window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"futureofyou_321860": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_321860",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "321860",
"found": true
},
"parent": 321859,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 107
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-e1484766060825.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1279
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-1180x786.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-1920x1279.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1279
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-1180x786.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 786
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-1920x1279.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1279
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/head-img_6356-edit_custom-1a0a767a399d7b66b5d21dc079aa8a213bd88398-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1484753819,
"modified": 1484754296,
"caption": "A user wears a tDCS device sold by an online retailer, Caputron.",
"description": null,
"title": "A user wears a tDCS device sold by an online retailer, Caputron.",
"credit": "Courtesy of Robin Azzam",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_314587": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_314587",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314587",
"found": true
},
"parent": 314586,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-520x353.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 353
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-160x109.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 109
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-960x651.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 651
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-375x254.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 254
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa.jpg",
"width": 2101,
"height": 1425
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-1020x692.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 692
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-1180x800.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-800x543.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 543
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-1920x1302.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1302
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-1180x800.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 800
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-1920x1302.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1302
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-768x521.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 521
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-680792545_custom-a7e5b14b6778963dd61592131176ffd7f82318aa-240x163.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 163
}
},
"publishDate": 1483634019,
"modified": 1484239723,
"caption": null,
"description": "The genes in mitochondria, which are the powerhouses in human cells, can cause fatal inherited disease. But replacing the bad genes may cause other health problems.",
"title": "The genes in mitochondria, which are the powerhouses in human cells, can cause fatal inherited disease. But replacing the bad genes may cause other health problems.",
"credit": "Getty Images/Science Photo Library",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_314098": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_314098",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314098",
"found": true
},
"parent": 314097,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67.jpg",
"width": 3550,
"height": 2662
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/gettyimages-hm2713-001-a6850adfb3f3026731bf691ee9833d5fafa02d67-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1483566577,
"modified": 1483566728,
"caption": "The back of your throat relaxes when you sleep, and that can cause the airway to vibrate — in a thundering snore.",
"description": null,
"title": "The back of your throat relaxes when you sleep, and that can cause the airway to vibrate — in a thundering snore.",
"credit": "Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_314583": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_314583",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314583",
"found": true
},
"parent": 314582,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-520x292.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 292
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-960x539.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 539
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e.jpg",
"width": 1997,
"height": 1122
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-1020x573.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 573
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-1180x663.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 663
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-800x449.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 449
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-1920x1079.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1079
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-1180x663.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 663
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-1920x1079.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1079
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-768x431.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 431
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/yoga-new_wide-638913552f36cda5d3af27012681b8ee5ed3f48e-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1483633959,
"modified": 1483633959,
"caption": null,
"description": "It's sometimes hard to assess the value of health claims about yoga, but if it relieves some pain, that may be enough.",
"title": "It's sometimes hard to assess the value of health claims about yoga, but if it relieves some pain, that may be enough.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_318248": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_318248",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "318248",
"found": true
},
"parent": 318247,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-375x249.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 249
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660.jpg",
"width": 1876,
"height": 1248
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-800x532.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 532
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/Richard-Kogan-e1484184551660-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1484184484,
"modified": 1484184633,
"caption": "Psychiatrist Richard Kogan speaking at TEDMED in Palm Springs about using music to treat mental illness. ",
"description": null,
"title": "richard-kogan",
"credit": "TEDMED",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_319359": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_319359",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "319359",
"found": true
},
"parent": 319358,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-520x345.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 345
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-960x636.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 636
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-375x248.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 248
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1325
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-1020x676.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 676
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-1180x782.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 782
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-800x530.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 530
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-1920x1272.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1272
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-1180x782.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 782
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-1920x1272.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1272
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-768x509.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 509
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/buying-marijuana_enl-08f38679e54946e41bef0555dd6d5bc1f7714d93-240x159.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 159
}
},
"publishDate": 1484351926,
"modified": 1520287141,
"caption": null,
"description": "The highly rated variety of medical marijuana known as \"Blue Dream\" was displayed among other strains at a cannabis farmers market in Los Angeles in 2014",
"title": null,
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_318703": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_318703",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "318703",
"found": true
},
"parent": 318702,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1125
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-1920x1080.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-1920x1080.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1080
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/npr_dataminers_wide-c3d29e83d60cb571e1ca21bc8193caf5576a7ad6-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1484254238,
"modified": 1484254238,
"caption": null,
"description": "Scientists are trying to mine electronic health records.",
"title": "Scientists are trying to mine electronic health records.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_318709": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_318709",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "318709",
"found": true
},
"parent": 318708,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-520x292.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 292
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d.jpg",
"width": 1917,
"height": 1078
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/paperfuge-zoomed-out-lookl_wide-8949b68ea6eee5de84b514ade036a7581c0fc57d-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1484255540,
"modified": 1484255540,
"caption": null,
"description": "Stanford bioengineering professor Manu Prakash looked to a children's toy to create a hand-powered centrifuge for processing blood tests.",
"title": "Stanford bioengineering professor Manu Prakash looked to a children's toy to create a hand-powered centrifuge for processing blood tests.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"arts_12236390": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "arts_12236390",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "12236390",
"found": true
},
"parent": 12232234,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-520x292.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 292
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-960x539.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 539
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-375x210.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 210
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1077
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-1020x572.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 572
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-1180x662.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 662
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-800x449.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 449
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-1920x1077.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1077
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-1180x662.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 662
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-1920x1077.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1077
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-768x431.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 431
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21603_Neurosociety_DBMG_Labcoats-qut-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1477070774,
"modified": 1477371864,
"caption": "Mala Gaonkar and David Byrne collaborate on 'The Institute Presents: Neurosociety,' an immersive theatrical experience designed to make cognitive neuroscience research come alive at Pace Art+Technology in Menlo Park.",
"description": "David Byrne and Mala Gaonkar collaborate on The Institute Presents: Neurosociety, an immersive theatrical experience designed to make cognitive neuroscience research come alive at Pace Art+Technology in Menlo Park.",
"title": "RS21603_Neurosociety_DB&MG_Labcoats-qut",
"credit": "Photo: Courtesy of Catalina Kulczar",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_314572": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_314572",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314572",
"found": true
},
"parent": 314571,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-375x249.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 249
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1.jpg",
"width": 1975,
"height": 1314
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-800x532.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 532
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-1920x1277.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1277
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-1920x1277.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1277
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/12/amyloid-proteins_enl-f71d0658eb2189982090f110959c84206cd65ec1-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1483633805,
"modified": 1484153229,
"caption": "Diseased brain tissue from an Alzheimer's patient showing amyloid plaques (in blue) located in the gray matter of the brain.",
"description": "Diseased brain tissue from an Alzheimer's patient showing amyloid plaques (in blue) located in the gray matter of the brain.",
"title": "Diseased brain tissue from an Alzheimer's patient showing amyloid plaques (in blue) located in the gray matter of the brain.",
"credit": "Dr Cecil H Fox/Science Source/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_316957": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_316957",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "316957",
"found": true
},
"parent": 315823,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-520x284.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 284
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-160x87.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 87
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-960x524.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 524
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-375x205.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 205
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1048
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-1020x557.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 557
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-1180x644.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 644
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-800x437.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 437
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-1920x1048.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1048
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-1180x644.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 644
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-1920x1048.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1048
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-768x419.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 419
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/HandDNA-240x131.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 131
}
},
"publishDate": 1483990236,
"modified": 1483990279,
"caption": "2016 was another big year in genetics. ",
"description": null,
"title": "handdna",
"credit": "Pixabay",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_106921": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_106921",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "106921",
"found": true
},
"parent": 106919,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-400x267.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 267
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-960x640.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 640
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1280
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/Biden-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1454434183,
"modified": 1484070407,
"caption": "US Vice President Joe Biden takes part in a session on the theme \"Cancer Mooshot: A Call to action\" during the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos, on Jan. 19, 2016.\n",
"description": null,
"title": "SWITZERLAND-DAVOS-ECONOMY-POLITICS-MEET-WEF",
"credit": "Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_futureofyou_321859": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_321859",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_321859",
"name": "Riley Beggin\u003cbr />NPR All Tech Considered",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_314586": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_314586",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_314586",
"name": "Jill Neimark\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_314097": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_314097",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_314097",
"name": "Erin Ross\u003c/br>NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_314582": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_314582",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_314582",
"name": "Ann Finkbeiner\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_319358": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_319358",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_319358",
"name": "Patti Neighmond\u003cbr/>NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_318702": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_318702",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_318702",
"name": "Richard Harris\u003c/br>NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_318708": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_318708",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_318708",
"name": "Madeline K. Sofia\u003c/br>NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_314571": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_314571",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_314571",
"name": "Bret Stetka\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_315823": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_315823",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_315823",
"name": "Barry Starr",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_317468": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_317468",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_317468",
"name": "Associated Press and KQED",
"isLoading": false
},
"rachael-myrow": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "251",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "251",
"found": true
},
"name": "Rachael Myrow",
"firstName": "Rachael",
"lastName": "Myrow",
"slug": "rachael-myrow",
"email": "rmyrow@kqed.org",
"display_author_email": true,
"staff_mastheads": [
"news"
],
"title": "Senior Editor of KQED's Silicon Valley News Desk",
"bio": "• I write and edit stories about how Silicon Valley power and policies shape everyday life in California. I’m also passionate about making Bay Area history and culture more accessible to a broad public. • I’ve been a journalist for most of my life, starting in high school with The Franklin Press in Los Angeles, where I grew up. While earning my first degree in English at UC Berkeley, I got my start in public radio at KALX-FM. After completing a second degree in journalism at Cal, I landed my first professional job at Marketplace, then moved on to KPCC (now LAist), and then KQED, where I hosted The California Report for more than seven years. • My reporting has appeared on NPR, The World, WBUR’s \u003ci>Here & Now\u003c/i>, and the BBC. I also guest host for KQED’s \u003ci>Forum\u003c/i>, as well as the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco. • I speak periodically on media, democracy and technology issues, and do voiceover work for documentaries and educational video projects. • Outside of the studio, you'll find me hiking Bay Area trails and whipping up Insta-ready meals in my kitchen. • I do not accept gifts, money, or favors from anyone connected to my reporting, I don't pay people for information, and I do not support or donate to political causes. • I strive to treat the people I report on with fairness, honesty, and respect. I also recognize there are often multiple sides to a story and work to verify information through multiple sources and documentation. If I get something wrong, I correct it.",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3ed8a3c5f26025e4a805ba634cda8cd764906b97438a6d9ce216b044e340da4e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "rachaelmyrow",
"bluesky": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": "https://www.linkedin.com/in/rachaelmyrow/",
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": [
"administrator"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"edit_others_posts",
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "bayareabites",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "food",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "forum",
"roles": [
"editor"
]
},
{
"site": "liveblog",
"roles": [
"author"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Rachael Myrow | KQED",
"description": "Senior Editor of KQED's Silicon Valley News Desk",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3ed8a3c5f26025e4a805ba634cda8cd764906b97438a6d9ce216b044e340da4e?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3ed8a3c5f26025e4a805ba634cda8cd764906b97438a6d9ce216b044e340da4e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/rachael-myrow"
},
"lesleymcclurg": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "11229",
"meta": {
"index": "authors_1716337520",
"id": "11229",
"found": true
},
"name": "Lesley McClurg",
"firstName": "Lesley",
"lastName": "McClurg",
"slug": "lesleymcclurg",
"email": "lmcclurg@KQED.org",
"display_author_email": false,
"staff_mastheads": [],
"title": "KQED Health Correspondent",
"bio": "Lesley McClurg is a health correspondent and fill-in host whose work is regularly rebroadcast on NPR and PBS programs. She’s earned multiple regional Emmy awards, a national and a regional Edward R. Murrow award, and was named Best Beat Reporter by the Association of Health Care Journalists. The Society of Professional Journalists has recognized her work several times, and the Society of Environmental Journalists spotlighted her coverage of California’s historic drought.\r\n\r\nBefore joining KQED in 2016, Lesley covered food and sustainability for Capital Public Radio, environmental issues for Colorado Public Radio, and reported for KUOW and KCTS 9 in Seattle. Away from the newsroom, she loves skiing with her daughter, mountain biking with her partner, and playing with Ollie, the family’s goldendoodle. On deadline, she runs almost entirely on chocolate chips.\r\n\r\n ",
"avatar": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bab49e972ea10c774fe0f5e29dba1722b158f7c0d58a360923d1389d380b2978?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twitter": "lesleywmcclurg",
"bluesky": null,
"facebook": null,
"instagram": null,
"linkedin": null,
"sites": [
{
"site": "arts",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "news",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "futureofyou",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "stateofhealth",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "science",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "quest",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "forum",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
},
{
"site": "liveblog",
"roles": [
"subscriber"
]
}
],
"headData": {
"title": "Lesley McClurg | KQED",
"description": "KQED Health Correspondent",
"ogImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bab49e972ea10c774fe0f5e29dba1722b158f7c0d58a360923d1389d380b2978?s=600&d=blank&r=g",
"twImgSrc": "https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bab49e972ea10c774fe0f5e29dba1722b158f7c0d58a360923d1389d380b2978?s=600&d=blank&r=g"
},
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/author/lesleymcclurg"
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"futureofyou_category_future-of-you": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"score": 12.7954645
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "KQED Future Of You",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial",
"currentPage": 44
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/futureofyou?category=future-of-you",
"seeMore": false,
"paginated": true,
"page": 44
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://hls.kqed.org/hls/kqed_app/playlist.m3u8",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"futureofyou_321859": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_321859",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "321859",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484754301000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484754301,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Despite Warnings, There's a DIY Brain Stimulation Community",
"title": "Despite Warnings, There's a DIY Brain Stimulation Community",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Last October, Matt Herich was listening to the news while he drove door to door delivering pizzas. A story came on the radio about a technology that sends an electric current through your brain to possibly make you better at some things — moving, remembering, learning. He was fascinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neurotechnology is called transcranial direct current stimulation, or tDCS for short. At its simplest, the method involves a device that uses little more than a 9-volt battery and some electrodes to send a low-intensity electrical current to a targeted area of the brain, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jove.com/video/2744/electrode-positioning-montage-transcranial-direct-current\">typically via a headset\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a 1,000 studies have been published in peer-reviewed journals over the last decade suggesting benefits of the technique — maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488609001290\">regulating mood\u003c/a>, possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432809006536\">improving language skills\u003c/a> — but its effects, good \u003cem>or\u003c/em> bad, are far from clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although researchers see possibilities for tDCS in treating diseases and boosting performance, it's still an exploratory technology, says Mark George, editor-in-chief of \u003cem>Brain Stimulation\u003c/em>, a leading journal on neuromodulation. And leading experts have \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10601333.2015.980944?needAccess=true\">warned against at-home use\u003c/a> of such devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we can figure out safe long-term applications, it's so inexpensive we might be able to use it to boost tons of things,\" says George, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. \"But I have to underline \u003cem>might \u003c/em>-- we don't know yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Herich finished his shift delivering pizzas, he raced home and began googling. He found a thriving \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/tDCS/\">community on Reddit\u003c/a> and other online forums dedicated to discussing ways to self-administer tDCS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reading some scientific studies on neurostimulation, Herich decided to give it a try. He eventually got his hands on a rudimentary tDCS device made by a student at Northern Arizona University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I did my research before I put the device on my head,\" Herich says. \"So it was a mix between me being confident it would be safe and me taking a leap of faith.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his opinion, the leap of faith paid off. Herich takes online courses on machine learning, and he says that one 20-minute session of tDCS puts him in a state of intense focus that increases his productivity and helps him learn abstract math much faster than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herich is not alone — beyond the DIY neurostimulation community, companies are cashing in on the phenomenon, offering brain stimulation kits and ready-to-wear headsets, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/this-gadget-gives-you-a-low-voltage-pick-me-up-1437503825\">Thync\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/16/halo-neuroscience/\">Halo\u003c/a>. While the simplest devices can be made with items found in a hardware store, the best-selling versions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.caputron.com/transcutaneous-electrical-stimulation/54-activadose-ii.html?search_query=activadose&results=3\">ActivaDose\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"https://foc.us/\">Foc.us\u003c/a> can cost more than $300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sales of the devices spike at fairly regular times, says Robin Azzam, CEO of a leading tDCS retailer \u003ca href=\"http://www.caputron.com/content/11-tdcs-device-comaparison\">Caputron\u003c/a>: around college midterms and finals. Caputron also helps point customers to academic studies about tDCS. And Azzam says articles on cognitive enhancement are in particularly high demand during exam times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George says he's also heard students are using tDCS to study for exams, but he doesn't recommend it: There isn't enough data to back up claims that it is effective or safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says an updated article will be published soon detailing the experts' concerns about liberal use of tDCS by the DIY community. The main worries include the risks of mistakes in administration by amateurs and the uncertainty of long-term harmful effects of the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides, George says, at-home users that attempt to study with the device may actually be doing themselves a disservice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we learn something, we're more likely to remember it in the same environment as when we learned it,\" he says. \"So if you study with one of these devices on and then you take your test without the device, you've violated that rule. You may be very good with it on, but unless they allow you to do that in the exam you're actually hurting yourself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the safety of devices can vary — given that most tDCS devices aren't marketed with specific medical claims, they are not reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the people that buy these think that they're safe because a company is allowed to sell them,\" says Vince Clark, director of the Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center at the University of New Mexico. \"What they don't know is that a lot of those devices are never evaluated by the FDA. They go to market without safety studies that everybody expects must have happened. They haven't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like Herich, many users read the literature that supports and condemns tDCS use outside of clinical settings and choose to move forward anyway. And according to \u003ca href=\"http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2015/08/30/medethics-2015-102704.short\">one academic review of the do-it-yourself brain stimulation community\u003c/a>, most DIYers do draw heavily on existing scientific knowledge, circulate academic journal articles and adopt the standard electrode placement used by scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I do understand the risks,\" Herich says. \"I know ... the nature of what it is that I'm doing, connecting a 9-volt to the forehead.\" He acknowledges that to many people it may sound crazy. \"I don't know,\" he says, \"I think I just accept that risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Students+Zap+Their+Brains+For+a+Boost%2C+For+Better+Or+Worse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "321859 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=321859",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/18/theres-a-diy-brain-stimulation-community-despite-warnings/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 879,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 21
},
"modified": 1484754376,
"excerpt": "Stimulating the brain with electrical currents is exploratory technology. But people are making and buying devices that do that for use at home — and interest rises around exam time.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Stimulating the brain with electrical currents is exploratory technology. But people are making and buying devices that do that for use at home — and interest rises around exam time.",
"title": "Despite Warnings, There's a DIY Brain Stimulation Community | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Despite Warnings, There's a DIY Brain Stimulation Community",
"datePublished": "2017-01-18T07:45:01-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-18T07:46:16-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "theres-a-diy-brain-stimulation-community-despite-warnings",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=507133313&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Riley Beggin\u003cbr />NPR All Tech Considered",
"nprStoryDate": "Sat, 07 Jan 2017 09:01:06 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Sat, 07 Jan 2017 09:01:06 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/01/07/507133313/students-zap-their-brains-for-a-boost-for-better-or-worse?ft=nprml&f=507133313",
"nprImageAgency": "Courtesy of Robin Azzam",
"source": "KQED Future of You",
"nprStoryId": "507133313",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Sat, 07 Jan 2017 09:01:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/321859/theres-a-diy-brain-stimulation-community-despite-warnings",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last October, Matt Herich was listening to the news while he drove door to door delivering pizzas. A story came on the radio about a technology that sends an electric current through your brain to possibly make you better at some things — moving, remembering, learning. He was fascinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neurotechnology is called transcranial direct current stimulation, or tDCS for short. At its simplest, the method involves a device that uses little more than a 9-volt battery and some electrodes to send a low-intensity electrical current to a targeted area of the brain, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jove.com/video/2744/electrode-positioning-montage-transcranial-direct-current\">typically via a headset\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a 1,000 studies have been published in peer-reviewed journals over the last decade suggesting benefits of the technique — maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014488609001290\">regulating mood\u003c/a>, possibly \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432809006536\">improving language skills\u003c/a> — but its effects, good \u003cem>or\u003c/em> bad, are far from clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although researchers see possibilities for tDCS in treating diseases and boosting performance, it's still an exploratory technology, says Mark George, editor-in-chief of \u003cem>Brain Stimulation\u003c/em>, a leading journal on neuromodulation. And leading experts have \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10601333.2015.980944?needAccess=true\">warned against at-home use\u003c/a> of such devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we can figure out safe long-term applications, it's so inexpensive we might be able to use it to boost tons of things,\" says George, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. \"But I have to underline \u003cem>might \u003c/em>-- we don't know yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Herich finished his shift delivering pizzas, he raced home and began googling. He found a thriving \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/tDCS/\">community on Reddit\u003c/a> and other online forums dedicated to discussing ways to self-administer tDCS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After reading some scientific studies on neurostimulation, Herich decided to give it a try. He eventually got his hands on a rudimentary tDCS device made by a student at Northern Arizona University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I did my research before I put the device on my head,\" Herich says. \"So it was a mix between me being confident it would be safe and me taking a leap of faith.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his opinion, the leap of faith paid off. Herich takes online courses on machine learning, and he says that one 20-minute session of tDCS puts him in a state of intense focus that increases his productivity and helps him learn abstract math much faster than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herich is not alone — beyond the DIY neurostimulation community, companies are cashing in on the phenomenon, offering brain stimulation kits and ready-to-wear headsets, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/this-gadget-gives-you-a-low-voltage-pick-me-up-1437503825\">Thync\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/16/halo-neuroscience/\">Halo\u003c/a>. While the simplest devices can be made with items found in a hardware store, the best-selling versions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.caputron.com/transcutaneous-electrical-stimulation/54-activadose-ii.html?search_query=activadose&results=3\">ActivaDose\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"https://foc.us/\">Foc.us\u003c/a> can cost more than $300.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And sales of the devices spike at fairly regular times, says Robin Azzam, CEO of a leading tDCS retailer \u003ca href=\"http://www.caputron.com/content/11-tdcs-device-comaparison\">Caputron\u003c/a>: around college midterms and finals. Caputron also helps point customers to academic studies about tDCS. And Azzam says articles on cognitive enhancement are in particularly high demand during exam times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George says he's also heard students are using tDCS to study for exams, but he doesn't recommend it: There isn't enough data to back up claims that it is effective or safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says an updated article will be published soon detailing the experts' concerns about liberal use of tDCS by the DIY community. The main worries include the risks of mistakes in administration by amateurs and the uncertainty of long-term harmful effects of the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides, George says, at-home users that attempt to study with the device may actually be doing themselves a disservice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we learn something, we're more likely to remember it in the same environment as when we learned it,\" he says. \"So if you study with one of these devices on and then you take your test without the device, you've violated that rule. You may be very good with it on, but unless they allow you to do that in the exam you're actually hurting yourself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the safety of devices can vary — given that most tDCS devices aren't marketed with specific medical claims, they are not reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the people that buy these think that they're safe because a company is allowed to sell them,\" says Vince Clark, director of the Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center at the University of New Mexico. \"What they don't know is that a lot of those devices are never evaluated by the FDA. They go to market without safety studies that everybody expects must have happened. They haven't.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like Herich, many users read the literature that supports and condemns tDCS use outside of clinical settings and choose to move forward anyway. And according to \u003ca href=\"http://jme.bmj.com/content/early/2015/08/30/medethics-2015-102704.short\">one academic review of the do-it-yourself brain stimulation community\u003c/a>, most DIYers do draw heavily on existing scientific knowledge, circulate academic journal articles and adopt the standard electrode placement used by scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I do understand the risks,\" Herich says. \"I know ... the nature of what it is that I'm doing, connecting a 9-volt to the forehead.\" He acknowledges that to many people it may sound crazy. \"I don't know,\" he says, \"I think I just accept that risk.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Students+Zap+Their+Brains+For+a+Boost%2C+For+Better+Or+Worse&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/321859/theres-a-diy-brain-stimulation-community-despite-warnings",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_321859"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1163"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_321860",
"label": "source_futureofyou_321859"
},
"futureofyou_314586": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_314586",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314586",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484753753000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484753753,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Unexpected Risks Found in Procedure for 3-Person Baby",
"title": "Unexpected Risks Found in Procedure for 3-Person Baby",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In September, reproductive endocrinologist John Zhang and his team at the New Hope Fertility Center in New York City captured the world's attention when they \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/27/495668299/new-york-fertility-doctor-says-he-created-baby-with-3-genetic-parents\">announced \u003c/a>the birth of a child to a mother carrying a fatal genetic defect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4005369/\">mitochondrial replacement therapy\u003c/a>, the researchers combined DNA from two women and one man to bypass the defect and produce a healthy baby boy — one with, quite literally, three genetic parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was heralded as a stunning technological leap for in vitro fertilization, albeit one that the team was forced to perform in Mexico, because the technique has not been approved in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is spreading quickly, gaining official \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/dec/15/three-parent-embryos-regulator-gives-green-light-to-uk-clinics\">approval\u003c/a> this month from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority in the U.K. The move will allow clinics to apply for permission there to carry out the treatment, with the first patients expected to be seen as early as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the accolades, the method also has scientists concerned that the fatally flawed mitochondria can resurface to threaten a child's health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, a study published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/nature20592.pdf\">Nature\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/onprc/scientific-discovery/scientists/mitalipov.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, head of the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at the Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, suggested that in roughly 15 percent of cases, the mitochondrial replacement could fail and allow fatal defects to return, or even increase a child's vulnerability to new ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings confirmed the suspicions of many researchers, and the conclusions drawn by Mitalipov and his team were unequivocal: The potential for conflicts between transplanted and original mitochondrial genomes is real, and more sophisticated matching of donor and recipient eggs — pairing mothers whose mitochondria share genetic similarities, for example — is needed to avoid potential tragedies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study shows the potential as well as the risks of gene therapy in the germline,\" Mitalipov says. This is especially true of mitochondria, because its genomes are so different than the genomes in the nucleus of cells. Slight variations between mitochondrial genomes, he adds, \"turn out to matter a great deal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses inside our cells, and they carry their own DNA, separate from our nuclear genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The danger lies in the fact that mitochondria are in some ways like aliens inside our cells. Two billion years ago they were free-floating bacteria basking in the primordial soup. Then one such microbe merged with another free-floating bacterium, and over evolutionary time, the two formed a complete cell. The bacteria eventually evolved into mitochondria, migrating most of their genes to the cell nucleus and keeping just a few dozen, largely to help them produce energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, our nuclear genome contains around \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene\">20,000 genes,\u003c/a> while a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna\">scant 37 genes\u003c/a> reside in the mitochondria. And yet the two genomes are intensely symbiotic: 99 percent of mitochondrial proteins are incorporated from the nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria also still divide and replicate like the bacteria they once were, and that constant replication means that \u003ca href=\"http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/genetics/explained/mitochondrial\">mutations\u003c/a> arise 10 to 30 times \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15062813\">more often\u003c/a> in mitochondrial genes than in the nucleus. If too many mitochondria become dysfunctional, the entire cell suffers and serious health problems can result. Faulty mitochondria are implicated in genetic diseases, as well as many \u003ca href=\"http://www.mitoaction.org/mito-faq\">chronic conditions\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922635/\">infertility\u003c/a> to cancer, cardiac disease and neurodegenerative diseases. That's because when mitochondria falter, the energy system of the cell itself is compromised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-parent baby could solve the problem by overriding faulty mitochondria, but it also raises the stakes, because the procedure does not completely replace the defective mitochondria with healthy ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mother's nucleus is transferred, it's like a plant dug up out of ground — a bit of the original soil (in this case, the mother's mitochondria) is still clinging to the roots. That creates a situation that never happens in nature: Two different mitochondrial genomes from two different women are forced to live inside the same cell. In most cases, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/unanswered-questions-surround-baby-born-three-parents\">tiny percentage\u003c/a> (usually less than 2 percent) of the diseased mitochondria remain — but that tiny percentage can really matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new study, Mitalipov crafted three-parent embryos from the eggs of three mothers carrying mutant mitochondrial DNA and from the eggs of 11 healthy women. The embryos were then tweaked to become embryonic stem cells that could live forever, so they could be multiplied and studied. In three cases, the original maternal mitochondrial DNA returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That original, maternal mitochondrial DNA took over,\" Mitalipov says, \"and it was pretty drastic. There was less than 1 percent of the original maternal mitochondrial DNA present after replacement with donor DNA and before fertilization, and yet it took over the whole cell later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitalipov warns that this reversal might not only occur in the embryonic stem cells; it could also occur in the womb at some point during the development of a baby. Complicating things further, Mitalipov found that some mitochondrial DNA stimulates cells to divide more rapidly, which would mean that a cells containing the maternal mitochondrial DNA could eventually dominate as the embryo developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mitochondrial genomes replicate much faster than others, says University of California molecular biologist \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ofarrell_patrick.3574\">Patrick O'Farrell\u003c/a>, who called Mitalipov's research both impressive and in keeping with his own thinking on the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diseased mitochondrial genome could behave like a super-replicating bully, O'Farrell says, re-emerging and having a large impact on the three-parent baby at any time. It could also affect that child's future offspring. \"The diseased genome might stage a sneak comeback to afflict subsequent generations,\" O'Farrell says. On the other hand, he says, the super-replicators could act as \"superheroes,\" if they carry healthy, fit DNA that is able to out-compete a mutant genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nuclear genes donated by a father could also influence the behavior of the mitochondria in ways we cannot yet predict, O'Farrell says. For example, the father might introduce new genes that favor the replication rate of a defective bully genome. Or the father might introduce genes that help a \"wimpy\" healthy genome survive and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitalipov's proposed solution to the problem is to match the mitochondria of the mother and the donor, since not all mitochondria are alike. Human mitochondria all over the earth are in a sense a billion or more clones of their original mother, passed down in endless biblical begats from mother to child. Yet, even as clones, they have diverged over time into lineages with different characteristics. These are called haplotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Farrell mentions blood types as a comparison. Just as you would not want to transfuse blood type A into someone with blood type B, you might not want to mix different lineages. And while he says he thinks the idea of matching lineages is brilliant, he suggests going a step further. \"I say let's ... try to get a match with the dominating genome so that the defective genome will ultimately be completely displaced.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he adds, the ideal would be to look for one superhero genome, the fastest replicator of all – one that could displace any diseased genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out which branches are super replicators, O'Farrell hopes to collaborate with other laboratories and test the competitive strength of different haplotypes. Earlier this year, O'Farrell's laboratory published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27270106\">work\u003c/a> showing that competition between closely related genomes tends to favor the most beneficial, while matchups between distantly related genomes favor super replicators with negative or even lethal consequences. There are, he says, at least 10 major lineages that would be distinct enough to be highly relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitalipov says that most of the time, matching haplotypes should ensure successful mitochondrial transfers. However, he cautions that even then, tiny differences in the region of the mitochondrial genome that controls replication speed could cause an unexpected surprise. Even in mitochondria from the same haplotype, there could be a single change in a gene that could cause a conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his study, Mitalipov zeroes in on the region that appears responsible for replication speed. In order to find out a mother's haplotype, he says, full sequencing is necessary, and this region from the donor's egg should also be looked at to be sure it matches the mother's. Today, it costs a few hundred dollars to sequence a woman's mitochondrial genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But battles between mitochondrial genomes are only one part of the emerging story. Some research suggests that nuclear genes evolve to sync well with a mitochondrial haplotype, and that when the pairing is suddenly switched, health might be compromised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in fruit flies and in tiny sea creatures called cephalopods shows that when the \"mitonuclear\" partnership diverges too much, infertility and poor health can result. In some cases, however, the divergent pairs are above average and can actually lead to better health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swapping as little as 0.2 percent of mitochondrial DNA in laboratory animals \"can have profound effects on the function of cells, organs, and even the whole organism, and these effects manifest late in life,\" according to mitochondrial biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/people/patrick-chinnery\">Patrick Chinnery\u003c/a> of the University of Cambridge, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcibr1608715\">writing \u003c/a>in November in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all these unknowns, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/read/21871/chapter/1\">U.S. panel recommended last February\u003c/a> that mitochondrial replacement therapy, if approved, implant only male embryos so that the human-altered mitochondrial germline would not be passed down through the generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists approve of this advice, but biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.damiandowlinglab.com/\">Damian Dowling\u003c/a> of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, has reservations about even this solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His own research in fruit flies shows that males may actually be more vulnerable than females to impaired health from mitochondrial replacement. Since females pass on mitochondria, natural selection will help daughters sift out any mutations that might be harmful to them, and keep their nuclear and mitochondrial genes well matched. Males aren't so lucky: If mutations don't harm females but do harm males, the males may have to suffer impaired fertility and go to their graves earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is known as the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16701262\">mother's curse\u003c/a>\" — a term coined by geneticist \u003ca href=\"http://gemmell-lab.otago.ac.nz/\">Neil Gemmell\u003c/a> of the University of Otago in New Zealand to describe the biological baggage that mothers unwittingly pass down to their male babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line, according to biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidrandlab.org/\">David Rand\u003c/a> of Brown University, who studies mitochondrial genomes, is that when you swap mitochondria, the reaction is \"highly unpredictable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why many experts are calling for caution even amid all the excitement following the three-parent Mexico trial — though there is reason to believe they aren't being heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-person baby has now been born in China, and two more may soon be born in Ukraine, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/reports-of-three-parent-babies-multiply-1.20849\">Nature News\u003c/a>. Zhang, meanwhile, continues to encourage potential patients in Mexico: \"We have received interest both locally and abroad,\" he says, \"and we invite people to learn more about the treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Wallace, head of the Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, is among those calling for a more methodical approach to the technique, though he says he doesn't think there's any way to put the brakes on now. \"I think what's happened is we're going to see more and more trials and some families are going to be exceedingly fortunate — and perhaps some will be an unfortunate part of the learning set.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research on mitochondria has to catch up, Wallace says, and while matching haplotypes is a good idea, it isn't so easy to do in practice. \"Finding women to be egg donors is going to be a major limitation,\" he says — especially when you'd first have to survey a large group to find compatible mitochondrial DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, for women desperate to conceive a healthy child this may seem reasonable. Wallace adds that mitochondrial replacement therapy might find favor even outside those seeking to avoid passing on fatal genetic mutations — such as older women simply facing reduced fertility. \"There's no proof that's the case,\" he says, but if it came to pass, that could mean a therapy that might change the DNA of tens of thousands, maybe hundreds of thousands, of babies conceived by this method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would have a real impact on the long-term future of society, Wallace adds, and we don't yet fully understand all of the implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's an exciting possibility,\" he says, \"but also a little disconcerting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jill Neimark is an award-winning science journalist and an author of adult and children's books. Her most recent book is \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Hugging-Tree-Story-About-Resilience/dp/1433819074/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1482511414&sr=1-2\">The Hugging Tree: A Story About Resilience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this article \u003ca href=\"http://undark.org/article/three-parent-babies-battle-mitochondria/\">originally appeared at Undark\u003c/a>, a digital science magazine published by the Knight Science Journalism Fellowship Program at MIT.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Unexpected+Risks+Found+In+Replacing+DNA+To+Prevent+Inherited+Disorders&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "314586 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=314586",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/18/unexpected-risks-found-in-procedure-for-3-person-baby/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2156,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 45
},
"modified": 1484754486,
"excerpt": "In 2016, scientists combined the genes of three people in an effort to make a baby free of an inherited disease. But the process doesn't wipe out all faulty mitochondria, and could pose new risks.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "In 2016, scientists combined the genes of three people in an effort to make a baby free of an inherited disease. But the process doesn't wipe out all faulty mitochondria, and could pose new risks.",
"title": "Unexpected Risks Found in Procedure for 3-Person Baby | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Unexpected Risks Found in Procedure for 3-Person Baby",
"datePublished": "2017-01-18T07:35:53-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-18T07:48:06-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "unexpected-risks-found-in-procedure-for-3-person-baby",
"status": "publish",
"customPermalink": "2017/01/12/unexpected-risks-found-in-procedure-for-3-person-baby/",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=507244429&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Jill Neimark\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"nprStoryDate": "Sun, 01 Jan 2017 05:00:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 03 Jan 2017 15:11:10 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/01/507244429/unexpected-risks-found-in-editing-genes-to-prevent-inherited-disorders?ft=nprml&f=507244429",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images/Science Photo Library",
"source": "KQED Future of You",
"nprStoryId": "507244429",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 03 Jan 2017 15:11:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/314586/unexpected-risks-found-in-procedure-for-3-person-baby",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In September, reproductive endocrinologist John Zhang and his team at the New Hope Fertility Center in New York City captured the world's attention when they \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/27/495668299/new-york-fertility-doctor-says-he-created-baby-with-3-genetic-parents\">announced \u003c/a>the birth of a child to a mother carrying a fatal genetic defect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a technique called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4005369/\">mitochondrial replacement therapy\u003c/a>, the researchers combined DNA from two women and one man to bypass the defect and produce a healthy baby boy — one with, quite literally, three genetic parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was heralded as a stunning technological leap for in vitro fertilization, albeit one that the team was forced to perform in Mexico, because the technique has not been approved in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is spreading quickly, gaining official \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/dec/15/three-parent-embryos-regulator-gives-green-light-to-uk-clinics\">approval\u003c/a> this month from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority in the U.K. The move will allow clinics to apply for permission there to carry out the treatment, with the first patients expected to be seen as early as next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the accolades, the method also has scientists concerned that the fatally flawed mitochondria can resurface to threaten a child's health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, a study published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/nature20592.pdf\">Nature\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/onprc/scientific-discovery/scientists/mitalipov.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, head of the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at the Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, suggested that in roughly 15 percent of cases, the mitochondrial replacement could fail and allow fatal defects to return, or even increase a child's vulnerability to new ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings confirmed the suspicions of many researchers, and the conclusions drawn by Mitalipov and his team were unequivocal: The potential for conflicts between transplanted and original mitochondrial genomes is real, and more sophisticated matching of donor and recipient eggs — pairing mothers whose mitochondria share genetic similarities, for example — is needed to avoid potential tragedies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study shows the potential as well as the risks of gene therapy in the germline,\" Mitalipov says. This is especially true of mitochondria, because its genomes are so different than the genomes in the nucleus of cells. Slight variations between mitochondrial genomes, he adds, \"turn out to matter a great deal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria are the energy powerhouses inside our cells, and they carry their own DNA, separate from our nuclear genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The danger lies in the fact that mitochondria are in some ways like aliens inside our cells. Two billion years ago they were free-floating bacteria basking in the primordial soup. Then one such microbe merged with another free-floating bacterium, and over evolutionary time, the two formed a complete cell. The bacteria eventually evolved into mitochondria, migrating most of their genes to the cell nucleus and keeping just a few dozen, largely to help them produce energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, our nuclear genome contains around \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene\">20,000 genes,\u003c/a> while a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna\">scant 37 genes\u003c/a> reside in the mitochondria. And yet the two genomes are intensely symbiotic: 99 percent of mitochondrial proteins are incorporated from the nucleus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria also still divide and replicate like the bacteria they once were, and that constant replication means that \u003ca href=\"http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/emfpu/genetics/explained/mitochondrial\">mutations\u003c/a> arise 10 to 30 times \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15062813\">more often\u003c/a> in mitochondrial genes than in the nucleus. If too many mitochondria become dysfunctional, the entire cell suffers and serious health problems can result. Faulty mitochondria are implicated in genetic diseases, as well as many \u003ca href=\"http://www.mitoaction.org/mito-faq\">chronic conditions\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922635/\">infertility\u003c/a> to cancer, cardiac disease and neurodegenerative diseases. That's because when mitochondria falter, the energy system of the cell itself is compromised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-parent baby could solve the problem by overriding faulty mitochondria, but it also raises the stakes, because the procedure does not completely replace the defective mitochondria with healthy ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mother's nucleus is transferred, it's like a plant dug up out of ground — a bit of the original soil (in this case, the mother's mitochondria) is still clinging to the roots. That creates a situation that never happens in nature: Two different mitochondrial genomes from two different women are forced to live inside the same cell. In most cases, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/unanswered-questions-surround-baby-born-three-parents\">tiny percentage\u003c/a> (usually less than 2 percent) of the diseased mitochondria remain — but that tiny percentage can really matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his new study, Mitalipov crafted three-parent embryos from the eggs of three mothers carrying mutant mitochondrial DNA and from the eggs of 11 healthy women. The embryos were then tweaked to become embryonic stem cells that could live forever, so they could be multiplied and studied. In three cases, the original maternal mitochondrial DNA returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That original, maternal mitochondrial DNA took over,\" Mitalipov says, \"and it was pretty drastic. There was less than 1 percent of the original maternal mitochondrial DNA present after replacement with donor DNA and before fertilization, and yet it took over the whole cell later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitalipov warns that this reversal might not only occur in the embryonic stem cells; it could also occur in the womb at some point during the development of a baby. Complicating things further, Mitalipov found that some mitochondrial DNA stimulates cells to divide more rapidly, which would mean that a cells containing the maternal mitochondrial DNA could eventually dominate as the embryo developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mitochondrial genomes replicate much faster than others, says University of California molecular biologist \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/ofarrell_patrick.3574\">Patrick O'Farrell\u003c/a>, who called Mitalipov's research both impressive and in keeping with his own thinking on the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A diseased mitochondrial genome could behave like a super-replicating bully, O'Farrell says, re-emerging and having a large impact on the three-parent baby at any time. It could also affect that child's future offspring. \"The diseased genome might stage a sneak comeback to afflict subsequent generations,\" O'Farrell says. On the other hand, he says, the super-replicators could act as \"superheroes,\" if they carry healthy, fit DNA that is able to out-compete a mutant genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nuclear genes donated by a father could also influence the behavior of the mitochondria in ways we cannot yet predict, O'Farrell says. For example, the father might introduce new genes that favor the replication rate of a defective bully genome. Or the father might introduce genes that help a \"wimpy\" healthy genome survive and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitalipov's proposed solution to the problem is to match the mitochondria of the mother and the donor, since not all mitochondria are alike. Human mitochondria all over the earth are in a sense a billion or more clones of their original mother, passed down in endless biblical begats from mother to child. Yet, even as clones, they have diverged over time into lineages with different characteristics. These are called haplotypes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O'Farrell mentions blood types as a comparison. Just as you would not want to transfuse blood type A into someone with blood type B, you might not want to mix different lineages. And while he says he thinks the idea of matching lineages is brilliant, he suggests going a step further. \"I say let's ... try to get a match with the dominating genome so that the defective genome will ultimately be completely displaced.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, he adds, the ideal would be to look for one superhero genome, the fastest replicator of all – one that could displace any diseased genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out which branches are super replicators, O'Farrell hopes to collaborate with other laboratories and test the competitive strength of different haplotypes. Earlier this year, O'Farrell's laboratory published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27270106\">work\u003c/a> showing that competition between closely related genomes tends to favor the most beneficial, while matchups between distantly related genomes favor super replicators with negative or even lethal consequences. There are, he says, at least 10 major lineages that would be distinct enough to be highly relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitalipov says that most of the time, matching haplotypes should ensure successful mitochondrial transfers. However, he cautions that even then, tiny differences in the region of the mitochondrial genome that controls replication speed could cause an unexpected surprise. Even in mitochondria from the same haplotype, there could be a single change in a gene that could cause a conflict, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his study, Mitalipov zeroes in on the region that appears responsible for replication speed. In order to find out a mother's haplotype, he says, full sequencing is necessary, and this region from the donor's egg should also be looked at to be sure it matches the mother's. Today, it costs a few hundred dollars to sequence a woman's mitochondrial genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But battles between mitochondrial genomes are only one part of the emerging story. Some research suggests that nuclear genes evolve to sync well with a mitochondrial haplotype, and that when the pairing is suddenly switched, health might be compromised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in fruit flies and in tiny sea creatures called cephalopods shows that when the \"mitonuclear\" partnership diverges too much, infertility and poor health can result. In some cases, however, the divergent pairs are above average and can actually lead to better health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swapping as little as 0.2 percent of mitochondrial DNA in laboratory animals \"can have profound effects on the function of cells, organs, and even the whole organism, and these effects manifest late in life,\" according to mitochondrial biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk/people/patrick-chinnery\">Patrick Chinnery\u003c/a> of the University of Cambridge, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcibr1608715\">writing \u003c/a>in November in \u003cem>The New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all these unknowns, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/read/21871/chapter/1\">U.S. panel recommended last February\u003c/a> that mitochondrial replacement therapy, if approved, implant only male embryos so that the human-altered mitochondrial germline would not be passed down through the generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientists approve of this advice, but biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.damiandowlinglab.com/\">Damian Dowling\u003c/a> of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, has reservations about even this solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His own research in fruit flies shows that males may actually be more vulnerable than females to impaired health from mitochondrial replacement. Since females pass on mitochondria, natural selection will help daughters sift out any mutations that might be harmful to them, and keep their nuclear and mitochondrial genes well matched. Males aren't so lucky: If mutations don't harm females but do harm males, the males may have to suffer impaired fertility and go to their graves earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is known as the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16701262\">mother's curse\u003c/a>\" — a term coined by geneticist \u003ca href=\"http://gemmell-lab.otago.ac.nz/\">Neil Gemmell\u003c/a> of the University of Otago in New Zealand to describe the biological baggage that mothers unwittingly pass down to their male babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line, according to biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidrandlab.org/\">David Rand\u003c/a> of Brown University, who studies mitochondrial genomes, is that when you swap mitochondria, the reaction is \"highly unpredictable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's why many experts are calling for caution even amid all the excitement following the three-parent Mexico trial — though there is reason to believe they aren't being heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A three-person baby has now been born in China, and two more may soon be born in Ukraine, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/reports-of-three-parent-babies-multiply-1.20849\">Nature News\u003c/a>. Zhang, meanwhile, continues to encourage potential patients in Mexico: \"We have received interest both locally and abroad,\" he says, \"and we invite people to learn more about the treatment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doug Wallace, head of the Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, is among those calling for a more methodical approach to the technique, though he says he doesn't think there's any way to put the brakes on now. \"I think what's happened is we're going to see more and more trials and some families are going to be exceedingly fortunate — and perhaps some will be an unfortunate part of the learning set.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research on mitochondria has to catch up, Wallace says, and while matching haplotypes is a good idea, it isn't so easy to do in practice. \"Finding women to be egg donors is going to be a major limitation,\" he says — especially when you'd first have to survey a large group to find compatible mitochondrial DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, for women desperate to conceive a healthy child this may seem reasonable. Wallace adds that mitochondrial replacement therapy might find favor even outside those seeking to avoid passing on fatal genetic mutations — such as older women simply facing reduced fertility. \"There's no proof that's the case,\" he says, but if it came to pass, that could mean a therapy that might change the DNA of tens of thousands, maybe hundreds of thousands, of babies conceived by this method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would have a real impact on the long-term future of society, Wallace adds, and we don't yet fully understand all of the implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it's an exciting possibility,\" he says, \"but also a little disconcerting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jill Neimark is an award-winning science journalist and an author of adult and children's books. Her most recent book is \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Hugging-Tree-Story-About-Resilience/dp/1433819074/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1482511414&sr=1-2\">The Hugging Tree: A Story About Resilience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this article \u003ca href=\"http://undark.org/article/three-parent-babies-battle-mitochondria/\">originally appeared at Undark\u003c/a>, a digital science magazine published by the Knight Science Journalism Fellowship Program at MIT.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Unexpected+Risks+Found+In+Replacing+DNA+To+Prevent+Inherited+Disorders&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/314586/unexpected-risks-found-in-procedure-for-3-person-baby",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_314586"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_314587",
"label": "source_futureofyou_314586"
},
"futureofyou_314097": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_314097",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314097",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484597058000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484597058,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Does Snoring Keep You Up at Night? A Review of Anti-Snoring Gadgets",
"title": "Does Snoring Keep You Up at Night? A Review of Anti-Snoring Gadgets",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>To what lengths would you go to stifle the thunderous snorts and buzz-saw growls of a spouse or roommate, just so you can get a good night's sleep? Dozens of anti-snoring devices crowd the market, ranging from slightly absurd to moderately torturous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of them are more medieval than others,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/xd/health/services/providers/index.cfm?personID=2276\">Dr. Kim Hutchison\u003c/a>, associate professor of sleep medicine in the department of neurology at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, Ore. And some of the devices, she says, even have some basis in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you sleep, the back of your throat relaxes. That narrows your airway and, as you're breathing in, it causes it to vibrate,\" explains Hutchison. So, many anti-snoring products are aimed at opening up that airway, or the tunnels that lead to it. For example, you can buy hollow nose plugs that, instead of closing the nostrils, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=snoring%20nose%20plugs\">prop them open\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a deviated septum or something like that, those could help open up your nose and decrease snoring,\" says Hutchison, but they won't help everyone because \"most snoring appears in the back of your throat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other devices are designed to force sleepers to turn on their sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Snoring that routinely disturbs your partner could be a sign you should see a doctor.' \u003ccite>Dr. Richard Schwab, director the Pennsylvania Sleep Center.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Sleeping on your back makes your tongue block your airway a little, sort of like the skinny part of a balloon, when you let air out of it,\" Hutchison says. So some devices combine straps and pillows that make sleeping on your back uncomfortable — or poke you if you roll over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/EasySleep-Pro-Large-Adjustable-Snoring/dp/B01LZGEQI0/ref=sr_1_36?ie=UTF8&qid=1482802784&sr=8-36-spons&keywords=snoring+remedies&psc=1\">chin straps\u003c/a> aimed at repositioning your jaw in a way that opens the airway. They might work for some, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/providers/profile/richard-schwab\">Dr. Richard Schwab\u003c/a>, director the Pennsylvania Sleep Center. But one chinstrap on the market \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Snoring-Simply-Sleep-Plugs-Womans/dp/B01LZAOXLI/ref=redir_mobile_desktop?_encoding=UTF8&keywords=snoring%2Bdevice&pi=AC_SX236_SY340_QL65&qid=1482443320&ref_=mp_s_a_1_66&sr=8-66&th=1\">covers the wearer's entire mouth\u003c/a>. \"A terrible idea!\" says Schwab. \"You should never cover your mouth — you could choke.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devices that gently poke and prod might help some snorers, says Hutchison. Eventually, some people do stop sleeping on their backs, to avoid being jabbed to consciousness. If that's not annoying enough, there are more insistent devices: wristbands that send a little electric shock every time you snore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seems drastic. But maybe not, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644899/\">if love is on the line\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Snoring can create a lot of stress in a relationship,\" Schwab points out. \"It's an intermittent noise, so you can't just get over it. People lose so much sleep, they can't sleep in the same beds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And snoring that routinely disturbs your partner could be a sign you should see a doctor, says Schwab. You might have sleep apnea, a disorder characterized by loud snoring and interrupted breathing. People with untreated apnea are at greater risk for high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of apnea cases go undiagnosed, Schwab says. Consider prodding your snoring partner to see a doctor — even before trying some of the at-home remedies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you treat the snoring and not the sleep apnea, you might never get evaluated,\" says Schwab. And that's important, because \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sleepapnea\">sleep apnea is treatable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleepers can wear masks linked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cpap\">CPAP\u003c/a> (continuous positive airway pressure) machines, which are very effective at keeping airways open and \u003ca href=\"http://www.aasmnet.org/jcsm/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=28683\">stopping the problem\u003c/a>, he says. Sleep apnea can prevent the snorer from getting deep sleep; many people say they feel more awake after using the machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whir of the machine can take getting used to at first, Schwab says, but it's much quieter than snoring, so roommates usually love them. The bonus for the snorer: It doesn't shock you awake. And it actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Anti-Snoring+Gadgets+Really+Work%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "314097 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=314097",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/16/do-anti-snoring-gadgets-really-work/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 637,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1484606984,
"excerpt": "Your noisy roommate probably won't like paying cold cash to get electric shocks. And that may not stop the snoring, sleep doctors say. Fortunately, there are other ways to turn down the volume.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Your noisy roommate probably won't like paying cold cash to get electric shocks. And that may not stop the snoring, sleep doctors say. Fortunately, there are other ways to turn down the volume.",
"title": "Does Snoring Keep You Up at Night? A Review of Anti-Snoring Gadgets | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Does Snoring Keep You Up at Night? A Review of Anti-Snoring Gadgets",
"datePublished": "2017-01-16T12:04:18-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-16T14:49:44-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "do-anti-snoring-gadgets-really-work",
"status": "publish",
"sourceUrl": "http://www.npr.org/",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=507107459&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Erin Ross\u003c/br>NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 04 Jan 2017 05:00:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 04 Jan 2017 12:54:04 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/04/507107459/do-anti-snoring-gadgets-really-work?ft=nprml&f=507107459",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"source": "NPR",
"nprStoryId": "507107459",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 04 Jan 2017 12:53:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/314097/do-anti-snoring-gadgets-really-work",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To what lengths would you go to stifle the thunderous snorts and buzz-saw growls of a spouse or roommate, just so you can get a good night's sleep? Dozens of anti-snoring devices crowd the market, ranging from slightly absurd to moderately torturous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some of them are more medieval than others,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/xd/health/services/providers/index.cfm?personID=2276\">Dr. Kim Hutchison\u003c/a>, associate professor of sleep medicine in the department of neurology at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, Ore. And some of the devices, she says, even have some basis in fact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you sleep, the back of your throat relaxes. That narrows your airway and, as you're breathing in, it causes it to vibrate,\" explains Hutchison. So, many anti-snoring products are aimed at opening up that airway, or the tunnels that lead to it. For example, you can buy hollow nose plugs that, instead of closing the nostrils, \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=snoring%20nose%20plugs\">prop them open\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a deviated septum or something like that, those could help open up your nose and decrease snoring,\" says Hutchison, but they won't help everyone because \"most snoring appears in the back of your throat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other devices are designed to force sleepers to turn on their sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Snoring that routinely disturbs your partner could be a sign you should see a doctor.' \u003ccite>Dr. Richard Schwab, director the Pennsylvania Sleep Center.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"Sleeping on your back makes your tongue block your airway a little, sort of like the skinny part of a balloon, when you let air out of it,\" Hutchison says. So some devices combine straps and pillows that make sleeping on your back uncomfortable — or poke you if you roll over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/EasySleep-Pro-Large-Adjustable-Snoring/dp/B01LZGEQI0/ref=sr_1_36?ie=UTF8&qid=1482802784&sr=8-36-spons&keywords=snoring+remedies&psc=1\">chin straps\u003c/a> aimed at repositioning your jaw in a way that opens the airway. They might work for some, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/providers/profile/richard-schwab\">Dr. Richard Schwab\u003c/a>, director the Pennsylvania Sleep Center. But one chinstrap on the market \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Snoring-Simply-Sleep-Plugs-Womans/dp/B01LZAOXLI/ref=redir_mobile_desktop?_encoding=UTF8&keywords=snoring%2Bdevice&pi=AC_SX236_SY340_QL65&qid=1482443320&ref_=mp_s_a_1_66&sr=8-66&th=1\">covers the wearer's entire mouth\u003c/a>. \"A terrible idea!\" says Schwab. \"You should never cover your mouth — you could choke.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Devices that gently poke and prod might help some snorers, says Hutchison. Eventually, some people do stop sleeping on their backs, to avoid being jabbed to consciousness. If that's not annoying enough, there are more insistent devices: wristbands that send a little electric shock every time you snore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seems drastic. But maybe not, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2644899/\">if love is on the line\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Snoring can create a lot of stress in a relationship,\" Schwab points out. \"It's an intermittent noise, so you can't just get over it. People lose so much sleep, they can't sleep in the same beds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And snoring that routinely disturbs your partner could be a sign you should see a doctor, says Schwab. You might have sleep apnea, a disorder characterized by loud snoring and interrupted breathing. People with untreated apnea are at greater risk for high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of apnea cases go undiagnosed, Schwab says. Consider prodding your snoring partner to see a doctor — even before trying some of the at-home remedies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you treat the snoring and not the sleep apnea, you might never get evaluated,\" says Schwab. And that's important, because \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sleepapnea\">sleep apnea is treatable\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleepers can wear masks linked to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cpap\">CPAP\u003c/a> (continuous positive airway pressure) machines, which are very effective at keeping airways open and \u003ca href=\"http://www.aasmnet.org/jcsm/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=28683\">stopping the problem\u003c/a>, he says. Sleep apnea can prevent the snorer from getting deep sleep; many people say they feel more awake after using the machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whir of the machine can take getting used to at first, Schwab says, but it's much quieter than snoring, so roommates usually love them. The bonus for the snorer: It doesn't shock you awake. And it actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Anti-Snoring+Gadgets+Really+Work%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/314097/do-anti-snoring-gadgets-really-work",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_314097"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_180",
"futureofyou_1161",
"futureofyou_53"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_314098",
"label": "source_futureofyou_314097"
},
"futureofyou_314582": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_314582",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314582",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484585895000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 1097
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484585895,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "A Skeptic Fact-Checks Yoga's Health Claims",
"title": "A Skeptic Fact-Checks Yoga's Health Claims",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>I did not want to join yoga class. I hated those soft-spoken, beatific instructors. I worried that the people in the class could fold up like origami and I'd fold up like a bread stick. I understood the need for stretchy clothes but not for total anatomical disclosure. But my hip joints hurt and so did my shoulders, and my upper back hurt even more than my lower back and my brain would. not. shut. up. I asked my doctor about medication and he said he didn't like the side effects and was pretty sure I wouldn't, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I signed up for Gentle Mind and Body Yoga, the pre-K of yoga classes. I think the principle is that you get into some pose that has cosmic implications and then hold the pose until you are enlightened or bored silly. I like the bridge pose, where you lie flat on your back and put a rubber block under your butt. I purely hate the eagle pose, where you wind your arms around each other and then wrap your legs around each other and stand on one foot; I drop like a sprayed mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teacher is forgiving: \"Yogi's choice,\" she says, meaning that I'm now a yogi and I can do what I want. She says we're not trying to get anywhere, and I deeply appreciate not trying to get anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Some b.s. you don't need a protocol to detect, so I didn't even try to find out whether twisting my body wrings the toxins out of my internal organs or whether breathing through my left nostril stimulates my right brain.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I enjoy a stretchy pose where you sit with a knee crossed over a leg and the opposite arm wrapped around the knee but the point is, says the teacher, to wring the toxins out of your internal organs. I'm not going to wring out my internal organs. Sometimes she wants us to lower our shoulders and raise our chests to open up our hearts — a phrase that gives me cardiac-surgical creeps. The best is the sponge or corpse pose, which is what it sounds like. I'm fully competent at being a sponge, except you're supposed to breathe in all the way up your left side and breathe out on your right because this activates your left and right brains. I just breathe on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we sit on some folded-up locally-sourced blankets that smell like unwashed humanity, with legs crossed. The teacher says this is called \u003cem>sukhasana\u003c/em> which means easy seat, but it's no such thing. So I stretch my legs out in front of me, yogi's choice. We end in \u003cem>sukhasana\u003c/em> with our hands in prayer and say to each other \u003cem>namaste\u003c/em>, which is apparently Sanskrit for the godhead in me salutes the godhead in you, but which my brain hears as \u003cem>basta\u003c/em>, which is Italian for stop it, enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm OK with all this, even the pretend science which I'm free to ignore or better yet, to subject to my fellow \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/\">Last Word on Nothing \u003c/a>blogger Michelle Nijhuis' stellar \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2015/01/01/holiday-redux-the-pocket-guide-to-bullshit-prevention/\">B******* Prevention Protocol \u003c/a>(BPP), which in these days of blatant disinformation if you haven't read, clipped out and taped to your computer screen, you may as well join an ant colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some b.s. you don't need a protocol to detect, so I didn't even try to find out whether twisting my body wrings the toxins out of my internal organs or whether breathing through my left nostril stimulates my right brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's true that after yoga, climbing steps doesn't hurt, waiting for Greek carryout promised 15 minutes ago isn't irritating, and on the drive home my brain doesn't do anything except drive. Does yoga work? I'd answer this, but working through the full BPP takes time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I took three shortcuts. One, I searched for yoga and efficacy in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=yoga+efficacy\">PubMed,\u003c/a> the database of the National Library of Medicine, and skimmed the titles of review articles. No answer, or rather, too many answers: yoga for cancer, chronic low back pain, diabetes, cystitis, sleep disorders, hypertension, schizophrenia, depression, multiple sclerosis. And that was just on the first page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second shortcut was no better. I searched the website of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/search/?rpp=20&ft=1&term=yoga++\">National Academies Press\u003c/a>, which publishes independent scientific analyses for the government. Yoga showed up in studies on pain management, alternative medicine, improving bus operators' health and teens' sleep habits, obesity, fitness, Gulf War syndrome, astronaut care and PTSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third shortcut was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/about-us\">Cochrane Reviews\u003c/a>, independent reviews of medical information: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/search/site/yoga%20efficacy\">same thing\u003c/a> – yoga for asthma, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy. Bill Broad has probably answered all these questions in his book \u003cem>The Science of Yoga\u003c/em>, but I'm not going to read it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My rule for any one thing that affects so many different diseases and functions is that it affects none of them and completely fails the BPP. Or else it affects something huge and general like mood or immune function that in turn affects everything else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What with lots of kinds of yogas, lots of different diseases, lots of different kinds of studies and difficult-to-quantify entities like mood or immune function, I'm giving up. I haven't a clue whether yoga helps at all, let alone how. You're on your own here. For myself, I'll keep going, not because it's not b.s. but because I like occasionally painless stairs and quiet brains. Besides, I'm finally getting competent at the infant version of the sun salute and I've learned never to look at the other people in the class. But I have no plans to advance to Beginning Yoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ann Finkbeiner is a science writer whose books include\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/After-Death-Child-Living-through/dp/080185914X/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-2&keywords=finkbeiner\" target=\"_blank\">After the Death of a Child\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Jasons-Secret-History-Sciences-Postwar/dp/0143038478/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-5\" target=\"_blank\">The Jasons\u003c/a>. She is co-founder of the blog\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/\" target=\"_blank\">The Last Word on Nothing\u003c/a>, where this\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2016/02/17/what-happened-next/\">essay \u003c/a>first appeared.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Skeptic+Fact-Checks+Yoga%27s+Health+Claims+And+Goes+With+The+Om&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "314582 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=314582",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/16/a-skeptic-fact-checks-yogas-health-claims-and-goes-with-the-om/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1020,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 16
},
"modified": 1484607043,
"excerpt": "Yoga has been promoted as the cure for many ills, from diabetes to insomnia. Scientific proof is mixed. But this skeptic says if yoga makes climbing the stairs hurt less, that's good enough.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Yoga has been promoted as the cure for many ills, from diabetes to insomnia. Scientific proof is mixed. But this skeptic says if yoga makes climbing the stairs hurt less, that's good enough.",
"title": "A Skeptic Fact-Checks Yoga's Health Claims | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "A Skeptic Fact-Checks Yoga's Health Claims",
"datePublished": "2017-01-16T08:58:15-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-16T14:50:43-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "a-skeptic-fact-checks-yogas-health-claims-and-goes-with-the-om",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=505721419&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Ann Finkbeiner\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"nprStoryDate": "Sat, 31 Dec 2016 10:00:04 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Sat, 31 Dec 2016 10:00:04 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/31/505721419/a-skeptic-fact-checks-yogas-health-claims-and-goes-with-the-om?ft=nprml&f=505721419",
"nprImageAgency": "Jenn Liv for NPR",
"nprStoryId": "505721419",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Sat, 31 Dec 2016 10:00:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/314582/a-skeptic-fact-checks-yogas-health-claims-and-goes-with-the-om",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I did not want to join yoga class. I hated those soft-spoken, beatific instructors. I worried that the people in the class could fold up like origami and I'd fold up like a bread stick. I understood the need for stretchy clothes but not for total anatomical disclosure. But my hip joints hurt and so did my shoulders, and my upper back hurt even more than my lower back and my brain would. not. shut. up. I asked my doctor about medication and he said he didn't like the side effects and was pretty sure I wouldn't, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I signed up for Gentle Mind and Body Yoga, the pre-K of yoga classes. I think the principle is that you get into some pose that has cosmic implications and then hold the pose until you are enlightened or bored silly. I like the bridge pose, where you lie flat on your back and put a rubber block under your butt. I purely hate the eagle pose, where you wind your arms around each other and then wrap your legs around each other and stand on one foot; I drop like a sprayed mosquito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teacher is forgiving: \"Yogi's choice,\" she says, meaning that I'm now a yogi and I can do what I want. She says we're not trying to get anywhere, and I deeply appreciate not trying to get anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Some b.s. you don't need a protocol to detect, so I didn't even try to find out whether twisting my body wrings the toxins out of my internal organs or whether breathing through my left nostril stimulates my right brain.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I enjoy a stretchy pose where you sit with a knee crossed over a leg and the opposite arm wrapped around the knee but the point is, says the teacher, to wring the toxins out of your internal organs. I'm not going to wring out my internal organs. Sometimes she wants us to lower our shoulders and raise our chests to open up our hearts — a phrase that gives me cardiac-surgical creeps. The best is the sponge or corpse pose, which is what it sounds like. I'm fully competent at being a sponge, except you're supposed to breathe in all the way up your left side and breathe out on your right because this activates your left and right brains. I just breathe on both sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we sit on some folded-up locally-sourced blankets that smell like unwashed humanity, with legs crossed. The teacher says this is called \u003cem>sukhasana\u003c/em> which means easy seat, but it's no such thing. So I stretch my legs out in front of me, yogi's choice. We end in \u003cem>sukhasana\u003c/em> with our hands in prayer and say to each other \u003cem>namaste\u003c/em>, which is apparently Sanskrit for the godhead in me salutes the godhead in you, but which my brain hears as \u003cem>basta\u003c/em>, which is Italian for stop it, enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm OK with all this, even the pretend science which I'm free to ignore or better yet, to subject to my fellow \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/\">Last Word on Nothing \u003c/a>blogger Michelle Nijhuis' stellar \u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2015/01/01/holiday-redux-the-pocket-guide-to-bullshit-prevention/\">B******* Prevention Protocol \u003c/a>(BPP), which in these days of blatant disinformation if you haven't read, clipped out and taped to your computer screen, you may as well join an ant colony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some b.s. you don't need a protocol to detect, so I didn't even try to find out whether twisting my body wrings the toxins out of my internal organs or whether breathing through my left nostril stimulates my right brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's true that after yoga, climbing steps doesn't hurt, waiting for Greek carryout promised 15 minutes ago isn't irritating, and on the drive home my brain doesn't do anything except drive. Does yoga work? I'd answer this, but working through the full BPP takes time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I took three shortcuts. One, I searched for yoga and efficacy in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=yoga+efficacy\">PubMed,\u003c/a> the database of the National Library of Medicine, and skimmed the titles of review articles. No answer, or rather, too many answers: yoga for cancer, chronic low back pain, diabetes, cystitis, sleep disorders, hypertension, schizophrenia, depression, multiple sclerosis. And that was just on the first page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second shortcut was no better. I searched the website of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/search/?rpp=20&ft=1&term=yoga++\">National Academies Press\u003c/a>, which publishes independent scientific analyses for the government. Yoga showed up in studies on pain management, alternative medicine, improving bus operators' health and teens' sleep habits, obesity, fitness, Gulf War syndrome, astronaut care and PTSD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third shortcut was the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/about-us\">Cochrane Reviews\u003c/a>, independent reviews of medical information: \u003ca href=\"http://www.cochrane.org/search/site/yoga%20efficacy\">same thing\u003c/a> – yoga for asthma, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy. Bill Broad has probably answered all these questions in his book \u003cem>The Science of Yoga\u003c/em>, but I'm not going to read it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My rule for any one thing that affects so many different diseases and functions is that it affects none of them and completely fails the BPP. Or else it affects something huge and general like mood or immune function that in turn affects everything else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What with lots of kinds of yogas, lots of different diseases, lots of different kinds of studies and difficult-to-quantify entities like mood or immune function, I'm giving up. I haven't a clue whether yoga helps at all, let alone how. You're on your own here. For myself, I'll keep going, not because it's not b.s. but because I like occasionally painless stairs and quiet brains. Besides, I'm finally getting competent at the infant version of the sun salute and I've learned never to look at the other people in the class. But I have no plans to advance to Beginning Yoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ann Finkbeiner is a science writer whose books include\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/After-Death-Child-Living-through/dp/080185914X/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-2&keywords=finkbeiner\" target=\"_blank\">After the Death of a Child\u003c/a>\u003c/em> \u003cem>and\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Jasons-Secret-History-Sciences-Postwar/dp/0143038478/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1455812511&sr=1-5\" target=\"_blank\">The Jasons\u003c/a>. She is co-founder of the blog\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/\" target=\"_blank\">The Last Word on Nothing\u003c/a>, where this\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lastwordonnothing.com/2016/02/17/what-happened-next/\">essay \u003c/a>first appeared.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Skeptic+Fact-Checks+Yoga%27s+Health+Claims+And+Goes+With+The+Om&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/314582/a-skeptic-fact-checks-yogas-health-claims-and-goes-with-the-om",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_314582"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1160"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_314583",
"label": "futureofyou_1097"
},
"futureofyou_318247": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_318247",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "318247",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484578858000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 54
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484578858,
"format": "audio",
"disqusTitle": "How Music Helped Heal the Great Composers",
"title": "How Music Helped Heal the Great Composers",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Many famous composers may have fended off madness through music. Robert Schumann, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Ludwig van Beethoven all suffered from psychiatric illness, but they were also some of the most talented legends of all time. There is a long history of mental illness in poets, performers and artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I’m convinced that a modern day psychiatrist examining [Gershwin] would give him a diagnosis of conduct disorder and might diagnose him with ADHD.'\u003ccite>Dr. Richard Kogan, clinical psychiatrist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dr. Richard Kogan, a clinical psychiatrist at Weill Cornell Medical Center and a renowned concert pianist, has studied the biographies of many musicians to better understand how mental instability ignited creative genius, and how their passion healed internal chaos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kogan recently spoke at the \u003ca href=\"http://tedmed.com/\" target=\"_blank\">TEDMED\u003c/a> conference in Palm Springs. He opened his talk with the story of George Gershwin as an anxious young boy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lessons From 'Rhapsody in Blue'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“George Gershwin exhibited enormous behavioral problems,” explains Kogan. “He was involved in fistfights and he set fires. He had trouble in school. He was inattentive. He couldn't sit still in the classroom. I'm convinced that a modern day psychiatrist examining him would give him a diagnosis of conduct disorder and might diagnose him with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and might have started him on one of the psycho-stimulant medications like Adderall or Ritalin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gershwin was not medicated, because ADHD drugs didn't exist in the early years of the 20th century. Instead, according to Kogan, it was music that eventually taught him how to focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gershwin heard the sounds of a violin at the age of 10, his wild mind was utterly transfixed. On the spot, the young boy decided to devote his life to the study of music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Music provided a sense of order for Gershwin,” says Kogan. “Even though he retained the hyperactivity for the rest of his life, he no longer had impulse control problems or attention deficit problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gershwin listened to the world differently from most people. Many of his masterpieces were inspired by simple chaotic sounds. On a train ride from New York to Boston, the click-clack of the train along the tracks inspired the construction of \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" The sounds of Parisian taxi horns were foundational to the rhythm of \"American in Paris.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think his exposure to music unlocked something that none of his early school teachers or anybody in his family saw, which was that he had extraordinary creative potential,” says Kogan. “And music was the way it was expressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Roots of Music and Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22169917\" target=\"_blank\">Research\u003c/a> highlights how music used to play a much more integral role in healing. Kogan points back to the Greek god Apollo, who was recognized as both the deity of music and medicine. In primitive cultures, shamans served as both musician\u003cem> and\u003c/em> physician. During the Middle Ages, convents within the Catholic Church offered healing through music. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jun/25/chant-a-healing-art/\" target=\"_blank\">health benefits\u003c/a> of chanting in many cultures have been studied. But over time, the scientific approach to medicine has helped dissolve the relationship between music and healing. Kogan hopes that changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are researchers who are doing impressive work now in demonstrating scientifically exactly what music does,\" Kogan says about groundbreaking work in neuroscience. \"And I think when the results are in I predict there's going to be an explosion in the use of music as a modality of healing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Mania Ignites Inspiration \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are features of elevated moods associated with mental illness that are conducive to creativity. For example, when individuals with bipolar disorder are in a hypomanic state, they experience increased energy, playful imagination and a decreased need for sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kogan explains how music helped Beethoven fend off suicidal tendencies in the video below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/PDNhzfcNJqQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"st\">Frédéric François Chopin, the Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy, which caused dark hallucinations of phantoms and corpses. These images likely contributed to his famed funeral march, Piano Sonata No. 2. \u003c/span>Kogan shares Chopin's story in the video below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/3XmmXKqx-Sc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Kogan cautions against the tendency to over-romanticize psychiatric illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Individuals may be reluctant to comply with treatment recommendations because they don't want to give up the creative highs associated with their mania,” says Kogan. “Unfortunately, that mind state tends to be unstable and often rather destructive. Plus, most people who are depressed are too paralyzed to write a symphony. Most people who are psychotic are too disorganized to put together anything coherent. So I think the best clinicians appreciate the potential advantages of mental illness and try to work with it to ultimately enhance creativity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what many musical legends did without the use of pharmacology. For George Gershwin the creative realm not only provided relief, it made him better than well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "318247 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=318247",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/16/how-music-channeled-the-mad-genius-of-great-composers/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": true,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 824,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 24
},
"modified": 1484854682,
"excerpt": "A clinical psychiatrist has studied the biographies of many mentally unstable musical legends to better understand how music can help heal the mind. ",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A clinical psychiatrist has studied the biographies of many mentally unstable musical legends to better understand how music can help heal the mind. ",
"title": "How Music Helped Heal the Great Composers | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "How Music Helped Heal the Great Composers",
"datePublished": "2017-01-16T07:00:58-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-19T11:38:02-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "how-music-channeled-the-mad-genius-of-great-composers",
"status": "publish",
"customPermalink": "2017/01/16/How-Music-Helped-Heal-the-Great-Composers/",
"audioUrl": "http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/01/WEBMusicAsMedicineMcClurg170116.mp3",
"path": "/futureofyou/318247/how-music-channeled-the-mad-genius-of-great-composers",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many famous composers may have fended off madness through music. Robert Schumann, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Ludwig van Beethoven all suffered from psychiatric illness, but they were also some of the most talented legends of all time. There is a long history of mental illness in poets, performers and artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I’m convinced that a modern day psychiatrist examining [Gershwin] would give him a diagnosis of conduct disorder and might diagnose him with ADHD.'\u003ccite>Dr. Richard Kogan, clinical psychiatrist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Dr. Richard Kogan, a clinical psychiatrist at Weill Cornell Medical Center and a renowned concert pianist, has studied the biographies of many musicians to better understand how mental instability ignited creative genius, and how their passion healed internal chaos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kogan recently spoke at the \u003ca href=\"http://tedmed.com/\" target=\"_blank\">TEDMED\u003c/a> conference in Palm Springs. He opened his talk with the story of George Gershwin as an anxious young boy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lessons From 'Rhapsody in Blue'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“George Gershwin exhibited enormous behavioral problems,” explains Kogan. “He was involved in fistfights and he set fires. He had trouble in school. He was inattentive. He couldn't sit still in the classroom. I'm convinced that a modern day psychiatrist examining him would give him a diagnosis of conduct disorder and might diagnose him with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), and might have started him on one of the psycho-stimulant medications like Adderall or Ritalin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Gershwin was not medicated, because ADHD drugs didn't exist in the early years of the 20th century. Instead, according to Kogan, it was music that eventually taught him how to focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gershwin heard the sounds of a violin at the age of 10, his wild mind was utterly transfixed. On the spot, the young boy decided to devote his life to the study of music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Music provided a sense of order for Gershwin,” says Kogan. “Even though he retained the hyperactivity for the rest of his life, he no longer had impulse control problems or attention deficit problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gershwin listened to the world differently from most people. Many of his masterpieces were inspired by simple chaotic sounds. On a train ride from New York to Boston, the click-clack of the train along the tracks inspired the construction of \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" The sounds of Parisian taxi horns were foundational to the rhythm of \"American in Paris.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think his exposure to music unlocked something that none of his early school teachers or anybody in his family saw, which was that he had extraordinary creative potential,” says Kogan. “And music was the way it was expressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Roots of Music and Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22169917\" target=\"_blank\">Research\u003c/a> highlights how music used to play a much more integral role in healing. Kogan points back to the Greek god Apollo, who was recognized as both the deity of music and medicine. In primitive cultures, shamans served as both musician\u003cem> and\u003c/em> physician. During the Middle Ages, convents within the Catholic Church offered healing through music. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jun/25/chant-a-healing-art/\" target=\"_blank\">health benefits\u003c/a> of chanting in many cultures have been studied. But over time, the scientific approach to medicine has helped dissolve the relationship between music and healing. Kogan hopes that changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are researchers who are doing impressive work now in demonstrating scientifically exactly what music does,\" Kogan says about groundbreaking work in neuroscience. \"And I think when the results are in I predict there's going to be an explosion in the use of music as a modality of healing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Mania Ignites Inspiration \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are features of elevated moods associated with mental illness that are conducive to creativity. For example, when individuals with bipolar disorder are in a hypomanic state, they experience increased energy, playful imagination and a decreased need for sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kogan explains how music helped Beethoven fend off suicidal tendencies in the video below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/PDNhzfcNJqQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"st\">Frédéric François Chopin, the Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy, which caused dark hallucinations of phantoms and corpses. These images likely contributed to his famed funeral march, Piano Sonata No. 2. \u003c/span>Kogan shares Chopin's story in the video below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/3XmmXKqx-Sc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Kogan cautions against the tendency to over-romanticize psychiatric illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Individuals may be reluctant to comply with treatment recommendations because they don't want to give up the creative highs associated with their mania,” says Kogan. “Unfortunately, that mind state tends to be unstable and often rather destructive. Plus, most people who are depressed are too paralyzed to write a symphony. Most people who are psychotic are too disorganized to put together anything coherent. So I think the best clinicians appreciate the potential advantages of mental illness and try to work with it to ultimately enhance creativity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what many musical legends did without the use of pharmacology. For George Gershwin the creative realm not only provided relief, it made him better than well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/318247/how-music-channeled-the-mad-genius-of-great-composers",
"authors": [
"11229"
],
"programs": [
"futureofyou_54"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_161",
"futureofyou_1146",
"futureofyou_1162",
"futureofyou_656"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_318248",
"label": "futureofyou_54"
},
"futureofyou_319358": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_319358",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "319358",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484352760000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484352760,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Scientists Looked at 10,000 Studies on Marijuana. Here's What They Found",
"title": "Scientists Looked at 10,000 Studies on Marijuana. Here's What They Found",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>So far, more than half of all U.S. states have legalized marijuana for medical use, and eight (plus the District of Columbia) have legalized the drug for recreational use. Varieties of cannabis available today are more potent than ever and come in many forms, including oils and leaves that can be vaped, and lots of edibles, from brownies and cookies to candies — even \u003ca href=\"https://greenly.me/product/gummy-bears-250mg-los-angeles-marijuana-cannabis-greenly-delivery/\">cannabis gummy bears\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state\">report\u003c/a> published Thursday by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine analyzed more than 10,000 studies to see what could conclusively be said about the health effects of all this marijuana. And despite the drug's increasing popularity — a recent survey suggests about 22 million American adults have used the drug in the last month — \u003cem>conclusive\u003c/em> evidence about its positive and negative medical effects is hard to come by, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, that's at least partly because the federal drug enforcement agency's designation of the drug as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">Schedule I substance\u003c/a> — having \"no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse\" — entails so many restrictions that it has been difficult for researchers to do rigorous research on marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We just need \"far more information,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/marie-mccormick/\">Dr. Marie McCormick\u003c/a>, chair of the NAS committee and professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, tells Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the highlights of her committee's 337-page report on marijuana include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pain relief\u003c/strong> Regarding chronic pain, there's evidence that patients who are treated with cannabis or cannabinoids \"are more likely to experience a significant reduction in pain symptoms,\" the researchers say. More particularly, for adults with muscle spasms related to multiple sclerosis, there is \"substantial evidence,\" they say, that short-term use of certain oral cannabinoids can improve symptoms. And for adults with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, \"there is conclusive evidence\" that certain oral cannabinoids are effective in preventing and treating those ailments.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cancer \u003c/strong>There is no evidence that smoking marijuana increases the risk for cancers often associated with tobacco use, such as lung and head and neck cancers, the scientists report, adding that more research is needed to determine whether marijuana use is associated with heart attack and stroke. However, they say, \"some evidence suggests smoking marijuana may trigger a heart attack among individuals with diagnosed heart disease.\" There's also some evidence that smoking marijuana during pregnancy is linked to lower birth weight in the offspring.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Asthma and other chronic respiratory problems \u003c/strong>Evidence suggests that smoking marijuana on a regular basis is associated with more frequent chronic bronchitis and worse respiratory symptoms, such as chronic cough, the scientists say. But they add that it's unclear whether the drug increases the risk of developing asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mental health problems \u003c/strong>While the report notes some research suggesting that using marijuana might increase risk of developing schizophrenia or other social anxiety disorders, the committee of scientists cautions that there may be other explanations for that link; it could simply be, for example, that people with these mental health problems are more likely to smoke marijuana.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Injury or death \u003c/strong>In terms of risk to life and limb, the NAS committee found that driving under the influence of cannabis \"increases the risk of being involved in a motor vehicle accident.\" The report also cited evidence that increasing numbers of young children may be accidentally ingesting marijuana products now, particularly in states where cannabis use is legal.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Substance abuse disorders \u003c/strong>Some parents worry that their teens' use of cannabis can cause problems, and the report was mixed in its conclusions on that. The evidence that marijuana is a gateway drug to trying other drugs, including tobacco, \"is limited,\" the researchers say. But they found \"moderate evidence\" that there's a link between cannabis use and the development of substance dependence or abuse problems with alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. What's more, the evidence suggests that initiating marijuana use at a younger age, the researchers say, \"increases the likelihood of developing dependency, which can affect academic performance and social interactions.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is very sensitive to these kinds of substances,\" McCormick says. \"So they continue to use it — and may use it in increasing amounts — and are at risk for developing problematic cannabis use.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Altieri, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://norml.org/about\">National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\u003c/a>, says he thinks the legalization of marijuana by many states may actually reduce the problematic use of the drug by teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's because we are taking marijuana off of the street corner,\" he says, \"and out of the hands of drug dealers, who have nothing but incentive to sell to everyone and anyone.\" Legalizing the drug, he points out, puts it \"behind the counter of a regulated business that has to check for ID, answer to the government and has oversight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, states that have legalized recreational marijuana have not seen an increase in use among underage teens, Altieri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By legalizing it and normalizing it,\" he says, \"it's become just another everyday thing that adults partake in — it doesn't have that same draw to it that it used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, McCormick says, many health questions remain to be answered by better research. The increased legal availability of cannabis products in many states, and their increased potency, she says, make that rigorous research more important than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Marijuana%27s+Health+Effects%3F+Top+Scientists+Weigh+In&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "319358 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=319358",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/13/scientists-looked-at-10000-studies-on-marijuana-heres-what-they-found/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 920,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 15
},
"modified": 1484352760,
"excerpt": "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine sorted through 10,000 studies to determine the good and bad health effects of marijuana. Tight drug restrictions impede research, they say.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine sorted through 10,000 studies to determine the good and bad health effects of marijuana. Tight drug restrictions impede research, they say.",
"title": "Scientists Looked at 10,000 Studies on Marijuana. Here's What They Found | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Scientists Looked at 10,000 Studies on Marijuana. Here's What They Found",
"datePublished": "2017-01-13T16:12:40-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-13T16:12:40-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "scientists-looked-at-10000-studies-on-marijuana-heres-what-they-found",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=509488977&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Patti Neighmond\u003cbr/>NPR Shots",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 12 Jan 2017 17:50:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 12 Jan 2017 19:40:00 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/12/509488977/marijuanas-health-effects-scientists-weigh-in?ft=nprml&f=509488977",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/01/20170112_atc_cannabis_health_effects.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=228&p=2&story=509488977&t=progseg&e=509445863&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=509488977",
"nprImageAgency": "AFP/Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Frederic J. Brown",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1509542881-b7800c.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=228&p=2&story=509488977&t=progseg&e=509445863&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=509488977",
"nprStoryId": "509488977",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 12 Jan 2017 19:40:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/319358/scientists-looked-at-10000-studies-on-marijuana-heres-what-they-found",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2017/01/20170112_atc_cannabis_health_effects.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=228&p=2&story=509488977&t=progseg&e=509445863&seg=8&ft=nprml&f=509488977",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>So far, more than half of all U.S. states have legalized marijuana for medical use, and eight (plus the District of Columbia) have legalized the drug for recreational use. Varieties of cannabis available today are more potent than ever and come in many forms, including oils and leaves that can be vaped, and lots of edibles, from brownies and cookies to candies — even \u003ca href=\"https://greenly.me/product/gummy-bears-250mg-los-angeles-marijuana-cannabis-greenly-delivery/\">cannabis gummy bears\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state\">report\u003c/a> published Thursday by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine analyzed more than 10,000 studies to see what could conclusively be said about the health effects of all this marijuana. And despite the drug's increasing popularity — a recent survey suggests about 22 million American adults have used the drug in the last month — \u003cem>conclusive\u003c/em> evidence about its positive and negative medical effects is hard to come by, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, that's at least partly because the federal drug enforcement agency's designation of the drug as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml\">Schedule I substance\u003c/a> — having \"no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse\" — entails so many restrictions that it has been difficult for researchers to do rigorous research on marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We just need \"far more information,\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/marie-mccormick/\">Dr. Marie McCormick\u003c/a>, chair of the NAS committee and professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, tells Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the highlights of her committee's 337-page report on marijuana include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Medical Benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Pain relief\u003c/strong> Regarding chronic pain, there's evidence that patients who are treated with cannabis or cannabinoids \"are more likely to experience a significant reduction in pain symptoms,\" the researchers say. More particularly, for adults with muscle spasms related to multiple sclerosis, there is \"substantial evidence,\" they say, that short-term use of certain oral cannabinoids can improve symptoms. And for adults with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, \"there is conclusive evidence\" that certain oral cannabinoids are effective in preventing and treating those ailments.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Cancer \u003c/strong>There is no evidence that smoking marijuana increases the risk for cancers often associated with tobacco use, such as lung and head and neck cancers, the scientists report, adding that more research is needed to determine whether marijuana use is associated with heart attack and stroke. However, they say, \"some evidence suggests smoking marijuana may trigger a heart attack among individuals with diagnosed heart disease.\" There's also some evidence that smoking marijuana during pregnancy is linked to lower birth weight in the offspring.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Asthma and other chronic respiratory problems \u003c/strong>Evidence suggests that smoking marijuana on a regular basis is associated with more frequent chronic bronchitis and worse respiratory symptoms, such as chronic cough, the scientists say. But they add that it's unclear whether the drug increases the risk of developing asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Mental health problems \u003c/strong>While the report notes some research suggesting that using marijuana might increase risk of developing schizophrenia or other social anxiety disorders, the committee of scientists cautions that there may be other explanations for that link; it could simply be, for example, that people with these mental health problems are more likely to smoke marijuana.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Injury or death \u003c/strong>In terms of risk to life and limb, the NAS committee found that driving under the influence of cannabis \"increases the risk of being involved in a motor vehicle accident.\" The report also cited evidence that increasing numbers of young children may be accidentally ingesting marijuana products now, particularly in states where cannabis use is legal.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Substance abuse disorders \u003c/strong>Some parents worry that their teens' use of cannabis can cause problems, and the report was mixed in its conclusions on that. The evidence that marijuana is a gateway drug to trying other drugs, including tobacco, \"is limited,\" the researchers say. But they found \"moderate evidence\" that there's a link between cannabis use and the development of substance dependence or abuse problems with alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. What's more, the evidence suggests that initiating marijuana use at a younger age, the researchers say, \"increases the likelihood of developing dependency, which can affect academic performance and social interactions.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"The adolescent brain is very sensitive to these kinds of substances,\" McCormick says. \"So they continue to use it — and may use it in increasing amounts — and are at risk for developing problematic cannabis use.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Altieri, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://norml.org/about\">National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws\u003c/a>, says he thinks the legalization of marijuana by many states may actually reduce the problematic use of the drug by teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's because we are taking marijuana off of the street corner,\" he says, \"and out of the hands of drug dealers, who have nothing but incentive to sell to everyone and anyone.\" Legalizing the drug, he points out, puts it \"behind the counter of a regulated business that has to check for ID, answer to the government and has oversight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, states that have legalized recreational marijuana have not seen an increase in use among underage teens, Altieri says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By legalizing it and normalizing it,\" he says, \"it's become just another everyday thing that adults partake in — it doesn't have that same draw to it that it used to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, McCormick says, many health questions remain to be answered by better research. The increased legal availability of cannabis products in many states, and their increased potency, she says, make that rigorous research more important than ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Marijuana%27s+Health+Effects%3F+Top+Scientists+Weigh+In&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/319358/scientists-looked-at-10000-studies-on-marijuana-heres-what-they-found",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_319358"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1041"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_319359",
"label": "futureofyou"
},
"futureofyou_318702": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_318702",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "318702",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484341078000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484341078,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Electronic Health Records May Help Customize Medical Treatments",
"title": "Electronic Health Records May Help Customize Medical Treatments",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Chances are your doctor has stopped taking notes with pen and paper and moved to computer records. That is supposed to help coordinate your care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, researchers are also exploring these computerized records for medical studies and gleaning facts that help individual patients get better care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computerized medical records are hardly new. Pioneers at one of the nation's first HMOs, Kaiser Permanente, were using electronic medical records \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2006/summer/4371-the-delivery-of-medical-care.html\">as far back as the 1970s\u003c/a> and saw them as a big part of the future of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The part of it that they didn't envision that we're envisioning now, is how proactive a role \u003cem>patients\u003c/em> would be taking,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/Tracy_Lieu/\">Dr. Tracy Lieu\u003c/a>, who heads Kaiser's research division in Oakland, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical records don't simply store facts about an individual's health. There's a big potential for a database of medical records to be mined to help shape an individual's treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Patients are always saying, don't just give me the averages, tell me what happened to others who look like me and made the same treatment decisions I did,\" Lieu says. \"And tell me not only did they live or die, but tell me what their quality of life was about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Patients are always saying, don't just give me the averages, tell me what happened to others who look like me and made the same treatment decisions I did. And tell me not only did they live or die, but tell me what their quality of life was about.'\u003ccite>Dr. Tracy Lieu, Kaiser Permanente research division\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kaiser hasn't put this concept into action, but it's working toward it. Lieu has a prototype of how it could work. She scoots up to a keyboard in her office and types in \"pancreatic cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That search function pulls up data from Kaiser's long history of treating this disease. She can narrow that search by cancer type, stage, patient's age and treatment options, to look at trends and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The records also include information about patients' feelings and emotional states based on a nine-question survey that patients routinely fill out. (Individuals are not identified in the database.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That provides a hint about how a person felt before, during and after cancer treatment. But it's not as complete a picture as patients might want as they weigh their options about treatment choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, getting that level of detail could be a challenge, because it requires much more data than doctors currently collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're a patient and someone says, 'Gee, we'd like you to fill out this 30-item survey on a routine basis,' you're going to say 'Why?' \" she says. \"'What will this get me? How will this help my care?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet that information could be incredibly useful to other patients contemplating treatment decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another piece missing from the Kaiser records is genetic information about patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.geisinger.org/\">Geisinger Health System\u003c/a> in Pennsylvania is making strides. It has sunk a lot of money and effort into adding gene scans to electronic medical records. It already has scans for 50,000 patients in its system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. David Ledbetter, the chief scientific officer, says that number is growing fast, toward a goal of more than 125,000 patients — and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though this is primarily a research project, we're identifying genomic variants that are actually important to people's health and health care today,\" \u003ca href=\"https://webapps.geisinger.org/articles/articles/DavidLedbetterPhDnamedEV4355.html\">Ledbetter\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geisinger patient Jody Christ volunteered to get the genetic screen during one of her routine medical visits. Her doctor had been concerned about her high cholesterol and told her to work on getting in shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I started to ride a bike and 10 minutes in, I would start to get a sensation down my left arm,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made the 61-year-old from Elysburg, Pa., uneasy, so she stopped exercising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last February she got a call from the program that had run the genetic testing. They told her she had inherited a genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000392.htm\">familial hypercholesterolemia\u003c/a>, and that was why she had persistently high cholesterol levels. The disorder makes the body unable to remove cholesterol from the blood, making patients more vulnerable to narrowing of the arteries at an early age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That genetic diagnosis led to a series of clinical tests through the spring. Toward the end of April, Christ took a stress test, which suggested serious heart trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days later, her heart vessels were scanned in the cardiac catheterization lab, \"and by May 5th I was having triple bypass surgery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She feels much better today and is grateful that she had volunteered for the genetic test that revealed this serious problem. \"I feel they saved my life,\" Christ says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic testing like this (known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nisc.nih.gov/docs/FAQ_whole_exome.pdf\">exome sequencing\u003c/a>) is not routine because the tests typically cost a few thousand dollars. But Ledbetter says the prices are falling fast, and this year could even be in the $300 range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we think as the cost comes down it will be possible to sequence all the genes of individual patients, store that information in the electronic medical record, and it will guide and individualize and optimize patient care,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors don't know how to interpret most of the genetic results. But there are a few genetic variations, like Christ's cholesterol marker, that are clear indications of serious health problems. Ledbetter said easy-to-interpret variants like that have shown up in 3.5 percent of the patients\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6319/aaf6814\"> they studied\u003c/a> recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the test doesn't provide actionable information for the vast majority of the people who get it. But \"that 3.5 percent is going to grow,\" Ledbetter says, as scientists learn to identify more genes that are associated with disease, and scientists identify more of those genes in their population. \"I don't know what the final number will be, but it will be in the 5 to 10 percent range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, he says, is that it will help reveal the biology of more common forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and possibly more complex diseases like obesity and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geisinger's experiment, done in partnership with a company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.regeneron.com/genetics-center\">Regeneron\u003c/a>, which funds and performs the gene scans, is an important foray into the new world where genetic data merge with electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The scientific community has been waiting to see what would happen here,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/intmed/people/harlan_krumholz.profile\">Dr. Harlan Krumholz\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at Yale University who researches cardiology and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's excited at the prospect of being able to look at physical symptoms in medical records and then look for genetic variations that could be responsible, but he says that the system is so far not at all robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The quality of data [collected in medical records] is not necessarily research quality,\" Krumholz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of something as basic as the language in these medical records. The word \"shock\" in a medical record could mean different things to different people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I think it would be unfortunate if people felt that all of a sudden we had this remarkable treasure trove. There's a long way to go to move from where we are now to where we need to be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is planning to recruit a million volunteers to expand this approach to research in its Precision Medicine Initiative, which has been rebranded as the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/research-training/allofus-research-program\">All of Us\u003c/a>\" research program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Veterans Affairs started a \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">similar effort\u003c/a> in 2012. Scientists there have gathered a huge amount of data, which they are \u003ca href=\"http://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(15)00444-8/abstract\">now starting to explore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But medicine is not yet at home in the world of big data, Krumholz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Medicine's got to catch up, and medicine's got to understand how best to take advantage of all the information that's been generated every day,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early experiences, at Kaiser, Geisinger and elsewhere, are helping find the path forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Electronic+Health+Records+May+Help+Customize+Medical+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "318702 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=318702",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/13/electronic-health-records-may-help-customize-medical-treatments/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1347,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 42
},
"modified": 1484321730,
"excerpt": "Most people's doctors put their health information in an electronic health record. Scientists are mining those records for clues to what treatments work best for individuals.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Most people's doctors put their health information in an electronic health record. Scientists are mining those records for clues to what treatments work best for individuals.",
"title": "Electronic Health Records May Help Customize Medical Treatments | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Electronic Health Records May Help Customize Medical Treatments",
"datePublished": "2017-01-13T12:57:58-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-13T07:35:30-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "electronic-health-records-may-help-customize-medical-treatments",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=508241690&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Richard Harris\u003c/br>NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 09 Jan 2017 04:59:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 10 Jan 2017 16:44:30 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/09/508241690/electronic-health-records-may-help-customize-medical-treatments?ft=nprml&f=508241690",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/01/20170109_me_electronic_health_records_may_help_customize_medical_treatments.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=389&p=3&story=508241690&t=progseg&e=508902772&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=508241690",
"nprImageAgency": "Maria Fabrizio for NPR",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1508902980-751a81.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=389&p=3&story=508241690&t=progseg&e=508902772&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=508241690",
"nprStoryId": "508241690",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 10 Jan 2017 16:44:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/318702/electronic-health-records-may-help-customize-medical-treatments",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/01/20170109_me_electronic_health_records_may_help_customize_medical_treatments.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=389&p=3&story=508241690&t=progseg&e=508902772&seg=3&ft=nprml&f=508241690",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chances are your doctor has stopped taking notes with pen and paper and moved to computer records. That is supposed to help coordinate your care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, researchers are also exploring these computerized records for medical studies and gleaning facts that help individual patients get better care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Computerized medical records are hardly new. Pioneers at one of the nation's first HMOs, Kaiser Permanente, were using electronic medical records \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues/2006/summer/4371-the-delivery-of-medical-care.html\">as far back as the 1970s\u003c/a> and saw them as a big part of the future of medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The part of it that they didn't envision that we're envisioning now, is how proactive a role \u003cem>patients\u003c/em> would be taking,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/Tracy_Lieu/\">Dr. Tracy Lieu\u003c/a>, who heads Kaiser's research division in Oakland, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical records don't simply store facts about an individual's health. There's a big potential for a database of medical records to be mined to help shape an individual's treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Patients are always saying, don't just give me the averages, tell me what happened to others who look like me and made the same treatment decisions I did,\" Lieu says. \"And tell me not only did they live or die, but tell me what their quality of life was about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Patients are always saying, don't just give me the averages, tell me what happened to others who look like me and made the same treatment decisions I did. And tell me not only did they live or die, but tell me what their quality of life was about.'\u003ccite>Dr. Tracy Lieu, Kaiser Permanente research division\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Kaiser hasn't put this concept into action, but it's working toward it. Lieu has a prototype of how it could work. She scoots up to a keyboard in her office and types in \"pancreatic cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That search function pulls up data from Kaiser's long history of treating this disease. She can narrow that search by cancer type, stage, patient's age and treatment options, to look at trends and outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The records also include information about patients' feelings and emotional states based on a nine-question survey that patients routinely fill out. (Individuals are not identified in the database.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That provides a hint about how a person felt before, during and after cancer treatment. But it's not as complete a picture as patients might want as they weigh their options about treatment choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, getting that level of detail could be a challenge, because it requires much more data than doctors currently collect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're a patient and someone says, 'Gee, we'd like you to fill out this 30-item survey on a routine basis,' you're going to say 'Why?' \" she says. \"'What will this get me? How will this help my care?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet that information could be incredibly useful to other patients contemplating treatment decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another piece missing from the Kaiser records is genetic information about patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.geisinger.org/\">Geisinger Health System\u003c/a> in Pennsylvania is making strides. It has sunk a lot of money and effort into adding gene scans to electronic medical records. It already has scans for 50,000 patients in its system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. David Ledbetter, the chief scientific officer, says that number is growing fast, toward a goal of more than 125,000 patients — and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even though this is primarily a research project, we're identifying genomic variants that are actually important to people's health and health care today,\" \u003ca href=\"https://webapps.geisinger.org/articles/articles/DavidLedbetterPhDnamedEV4355.html\">Ledbetter\u003c/a> says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geisinger patient Jody Christ volunteered to get the genetic screen during one of her routine medical visits. Her doctor had been concerned about her high cholesterol and told her to work on getting in shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I started to ride a bike and 10 minutes in, I would start to get a sensation down my left arm,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That made the 61-year-old from Elysburg, Pa., uneasy, so she stopped exercising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But last February she got a call from the program that had run the genetic testing. They told her she had inherited a genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000392.htm\">familial hypercholesterolemia\u003c/a>, and that was why she had persistently high cholesterol levels. The disorder makes the body unable to remove cholesterol from the blood, making patients more vulnerable to narrowing of the arteries at an early age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That genetic diagnosis led to a series of clinical tests through the spring. Toward the end of April, Christ took a stress test, which suggested serious heart trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few days later, her heart vessels were scanned in the cardiac catheterization lab, \"and by May 5th I was having triple bypass surgery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She feels much better today and is grateful that she had volunteered for the genetic test that revealed this serious problem. \"I feel they saved my life,\" Christ says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic testing like this (known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nisc.nih.gov/docs/FAQ_whole_exome.pdf\">exome sequencing\u003c/a>) is not routine because the tests typically cost a few thousand dollars. But Ledbetter says the prices are falling fast, and this year could even be in the $300 range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So we think as the cost comes down it will be possible to sequence all the genes of individual patients, store that information in the electronic medical record, and it will guide and individualize and optimize patient care,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors don't know how to interpret most of the genetic results. But there are a few genetic variations, like Christ's cholesterol marker, that are clear indications of serious health problems. Ledbetter said easy-to-interpret variants like that have shown up in 3.5 percent of the patients\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6319/aaf6814\"> they studied\u003c/a> recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means the test doesn't provide actionable information for the vast majority of the people who get it. But \"that 3.5 percent is going to grow,\" Ledbetter says, as scientists learn to identify more genes that are associated with disease, and scientists identify more of those genes in their population. \"I don't know what the final number will be, but it will be in the 5 to 10 percent range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, he says, is that it will help reveal the biology of more common forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, and possibly more complex diseases like obesity and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geisinger's experiment, done in partnership with a company called \u003ca href=\"https://www.regeneron.com/genetics-center\">Regeneron\u003c/a>, which funds and performs the gene scans, is an important foray into the new world where genetic data merge with electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The scientific community has been waiting to see what would happen here,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/intmed/people/harlan_krumholz.profile\">Dr. Harlan Krumholz\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at Yale University who researches cardiology and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's excited at the prospect of being able to look at physical symptoms in medical records and then look for genetic variations that could be responsible, but he says that the system is so far not at all robust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The quality of data [collected in medical records] is not necessarily research quality,\" Krumholz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of something as basic as the language in these medical records. The word \"shock\" in a medical record could mean different things to different people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I think it would be unfortunate if people felt that all of a sudden we had this remarkable treasure trove. There's a long way to go to move from where we are now to where we need to be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is planning to recruit a million volunteers to expand this approach to research in its Precision Medicine Initiative, which has been rebranded as the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.nih.gov/research-training/allofus-research-program\">All of Us\u003c/a>\" research program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Veterans Affairs started a \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">similar effort\u003c/a> in 2012. Scientists there have gathered a huge amount of data, which they are \u003ca href=\"http://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(15)00444-8/abstract\">now starting to explore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But medicine is not yet at home in the world of big data, Krumholz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Medicine's got to catch up, and medicine's got to understand how best to take advantage of all the information that's been generated every day,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early experiences, at Kaiser, Geisinger and elsewhere, are helping find the path forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Electronic+Health+Records+May+Help+Customize+Medical+Treatments&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/318702/electronic-health-records-may-help-customize-medical-treatments",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_318702"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_794",
"futureofyou_268"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_318703",
"label": "futureofyou"
},
"futureofyou_318708": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_318708",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "318708",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484321634000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484321634,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Kid's Toy Inspires Low-Cost Lab Test for Diagnosing Malaria",
"title": "Kid's Toy Inspires Low-Cost Lab Test for Diagnosing Malaria",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have found the inspiration for a lifesaving tool in an unusual place — a children's toy. The invention may soon help health care workers diagnose malaria in places where standard laboratory equipment is hard to find. Diagnosing malaria in the field isn't all that difficult, but you need a device called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-centrifuge.htm\">centrifuge\u003c/a> that can spin a blood sample very quickly, causing different types of cells in blood to separate from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Diagnosing malaria in the field isn't all that difficult, but you need a device called a centrifuge that can spin a blood sample very quickly. They're expensive.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most centrifuges are bulky, require electricity and are expensive. Because of that, many field hospitals in developing nations don't have easy access to the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/manu-prakash\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a>, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University who developed the new tool, saw the need firsthand during a trip to Uganda. \"We were out in a primary health center talking to health care workers and we found a centrifuge used as a doorstop because there's no electricity.\" The workers said that they really needed a powerful centrifuge that they could use anywhere. And it needed to be cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he got back to California, Prakash began experimenting with all kinds of things that spin, including toys. Toys might seem like a strange place to start, but Prakash didn't think so. Who doesn't love toys? And, he explains, \"Toys hide in them pretty profound physical phenomena that we just take for granted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started to experiment with yo-yos. But the yo-yos didn't spin fast enough to work as a centrifuge. Then they stumbled upon the children's toy known as the whirligig, or buzzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toy is made of a disc that spins when a person pulls on strings that pass through the center. And it spins much faster than a yo-yo. The scientists clocked their version at 125,000 revolutions per minute. According to the authors, that's the fastest rotational speed reported for a human-powered device. By comparison, the internal combustion engine of a Formula One race car rotates at about 15,000 rpm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the paperfuge was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paperfuge is made out of paper coated in a polymer film that makes it extra strong, string and PVC pipe or wood. Blood samples are attached to the center disc and pulling the strings causes the cells to separate, just like in the more expensive electrical centrifuge. The samples can then be processed and tested for parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prove that the paperfuge could work in the field, the researches took a prototype to Madagascar for a test run. It worked as advertised, allowing local health care workers to spin blood and test for parasites. Prakash and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41551-016-0009\">reported\u003c/a> their results Tuesday in \u003cem>Nature Biomedical Engineering\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first time that Prakash has invented a low-cost tool for use in resource-poor areas. A few years ago, his group also invented a $1 paper microscope called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/03/345521442/a-1-microscope-folds-up-from-paper-and-a-lens-of-glue\">Foldscope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paperfuge is inexpensive, costing just 20 cents apiece to make. They can be made by hand or by machine, and the spinning disc can be made of paper or plastic. Using a desktop 3-D printer, the study authors printed over 100 paperfuges in one day. That means if the paperfuge catches on, it could be relatively easy to make and distribute to resource-poor areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that Prakash's group has shown that it's effective in identifying malaria, they are working on developing different variations of the paperfuge that could help diagnose other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Children%27s+Whirligig+Toy+Inspires+a+Low-Cost+Laboratory+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "318708 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=318708",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/13/kids-toy-inspires-low-cost-lab-test-for-diagnosing-malaria/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 625,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 14
},
"modified": 1484321634,
"excerpt": "A paper version of a spinning children's toy can replace laboratory centrifuges to process blood tests. The \"paperfuge\" may help diagnose malaria and other diseases.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A paper version of a spinning children's toy can replace laboratory centrifuges to process blood tests. The "paperfuge" may help diagnose malaria and other diseases.",
"title": "Kid's Toy Inspires Low-Cost Lab Test for Diagnosing Malaria | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Kid's Toy Inspires Low-Cost Lab Test for Diagnosing Malaria",
"datePublished": "2017-01-13T07:33:54-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-13T07:33:54-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "kids-toy-inspires-low-cost-lab-test-for-diagnosing-malaria",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=508415046&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Madeline K. Sofia\u003c/br>NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Tue, 10 Jan 2017 12:37:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 10 Jan 2017 16:01:26 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/10/508415046/childrens-whirligig-toy-inspires-a-low-cost-laboratory-test?ft=nprml&f=508415046",
"nprImageAgency": "Stanford University ",
"nprImageCredit": "Kurt Hickman ",
"nprStoryId": "508415046",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 10 Jan 2017 16:01:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/318708/kids-toy-inspires-low-cost-lab-test-for-diagnosing-malaria",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have found the inspiration for a lifesaving tool in an unusual place — a children's toy. The invention may soon help health care workers diagnose malaria in places where standard laboratory equipment is hard to find. Diagnosing malaria in the field isn't all that difficult, but you need a device called a \u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-centrifuge.htm\">centrifuge\u003c/a> that can spin a blood sample very quickly, causing different types of cells in blood to separate from each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Diagnosing malaria in the field isn't all that difficult, but you need a device called a centrifuge that can spin a blood sample very quickly. They're expensive.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Most centrifuges are bulky, require electricity and are expensive. Because of that, many field hospitals in developing nations don't have easy access to the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/manu-prakash\">Manu Prakash\u003c/a>, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University who developed the new tool, saw the need firsthand during a trip to Uganda. \"We were out in a primary health center talking to health care workers and we found a centrifuge used as a doorstop because there's no electricity.\" The workers said that they really needed a powerful centrifuge that they could use anywhere. And it needed to be cheap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he got back to California, Prakash began experimenting with all kinds of things that spin, including toys. Toys might seem like a strange place to start, but Prakash didn't think so. Who doesn't love toys? And, he explains, \"Toys hide in them pretty profound physical phenomena that we just take for granted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started to experiment with yo-yos. But the yo-yos didn't spin fast enough to work as a centrifuge. Then they stumbled upon the children's toy known as the whirligig, or buzzer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The toy is made of a disc that spins when a person pulls on strings that pass through the center. And it spins much faster than a yo-yo. The scientists clocked their version at 125,000 revolutions per minute. According to the authors, that's the fastest rotational speed reported for a human-powered device. By comparison, the internal combustion engine of a Formula One race car rotates at about 15,000 rpm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the paperfuge was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paperfuge is made out of paper coated in a polymer film that makes it extra strong, string and PVC pipe or wood. Blood samples are attached to the center disc and pulling the strings causes the cells to separate, just like in the more expensive electrical centrifuge. The samples can then be processed and tested for parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prove that the paperfuge could work in the field, the researches took a prototype to Madagascar for a test run. It worked as advertised, allowing local health care workers to spin blood and test for parasites. Prakash and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41551-016-0009\">reported\u003c/a> their results Tuesday in \u003cem>Nature Biomedical Engineering\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first time that Prakash has invented a low-cost tool for use in resource-poor areas. A few years ago, his group also invented a $1 paper microscope called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2014/09/03/345521442/a-1-microscope-folds-up-from-paper-and-a-lens-of-glue\">Foldscope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paperfuge is inexpensive, costing just 20 cents apiece to make. They can be made by hand or by machine, and the spinning disc can be made of paper or plastic. Using a desktop 3-D printer, the study authors printed over 100 paperfuges in one day. That means if the paperfuge catches on, it could be relatively easy to make and distribute to resource-poor areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that Prakash's group has shown that it's effective in identifying malaria, they are working on developing different variations of the paperfuge that could help diagnose other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Children%27s+Whirligig+Toy+Inspires+a+Low-Cost+Laboratory+Test&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/318708/kids-toy-inspires-low-cost-lab-test-for-diagnosing-malaria",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_318708"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_164",
"futureofyou_400"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_318709",
"label": "futureofyou"
},
"arts_12232234": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "arts_12232234",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "12232234",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1477407657000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "david-byrnes-theatrical-thought-experiment-in-silicon-valley",
"title": "David Byrne's Theatrical Thought Experiment in Silicon Valley",
"publishDate": 1477407657,
"format": "standard",
"headTitle": "David Byrne’s Theatrical Thought Experiment in Silicon Valley | KQED",
"labelTerm": {
"term": 140,
"site": "arts"
},
"content": "\u003cp>The first room is entirely white, including white floors so glossy you feel you should take your shoes off. A semicircle of white leather lounge chairs surrounds a stage screened off with a see-through white curtain. My first reaction? It looks like a nail salon run by Barbarella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s it. Yes, yes!” laughs \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidbyrne.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Byrne\u003c/a>, my tour guide through this surreal space. Then he adds, “We don’t do nails. You get embodied in the body of a doll in this room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Byrne — yes, of Talking Heads fame and many other creative achievements — is walking me through his latest project, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-institute-presents-neurosociety-tickets-27792285474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Institute Presents: Neurosociety\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>It’s an immersive, participatory theater performance at Pace Art + Technology in Menlo Park, one of three Silicon Valley-based art spaces occupied by the New York-based Pace art gallery chain. The multi-room installation makes you, the visitor, a participant in a series of “scientific experiments” focused on how the human brain perceives what it senses, comes to conclusions, and then acts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/302366505″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘What you see might not actually be what’s out there’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the room we’re standing in, the doll is topped by two cameras instead of a head. When you don a virtual reality headset, you can see what the doll sees. This has the effect of fooling your brain into adopting the doll’s perspective. The idea for this trick comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehrssonlab.se/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Group Ehrsson\u003c/a>, a neuroscience research firm based in Sweden, which did the very same thing in a lab much less sexy than this space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12236391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12236391\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Based on research from the Ehrsson Lab in Sweden, this set up has visitors don virtual reality headsets to test the way their brains' body awareness can be manipulated.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Based on research from the Ehrsson lab in Sweden, this set up has visitors don virtual reality headsets to test the way their brains’ body awareness can be manipulated. \u003ccite>(Photo: Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Byrne is an avid fan of science. “I’d read about certain experiments that labs had done, and my immediate thought was ‘I want to do that,'” he says. “I want to be the subject. I want to see what that’s like.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with his friend, technology investor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Mala Gaonkar, Byrne visited 35 research labs around the world to hear about the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience. Their conversations ranged from how your brain figures out where it is in space, to more complicated questions about how your sense of affinity with other human beings affects your moral judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you see might not actually be what’s out there,” says Gaonkar. “And what you feel, including your deepest sense of identity, might not actually be what’s out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12236393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12236393\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Perhaps the most disturbed experiment happens in a room set up like a TV game show.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perhaps the most disturbed experiment happens in a room set up like a TV game show. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of Kenny Komer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Neural Science Professor Paul Glimcher leads the \u003ca href=\"http://kavlihumanproject.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kavli HUMAN Project\u003c/a> at New York University, an interdisciplinary research group focused on decision-making in humans from a public policy perspective. He was among the scientists interviewed by Byrne and Gaonkar as they sought to educate themselves about cognitive neuroscience for their art project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David and Mala have designed a set of experiences that really lay bare the nature of our human experiences in areas ranging from perception to decision-making,” Glimcher says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What if you were a drone pilot?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In another part of the installation, Byrne and Gaonkar have visitors watch a scene from the movie \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBCeP_i9BxI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Eye in the Sky\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. In it, military commanders tell a drone pilot there are terrorists in a particular house, plotting a suicide bombing. He must blow the building up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are cleared to engage, lieutenant,” says Colonel Katherine Powell, played by British actor Helen Mirren. But outside, there appears to be an innocent civilian, a woman preparing to sell bread. The drone pilot hesitates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those men are about to disperse. Engage now!” Colonel Powell barks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a disturbing scene, and Byrne and Gaonkar want you to imagine yourself as that drone pilot, making that awful, split-second decision of life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also want to play with the nature of the moral dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12250032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12250032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"David Byrne (of Talking Heads fame) seeks to spark a discussion about our cognitive biases - without being preachy about it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Byrne (of Talking Heads fame) seeks to spark a discussion about our cognitive biases – without being preachy about it. \u003ccite>(Photo: Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We start bringing it closer and closer and closer,” explains Byrne. Finally, the scene morphs so that we see a kid selling lemonade in front of a house on University Avenue in Palo Alto, instead of the bread seller in some far-off country. What fascinates Byrne is that people will change their response as to whether they’d blow up the building, and then retroactively search for justifications to explain why.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Had this been a real science experiment…\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While the “experiments” at Pace draw on real research, this is theater, first and foremost. The situations don’t attach in lock step to specific studies Byrne and Gaonkar explored. Rather, the pair used their explorations to come up with something that evokes the same sense of wonder and surprise you might have as a study subject in an actual science lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of their visit, visitors will get the results of these experiments, and the information will be shared with participating labs — though the labs have no plans to use the data. “This is really about sparking a discussion, as opposed to hardcore science,” Goankar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12236394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12236394\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt='David Byrne and Mala Gaonkar in the TV game show room. Byrne says the process of participating in these quasi-scientific studies \"really does change how you think about things. How you think about what we are and how we react and how make decisions and how we are in the world.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Byrne and Mala Gaonkar in the TV game show room. Byrne says the process of participating in these quasi-scientific studies “really does change how you think about things. How you think about what we are and how we react and how make decisions and how we are in the world.” \u003ccite>(Photo: Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Byrne is convinced the installation will be transformative. “It really does change how you think about things, how you think about what we are and how we react and how make decisions and how we are in the world,” Byrne says. “It’s a bit pretentious to imagine that’s going to happen for everybody who goes through this, but it certainly happened to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"Q.Logo.Break\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘The Institute Presents: Neurosociety’ continues through March 31, 2017, at Pace Art+Technology in Menlo Park. See \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-institute-presents-neurosociety-tickets-27792285474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here \u003c/a>for tickets and more information.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "The Talking Heads frontman develops immersive theater at Pace Menlo Park to make cognitive science come alive for civilians.",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1726771028,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 23,
"wordCount": 1169
},
"headData": {
"title": "David Byrne's Theatrical Thought Experiment in Silicon Valley | KQED",
"description": "The Talking Heads frontman develops immersive theater at Pace Menlo Park to make cognitive science come alive for civilians.",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "David Byrne's Theatrical Thought Experiment in Silicon Valley",
"datePublished": "2016-10-25T08:00:57-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-09-19T11:37:08-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"sticky": false,
"path": "/arts/12232234/david-byrnes-theatrical-thought-experiment-in-silicon-valley",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first room is entirely white, including white floors so glossy you feel you should take your shoes off. A semicircle of white leather lounge chairs surrounds a stage screened off with a see-through white curtain. My first reaction? It looks like a nail salon run by Barbarella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s it. Yes, yes!” laughs \u003ca href=\"http://www.davidbyrne.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Byrne\u003c/a>, my tour guide through this surreal space. Then he adds, “We don’t do nails. You get embodied in the body of a doll in this room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Byrne — yes, of Talking Heads fame and many other creative achievements — is walking me through his latest project, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-institute-presents-neurosociety-tickets-27792285474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Institute Presents: Neurosociety\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>It’s an immersive, participatory theater performance at Pace Art + Technology in Menlo Park, one of three Silicon Valley-based art spaces occupied by the New York-based Pace art gallery chain. The multi-room installation makes you, the visitor, a participant in a series of “scientific experiments” focused on how the human brain perceives what it senses, comes to conclusions, and then acts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/302366505″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/302366505″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘What you see might not actually be what’s out there’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the room we’re standing in, the doll is topped by two cameras instead of a head. When you don a virtual reality headset, you can see what the doll sees. This has the effect of fooling your brain into adopting the doll’s perspective. The idea for this trick comes from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehrssonlab.se/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Group Ehrsson\u003c/a>, a neuroscience research firm based in Sweden, which did the very same thing in a lab much less sexy than this space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12236391\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12236391\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Based on research from the Ehrsson Lab in Sweden, this set up has visitors don virtual reality headsets to test the way their brains' body awareness can be manipulated.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21601_IMG_2453-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Based on research from the Ehrsson lab in Sweden, this set up has visitors don virtual reality headsets to test the way their brains’ body awareness can be manipulated. \u003ccite>(Photo: Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Byrne is an avid fan of science. “I’d read about certain experiments that labs had done, and my immediate thought was ‘I want to do that,'” he says. “I want to be the subject. I want to see what that’s like.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together with his friend, technology investor\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Mala Gaonkar, Byrne visited 35 research labs around the world to hear about the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience. Their conversations ranged from how your brain figures out where it is in space, to more complicated questions about how your sense of affinity with other human beings affects your moral judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you see might not actually be what’s out there,” says Gaonkar. “And what you feel, including your deepest sense of identity, might not actually be what’s out there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12236393\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12236393\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Perhaps the most disturbed experiment happens in a room set up like a TV game show.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21602_Game_Show_Business_Card_credit_Kenny_Komer-qut-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perhaps the most disturbed experiment happens in a room set up like a TV game show. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of Kenny Komer)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Neural Science Professor Paul Glimcher leads the \u003ca href=\"http://kavlihumanproject.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kavli HUMAN Project\u003c/a> at New York University, an interdisciplinary research group focused on decision-making in humans from a public policy perspective. He was among the scientists interviewed by Byrne and Gaonkar as they sought to educate themselves about cognitive neuroscience for their art project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David and Mala have designed a set of experiences that really lay bare the nature of our human experiences in areas ranging from perception to decision-making,” Glimcher says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What if you were a drone pilot?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In another part of the installation, Byrne and Gaonkar have visitors watch a scene from the movie \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBCeP_i9BxI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Eye in the Sky\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. In it, military commanders tell a drone pilot there are terrorists in a particular house, plotting a suicide bombing. He must blow the building up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are cleared to engage, lieutenant,” says Colonel Katherine Powell, played by British actor Helen Mirren. But outside, there appears to be an innocent civilian, a woman preparing to sell bread. The drone pilot hesitates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those men are about to disperse. Engage now!” Colonel Powell barks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a disturbing scene, and Byrne and Gaonkar want you to imagine yourself as that drone pilot, making that awful, split-second decision of life and death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also want to play with the nature of the moral dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12250032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12250032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"David Byrne (of Talking Heads fame) seeks to spark a discussion about our cognitive biases - without being preachy about it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21618_IMG_2444-001-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Byrne (of Talking Heads fame) seeks to spark a discussion about our cognitive biases – without being preachy about it. \u003ccite>(Photo: Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We start bringing it closer and closer and closer,” explains Byrne. Finally, the scene morphs so that we see a kid selling lemonade in front of a house on University Avenue in Palo Alto, instead of the bread seller in some far-off country. What fascinates Byrne is that people will change their response as to whether they’d blow up the building, and then retroactively search for justifications to explain why.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Had this been a real science experiment…\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>While the “experiments” at Pace draw on real research, this is theater, first and foremost. The situations don’t attach in lock step to specific studies Byrne and Gaonkar explored. Rather, the pair used their explorations to come up with something that evokes the same sense of wonder and surprise you might have as a study subject in an actual science lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of their visit, visitors will get the results of these experiments, and the information will be shared with participating labs — though the labs have no plans to use the data. “This is really about sparking a discussion, as opposed to hardcore science,” Goankar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12236394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12236394\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt='David Byrne and Mala Gaonkar in the TV game show room. Byrne says the process of participating in these quasi-scientific studies \"really does change how you think about things. How you think about what we are and how we react and how make decisions and how we are in the world.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-960x541.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/RS21600_IMG_2445-qut-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Byrne and Mala Gaonkar in the TV game show room. Byrne says the process of participating in these quasi-scientific studies “really does change how you think about things. How you think about what we are and how we react and how make decisions and how we are in the world.” \u003ccite>(Photo: Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Byrne is convinced the installation will be transformative. “It really does change how you think about things, how you think about what we are and how we react and how make decisions and how we are in the world,” Byrne says. “It’s a bit pretentious to imagine that’s going to happen for everybody who goes through this, but it certainly happened to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-12127869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-800x78.jpg\" alt=\"Q.Logo.Break\" width=\"800\" height=\"78\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-400x39.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/Q.Logo_.Break_-768x75.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘The Institute Presents: Neurosociety’ continues through March 31, 2017, at Pace Art+Technology in Menlo Park. See \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/the-institute-presents-neurosociety-tickets-27792285474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here \u003c/a>for tickets and more information.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/arts/12232234/david-byrnes-theatrical-thought-experiment-in-silicon-valley",
"authors": [
"251"
],
"programs": [
"arts_140"
],
"categories": [
"arts_235",
"arts_967"
],
"tags": [
"arts_1119",
"arts_1118",
"arts_596"
],
"featImg": "arts_12236390",
"label": "arts_140"
},
"futureofyou_314571": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_314571",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "314571",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484153727000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou"
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484153727,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Failure of Alzheimer's Drug the Latest Blow to Amyloid Hypothesis",
"title": "Failure of Alzheimer's Drug the Latest Blow to Amyloid Hypothesis",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In a disappointment to Alzheimer's patients and researchers, drugmaker Eli Lilly said last November that a clinical trial of solanezumab, an experimental medication to treat the degenerative neurological condition, had failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"bkxEquaMuhkiSOe9yahNlZeRXqAVY7vi\"]The company has pressed on with tests of solanezumab, despite \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/08/24/159997459/failure-of-lilly-drug-is-latest-alzheimers-setback\">mixed results\u003c/a> in earlier studies. The latest test, involving more than 2,000 patients, found the drug didn't significantly slow cognitive decline in patients with mild dementia from Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sad refrain is a familiar one, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solanezumab is just the latest casualty in a decades-long \u003ca href=\"http://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/alzrt269#B13\">parade\u003c/a> of disappointing dementia drug trials. But the frustration brought by this particular failure could signal a shift in Alzheimer's research — a shift away from targeting accumulations of so-called amyloid protein in the brain, long considered by many in the field to be the crux of Alzheimer's pathology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since Dr. George G. Glenner's 1984 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6375662\">discovery\u003c/a> that amyloid is the main component of the plaques that riddle the Alzheimer's-afflicted brain, it has been assumed that the protein somehow contributes to the disorder — that it jams up cellular machinery, rendering neurons unable to effectively communicate, to form new memories, to remember where the keys are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many other failed medications for symptomatic Alzheimer's, solanezumab works by attacking amyloid in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in light of the new findings, is it finally time to let the amyloid theory go? The answer isn't clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The low magnitude of effects would lend support to the idea that it might be time to move on from amyloid,\" says Weill Cornell Medical College neurologist Dr. Richard Isaacson, who wasn't involved in the solanezumab study. \"Yet though the study failed overall, there were improvements in cognition and function in treated patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that perhaps the tested dose wasn't high enough or that the patients' disease was too advanced to respond. By the time symptoms of Alzheimer's arise, the brain is already speckled with amyloid. Two other ongoing trials should confirm whether solanezumab is more effective in patients at risk for Alzheimer's, but who have not yet developed symptoms, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solanezumab, an antibody, works by attacking amyloid floating in cerebrospinal fluid. A different type of investigational medication, so-called BACE inhibitors, prevent amyloid formation in the first place, by neutralizing an enzyme that cuts away amyloid from a larger protein. Biogen's aducanumab, another experimental drug that's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/08/31/491941518/test-of-experimental-alzheimers-drug-finds-progress-against-brain-plaques\">far along in clinical testing\u003c/a>, binds to and clears amyloid that is already ensnared in plaques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year the FDA granted aducanumab \u003ca href=\"http://media.biogen.com/press-release/neurodegenerative-diseases/biogens-investigational-alzheimers-disease-treatment-aduc-0\">fast-track status\u003c/a> after results from a small, early-stage study suggested that it reduces amyloid plaques and slows cognitive decline in people with very early stage disease. Those people did have amyloid deposits visible with positron emission tomography imaging. At the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia meeting in San Diego in early December, follow-up data were \u003ca href=\"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161208006320/en/Biogen-Presents-Data-Phase-1b-Study-Investigational\">presented\u003c/a> that confirmed cognitive improvement out to two years of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that there are a number of trials in progress with different anti-amyloid drugs in asymptomatic subjects; and that one failed drug doesn't mean that another won't have an effect,\" says Dr. James Burke, professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. \"These trials also suggest that the best chance for a significant effect on cognition is likely to be treating asymptomatic people with amyloid deposits on imaging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, Burke adds, if these trials don't show a significant clinical benefit, the focus on amyloid will likely end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, Weill's Isaacson feels that researchers should be looking to other options. \"I've never been a firm believer in the amyloid hypothesis being the be-all and end-all as to the cause of Alzheimer's,\" says Isaacson. \"I think it's much more complicated and there are probably many roads leading to the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such road might be to target the tau protein, which also accumulates in tangles inside the Alzheimer's-hindered brain. Another involves treating the inflammation that occurs with dementia, as the immune system attempts to clear clustered amyloid. Even simpler are dietary interventions. Mediterranean-like diets high in omega-3 fatty acids show particular promise in slowing cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in so many other disorders, fully understanding Alzheimer's disease might ultimately entail figuring out how our bodies interact with the trillions of microbes living in our guts, or our \"microbiota.\" Research in animals and humans suggest that certain combinations of these organisms may rev up the immune system in ways that contribute to dementia. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30028\">study published\u003c/a> in July in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em> found that a long course of antibiotic treatment to alter gut flora in dementia-prone mice reduced the number and size of amyloid plaques in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's antibiotics, probiotics or vaccines, the list of potential Alzheimer's treatments being considered goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is we need to take more shots on goal,\" says Isaacson. \"The next frontier is recognizing that there probably isn't a one-size-fits-all approach, and that using targeted therapies based on a person's own biology and genetics will bring the most benefit. The future of Alzheimer's therapeutics is in precision medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\">Medscape\u003c/a>. \u003cem>His work has appeared in\u003c/em> Wired\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Scientific American \u003cem>and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Does+Alzheimer%27s+Treatment+Go+From+Here%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "314571 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=314571",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/11/failure-of-experimental-alzheimers-drug-the-latest-blow-to-amyloid-hypothesis/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 951,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 21
},
"modified": 1484153906,
"excerpt": "The failure of an experimental drug that targets clumps of protein inside the brains of Alzheimer's patients called into question one of the leading theories about the cause of the dementia.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The failure of an experimental drug that targets clumps of protein inside the brains of Alzheimer's patients called into question one of the leading theories about the cause of the dementia.",
"title": "Failure of Alzheimer's Drug the Latest Blow to Amyloid Hypothesis | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Failure of Alzheimer's Drug the Latest Blow to Amyloid Hypothesis",
"datePublished": "2017-01-11T08:55:27-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-11T08:58:26-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "failure-of-experimental-alzheimers-drug-the-latest-blow-to-amyloid-hypothesis",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=506592761&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Bret Stetka\u003cbr />NPR Shots",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 29 Dec 2016 11:00:00 -0500",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 29 Dec 2016 12:44:21 -0500",
"nprHtmlLink": "http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/29/506592761/where-does-alzheimer-s-treatment-go-from-here?ft=nprml&f=506592761",
"nprImageAgency": "Science Source/Getty Images",
"nprImageCredit": "Dr Cecil H Fox",
"nprStoryId": "506592761",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 29 Dec 2016 12:35:00 -0500",
"path": "/futureofyou/314571/failure-of-experimental-alzheimers-drug-the-latest-blow-to-amyloid-hypothesis",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a disappointment to Alzheimer's patients and researchers, drugmaker Eli Lilly said last November that a clinical trial of solanezumab, an experimental medication to treat the degenerative neurological condition, had failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The company has pressed on with tests of solanezumab, despite \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/08/24/159997459/failure-of-lilly-drug-is-latest-alzheimers-setback\">mixed results\u003c/a> in earlier studies. The latest test, involving more than 2,000 patients, found the drug didn't significantly slow cognitive decline in patients with mild dementia from Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sad refrain is a familiar one, unfortunately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solanezumab is just the latest casualty in a decades-long \u003ca href=\"http://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/alzrt269#B13\">parade\u003c/a> of disappointing dementia drug trials. But the frustration brought by this particular failure could signal a shift in Alzheimer's research — a shift away from targeting accumulations of so-called amyloid protein in the brain, long considered by many in the field to be the crux of Alzheimer's pathology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since Dr. George G. Glenner's 1984 \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6375662\">discovery\u003c/a> that amyloid is the main component of the plaques that riddle the Alzheimer's-afflicted brain, it has been assumed that the protein somehow contributes to the disorder — that it jams up cellular machinery, rendering neurons unable to effectively communicate, to form new memories, to remember where the keys are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many other failed medications for symptomatic Alzheimer's, solanezumab works by attacking amyloid in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in light of the new findings, is it finally time to let the amyloid theory go? The answer isn't clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The low magnitude of effects would lend support to the idea that it might be time to move on from amyloid,\" says Weill Cornell Medical College neurologist Dr. Richard Isaacson, who wasn't involved in the solanezumab study. \"Yet though the study failed overall, there were improvements in cognition and function in treated patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out that perhaps the tested dose wasn't high enough or that the patients' disease was too advanced to respond. By the time symptoms of Alzheimer's arise, the brain is already speckled with amyloid. Two other ongoing trials should confirm whether solanezumab is more effective in patients at risk for Alzheimer's, but who have not yet developed symptoms, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solanezumab, an antibody, works by attacking amyloid floating in cerebrospinal fluid. A different type of investigational medication, so-called BACE inhibitors, prevent amyloid formation in the first place, by neutralizing an enzyme that cuts away amyloid from a larger protein. Biogen's aducanumab, another experimental drug that's \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/08/31/491941518/test-of-experimental-alzheimers-drug-finds-progress-against-brain-plaques\">far along in clinical testing\u003c/a>, binds to and clears amyloid that is already ensnared in plaques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year the FDA granted aducanumab \u003ca href=\"http://media.biogen.com/press-release/neurodegenerative-diseases/biogens-investigational-alzheimers-disease-treatment-aduc-0\">fast-track status\u003c/a> after results from a small, early-stage study suggested that it reduces amyloid plaques and slows cognitive decline in people with very early stage disease. Those people did have amyloid deposits visible with positron emission tomography imaging. At the Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia meeting in San Diego in early December, follow-up data were \u003ca href=\"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161208006320/en/Biogen-Presents-Data-Phase-1b-Study-Investigational\">presented\u003c/a> that confirmed cognitive improvement out to two years of treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that there are a number of trials in progress with different anti-amyloid drugs in asymptomatic subjects; and that one failed drug doesn't mean that another won't have an effect,\" says Dr. James Burke, professor of medicine and psychiatry at Duke University's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. \"These trials also suggest that the best chance for a significant effect on cognition is likely to be treating asymptomatic people with amyloid deposits on imaging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, Burke adds, if these trials don't show a significant clinical benefit, the focus on amyloid will likely end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In any event, Weill's Isaacson feels that researchers should be looking to other options. \"I've never been a firm believer in the amyloid hypothesis being the be-all and end-all as to the cause of Alzheimer's,\" says Isaacson. \"I think it's much more complicated and there are probably many roads leading to the disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such road might be to target the tau protein, which also accumulates in tangles inside the Alzheimer's-hindered brain. Another involves treating the inflammation that occurs with dementia, as the immune system attempts to clear clustered amyloid. Even simpler are dietary interventions. Mediterranean-like diets high in omega-3 fatty acids show particular promise in slowing cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in so many other disorders, fully understanding Alzheimer's disease might ultimately entail figuring out how our bodies interact with the trillions of microbes living in our guts, or our \"microbiota.\" Research in animals and humans suggest that certain combinations of these organisms may rev up the immune system in ways that contribute to dementia. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep30028\">study published\u003c/a> in July in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em> found that a long course of antibiotic treatment to alter gut flora in dementia-prone mice reduced the number and size of amyloid plaques in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's antibiotics, probiotics or vaccines, the list of potential Alzheimer's treatments being considered goes on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is we need to take more shots on goal,\" says Isaacson. \"The next frontier is recognizing that there probably isn't a one-size-fits-all approach, and that using targeted therapies based on a person's own biology and genetics will bring the most benefit. The future of Alzheimer's therapeutics is in precision medicine.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\">Medscape\u003c/a>. \u003cem>His work has appeared in\u003c/em> Wired\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Scientific American \u003cem>and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. He's also on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Where+Does+Alzheimer%27s+Treatment+Go+From+Here%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/314571/failure-of-experimental-alzheimers-drug-the-latest-blow-to-amyloid-hypothesis",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_314571"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_999",
"futureofyou_1033"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_314572",
"label": "futureofyou"
},
"futureofyou_315823": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_315823",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "315823",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484072779000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484072779,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Most Important Genetics Stories 2016",
"title": "Most Important Genetics Stories 2016",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Two thousand and sixteen was a big year for genetics, and there was no bigger story than everyone’s favorite gene-editing tool, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/why-crispr-revolutionary-and-how-it-works\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. But that wasn’t the only story: A “three-parent baby” was born in Mexico, the minimum number of genes needed for bacterial life was determined, gene drives were tentatively approved for dealing with the Zika virus, and four species of giraffes were identified based on DNA alone. And there were many more.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Here's the rundown of our top stories.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>The Many Tales of CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For the last couple of years, there's been a lot of news about tweaking genes using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In 2016, scientists began to use this cutting-edge gene-editing tool in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Last year was the first time that CRISPR-Cas9 was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">directly used to treat a disease\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in a patient. In late October, Dr. Lu You of Sichuan University in Chengdu, China used CRISPR-Cas9 to change the DNA in a patient’s immune cells so that these cells would attack the patient’s cancer. This approach is called immunotherapy--a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/26/health/immunotherapy-cancer-treatments/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">big story all on its own\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What these researchers did was to remove immune cells from the patient and knock out their PD-1 gene, which can incorrectly determine that cancer cells are not a threat. Removing the gene should theoretically help the immune cells recognize and destroy cancer cells. The researchers grew the modified cells in the lab and then injected them back into the patient. While it is too soon to know if the treatment is effective, we do know that -- so far at least-- the patient hasn't experienced any negative effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Last year, for only the second time, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/second-chinese-team-reports-gene-editing-in-human-embryos-1.19718\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">researchers “successfully” changed DNA in human embryos\u003c/span>\u003c/a> using CRISPR-Cas9. (The first time was way back in 2015.) The researchers purposely used nonviable embryos, which were not transferred into a womb.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The reason I included the quotation marks is that gene editing human embryos is still very much a work in progress. Only four of the 26 embryos were successfully edited. And the results were not identical even in these four; some had additional mutations in the targeted gene. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These mixed results emphasize how much more work needs to be done before editing human embryos can become routine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And of course, the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">CRISPR-Cas9 patent war\u003c/span>\u003c/a> between UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT continued to rage on. Whoever wins stands to make a whole lot of money, which makes this a very nasty, ongoing battle unlikely to end soon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR-Cas9 even became a player in the GMO field. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/04/18/why-this-genetically-modified-mushroom-is-bypassing-usda-regulation/?utm_term=.1af905912360\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">FDA ruled\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that a mushroom with a gene that had been modified with CRISPR-Cas9 didn’t need to jump through the usual regulatory hoops that a genetically modified organism has to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Another big story last year, gene drives, owes its existence to CRISPR-Cas9:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Gene Drives, Mosquitoes and Zika\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Last year, the Zika virus spread like wildfire across South and Central America, leaving over 1,000 babies with the birth defect microcephaly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Scientists are working on a number of ways to prevent Zika infections. The most controversial is to wipe out the mosquito that carries the virus using \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/driving-genes-wild\">gene drives\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gene drives use CRISPR-Cas9 to quickly and easily spread a harmful gene through a population. In this case the idea would be to destroy the population of mosquitoes that carry the Zika virus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This method was given \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2016/03/14/fda-grants-tentative-approval-for-gmo-mosquito-trial-in-florida-keys/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">tentative approval by the FDA\u003c/span>\u003c/a> back in March 2016, but it has not yet been used, as\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/scicomm/2016/11/09/as-florida-voters-are-asked-to-weigh-in-on-a-gm-mosquito-field-trial-where-is-and-isnt-the-science-of-zika-virus-control/\"> many Florida residents strongly oppose it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gene drives were mostly theoretical until CRISPR-Cas9 came along to make them a relatively simple thing to make. In fact, so simple that a group of undergraduate students \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/college-students-show-how-easy-it-is-to-use-terrifying-1790526457\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">nearly pulled it off\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the end of 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Child With Three Parents\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, a big controversy swirled around whether to \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">restart\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a genetic technique that allows some women who carry mitochondrial diseases to have children without passing them on to their kids. In 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2107219-exclusive-worlds-first-baby-born-with-new-3-parent-technique/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">a healthy baby boy was born\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Mexico using this technique.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is controversial for a couple of reasons. First, any girls born will pass their genetically engineered DNA down to their children. This has always been an ethics no-fly zone, as the feeling is that whatever genetic modification we make in a person should stay in that person. Because the woman in Mexico had a son, the issue was sidestepped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other controversy is that this boy has DNA from three people instead of the usual two. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_316963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-316963 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent.jpg\" alt=\"This egg is now fertilized with dad's sperm.\" width=\"500\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent-375x251.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This egg is now fertilized with dad's sperm. (Image by Barry Starr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The child has mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, from the donor, along with DNA from his mom and dad. (Mitochondria are the organelles that supply our cells with energy; they have a bit of DNA all their own.) Although this is referred to as having three parents, that might be a bit of an overstatement. After all, s\u003cspan class=\"s1\">omething like 1/300,000\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> of the child's DNA comes from the donor, with the rest coming from the mother and father. If the donor is a parent, she is a very minor one indeed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>The Edge of Life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the exception of viruses, most life has evolved with a thousand or more genes.Humans have somewhere around 22,000 genes; the humble yeast that gives beer and wine its alcohol has around 6,000; and the bacterium with the fewest known number of genes has 901.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2016 a group of researchers was able to show that this last bacterium could get by \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/scientists-build-minimum-genome-bacterium\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">with only 473 genes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. This is the bare bones machinery needed to keep a bacterium going.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What is cool is that we would not have been able to predict that these were the 473 a bacterium would need. We don’t even know what 143 of them do... .\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Genetics is bound to be a hot topic in 2017 as well. Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "315823 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=315823",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/10/most-important-genetics-stories-2016/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1046,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 4
},
"modified": 1484086185,
"excerpt": "From CRISPR to gene drives, 2016 was a very potent year in the field of genetics.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "From CRISPR to gene drives, 2016 was a very potent year in the field of genetics.",
"title": "Most Important Genetics Stories 2016 | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Most Important Genetics Stories 2016",
"datePublished": "2017-01-10T10:26:19-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-10T14:09:45-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "most-important-genetics-stories-2016",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Barry Starr",
"source": "KQED Future of You",
"path": "/futureofyou/315823/most-important-genetics-stories-2016",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Two thousand and sixteen was a big year for genetics, and there was no bigger story than everyone’s favorite gene-editing tool, \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/why-crispr-revolutionary-and-how-it-works\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. But that wasn’t the only story: A “three-parent baby” was born in Mexico, the minimum number of genes needed for bacterial life was determined, gene drives were tentatively approved for dealing with the Zika virus, and four species of giraffes were identified based on DNA alone. And there were many more.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Here's the rundown of our top stories.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>The Many Tales of CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">For the last couple of years, there's been a lot of news about tweaking genes using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In 2016, scientists began to use this cutting-edge gene-editing tool in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Last year was the first time that CRISPR-Cas9 was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-tested-in-a-person-for-the-first-time-1.20988\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">directly used to treat a disease\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in a patient. In late October, Dr. Lu You of Sichuan University in Chengdu, China used CRISPR-Cas9 to change the DNA in a patient’s immune cells so that these cells would attack the patient’s cancer. This approach is called immunotherapy--a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/26/health/immunotherapy-cancer-treatments/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">big story all on its own\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">What these researchers did was to remove immune cells from the patient and knock out their PD-1 gene, which can incorrectly determine that cancer cells are not a threat. Removing the gene should theoretically help the immune cells recognize and destroy cancer cells. The researchers grew the modified cells in the lab and then injected them back into the patient. While it is too soon to know if the treatment is effective, we do know that -- so far at least-- the patient hasn't experienced any negative effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Last year, for only the second time, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/second-chinese-team-reports-gene-editing-in-human-embryos-1.19718\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">researchers “successfully” changed DNA in human embryos\u003c/span>\u003c/a> using CRISPR-Cas9. (The first time was way back in 2015.) The researchers purposely used nonviable embryos, which were not transferred into a womb.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The reason I included the quotation marks is that gene editing human embryos is still very much a work in progress. Only four of the 26 embryos were successfully edited. And the results were not identical even in these four; some had additional mutations in the targeted gene. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These mixed results emphasize how much more work needs to be done before editing human embryos can become routine.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And of course, the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">CRISPR-Cas9 patent war\u003c/span>\u003c/a> between UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT continued to rage on. Whoever wins stands to make a whole lot of money, which makes this a very nasty, ongoing battle unlikely to end soon. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR-Cas9 even became a player in the GMO field. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/04/18/why-this-genetically-modified-mushroom-is-bypassing-usda-regulation/?utm_term=.1af905912360\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">FDA ruled\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that a mushroom with a gene that had been modified with CRISPR-Cas9 didn’t need to jump through the usual regulatory hoops that a genetically modified organism has to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Another big story last year, gene drives, owes its existence to CRISPR-Cas9:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">\u003cb>Gene Drives, Mosquitoes and Zika\u003c/b>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Last year, the Zika virus spread like wildfire across South and Central America, leaving over 1,000 babies with the birth defect microcephaly.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Scientists are working on a number of ways to prevent Zika infections. The most controversial is to wipe out the mosquito that carries the virus using \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/driving-genes-wild\">gene drives\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Gene drives use CRISPR-Cas9 to quickly and easily spread a harmful gene through a population. In this case the idea would be to destroy the population of mosquitoes that carry the Zika virus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">This method was given \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2016/03/14/fda-grants-tentative-approval-for-gmo-mosquito-trial-in-florida-keys/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">tentative approval by the FDA\u003c/span>\u003c/a> back in March 2016, but it has not yet been used, as\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.plos.org/scicomm/2016/11/09/as-florida-voters-are-asked-to-weigh-in-on-a-gm-mosquito-field-trial-where-is-and-isnt-the-science-of-zika-virus-control/\"> many Florida residents strongly oppose it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Gene drives were mostly theoretical until CRISPR-Cas9 came along to make them a relatively simple thing to make. In fact, so simple that a group of undergraduate students \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/college-students-show-how-easy-it-is-to-use-terrifying-1790526457\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">nearly pulled it off\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the end of 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>Child With Three Parents\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2015, a big controversy swirled around whether to \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask70\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">restart\u003c/span>\u003c/a> a genetic technique that allows some women who carry mitochondrial diseases to have children without passing them on to their kids. In 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2107219-exclusive-worlds-first-baby-born-with-new-3-parent-technique/\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">a healthy baby boy was born\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Mexico using this technique.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is controversial for a couple of reasons. First, any girls born will pass their genetically engineered DNA down to their children. This has always been an ethics no-fly zone, as the feeling is that whatever genetic modification we make in a person should stay in that person. Because the woman in Mexico had a son, the issue was sidestepped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The other controversy is that this boy has DNA from three people instead of the usual two. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_316963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-316963 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent.jpg\" alt=\"This egg is now fertilized with dad's sperm.\" width=\"500\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent-240x161.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/01/3parent-375x251.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This egg is now fertilized with dad's sperm. (Image by Barry Starr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The child has mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA, from the donor, along with DNA from his mom and dad. (Mitochondria are the organelles that supply our cells with energy; they have a bit of DNA all their own.) Although this is referred to as having three parents, that might be a bit of an overstatement. After all, s\u003cspan class=\"s1\">omething like 1/300,000\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s3\">\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> of the child's DNA comes from the donor, with the rest coming from the mother and father. If the donor is a parent, she is a very minor one indeed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cb>The Edge of Life\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the exception of viruses, most life has evolved with a thousand or more genes.Humans have somewhere around 22,000 genes; the humble yeast that gives beer and wine its alcohol has around 6,000; and the bacterium with the fewest known number of genes has 901.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">In 2016 a group of researchers was able to show that this last bacterium could get by \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenews.org/article/scientists-build-minimum-genome-bacterium\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">with only 473 genes\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. This is the bare bones machinery needed to keep a bacterium going.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">What is cool is that we would not have been able to predict that these were the 473 a bacterium would need. We don’t even know what 143 of them do... .\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Genetics is bound to be a hot topic in 2017 as well. Stay tuned.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/315823/most-important-genetics-stories-2016",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_315823"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_94",
"futureofyou_1158",
"futureofyou_120"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_316957",
"label": "source_futureofyou_315823"
},
"futureofyou_317468": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_317468",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "317468",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1484070365000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1484070365,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Biden Says He Will Start His Own Cancer Initiative",
"title": "Biden Says He Will Start His Own Cancer Initiative",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Vice President Joe Biden is outlining how he intends to pursue his \"cancer moonshot\" agenda after he leaves office next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"fXg9Yi3NNbgCtbEglpi4NJfWUuSjRQHo\"]The vice president, speaking at the J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference in San Francisco, Monday, said cancer is a bipartisan issue, and he offered to help the next administration carry on his mission to end the deadly disease. But he said he will also create an organization called the Biden Cancer Initiative; the primary focus will be collaboration between scientists so that research will be widely shared across specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Virologists, geneticists, chemical and biological engineers -- they weren’t all working in unison, but today we’ve reached an inflection point ... and the promise is enormous,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden said the initiative will also concentrate on improving data standards to help researchers, work with community care organizations to improve access, and push pharmaceutical companies, insurance providers and biotech companies to make sure patients can afford treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subject hits home for the vice president, whose son, former Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, died of brain cancer in May 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "317468 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=317468",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/10/biden-says-he-will-start-his-own-cancer-initiative/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 196,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 7
},
"modified": 1484083437,
"excerpt": "The Biden Cancer Initiative's primary focus will be collaboration between scientists so that research will be shared widely across specialties, the vice president said.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "The Biden Cancer Initiative's primary focus will be collaboration between scientists so that research will be shared widely across specialties, the vice president said.",
"title": "Biden Says He Will Start His Own Cancer Initiative | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Biden Says He Will Start His Own Cancer Initiative",
"datePublished": "2017-01-10T09:46:05-08:00",
"dateModified": "2017-01-10T13:23:57-08:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "biden-says-he-will-start-his-own-cancer-initiative",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Associated Press and KQED",
"source": "KQED Future of You",
"path": "/futureofyou/317468/biden-says-he-will-start-his-own-cancer-initiative",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vice President Joe Biden is outlining how he intends to pursue his \"cancer moonshot\" agenda after he leaves office next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The vice president, speaking at the J.P. Morgan Healthcare Conference in San Francisco, Monday, said cancer is a bipartisan issue, and he offered to help the next administration carry on his mission to end the deadly disease. But he said he will also create an organization called the Biden Cancer Initiative; the primary focus will be collaboration between scientists so that research will be widely shared across specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Virologists, geneticists, chemical and biological engineers -- they weren’t all working in unison, but today we’ve reached an inflection point ... and the promise is enormous,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden said the initiative will also concentrate on improving data standards to help researchers, work with community care organizations to improve access, and push pharmaceutical companies, insurance providers and biotech companies to make sure patients can afford treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subject hits home for the vice president, whose son, former Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, died of brain cancer in May 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/317468/biden-says-he-will-start-his-own-cancer-initiative",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_317468"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_713",
"futureofyou_712",
"futureofyou_80"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_106921",
"label": "source_futureofyou_317468"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"radioSearchSegmentsReducer": {},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026PresidentialReducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/futureofyou?category=future-of-you": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 516,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 809,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"futureofyou_321859",
"futureofyou_314586",
"futureofyou_314097",
"futureofyou_314582",
"futureofyou_318247",
"futureofyou_319358",
"futureofyou_318702",
"futureofyou_318708",
"arts_12232234",
"futureofyou_314571",
"futureofyou_315823",
"futureofyou_317468"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou_category_future-of-you": {
"isLoading": true
},
"futureofyou_1": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"
},
"source_futureofyou_321859": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_321859",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "KQED Future of You",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_314586": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_314586",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "KQED Future of You",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_314097": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_314097",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "NPR",
"link": "http://www.npr.org/",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_315823": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_315823",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "KQED Future of You",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_317468": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_317468",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "KQED Future of You",
"isLoading": false
},
"futureofyou_1060": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1060",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1060",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1060,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_452": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_452",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "452",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health Policy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Policy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 452,
"slug": "health-policy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/health-policy"
},
"futureofyou_1062": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1062",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1062",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1062,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_73": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_73",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "73",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED News Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 73,
"slug": "kqed-news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"
},
"futureofyou_1163": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1163",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1163",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "tDCS",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "tDCS Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1163,
"slug": "tdcs",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/tdcs"
},
"futureofyou_1064": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1064",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1064",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1064,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_180": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_180",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "180",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "sleep",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "sleep Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 180,
"slug": "sleep",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/sleep"
},
"futureofyou_1161": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1161",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1161",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "snoring",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "snoring Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1161,
"slug": "snoring",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/snoring"
},
"futureofyou_53": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_53",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "53",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "wearable devices",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "wearable devices Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 53,
"slug": "wearable-devices",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/wearable-devices"
},
"futureofyou_1160": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1160",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1160",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "yoga",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "yoga Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1160,
"slug": "yoga",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/yoga"
},
"futureofyou_1097": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1097",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1097",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1097,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_54": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_54",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "54",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "program",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Future of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 54,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/program/future-of-you"
},
"futureofyou_161": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_161",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "161",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "ADHD",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ADHD Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 161,
"slug": "adhd",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/adhd"
},
"futureofyou_1146": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1146",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1146",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "mental illness",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "mental illness Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1146,
"slug": "mental-illness",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/mental-illness"
},
"futureofyou_1162": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1162",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1162",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "music",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "music Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1162,
"slug": "music",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/music"
},
"futureofyou_656": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_656",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "656",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "TedMed",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "TedMed Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 656,
"slug": "tedmed",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/tedmed"
},
"futureofyou_1041": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1041",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1041",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Marijuana",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Marijuana Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1041,
"slug": "marijuana",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/marijuana"
},
"futureofyou_794": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_794",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "794",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "electronic health records",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "electronic health records Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 794,
"slug": "electronic-health-records",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/electronic-health-records"
},
"futureofyou_268": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_268",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "268",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featuerd",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featuerd Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 268,
"slug": "featuerd",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/featuerd"
},
"futureofyou_164": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_164",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "164",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "blood tests",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "blood tests Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 164,
"slug": "blood-tests",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/blood-tests"
},
"futureofyou_400": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_400",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "400",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "innovation",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "innovation Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 400,
"slug": "innovation",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/innovation"
},
"arts_140": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts_140",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "140",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"name": "The Do List",
"slug": "the-do-list",
"taxonomy": "program",
"description": null,
"featImg": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/11/The-Do-LIst-logo-2014-horizontal-015.png",
"headData": {
"title": "The Do List Archives | KQED Arts",
"description": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogDescription": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"twDescription": null,
"twImgId": null
},
"ttid": 141,
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/arts/program/the-do-list"
},
"arts_235": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts_235",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "235",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "News Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 236,
"slug": "news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/arts/category/news"
},
"arts_967": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts_967",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "967",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Theater",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Theater Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 985,
"slug": "theater",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/arts/category/theater"
},
"arts_1119": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts_1119",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "1119",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "feature",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "feature Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1136,
"slug": "feature",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/arts/tag/feature"
},
"arts_1118": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts_1118",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "1118",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1135,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/arts/tag/featured"
},
"arts_596": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts_596",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "arts",
"id": "596",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "ntv",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ntv Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 602,
"slug": "ntv",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/arts/tag/ntv"
},
"futureofyou_999": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_999",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "999",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Alzheimer's",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Alzheimer's Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 999,
"slug": "alzheimers",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/alzheimers"
},
"futureofyou_1033": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1033",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1033",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "amyloid",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "amyloid Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1033,
"slug": "amyloid",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/amyloid"
},
"futureofyou_94": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_94",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "94",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CRISPR",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CRISPR Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 94,
"slug": "crispr",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/crispr"
},
"futureofyou_1158": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1158",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1158",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "gene drives",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "gene drives Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1158,
"slug": "gene-drives",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/gene-drives"
},
"futureofyou_120": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_120",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "120",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "genetics",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "genetics Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 120,
"slug": "genetics",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/genetics"
},
"futureofyou_713": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_713",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "713",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cancer moonshot",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cancer moonshot Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 713,
"slug": "cancer-moonshot",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cancer-moonshot"
},
"futureofyou_712": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_712",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "712",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Joe Biden",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Joe Biden Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 712,
"slug": "joe-biden",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/joe-biden"
},
"futureofyou_80": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_80",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "80",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "kqedscience",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "kqedscience Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 80,
"slug": "kqedscience",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/kqedscience"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
},
"requestOutcomesReducer": {
"notFound": []
},
"navPromosReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": true,
"promos": {
"news": {
"name": "2026 Voter Guide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"imageURL": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Nav-News-Nov2026ElectionCoverage@2x-7bd4aad4.png",
"description": "Get informed in minutes with our Voter Guide for California’s November 3 election."
},
"podcasts-radio": {},
"video-tv": {},
"events": {},
"support": {}
}
}
}