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"content": "\u003cp>When you feel like everyone around you is having more fun and spending more time with friends, it can make you feel bad about yourself — even if it's not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/profile.aspx?facId=943704\">Ashley Whillans\u003c/a>, an assistant professor at Harvard Business School who studies how our view of the world affects our view of ourselves, this perception can challenge us to become more social and make more friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the fear of missing out that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This fear of missing out on parties or events is actually very common. It may be particularly acute among college freshmen because \"entering into university is one of the key transition points in your life in establishing your identity in a new social environment,\" Whillans says. In other words, it's the first taste of navigating social situations as an adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167217727496\">study\u003c/a> published by Whillans and her colleagues on Thursday found that 48 percent of college freshmen in their second semester at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver believed that their friends had made more friends than they had since school began. Thirty-one percent felt the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Since social activities, like eating or studying with others, tend to happen in cafes and libraries where they are easily seen, students might overestimate how much their peers are socializing because they don't see them eating and studying alone,\" says Frances Chen, the study's senior author and an assistant professor in the UBC psychology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second, smaller study they published at the same time indicates that feeling left out made the students pretty unhappy. The studies were published in the \u003cem>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ityXpO6egemXFA6r9XeN3fcCNvS1Ha1k\"]This was surprising, Whillans says, because many high-achieving people — i.e. the ones most likely going to college — believe they're better equipped than their peers to handle challenges. But when peers appear to be doing better socially, that can contribute to feelings that there's something wrong with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study did not look specifically at the impact of social media, other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why\">studies \u003c/a>have shown that the way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fomo\">FOMO\u003c/a> that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media \"perpetuates the idea that other people are more social than you,\" Whillans says. \"We often fail to communicate when we fail, and that might be bad for us and also for our social network.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new study, first-year students in the sample of more than 1,000 students reported having 3.63 close friends on average at UBC, but they believed their friends had 4.15 close friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller, second study found more than half of the nearly 400 students surveyed felt that others had more friends and were spending more time socializing. But it also suggests that for some people, feeling slightly behind on the friend curve was motivating because the students' perceptions of how they were doing socially compared to peers changed several months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past \u003ca href=\"https://sfbuild.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/Yeager%20and%20Dweck%20(2012).pdf\">research\u003c/a> indicates that if people think making more friends is \"something you can change, something you can get better at,\" Whillans says, they will work toward that goal. For those who believed the friendship gap between them and others was already too great, more time on campus may not make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Walton, a psychologist at Stanford University, studies how to correct the belief that we are alone in our fears of being left out. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~gwalton\">work\u003c/a> focuses on helping minority students who are underrepresented in STEM fields to overcome their own fears that they don't belong, and has demonstrated that doing so helps them improve academically and healthwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Whillans' study indicates that a broad swath of the population could benefit from things like having older students share stories of how they felt left out socially as freshmen, or encouraging teachers to frame criticism of students' work in a more positive way, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody starts in different places. It's critical [in college] to explore and find new communities and places and new ways to develop. Sometimes that goes faster and sometimes that goes slower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future research may look at whether these kinds of social perceptions might predict and prevent expensive challenges like workplace turnover. The biggest losses of productivity happen when people leave in the first year, Whillans says. \"The social environment has a lot to do with that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These feelings of social disconnectedness and feeling bad about it are not exclusive to college freshmen. \"It's a totally normal feeling to feel like you're struggling socially when you move to a new environment or a new job,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The important thing may be to understand that you're not alone in these feelings, and that they can change, Whillans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You+Think+Everyone+Else+Has+More+Friends%2C+You%27re+Not+Alone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second, smaller study they published at the same time indicates that feeling left out made the students pretty unhappy. The studies were published in the \u003cem>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>This was surprising, Whillans says, because many high-achieving people — i.e. the ones most likely going to college — believe they're better equipped than their peers to handle challenges. But when peers appear to be doing better socially, that can contribute to feelings that there's something wrong with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this study did not look specifically at the impact of social media, other \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why\">studies \u003c/a>have shown that the way people use Facebook and other virtual tools to project only the good stuff, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=fomo\">FOMO\u003c/a> that generates, makes others feel lonely and isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social media \"perpetuates the idea that other people are more social than you,\" Whillans says. \"We often fail to communicate when we fail, and that might be bad for us and also for our social network.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new study, first-year students in the sample of more than 1,000 students reported having 3.63 close friends on average at UBC, but they believed their friends had 4.15 close friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smaller, second study found more than half of the nearly 400 students surveyed felt that others had more friends and were spending more time socializing. But it also suggests that for some people, feeling slightly behind on the friend curve was motivating because the students' perceptions of how they were doing socially compared to peers changed several months later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past \u003ca href=\"https://sfbuild.sfsu.edu/sites/default/files/Yeager%20and%20Dweck%20(2012).pdf\">research\u003c/a> indicates that if people think making more friends is \"something you can change, something you can get better at,\" Whillans says, they will work toward that goal. For those who believed the friendship gap between them and others was already too great, more time on campus may not make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greg Walton, a psychologist at Stanford University, studies how to correct the belief that we are alone in our fears of being left out. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/~gwalton\">work\u003c/a> focuses on helping minority students who are underrepresented in STEM fields to overcome their own fears that they don't belong, and has demonstrated that doing so helps them improve academically and healthwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Whillans' study indicates that a broad swath of the population could benefit from things like having older students share stories of how they felt left out socially as freshmen, or encouraging teachers to frame criticism of students' work in a more positive way, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody starts in different places. It's critical [in college] to explore and find new communities and places and new ways to develop. Sometimes that goes faster and sometimes that goes slower.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Future research may look at whether these kinds of social perceptions might predict and prevent expensive challenges like workplace turnover. The biggest losses of productivity happen when people leave in the first year, Whillans says. \"The social environment has a lot to do with that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These feelings of social disconnectedness and feeling bad about it are not exclusive to college freshmen. \"It's a totally normal feeling to feel like you're struggling socially when you move to a new environment or a new job,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The important thing may be to understand that you're not alone in these feelings, and that they can change, Whillans says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=If+You+Think+Everyone+Else+Has+More+Friends%2C+You%27re+Not+Alone&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Now's the Time to Consider the Ethics of Brain-Computer Interface Tech",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the 1995 film \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112462/\">“Batman Forever\u003c/a>,” the Riddler used 3-D television to secretly access viewers’ most personal thoughts in his hunt for Batman’s true identity. By 2011, the metrics company \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2011/nielsen-acquires-neurofocus.html\">Nielsen had acquired Neurofocus\u003c/a> and had created a “consumer neuroscience” division that uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/solutions/capabilities/consumer-neuroscience.html\">integrated conscious and unconscious data\u003c/a> to track customer decision-making habits. What was once a nefarious scheme in a Hollywood blockbuster seems poised to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent announcements \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs\">by Elon Musk\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/\">and Facebook\u003c/a> about \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/melding-mind-and-machine-how-close-are-we-75589\">brain-computer interface (BCI) technology\u003c/a> are just the latest headlines in an ongoing science-fiction-becomes-reality story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCIs use brain signals to control objects in the outside world. They’re a potentially world-changing innovation – imagine being paralyzed but able to “reach” for something with a prosthetic arm \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/12/21/jan_scheuermann_footage_of_paralyzed_woman_eating_chocolate_with_robotic.html\">just by thinking about it\u003c/a>. But the revolutionary technology also raises concerns. Here at the University of Washington’s Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (\u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/\">CSNE\u003c/a>) we and our colleagues are researching BCI technology – and a crucial part of that includes working on issues such as neuroethics and neural security. Ethicists and engineers are working together to understand and quantify risks and develop ways to protect the public now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-160x111.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-240x167.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-375x261.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-520x361.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of event-related potentials (ERPs), electrical signals produced by the brain in response to a stimulus. \u003ccite>(Tamara Bonaci, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking up on P300 signals\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All BCI technology relies on being able to collect information from a brain that a device can then use or act on in some way. There are numerous places from which signals can be recorded, as well as infinite ways the data can be analyzed, so there are many possibilities for how a BCI can be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some BCI researchers zero in on one particular kind of regularly occurring brain signal that alerts us to important changes in our environment. Neuroscientists call these signals “\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57865\">event-related potentials\u003c/a>.” In the lab, they help us identify a reaction to a stimulus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, we capitalize on one of these specific signals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715154/\">called the P300\u003c/a>. It’s a positive peak of electricity that occurs toward the back of the head about 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is shown. The P300 alerts the rest of your brain to an “oddball” that stands out from the rest of what’s around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you don’t stop and stare at each person’s face when you’re searching for your friend at the park. Instead, if we were recording your brain signals as you scanned the crowd, there would be a detectable P300 response when you saw someone who could be your friend. The P300 carries an unconscious message alerting you to something important that deserves attention. These signals are part of a still unknown brain pathway that aids in detection and focusing attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading your mind using P300s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P300s reliably occur any time you notice something rare or disjointed, like when you find the shirt you were looking for in your closet or your car in a parking lot. Researchers can use the P300 in an experimental setting to determine what is important or relevant to you. That’s led to the creation of devices like spellers that allow paralyzed individuals to type using their thoughts, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6\">one character at a time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be used to determine what you know, in what’s called a “\u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808985770\">guilty knowledge test\u003c/a>.” In the lab, subjects are asked to choose an item to “steal” or hide, and are then shown many images repeatedly of both unrelated and related items. For instance, subjects choose between a watch and a necklace, and are then shown typical items from a jewelry box; a P300 appears when the subject is presented with the image of the item he took.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, most BCI technology relies on somewhat cumbersome EEG hardware that is definitely not stealth. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone’s P300 is unique. In order to know what they’re looking for, researchers need “training” data. These are previously obtained brain signal recordings that researchers are confident contain P300s; they’re then used to calibrate the system. Since the test measures an unconscious neural signal that you don’t even know you have, can you fool it? Maybe, if you \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00158.x\">know that you’re being probed and what the stimuli are\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Techniques like these are still considered unreliable and unproven, and thus U.S. courts have \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.4.460\">resisted admitting P300 data as evidence\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that instead of using a P300 signal to solve the mystery of a “stolen” item in the lab, someone used this technology to extract information about what month you were born or which bank you use – without your telling them. Our research group has \u003ca href=\"https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33808\">collected data suggesting this is possible\u003c/a>. Just using an individual’s brain activity – specifically, their P300 response – we could determine a subject’s preferences for things like favorite coffee brand or favorite sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we could do it only when subject-specific training data were available. What if we could figure out someone’s preferences without previous knowledge of their brain signal patterns? Without the need for training, users could simply put on a device and go, skipping the step of loading a personal training profile or spending time in calibration. Research on trained and untrained devices is the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://brl.ee.washington.edu/neural-engineering/bci-security/\">continuing experiments at the University of Washington\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://perso.uclouvain.be/fstandae/PUBLIS/190.pdf\">and elsewhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing. After all, we willingly trade bits of our privacy all the time – when we open our mouths to have conversations or use GPS devices that allow companies to collect data about us. But in these cases we consent to sharing what’s in our minds. The difference with next-generation P300 technology under development is that the protection consent gives us may get bypassed altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if it’s possible to decode what you’re thinking or planning without you even knowing? Will you feel violated? Will you feel a loss of control? Privacy implications may be wide-ranging. Maybe advertisers could know your preferred brands and send you personalized ads – which may be convenient or creepy. Or maybe malicious entities could determine where you bank and your account’s PIN – which would be alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ujENBz5yrLbRLuGEZ0IHfRd4FB2t2l2M\"]\u003cstrong>With great power comes great responsibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential ability to determine individuals’ preferences and personal information using their own brain signals has spawned a number of difficult but pressing questions: Should we be able to keep our neural signals private? That is, should neural security \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1\">be a human right\u003c/a>? How do we \u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427564\">adequately protect and store all the neural data\u003c/a> being recorded for research, and soon for leisure? How do consumers know if any protective or anonymization measures are being made with their neural data? As of now, neural data collected for commercial uses are not subject to the same legal protections covering \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html\">biomedical research or health care\u003c/a>. Should neural data be treated differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the kinds of conundrums that are best addressed by neural engineers and ethicists working together. Putting ethicists in labs alongside engineers – \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/research/neuroethics\">as we have done at the CSNE\u003c/a> – is one way to ensure that privacy and security risks of neurotechnology, as well as other ethically important issues, are an active part of the research process instead of an afterthought. For instance, Tim Brown, an ethicist at the CSNE, is “housed” within a neural engineering research lab, allowing him to have daily conversations with researchers about ethical concerns. He’s also easily able to interact with – and, in fact, interview – research subjects about their \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/engage-enable/post/ethics-cornerstone-neural-engineering-research\">ethical concerns about brain research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are important ethical and legal lessons to be drawn about technology and privacy from other areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27561246/privacy-in-genomics\">genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.theneuroethicsblog.com/2011/08/ethical-dimenstions-of-neuromarketing.html\">neuromarketing\u003c/a>. But there seems to be something important and different about reading neural data. They’re more intimately connected to the mind and who we take ourselves to be. As such, ethical issues raised by BCI demand special attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neuroethicists from the UW Philosophy department discuss issues related to neural implants. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working on ethics while tech’s in its infancy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we wrestle with how to address these privacy and security issues, there are two features of current P300 technology that will buy us time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, most commercial devices available use dry electrodes, which rely solely on skin contact to conduct electrical signals. This technology is prone to a low signal-to-noise ratio, meaning that we can extract only relatively basic forms of information from users. The brain signals we record are known to be highly variable (even for the same person) due to things like electrode movement and the constantly changing nature of brain signals themselves. Second, electrodes are not always in ideal locations to record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, this inherent lack of reliability means that BCI devices are not nearly as ubiquitous today as they may be in the future. As electrode hardware and signal processing continue to improve, it will be easier to continuously use devices like these, and make it easier to extract personal information from an unknowing individual as well. The safest advice would be to not use these devices at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal should be that the ethical standards and the technology will mature together to ensure future BCI users are confident their privacy is being protected as they use these kinds of devices. It’s a rare opportunity for scientists, engineers, ethicists and eventually regulators to work together to create even better products than were originally dreamed of in science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/helping-or-hacking-engineers-and-ethicists-must-work-together-on-brain-computer-interface-technology-77759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the 1995 film \u003ca href=\"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112462/\">“Batman Forever\u003c/a>,” the Riddler used 3-D television to secretly access viewers’ most personal thoughts in his hunt for Batman’s true identity. By 2011, the metrics company \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2011/nielsen-acquires-neurofocus.html\">Nielsen had acquired Neurofocus\u003c/a> and had created a “consumer neuroscience” division that uses \u003ca href=\"http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/solutions/capabilities/consumer-neuroscience.html\">integrated conscious and unconscious data\u003c/a> to track customer decision-making habits. What was once a nefarious scheme in a Hollywood blockbuster seems poised to become a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent announcements \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs\">by Elon Musk\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/19/facebook-brain-interface/\">and Facebook\u003c/a> about \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/melding-mind-and-machine-how-close-are-we-75589\">brain-computer interface (BCI) technology\u003c/a> are just the latest headlines in an ongoing science-fiction-becomes-reality story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCIs use brain signals to control objects in the outside world. They’re a potentially world-changing innovation – imagine being paralyzed but able to “reach” for something with a prosthetic arm \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/12/21/jan_scheuermann_footage_of_paralyzed_woman_eating_chocolate_with_robotic.html\">just by thinking about it\u003c/a>. But the revolutionary technology also raises concerns. Here at the University of Washington’s Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (\u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/\">CSNE\u003c/a>) we and our colleagues are researching BCI technology – and a crucial part of that includes working on issues such as neuroethics and neural security. Ethicists and engineers are working together to understand and quantify risks and develop ways to protect the public now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432341\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-160x111.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-240x167.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-375x261.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-29557-1ggtcor-520x361.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of event-related potentials (ERPs), electrical signals produced by the brain in response to a stimulus. \u003ccite>(Tamara Bonaci, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picking up on P300 signals\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All BCI technology relies on being able to collect information from a brain that a device can then use or act on in some way. There are numerous places from which signals can be recorded, as well as infinite ways the data can be analyzed, so there are many possibilities for how a BCI can be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some BCI researchers zero in on one particular kind of regularly occurring brain signal that alerts us to important changes in our environment. Neuroscientists call these signals “\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57865\">event-related potentials\u003c/a>.” In the lab, they help us identify a reaction to a stimulus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, we capitalize on one of these specific signals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715154/\">called the P300\u003c/a>. It’s a positive peak of electricity that occurs toward the back of the head about 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is shown. The P300 alerts the rest of your brain to an “oddball” that stands out from the rest of what’s around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, you don’t stop and stare at each person’s face when you’re searching for your friend at the park. Instead, if we were recording your brain signals as you scanned the crowd, there would be a detectable P300 response when you saw someone who could be your friend. The P300 carries an unconscious message alerting you to something important that deserves attention. These signals are part of a still unknown brain pathway that aids in detection and focusing attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading your mind using P300s\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P300s reliably occur any time you notice something rare or disjointed, like when you find the shirt you were looking for in your closet or your car in a parking lot. Researchers can use the P300 in an experimental setting to determine what is important or relevant to you. That’s led to the creation of devices like spellers that allow paralyzed individuals to type using their thoughts, \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6\">one character at a time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be used to determine what you know, in what’s called a “\u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808985770\">guilty knowledge test\u003c/a>.” In the lab, subjects are asked to choose an item to “steal” or hide, and are then shown many images repeatedly of both unrelated and related items. For instance, subjects choose between a watch and a necklace, and are then shown typical items from a jewelry box; a P300 appears when the subject is presented with the image of the item he took.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432342\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-pbljrg-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, most BCI technology relies on somewhat cumbersome EEG hardware that is definitely not stealth. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone’s P300 is unique. In order to know what they’re looking for, researchers need “training” data. These are previously obtained brain signal recordings that researchers are confident contain P300s; they’re then used to calibrate the system. Since the test measures an unconscious neural signal that you don’t even know you have, can you fool it? Maybe, if you \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00158.x\">know that you’re being probed and what the stimuli are\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Techniques like these are still considered unreliable and unproven, and thus U.S. courts have \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2007.58.4.460\">resisted admitting P300 data as evidence\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that instead of using a P300 signal to solve the mystery of a “stolen” item in the lab, someone used this technology to extract information about what month you were born or which bank you use – without your telling them. Our research group has \u003ca href=\"https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33808\">collected data suggesting this is possible\u003c/a>. Just using an individual’s brain activity – specifically, their P300 response – we could determine a subject’s preferences for things like favorite coffee brand or favorite sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we could do it only when subject-specific training data were available. What if we could figure out someone’s preferences without previous knowledge of their brain signal patterns? Without the need for training, users could simply put on a device and go, skipping the step of loading a personal training profile or spending time in calibration. Research on trained and untrained devices is the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://brl.ee.washington.edu/neural-engineering/bci-security/\">continuing experiments at the University of Washington\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://perso.uclouvain.be/fstandae/PUBLIS/190.pdf\">and elsewhere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s when the technology is able to “read” someone’s mind who isn’t actively cooperating that ethical issues become particularly pressing. After all, we willingly trade bits of our privacy all the time – when we open our mouths to have conversations or use GPS devices that allow companies to collect data about us. But in these cases we consent to sharing what’s in our minds. The difference with next-generation P300 technology under development is that the protection consent gives us may get bypassed altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if it’s possible to decode what you’re thinking or planning without you even knowing? Will you feel violated? Will you feel a loss of control? Privacy implications may be wide-ranging. Maybe advertisers could know your preferred brands and send you personalized ads – which may be convenient or creepy. Or maybe malicious entities could determine where you bank and your account’s PIN – which would be alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With great power comes great responsibility\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential ability to determine individuals’ preferences and personal information using their own brain signals has spawned a number of difficult but pressing questions: Should we be able to keep our neural signals private? That is, should neural security \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1\">be a human right\u003c/a>? How do we \u003ca href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2427564\">adequately protect and store all the neural data\u003c/a> being recorded for research, and soon for leisure? How do consumers know if any protective or anonymization measures are being made with their neural data? As of now, neural data collected for commercial uses are not subject to the same legal protections covering \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html\">biomedical research or health care\u003c/a>. Should neural data be treated differently?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the kinds of conundrums that are best addressed by neural engineers and ethicists working together. Putting ethicists in labs alongside engineers – \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/research/neuroethics\">as we have done at the CSNE\u003c/a> – is one way to ensure that privacy and security risks of neurotechnology, as well as other ethically important issues, are an active part of the research process instead of an afterthought. For instance, Tim Brown, an ethicist at the CSNE, is “housed” within a neural engineering research lab, allowing him to have daily conversations with researchers about ethical concerns. He’s also easily able to interact with – and, in fact, interview – research subjects about their \u003ca href=\"http://www.csne-erc.org/engage-enable/post/ethics-cornerstone-neural-engineering-research\">ethical concerns about brain research\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are important ethical and legal lessons to be drawn about technology and privacy from other areas, such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27561246/privacy-in-genomics\">genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.theneuroethicsblog.com/2011/08/ethical-dimenstions-of-neuromarketing.html\">neuromarketing\u003c/a>. But there seems to be something important and different about reading neural data. They’re more intimately connected to the mind and who we take ourselves to be. As such, ethical issues raised by BCI demand special attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_432343\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 754px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-432343\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4.jpg 754w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/07/file-20170607-25764-qhx5o4-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Neuroethicists from the UW Philosophy department discuss issues related to neural implants. \u003ccite>(Mark Stone, University of Washington, CC BY-ND)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working on ethics while tech’s in its infancy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we wrestle with how to address these privacy and security issues, there are two features of current P300 technology that will buy us time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, most commercial devices available use dry electrodes, which rely solely on skin contact to conduct electrical signals. This technology is prone to a low signal-to-noise ratio, meaning that we can extract only relatively basic forms of information from users. The brain signals we record are known to be highly variable (even for the same person) due to things like electrode movement and the constantly changing nature of brain signals themselves. Second, electrodes are not always in ideal locations to record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, this inherent lack of reliability means that BCI devices are not nearly as ubiquitous today as they may be in the future. As electrode hardware and signal processing continue to improve, it will be easier to continuously use devices like these, and make it easier to extract personal information from an unknowing individual as well. The safest advice would be to not use these devices at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal should be that the ethical standards and the technology will mature together to ensure future BCI users are confident their privacy is being protected as they use these kinds of devices. It’s a rare opportunity for scientists, engineers, ethicists and eventually regulators to work together to create even better products than were originally dreamed of in science fiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/helping-or-hacking-engineers-and-ethicists-must-work-together-on-brain-computer-interface-technology-77759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "After Compulsively Watching YouTube, Teen Girl Lands in Rehab",
"title": "After Compulsively Watching YouTube, Teen Girl Lands in Rehab",
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"content": "\u003cp>When her youngest daughter, Olivia, was in middle school, Mary watched her disappear behind a screen. (Names have been changed to protect the family's identities). Her once bubbly daughter went from hanging out with a few close friends after school to isolating in her room for hours at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She started just laying there not moving and just being on the phone,\" says Mary. \"I was at a loss about what to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I got the idea to overdose online. I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.'\u003ccite>Olivia, 13\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Olivia had always been kind of a nerd, a straight-A student who sang in a competitive choir. But she desperately wanted to be popular, and the cool kids talked \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> about their latest YouTube favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started trying to watch as many videos as I could, so, like, I knew as much as they did,” says Olivia. “The second I got out of school, I was checking my phone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her house in the Oakland hills, Olivia would dart to her room, where she’d curl up until after dark, watching video after video. When she finally emerged, she says, she was often bleary-eyed, hazy and slightly wired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary says she was walking on eggshells around her daughter; Olivia was often in a foul mood and quick to anger after staring at her small screen for hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Videos Turn Violent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, Olivia started watching videos of girls fighting each other. They'd pull each other's hair, scratch violently and sometimes knock each other out. Olivia and her friends rooted for certain fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it was just fun to watch because they would make me laugh,\" Olivia recalls. \"And at that time I was having a pretty hard time dealing with depression and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia’s parents were arguing a lot and she wasn’t connecting with her dad at all. Then her grandmother died. For the first time in her life, it was tough to keep up with school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"GyRdLxMHzfLU2EZ6BrI84PTmEB6oG8LQ\"]“She woke up one morning really depressed, and I brought her to the hospital,\" Mary says, lowering her eyes. Olivia had received a poor grade on a test and told her mom she wanted to hang herself, so she spent nearly a week at a psychiatric hospital under suicide watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was released, she started clicking on how-to videos about ways to commit suicide. “I got the idea to overdose online,\" says Olivia. \"I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks later, she ended up in the hospital again after downing a bottle of Tylenol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She was home alone and we had been told to lock it up, but we just didn’t think this would ever happen,\" says Mary, who is now in tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia's parents were shattered, and desperate to find a way to help their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_375516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-375516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Olivia plugged in to all her devices. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, plugged in to all her devices. \u003ccite>(Paradigm)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Road to Recovery \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Olivia was released from her second hospital stay, her family checked her into an addiction recovery center for teens called \u003ca href=\"http://paradigmsanfrancisco.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paradigm\u003c/a>. The high-end facility is a converted mansion at the end of a winding road in San Rafael. The family is tapping their retirement accounts to pay the $60,000 fee for Olivia’s six-week, in-patient stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Nalin, head psychologist and co-founder of Paradigm, has been treating teens for substance abuse for more than 20 years. In the last few, he says, he’s seen an increasing number of cases similar to Olivia's. She was diagnosed with depression that led to compulsive internet use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teens are using smartphones and tablets for the same reasons they’d turn to hard drugs \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">to numb themselves from what’s really going on inside, he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I describe a lot of the kids that we see as having just stuck a cork in the volcano,” says Nalin. “Underneath there's this rumbling going on, but it just rumbles and rumbles until it blows. And it blows with the emergence of a depression or it emerges with a suicide attempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most teens come to Paradigm because they've hit bottom in the same way an addict will. But the treatment for internet addiction is trickier, because you can’t really function in today's society without interacting with the digital world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best analogy is when you have something like an eating disorder,\" says Nalin. \"You cannot be clean and sober from food. So, you have to learn the skills to deal with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Does Obsession Become Addiction?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital addictions, whether to social media, video games, texting, shopping or pornography, are not official mental disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). But researchers see the same patterns in digital addictions as in other substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Addiction begins with intermittent to recreational use, then progresses into daily use, and then progresses into consequential use, which in some cases will progress to life-threatening use,” says Anna Lembke, a Stanford University psychiatrist and addiction expert. “That’s followed by a pattern of consequences like insomnia, dysfunctional relationships and absent days at work or school. That’s the natural narrative arc of any addiction, and the same is true with an internet addiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance use disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.'\u003ccite>Elias Aboujaoude,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>China has labeled internet addiction as a mental disorder, and that's surprising \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>historically the Chinese have called addiction a moral failing rather than a clinical disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts attribute China's change in attitude to the widespread involvement of middle- and upper-class Chinese adolescents in addictive behavior. “A little like our opioid addiction here,\" says Lembke. \"People say no one cared about the opioid epidemic until it affected white suburban kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lembke predicts internet addiction will become a validated clinical diagnosis in the U.S. as more and more cases mirror Olivia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elias Aboujaoude, a psychiatrist and the director of Stanford's Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic, says there’s also increasing physiological evidence that the internet is addictive. “There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance abuse disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says feel-good brain chemicals like dopamine that spike in a heroin addict also become elevated in people who compulsively use the internet. Tolerance also builds, says Aboujaoude, just as it does with hard drugs. “People needing more and more time on a particular online video game, for example, to get the same kind of euphoric feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists are still studying whether it is the internet itself that is addictive or specific behaviors people engage in while online, like shopping, video games, pornography and gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My view is that it is both,\" says Aboujaoude. \"These behaviors have long been known to be addictive, but the internet, in part by making them so easily accessible, changes the equation and increases the likelihood that they will become addictive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts compare internet addiction to gambling addiction. Even though most of the time when you sit in front of a slot machine you don’t win, every once in a while you do. And that intermittent reward is what hooks people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about your own devices. Most of the time when your phone dings, the notification is about something trivial, but every once in a while it's meaningful \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>like an alert that someone has tagged you in a Facebook photo. Experts say that kind of message is irresistible.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it’s as if they’re wasting their time and not being productive ... But for that generation, that’s their pixelated playground.\u003ccite>Patrick Markey, professor of psychology, Villanova University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, not everyone is convinced that \"addiction\" is the right way to think about this compulsion. \u003ca href=\"http://www.stetson.edu/other/faculty/profiles/christopher-ferguson.php\">Chris Ferguson\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Stetson University, believes moral panic is fueling the rush to label the problem an addiction. \"Sometimes with new technology you see these heightened claims of harm, these exaggerated focuses on the detriment of the new media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/dr-patrick-markey.html\">Patrick Markey\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Villanova University, agrees that society should go slow in using the \"addiction\" label. He worries some researchers are casting an age bias on younger generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it's as if they're wasting their time and not being productive,\" Markey says. \"We might want them to be outside playing baseball or something, but for that generation that's their pixelated playground. It might not be a sign of a pathological behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markey acknowledges it's possible to spend too much time interacting with a screen. But both he and Ferguson believe that spending long hours on the internet falls into the same category as other behaviors that healthy people can overindulge in — like sex, food, exercise, religion and work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no agreement about whether these pathological behavioral disorders are really the same things as substance abuse addictions,\" says Ferguson. \"But in my opinion they're not comparable to, say, methamphetamine addiction or heroin addiction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Crusade for Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as researchers debate whether the internet is clinically addictive, many if not most of us feel tethered to our devices. That's not a coincidence. Tech companies are invested in hooking people into spending more and more time online, and they're getting better and better at it, says Tristan Harris, a former design ethicist at Google. His job, he says, was to help the company create products that \u003cem>weren't\u003c/em> inherently manipulative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the Facebook news feed, it's not just some neutral thing,\" Harris explains. \"That’s powered by massive farms of computers who are calculating with Ph.D.s and large data sets: how I can get you to scroll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris quit Google to form a nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.timewellspent.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Time Well Spent\u003c/a>, because, he says, he was disgusted by the tech industry’s race for our attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never before in history have a handful of technology designers working at three tech companies influenced how a billion people spend their attention,” Harris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's on a crusade to inspire Facebook, Google and Apple to design products that don’t deliberately manipulate kids like Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Paradigm, Olivia is getting ready for a session with her therapist, who will help her integrate her devices back into her life. Olivia says she’s petrified to check her Instagram and Snapchat accounts when she powers up her phone for the first time. “I'm worried about when I do go back on my phone what’s going to be there,\" Olivia says in a trembling voice. \"What have people been sending me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she returns to school this week, Olivia says she doesn't plan to isolate herself again. In fact, she's asked her mom to restrict her phone use, so that she can't use the phone when she's alone. Instead, she’ll be talking to her therapist about what's going in her life, in outpatient treatment after school four days a week, for at least another month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A teenaged girl turned to online videos to be like the cool kids. Here's the story of what went wrong, and a look at whether compulsive internet use is really an addiction.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When her youngest daughter, Olivia, was in middle school, Mary watched her disappear behind a screen. (Names have been changed to protect the family's identities). Her once bubbly daughter went from hanging out with a few close friends after school to isolating in her room for hours at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She started just laying there not moving and just being on the phone,\" says Mary. \"I was at a loss about what to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I got the idea to overdose online. I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.'\u003ccite>Olivia, 13\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Olivia had always been kind of a nerd, a straight-A student who sang in a competitive choir. But she desperately wanted to be popular, and the cool kids talked \u003cem>a lot\u003c/em> about their latest YouTube favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started trying to watch as many videos as I could, so, like, I knew as much as they did,” says Olivia. “The second I got out of school, I was checking my phone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At her house in the Oakland hills, Olivia would dart to her room, where she’d curl up until after dark, watching video after video. When she finally emerged, she says, she was often bleary-eyed, hazy and slightly wired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary says she was walking on eggshells around her daughter; Olivia was often in a foul mood and quick to anger after staring at her small screen for hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Videos Turn Violent\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, Olivia started watching videos of girls fighting each other. They'd pull each other's hair, scratch violently and sometimes knock each other out. Olivia and her friends rooted for certain fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it was just fun to watch because they would make me laugh,\" Olivia recalls. \"And at that time I was having a pretty hard time dealing with depression and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia’s parents were arguing a lot and she wasn’t connecting with her dad at all. Then her grandmother died. For the first time in her life, it was tough to keep up with school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“She woke up one morning really depressed, and I brought her to the hospital,\" Mary says, lowering her eyes. Olivia had received a poor grade on a test and told her mom she wanted to hang herself, so she spent nearly a week at a psychiatric hospital under suicide watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was released, she started clicking on how-to videos about ways to commit suicide. “I got the idea to overdose online,\" says Olivia. \"I was researching how many pills I had to take to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks later, she ended up in the hospital again after downing a bottle of Tylenol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She was home alone and we had been told to lock it up, but we just didn’t think this would ever happen,\" says Mary, who is now in tears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia's parents were shattered, and desperate to find a way to help their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_375516\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-375516\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Olivia plugged in to all her devices. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Olivia-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olivia, plugged in to all her devices. \u003ccite>(Paradigm)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Road to Recovery \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Olivia was released from her second hospital stay, her family checked her into an addiction recovery center for teens called \u003ca href=\"http://paradigmsanfrancisco.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Paradigm\u003c/a>. The high-end facility is a converted mansion at the end of a winding road in San Rafael. The family is tapping their retirement accounts to pay the $60,000 fee for Olivia’s six-week, in-patient stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Nalin, head psychologist and co-founder of Paradigm, has been treating teens for substance abuse for more than 20 years. In the last few, he says, he’s seen an increasing number of cases similar to Olivia's. She was diagnosed with depression that led to compulsive internet use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teens are using smartphones and tablets for the same reasons they’d turn to hard drugs \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">to numb themselves from what’s really going on inside, he said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I describe a lot of the kids that we see as having just stuck a cork in the volcano,” says Nalin. “Underneath there's this rumbling going on, but it just rumbles and rumbles until it blows. And it blows with the emergence of a depression or it emerges with a suicide attempt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most teens come to Paradigm because they've hit bottom in the same way an addict will. But the treatment for internet addiction is trickier, because you can’t really function in today's society without interacting with the digital world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The best analogy is when you have something like an eating disorder,\" says Nalin. \"You cannot be clean and sober from food. So, you have to learn the skills to deal with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Does Obsession Become Addiction?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital addictions, whether to social media, video games, texting, shopping or pornography, are not official mental disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). But researchers see the same patterns in digital addictions as in other substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Addiction begins with intermittent to recreational use, then progresses into daily use, and then progresses into consequential use, which in some cases will progress to life-threatening use,” says Anna Lembke, a Stanford University psychiatrist and addiction expert. “That’s followed by a pattern of consequences like insomnia, dysfunctional relationships and absent days at work or school. That’s the natural narrative arc of any addiction, and the same is true with an internet addiction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance use disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.'\u003ccite>Elias Aboujaoude,\u003cbr>\nStanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>China has labeled internet addiction as a mental disorder, and that's surprising \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>historically the Chinese have called addiction a moral failing rather than a clinical disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts attribute China's change in attitude to the widespread involvement of middle- and upper-class Chinese adolescents in addictive behavior. “A little like our opioid addiction here,\" says Lembke. \"People say no one cared about the opioid epidemic until it affected white suburban kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lembke predicts internet addiction will become a validated clinical diagnosis in the U.S. as more and more cases mirror Olivia’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elias Aboujaoude, a psychiatrist and the director of Stanford's Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic, says there’s also increasing physiological evidence that the internet is addictive. “There are studies that have looked at people's brains while they're online, and their brains start looking like those of someone who has a substance abuse disorder. Similar pathways seem activated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also says feel-good brain chemicals like dopamine that spike in a heroin addict also become elevated in people who compulsively use the internet. Tolerance also builds, says Aboujaoude, just as it does with hard drugs. “People needing more and more time on a particular online video game, for example, to get the same kind of euphoric feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Psychologists are still studying whether it is the internet itself that is addictive or specific behaviors people engage in while online, like shopping, video games, pornography and gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My view is that it is both,\" says Aboujaoude. \"These behaviors have long been known to be addictive, but the internet, in part by making them so easily accessible, changes the equation and increases the likelihood that they will become addictive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts compare internet addiction to gambling addiction. Even though most of the time when you sit in front of a slot machine you don’t win, every once in a while you do. And that intermittent reward is what hooks people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about your own devices. Most of the time when your phone dings, the notification is about something trivial, but every once in a while it's meaningful \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">— \u003c/span>like an alert that someone has tagged you in a Facebook photo. Experts say that kind of message is irresistible.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it’s as if they’re wasting their time and not being productive ... But for that generation, that’s their pixelated playground.\u003ccite>Patrick Markey, professor of psychology, Villanova University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, not everyone is convinced that \"addiction\" is the right way to think about this compulsion. \u003ca href=\"http://www.stetson.edu/other/faculty/profiles/christopher-ferguson.php\">Chris Ferguson\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Stetson University, believes moral panic is fueling the rush to label the problem an addiction. \"Sometimes with new technology you see these heightened claims of harm, these exaggerated focuses on the detriment of the new media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://interpersonalresearch.weebly.com/dr-patrick-markey.html\">Patrick Markey\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at Villanova University, agrees that society should go slow in using the \"addiction\" label. He worries some researchers are casting an age bias on younger generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we see kids playing video games or watching YouTube videos, in our eyes it's as if they're wasting their time and not being productive,\" Markey says. \"We might want them to be outside playing baseball or something, but for that generation that's their pixelated playground. It might not be a sign of a pathological behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markey acknowledges it's possible to spend too much time interacting with a screen. But both he and Ferguson believe that spending long hours on the internet falls into the same category as other behaviors that healthy people can overindulge in — like sex, food, exercise, religion and work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no agreement about whether these pathological behavioral disorders are really the same things as substance abuse addictions,\" says Ferguson. \"But in my opinion they're not comparable to, say, methamphetamine addiction or heroin addiction.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Crusade for Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as researchers debate whether the internet is clinically addictive, many if not most of us feel tethered to our devices. That's not a coincidence. Tech companies are invested in hooking people into spending more and more time online, and they're getting better and better at it, says Tristan Harris, a former design ethicist at Google. His job, he says, was to help the company create products that \u003cem>weren't\u003c/em> inherently manipulative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you look at the Facebook news feed, it's not just some neutral thing,\" Harris explains. \"That’s powered by massive farms of computers who are calculating with Ph.D.s and large data sets: how I can get you to scroll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris quit Google to form a nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.timewellspent.io/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Time Well Spent\u003c/a>, because, he says, he was disgusted by the tech industry’s race for our attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never before in history have a handful of technology designers working at three tech companies influenced how a billion people spend their attention,” Harris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's on a crusade to inspire Facebook, Google and Apple to design products that don’t deliberately manipulate kids like Olivia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Paradigm, Olivia is getting ready for a session with her therapist, who will help her integrate her devices back into her life. Olivia says she’s petrified to check her Instagram and Snapchat accounts when she powers up her phone for the first time. “I'm worried about when I do go back on my phone what’s going to be there,\" Olivia says in a trembling voice. \"What have people been sending me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she returns to school this week, Olivia says she doesn't plan to isolate herself again. In fact, she's asked her mom to restrict her phone use, so that she can't use the phone when she's alone. Instead, she’ll be talking to her therapist about what's going in her life, in outpatient treatment after school four days a week, for at least another month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "This Video Game Helped Some Kids Overcome Attention Problems",
"title": "This Video Game Helped Some Kids Overcome Attention Problems",
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"content": "\u003cp>Katherine Stevenson was 8 when she joined a UCSF study to test the effects of a video game on kids like her with \u003ca href=\"https://www.spdstar.org/basic/about-spd\" target=\"_blank\">sensory processing dysfunction\u003c/a>, or SPD, a collection of symptoms where the brain has trouble filtering incoming information -- like sounds and instructions -- in organized, focused ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine is a happy, outgoing child with a high overall IQ, but her cognitive speed (relating to response and performance) is low in comparison to her critical thinking. Her main challenge is an auditory processing disorder that makes it hard for her to screen out certain sounds, because she hears them all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded,\" says her mom, Kori Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded.'\u003ccite>Parent Kori Stevenson on her daughter's sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, spearheaded in 2014 by two Department of Neurology professors, brought Katherine and 62 other elementary school kids (38 with SPD and 25 with typical development patterns) into a lab where an EEG machine tracked their brain activity while they followed computer prompts designed to measure their ability to focus and multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the real work began. The kids brought home iPads loaded with a special software designed to target and improve problems with thinking, reacting, and performing tasks. Twice a day, five days a week for a month, the kids spent 30 minutes maneuvering a cartoonish 3-D figure along a moving pathway without hitting the walls -- tilting, swiping and jabbing the iPad as the game made all kinds of sounds and other potential distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were times that it was really hard to for her,\" says Stevenson. \"There were some days when she breezed through and other days, she was in tears.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the month was over, and the kids were retested, Katherine's performance had improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her ability to focus was a little bit better. And she wasn’t as fatigued at the end of the day. Her ability to multitask improved,\" says Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine's experience was not unique. The UCSF study, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172616\" target=\"_blank\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, showed that while the iPad home training program benefited all the kids who participated to some extent, the results were even better for seven children (including Katherine), a subset of the 38 SPD children with symptoms of ADHD. This group dramatically overcame these issues, at least temporarily, after just a month of video play. Nine months later, those children had so improved (based on their parents' feedback) that they would no longer meet the clinical standard for symptoms of ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Underserved Group\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video games designed for kids with ADHD have received the most press. But for this study, UCSF Neurology professors Joaquin Anguera and Elyse Marco wanted to focus on an underserved group that doesn't get as much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some brain training studies specifically target people with ADHD with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/a-tech-start-up-making-a-play-for-billions-in-adhd-drug-market.html\">gaming products\u003c/a> -- a market ripe for profit, if it can be shown that such products really work. But \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/joaquin.anguera\">Anguera\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://anp.ucsf.edu/aboutus/faculty/emarco\">Marco\u003c/a> wanted to work with children with sensory processing dysfunction, a group Marco got to know through her pediatric clinical practice at UCSF. If you're not familiar with SPD, you're not alone. The disorder is thought to affect 5 percent of all U.S. children, but it's a poorly studied group. Symptoms vary widely, from children like Katherine Stevenson with auditory processing issues to something closer to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. As such, it is often misdiagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_366979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-366979\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-768x541.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-1020x719.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-960x677.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-240x169.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-375x264.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-520x366.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software. \u003ccite>(Akili Interactive Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results\u003cem> \u003c/em>of the UCSF study challenge the notion that prolonged exposure to video games, iPads and other interactive technology turns toddlers into strung-out youngsters with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/adhd-associated-video-game-addiction\">ADHD-like inability to focus on tasks\u003c/a> and get things done to completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preponderance of studies suggest that all that screen time \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/19/502610055/heavy-screen-time-rewires-young-brains-for-better-and-worse\">\u003cem>does\u003c/em> re-wire the brain\u003c/a>. But that may not be a bad thing -- especially for kids like Katherine, who can benefit from learning how to focus on a single goal-based task and block out any other distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable,\" says Anguera, lead author of the study. The results showed some parallels to his\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\"> much-publicized 2013 \u003c/a>study where a different 3-D video game called Neuroracer trained seniors to multitask better than a group of 20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond the Hype\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the new study only included 63 kids, it was meant as more of a proof of concept experiment than a study meant to offer clinical conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive scientists bristle at suggestions that any of the newfangled cognitive training programs on the market can work for everyone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/who-is-cogmed-for\">Cogmed \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, for example, target both children and adults with claims of improving attention and processing speed. The most common word experts use to describe them is \"exaggerated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, is one of the skeptics. “Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?,\" she told KQED in 2010. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\" In 2014, 73 experts signed an open letter (since taken offline) \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/23/brain-games-memory-loss-open-letter\">warning about\u003c/a> companies exploiting consumers with such claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera is the first to agree. \"You have all these problematic 'brain training' things, and it's fraught with snake oil,\" he says. \"There haven’t been very many studies that have shown any kind of difference, that it does work.\" [contextly_sidebar id=\"8fVx8JR3VjF4j4i929dImiQCARfor4l2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main takeaway from this study, according to Anguera, is how well it demonstrates the need for personalized assessment before offering kids the brain-training programs of tomorrow. One size does not fit all; look at the fact that only a small subset of the study participants with SPD -- the cohort of SPD kids with hyperactivity or attention struggles -- showed long-term benefit from the video game training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really gives us a perspective. If you’re going to use these types of technologies to improve people's attention, you need to be putting thought into it. Not everyone needs the same type of intervention, and the same types of intervention won't work for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Anguera has confidence that the improvements his team observed were genuine, based on the fact that they were assessed with three different metrics: behavioral testing in the lab, parent surveys, and the use of EEG devices to measure brain waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera's team was particularly intrigued to watch a part of the pre-frontal lobe \"light up\" during EEG scans. It's the part of the brain that drives goal-directed activities, and researchers saw how much more responsive it became after kids had spent a month playing with the iPad. Scientists suspect that in kids with ADHD-like symptoms, the cognitive circuits at the front of the brain are not firing at the right time or they’re not firing enough, according to Anguera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how, but it appears that \"pushing\" on, or repeatedly using, these circuits of attention strengthens them, like bicep training at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s very few of these cognitive training studies – maybe none – that show a signature that correlates with behavior on some test of attention and shows what’s happening,\" says Anguera. \"That's what makes this unique.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable.'\u003ccite>Dr. Joaquin Anguera, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study used an iPad game called Project: EVO. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, the software developer, used it to \u003ca href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/video-game-is-built-to-be-prescribed-to-children-with-a-d-h-d/?_r=0\">measure the effects on a small group of children\u003c/a> with ADHD and a control group. The study found that, after playing the game five days a week for a month, the children with ADHD showed significant improvement and the control group did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akili Interactive is now \u003ca href=\"http://nationaladhdstudy.com/\">testing their software \u003c/a>on hundreds of ADHD children at 13 study sites across the U.S. and aims to be first FDA-approved ADHD videogame\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/10/430149726/will-doctors-soon-be-prescribing-video-games-for-mental-health\"> doctors prescribe to parents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Katherine Stevenson was 8 when she joined a UCSF study to test the effects of a video game on kids like her with \u003ca href=\"https://www.spdstar.org/basic/about-spd\" target=\"_blank\">sensory processing dysfunction\u003c/a>, or SPD, a collection of symptoms where the brain has trouble filtering incoming information -- like sounds and instructions -- in organized, focused ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine is a happy, outgoing child with a high overall IQ, but her cognitive speed (relating to response and performance) is low in comparison to her critical thinking. Her main challenge is an auditory processing disorder that makes it hard for her to screen out certain sounds, because she hears them all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded,\" says her mom, Kori Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s almost like having a 500 horsepower engine that gets flooded.'\u003ccite>Parent Kori Stevenson on her daughter's sensory processing dysfunction, or SPD\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study, spearheaded in 2014 by two Department of Neurology professors, brought Katherine and 62 other elementary school kids (38 with SPD and 25 with typical development patterns) into a lab where an EEG machine tracked their brain activity while they followed computer prompts designed to measure their ability to focus and multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the real work began. The kids brought home iPads loaded with a special software designed to target and improve problems with thinking, reacting, and performing tasks. Twice a day, five days a week for a month, the kids spent 30 minutes maneuvering a cartoonish 3-D figure along a moving pathway without hitting the walls -- tilting, swiping and jabbing the iPad as the game made all kinds of sounds and other potential distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were times that it was really hard to for her,\" says Stevenson. \"There were some days when she breezed through and other days, she was in tears.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the month was over, and the kids were retested, Katherine's performance had improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Her ability to focus was a little bit better. And she wasn’t as fatigued at the end of the day. Her ability to multitask improved,\" says Stevenson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katherine's experience was not unique. The UCSF study, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172616\" target=\"_blank\">published \u003c/a>Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, showed that while the iPad home training program benefited all the kids who participated to some extent, the results were even better for seven children (including Katherine), a subset of the 38 SPD children with symptoms of ADHD. This group dramatically overcame these issues, at least temporarily, after just a month of video play. Nine months later, those children had so improved (based on their parents' feedback) that they would no longer meet the clinical standard for symptoms of ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Underserved Group\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Video games designed for kids with ADHD have received the most press. But for this study, UCSF Neurology professors Joaquin Anguera and Elyse Marco wanted to focus on an underserved group that doesn't get as much attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some brain training studies specifically target people with ADHD with \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/21/a-tech-start-up-making-a-play-for-billions-in-adhd-drug-market.html\">gaming products\u003c/a> -- a market ripe for profit, if it can be shown that such products really work. But \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/joaquin.anguera\">Anguera\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://anp.ucsf.edu/aboutus/faculty/emarco\">Marco\u003c/a> wanted to work with children with sensory processing dysfunction, a group Marco got to know through her pediatric clinical practice at UCSF. If you're not familiar with SPD, you're not alone. The disorder is thought to affect 5 percent of all U.S. children, but it's a poorly studied group. Symptoms vary widely, from children like Katherine Stevenson with auditory processing issues to something closer to autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. As such, it is often misdiagnosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_366979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-366979\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-800x564.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-160x113.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-768x541.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-1020x719.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-960x677.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-240x169.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-375x264.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO-520x366.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Project-EVO.jpg 1084w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A child plays with Project: EVO, a video game software. \u003ccite>(Akili Interactive Labs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The results\u003cem> \u003c/em>of the UCSF study challenge the notion that prolonged exposure to video games, iPads and other interactive technology turns toddlers into strung-out youngsters with an \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/adhd/adhd-associated-video-game-addiction\">ADHD-like inability to focus on tasks\u003c/a> and get things done to completion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A preponderance of studies suggest that all that screen time \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/19/502610055/heavy-screen-time-rewires-young-brains-for-better-and-worse\">\u003cem>does\u003c/em> re-wire the brain\u003c/a>. But that may not be a bad thing -- especially for kids like Katherine, who can benefit from learning how to focus on a single goal-based task and block out any other distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable,\" says Anguera, lead author of the study. The results showed some parallels to his\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005416\"> much-publicized 2013 \u003c/a>study where a different 3-D video game called Neuroracer trained seniors to multitask better than a group of 20-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Beyond the Hype\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the new study only included 63 kids, it was meant as more of a proof of concept experiment than a study meant to offer clinical conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive scientists bristle at suggestions that any of the newfangled cognitive training programs on the market can work for everyone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cogmed.com/who-is-cogmed-for\">Cogmed \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"https://www.lumosity.com/\">Lumosity\u003c/a>, for example, target both children and adults with claims of improving attention and processing speed. The most common word experts use to describe them is \"exaggerated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, is one of the skeptics. “Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?,\" she told KQED in 2010. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\" In 2014, 73 experts signed an open letter (since taken offline) \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/oct/23/brain-games-memory-loss-open-letter\">warning about\u003c/a> companies exploiting consumers with such claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera is the first to agree. \"You have all these problematic 'brain training' things, and it's fraught with snake oil,\" he says. \"There haven’t been very many studies that have shown any kind of difference, that it does work.\" \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main takeaway from this study, according to Anguera, is how well it demonstrates the need for personalized assessment before offering kids the brain-training programs of tomorrow. One size does not fit all; look at the fact that only a small subset of the study participants with SPD -- the cohort of SPD kids with hyperactivity or attention struggles -- showed long-term benefit from the video game training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It really gives us a perspective. If you’re going to use these types of technologies to improve people's attention, you need to be putting thought into it. Not everyone needs the same type of intervention, and the same types of intervention won't work for everyone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, Anguera has confidence that the improvements his team observed were genuine, based on the fact that they were assessed with three different metrics: behavioral testing in the lab, parent surveys, and the use of EEG devices to measure brain waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anguera's team was particularly intrigued to watch a part of the pre-frontal lobe \"light up\" during EEG scans. It's the part of the brain that drives goal-directed activities, and researchers saw how much more responsive it became after kids had spent a month playing with the iPad. Scientists suspect that in kids with ADHD-like symptoms, the cognitive circuits at the front of the brain are not firing at the right time or they’re not firing enough, according to Anguera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how, but it appears that \"pushing\" on, or repeatedly using, these circuits of attention strengthens them, like bicep training at the gym.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s very few of these cognitive training studies – maybe none – that show a signature that correlates with behavior on some test of attention and shows what’s happening,\" says Anguera. \"That's what makes this unique.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The fact that these parents reported persistent amounts of improvement for nine months – I think that’s really remarkable.'\u003ccite>Dr. Joaquin Anguera, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The UCSF study used an iPad game called Project: EVO. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akiliinteractive.com/\">Akili Interactive Labs\u003c/a>, the software developer, used it to \u003ca href=\"https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/video-game-is-built-to-be-prescribed-to-children-with-a-d-h-d/?_r=0\">measure the effects on a small group of children\u003c/a> with ADHD and a control group. The study found that, after playing the game five days a week for a month, the children with ADHD showed significant improvement and the control group did not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Akili Interactive is now \u003ca href=\"http://nationaladhdstudy.com/\">testing their software \u003c/a>on hundreds of ADHD children at 13 study sites across the U.S. and aims to be first FDA-approved ADHD videogame\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/10/430149726/will-doctors-soon-be-prescribing-video-games-for-mental-health\"> doctors prescribe to parents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"order": 9
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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