claims to] help your memory. That's complicated because they're both a recommendation, but that's the way it is right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/video-games-and-neuroscience-vision-future-medicine-and-education\">Listen to the rest of the talk here. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Apps and gaming companies have claimed for years that video games can improve our cognitive function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all games are created equal. Just one company, Boston-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.brain.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, has plans to submit its video game for regulatory approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The makers of the game hope to someday help children and young adults with autism improve their brain function and motor skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/04/06/play-this-video-game-and-call-me-in-the-morning/\">Related: Play This Video Game and Call Me in the Morning.\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, I sat down with University of California, San Francisco neuroscientist and \"chief game designer\" Dr. Adam Gazzaley to discuss the evolving role of video games. \u003ca href=\"http://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/\">Gazzaley runs a lab at UCSF\u003c/a>, where he oversees a small group of neuroscientists, researchers and gamers. He also advises the team at Akili Interactive Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1263\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 363px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-1263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-800x600.png\" alt=\"Screen shot from the frozen world of Project: Evo. The game could be the first to be approved for medical use by the FDA. \" width=\"363\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-768x576.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1-320x240.png 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/Health-games_1.png 1003w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screen shot from the frozen world of Project: Evo. The game could be the first to be approved for medical use by the FDA. \u003ccite>(Akili )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My primary takeaway from the conversation is that it's still early days for the field of neuroscience and gaming. It's not yet clear whether games will help some people and not others, or whether the effects will be positive or negative. But Gazzaley seemed optimistic that a focus on the science will yield positive results -- as long as we don't get swept up by the hype!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evening was hosted by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.commonwealthclub.org/\">Commonwealth Club of California. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/video-games-and-neuroscience-vision-future-medicine-and-education\">Listen to the full talk via the podcast\u003c/a> or read on for an condensed and edited version of my discussion with Gazzaley. Note: Some of the questions below were drawn from the audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's a typical day like in your lab at UCSF? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would say that most of my time is really spent building [products]. I have the role of \"chief game designer\" at my lab, which is sort of a weird thing after getting an MD and becoming a neurologist... A lot of [my time at the lab] is spent going over data, trying to interpret it, and meeting with companies to form alliances. We hope they develop amazing technology in our lab so we don't have to wait ten years [to access it], as many neuroscientists do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Were you a hardcore gamer as a kid? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's funny to think back on those days. I was an intense game player when I was seven or eight. Half of what we were doing is figuring out how to take apart the code and make it better. I stopped [playing games] when I was in medical school and college. The fact that they [science and gaming] came together in my adult life as powerfully as they have is completely unanticipated, but a lot of fun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have you noticed that there's a demographic, like men versus women, that tends to respond best to video games and show the most cognitive improvement?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know yet as our studies are very early. It's not the type of data that drives me to say this is a prescription, but I think there's a signal that we can continue to improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't have very large populations -- that's the next study. We don't have enough numbers to say whether women or men or what age group responds better, but we know that not everyone responds the same. We know that there's some element of motivation and engagement to it, among so many factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's your opinion on brain training games, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>? Are there any that you'd recommend?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I always try to be diplomatic about these type of questions. There is some controversy about what works and [what] doesn't work. But the field rests on the premise that the brain is plastic and can change. The foundation is solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“I do think that we need to go a little slower and really figure out what works and doesn't work. There's something exciting here and I'd hate to see the baby get thrown out with the bath water.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Neuroscientist Dr. Adam Gazzaley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But the devil is in the details. It's [the brain is] plastic, but it's also very stable....Not everything will harness plasticity. And plasticity has no morality -- it can go positive or negative, meaning not everything will lead to a meaningful change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is to find those things that can engender that [positive change]. The second challenge is to validate this. It took us five years for our first study. We are in our infancy in this field, but the bar will continue to be raised -- and we want to keep pushing that... All fields struggle with this steep curve at the beginning where people get excited and claims get out of proportion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any chance that \u003ca href=\"http://mariokart8.nintendo.com/\">Mario Kart\u003c/a> [a popular game from Nintendo] might improve something?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure. Video games are a massive category... and growing all the time. Men and women play games; many heads of households and six-year-olds play games. Studies have found that regular off-the-shelf games can have some benefits on cognition. But what's the right dose and what are the negative effects? Those are reasonable questions to ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last year, dozens of scientists issued “The Consensus on the Brain Training Industry From the Scientific Community,” a statement denouncing the claims made by some game companies and the media that games can forestall Alzheimer’s and other diseases. You signed that statement -- why? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did it to challenge the field and to be a bit more cautious. I do think that we need to go a little slower and really figure out what works and doesn't work. There's something exciting here and I'd hate to see the baby get thrown out with the bath water... People signed it for different reasons... but my own inspiration was to try to move some of the excitement back to the science domain and say 'let's figure out how to do this right.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The company you're advising is going after FDA approval. Do you see that as being the norm? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prediction is a dangerous job, but it does seem like there's a growing interest from labs and companies to consider this pathway for these unique tech tools. You only need FDA approval when you have a clear clinical indication... but you don't need it for a game that [claims to] help your memory. That's complicated because they're both a recommendation, but that's the way it is right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/10/20131028science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As audiences for the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz2gdXP6Zs\">“Carrie”\u003c/a> re-make are finding out in theaters across the country, the power to move things with your mind can be hazardous to one’s well-being and pretty much everyone else’s, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own experience with telekinesis, by contrast, was pretty tame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//instagram.com/p/fx0qiDI_Ka/embed/\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"612\" height=\"710\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In order to get the helicopter to fly, reporter Amy Standen, wearing a headset that captures her brain waves, has to concentrate on a single thought. She doesn’t have to think about the helicopter flying; it can be any thought, but she can’t be distracted and think, “Wow,” once the helicopter starts to fly.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, I’d have a hard time doing this without the use of an EEG headset, in this case the MindWave Mobile, which is made by a San Jose company called NeuroSky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MindWave Mobile—much like two other mobile brain-wave-sensing devices called the Emotiv and Interaxon—is a pared-down version of something you’ve seen in science fiction movies anytime someone’s head is covered in electrodes. It’s an EEG, or electroencephalogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EEG is a device that measures electrical activity inside the brain. It’s good at revealing patterns, like what happens during an epileptic seizure, or during sleep. (Sleep scientists using an EEG discovered the REM, or rapid eye movement state.) It can also detect patterns associated with certain emotional states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, these headsets have gotten easier to use and much less expensive; the MindWave Mobile costs $99. And this has encouraged developers to come up with ways to harness them for fun, by connecting mobile EEG headsets to other consumer devices like video games, smartphones and—as you see in the video above—miniature helicopters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnny Liu, who directs the developer program at NeuroSky, came into the KQED studios recently to show me how to use a headset in combination with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/puzzlebox/puzzlebox-orbit-brain-controlled-helicopter\">Puzzlebox Orbit Brain-Controlled Helicopter\u003c/a>. It’s a spherical cage about eight inches in diameter containing three small propellers. Liu positioned the headset’s single sensor over his forehead and powered up an iPad. Then, he just sat there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg\" alt=\"The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m driving up my attention level,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon we had proof: A red bar on the iPad screen began to rise. When it passed the three-quarters mark, the helicopter’s propellers began to whir as the Orbit lifted from the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telekinesis is a lot harder than it looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was my turn, Liu told me to pick something, anything, to focus on. I thought about the fog I’d seen on a walk that morning. Nothing. I fixedly pictured my breakfast. Zilch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How about you just try thinking about the helicopter?” Liu suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked! For about three seconds. (The video above makes it look as if the helicopter flew after I focused on fog; that’s a flattering by-product of Instagram’s 15-second video limit.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t get frustrated with the helicopter, it turns out, because that’s different from concentration. You have to calmly focus on it, really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Imagine,” Liu coached, “that you actually have telekinetic powers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success: six seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for the aerodynamically challenged, there are other brain training devices in development. One is the \u003ca href=\"http://ericawarp.com/?projects=neurodisco\">NeuroDisco\u003c/a>, a prototype computer program that can be used with an EEG headset. It’s designed by the composer-husband and neuroscientist-wife team of Richard and Erica Warp, along with designer Chung-Hay Luk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NeuroDisco reads brainwaves from an EEG headset called the Emotiv, whose 16 sensors must be carefully positioned around the temples and the back of your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Fruitlessly, in my case. Apparently I have too much hair—or not enough brain. The Emotiv failed to pick up a signal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of flying a helicopter, the Emotive feeds brain signals wirelessly into a laptop, where the NeuroDisco, a computer program designed by Richard in composing software called Max/MSP, translates the brain’s electrical patterns into music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying beat corresponds to the type of emotional state. The Emotiv can’t read much of the range of human emotion, but it can, says Erica, “differentiate an excited state from a meditative state from a frustrated state, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\" alt=\"Amyeeg2\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Warp explains to me how the NeuroDisco works. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a “frustrated” state, the beat is pounding and loud, “like a Nine Inch Nails song,” Richard says. As you become calmer and more meditative, the beat becomes softer and recedes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notes, meanwhile, correspond to the intensity, or “push” of the emotional state. The stronger your meditative state becomes, for instance, the closer the notes come together, the more “shimmery” the music sounds. A more distracted, less focused state produces tones that are farther away from each other and more discordant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard, a former club-goer from London, says he wanted NeuroDisco’s music to be “subtle” and pleasant enough that a user might keep working with it, or as Richard puts it, “communing” with it. The idea is that over time, users will learn how to compose music by subtly changing their brain states, maybe increasing the intensity of their meditative states, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key to this learning process is the experience of biofeedback, where seeing a helicopter lift or hearing music shift tells the user in real time what his or her brain is doing and how it’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956835\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how you would train to be a brain musician,” says Richard. Instead of listening to the sounds the piano produces when you hit the keys, “you’re training to control your mental processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard says he’s always been an anxious person. The desire to feel more grounded is part of what led him to work on this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was interested in creating an environment where people can really commune with their internal state,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is more technology really what we need to help us relax? Haven’t people been communing with their internal states without technology for thousands of years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this, Warp laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked that question of Adam Gazzaley, a neuroscientist who studies distraction and technology at University of California-San Francisco: Is technology what we need to help us relax? What about taking a walk, or actually learning to meditate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzaley points out that for some people, that’s a lot to ask, particularly meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people find it really hard to get started, because they’re not very good at it in the beginning,” he says. EEG games can help engage those people by offering tools they’re comfortable with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps for some, he adds, EEG feedback could one day be diagnostic—even therapeutic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine your child is diagnosed with ADHD,” says Gazzaley, “and you take them to the doctor. Instead of being given a box of pills, they put an EEG cap on and they play a video game that looks at how they pay attention to relevant information, how they ignore information, how they sustain attention, how they deal with multiple tasks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, that data gets turned into a game—one the child will actually want to play—that can train him or her to focus more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over time, they might see ‘wow, we’ve corrected those things and we didn’t need medication,’ or ‘we needed a lot less medication.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the rest of us, Gazzaley says, think of EEG games as baby steps toward learning new ways of calming down. Technology helped get us into this mess, maybe technology can help get us out.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As audiences for the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dz2gdXP6Zs\">“Carrie”\u003c/a> re-make are finding out in theaters across the country, the power to move things with your mind can be hazardous to one’s well-being and pretty much everyone else’s, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own experience with telekinesis, by contrast, was pretty tame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//instagram.com/p/fx0qiDI_Ka/embed/\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"612\" height=\"710\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In order to get the helicopter to fly, reporter Amy Standen, wearing a headset that captures her brain waves, has to concentrate on a single thought. She doesn’t have to think about the helicopter flying; it can be any thought, but she can’t be distracted and think, “Wow,” once the helicopter starts to fly.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically, I’d have a hard time doing this without the use of an EEG headset, in this case the MindWave Mobile, which is made by a San Jose company called NeuroSky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MindWave Mobile—much like two other mobile brain-wave-sensing devices called the Emotiv and Interaxon—is a pared-down version of something you’ve seen in science fiction movies anytime someone’s head is covered in electrodes. It’s an EEG, or electroencephalogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EEG is a device that measures electrical activity inside the brain. It’s good at revealing patterns, like what happens during an epileptic seizure, or during sleep. (Sleep scientists using an EEG discovered the REM, or rapid eye movement state.) It can also detect patterns associated with certain emotional states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, these headsets have gotten easier to use and much less expensive; the MindWave Mobile costs $99. And this has encouraged developers to come up with ways to harness them for fun, by connecting mobile EEG headsets to other consumer devices like video games, smartphones and—as you see in the video above—miniature helicopters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnny Liu, who directs the developer program at NeuroSky, came into the KQED studios recently to show me how to use a headset in combination with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/puzzlebox/puzzlebox-orbit-brain-controlled-helicopter\">Puzzlebox Orbit Brain-Controlled Helicopter\u003c/a>. It’s a spherical cage about eight inches in diameter containing three small propellers. Liu positioned the headset’s single sensor over his forehead and powered up an iPad. Then, he just sat there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_161\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-161\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg\" alt=\"The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Science_Drone_0017_web-e1382747907800-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The helicopter waits for the brain waves to kick in. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m driving up my attention level,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon we had proof: A red bar on the iPad screen began to rise. When it passed the three-quarters mark, the helicopter’s propellers began to whir as the Orbit lifted from the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Telekinesis is a lot harder than it looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was my turn, Liu told me to pick something, anything, to focus on. I thought about the fog I’d seen on a walk that morning. Nothing. I fixedly pictured my breakfast. Zilch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How about you just try thinking about the helicopter?” Liu suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It worked! For about three seconds. (The video above makes it look as if the helicopter flew after I focused on fog; that’s a flattering by-product of Instagram’s 15-second video limit.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t get frustrated with the helicopter, it turns out, because that’s different from concentration. You have to calmly focus on it, really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Imagine,” Liu coached, “that you actually have telekinetic powers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Success: six seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for the aerodynamically challenged, there are other brain training devices in development. One is the \u003ca href=\"http://ericawarp.com/?projects=neurodisco\">NeuroDisco\u003c/a>, a prototype computer program that can be used with an EEG headset. It’s designed by the composer-husband and neuroscientist-wife team of Richard and Erica Warp, along with designer Chung-Hay Luk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NeuroDisco reads brainwaves from an EEG headset called the Emotiv, whose 16 sensors must be carefully positioned around the temples and the back of your head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Fruitlessly, in my case. Apparently I have too much hair—or not enough brain. The Emotiv failed to pick up a signal.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of flying a helicopter, the Emotive feeds brain signals wirelessly into a laptop, where the NeuroDisco, a computer program designed by Richard in composing software called Max/MSP, translates the brain’s electrical patterns into music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying beat corresponds to the type of emotional state. The Emotiv can’t read much of the range of human emotion, but it can, says Erica, “differentiate an excited state from a meditative state from a frustrated state, for example.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-107 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg\" alt=\"Amyeeg2\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2013/10/Amyeeg2-320x214.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Warp explains to me how the NeuroDisco works. (Sara Bloomberg/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a “frustrated” state, the beat is pounding and loud, “like a Nine Inch Nails song,” Richard says. As you become calmer and more meditative, the beat becomes softer and recedes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956297&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956297'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The notes, meanwhile, correspond to the intensity, or “push” of the emotional state. The stronger your meditative state becomes, for instance, the closer the notes come together, the more “shimmery” the music sounds. A more distracted, less focused state produces tones that are farther away from each other and more discordant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard, a former club-goer from London, says he wanted NeuroDisco’s music to be “subtle” and pleasant enough that a user might keep working with it, or as Richard puts it, “communing” with it. The idea is that over time, users will learn how to compose music by subtly changing their brain states, maybe increasing the intensity of their meditative states, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key to this learning process is the experience of biofeedback, where seeing a helicopter lift or hearing music shift tells the user in real time what his or her brain is doing and how it’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956835&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/116956835'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how you would train to be a brain musician,” says Richard. Instead of listening to the sounds the piano produces when you hit the keys, “you’re training to control your mental processes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard says he’s always been an anxious person. The desire to feel more grounded is part of what led him to work on this project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was interested in creating an environment where people can really commune with their internal state,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is more technology really what we need to help us relax? Haven’t people been communing with their internal states without technology for thousands of years?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this, Warp laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re doing the same thing as a meditator, a Buddhist monk might do. It’s just we in the West maybe need a device to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked that question of Adam Gazzaley, a neuroscientist who studies distraction and technology at University of California-San Francisco: Is technology what we need to help us relax? What about taking a walk, or actually learning to meditate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzaley points out that for some people, that’s a lot to ask, particularly meditation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people find it really hard to get started, because they’re not very good at it in the beginning,” he says. EEG games can help engage those people by offering tools they’re comfortable with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps for some, he adds, EEG feedback could one day be diagnostic—even therapeutic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine your child is diagnosed with ADHD,” says Gazzaley, “and you take them to the doctor. Instead of being given a box of pills, they put an EEG cap on and they play a video game that looks at how they pay attention to relevant information, how they ignore information, how they sustain attention, how they deal with multiple tasks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, that data gets turned into a game—one the child will actually want to play—that can train him or her to focus more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over time, they might see ‘wow, we’ve corrected those things and we didn’t need medication,’ or ‘we needed a lot less medication.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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