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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/16/broad-institute-wins-decision-over-uc-berkeley-in-crispr-patent-battle/\" target=\"_blank\">Last week\u003c/a> the feds may have dashed \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley's\u003c/a> billion-dollar dreams when it decided not to give the university patent rights over CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Feb. 15 ruling from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office let Berkeley's rival--the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> jointly owned by Harvard and MIT--keep its existing patents issued in 2014. UC Berkeley has yet to say whether or not it will appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6PeUNVfkMeIqGUVoQhOEw9qi7r38vVhJ\"] Berkeley was seeking to have some of those patents repealed because the university says they conflict with its pending patent application for CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judges reasoned that Berkeley's patent request doesn't affect Broad's existing patents because the two are based on different gene editing techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's patent request is for editing genes in bacteria, whereas Broad's existing patents are for editing genes in eukaryotic cells, i.e. cells found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Berkeley argues that its research tool can easily be extended to use in non-bacterial cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That distinction is key since potentially lucrative applications of gene editing in medicine and health will involve eukaryotic cells found in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna, who is credited with co-inventing CRISPR-Cas9 now has two options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Appeal to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n2) Go back to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspto.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Berkeley appeals, the court could overrule the patent office decision in favor of Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Berkeley loses, it could go back to the patent office, where it could be required to narrow its claims, i.e., specifying that its technique is only intended to be used in bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it could get a broad patent that still doesn't specify how to use CRISPR in eukaryotic cells. But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\" target=\"_blank\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, a law professor at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Law School\u003c/a>, that could lead to future legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not going to be that strong because anyone who wants to challenge it later can say, 'that patent doesn't disclose how to use the tool in eukaryotic cells,'\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money is in altering those specific cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's next? Only Berkeley knows; the university has said it will \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/02/15/berkeley-statement-regarding-patent-boards-decision-on-crispr-cas9-gene-editing-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">carefully consider all options\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science journalists are abuzz about what this means for biotech. Here's a sampling of what they're saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Berkeley + Broad = Virtual Monopoly on CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/strong> (\u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/should-anyone-really-control-who-gets-to-use-crispr-1792659635\" target=\"_blank\">Gizmodo\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Why does this matter? While academic researchers can still use CRISPR for free, companies hoping to harness the gene editing tool to fight disease, solve agricultural problems, or for myriad other potential applications, may have to pay not one, but both institutions, a hefty fee. It’s a decision that has caused some to wonder whether the rights to such revolutionary technology don’t really belong to a third party: the people.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Could the Case Encourage Scientists to Be Less Honest?\u003c/strong> (\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/16/crispr-patent-decision-six-takeaways/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The patent judges concluded that “the inventors themselves were uncertain” about making CRISPR work in human cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could send a terrible message to scientists, said \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2783639\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Robert Cook-Deegan\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"https://www.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Arizona State University\u003c/a>, an expert on legal and ethical issues surrounding biotechnology. “I hope this does not become the poster child that patent offices use to coach scientists not to be honest about uncertainties about their discoveries,” he said. “The fact that Doudna’s quotes were used by the judges mainly tells me Doudna was being honest. I hope scientists will continue to be honest and not succumb to being told they can’t say things that might undermine a broad patenting strategy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Fogettaboutit, Companies Can Sidestep Berkeley and Broad\u003c/strong> (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/why-the-crispr-patent-verdict-isn-t-the-end-of-the-story-1.21510\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers in academia and industry have been pushing CRISPR gene editing beyond the scope of the Broad and Berkeley patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both patent families cover the use of CRISPR–Cas9, which relies on the Cas9 enzyme to cut DNA. But there are alternatives to Cas9 that provide other functions, and a way to sidestep the Berkeley–Broad patent fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One attractive alternative is Cpf1, an enzyme that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/alternative-crispr-system-could-improve-genome-editing-1.18432\" target=\"_blank\">may be simpler to use\u003c/a> and more accurate than Cas9 in some cases. The Broad has already filed patents on applications of Cpf1 in gene editing, and has licensed them to biotech company Editas Medicine in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, my friends, if UC Berkeley appeals, this whole process could last through 2020. Or longer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/02/16/broad-institute-wins-decision-over-uc-berkeley-in-crispr-patent-battle/\" target=\"_blank\">Last week\u003c/a> the feds may have dashed \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">UC Berkeley's\u003c/a> billion-dollar dreams when it decided not to give the university patent rights over CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Feb. 15 ruling from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office let Berkeley's rival--the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> jointly owned by Harvard and MIT--keep its existing patents issued in 2014. UC Berkeley has yet to say whether or not it will appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp> Berkeley was seeking to have some of those patents repealed because the university says they conflict with its pending patent application for CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judges reasoned that Berkeley's patent request doesn't affect Broad's existing patents because the two are based on different gene editing techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley's patent request is for editing genes in bacteria, whereas Broad's existing patents are for editing genes in eukaryotic cells, i.e. cells found in plants and animals, including humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Berkeley argues that its research tool can easily be extended to use in non-bacterial cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That distinction is key since potentially lucrative applications of gene editing in medicine and health will involve eukaryotic cells found in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna, who is credited with co-inventing CRISPR-Cas9 now has two options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Appeal to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n2) Go back to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspto.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Berkeley appeals, the court could overrule the patent office decision in favor of Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Berkeley loses, it could go back to the patent office, where it could be required to narrow its claims, i.e., specifying that its technique is only intended to be used in bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it could get a broad patent that still doesn't specify how to use CRISPR in eukaryotic cells. But according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\" target=\"_blank\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, a law professor at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Law School\u003c/a>, that could lead to future legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s not going to be that strong because anyone who wants to challenge it later can say, 'that patent doesn't disclose how to use the tool in eukaryotic cells,'\" says Sherkow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the money is in altering those specific cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's next? Only Berkeley knows; the university has said it will \"\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/02/15/berkeley-statement-regarding-patent-boards-decision-on-crispr-cas9-gene-editing-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">carefully consider all options\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science journalists are abuzz about what this means for biotech. Here's a sampling of what they're saying:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>Berkeley + Broad = Virtual Monopoly on CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/strong> (\u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/should-anyone-really-control-who-gets-to-use-crispr-1792659635\" target=\"_blank\">Gizmodo\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Why does this matter? While academic researchers can still use CRISPR for free, companies hoping to harness the gene editing tool to fight disease, solve agricultural problems, or for myriad other potential applications, may have to pay not one, but both institutions, a hefty fee. It’s a decision that has caused some to wonder whether the rights to such revolutionary technology don’t really belong to a third party: the people.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Could the Case Encourage Scientists to Be Less Honest?\u003c/strong> (\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/16/crispr-patent-decision-six-takeaways/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The patent judges concluded that “the inventors themselves were uncertain” about making CRISPR work in human cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could send a terrible message to scientists, said \u003ca href=\"https://isearch.asu.edu/profile/2783639\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Robert Cook-Deegan\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"https://www.asu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Arizona State University\u003c/a>, an expert on legal and ethical issues surrounding biotechnology. “I hope this does not become the poster child that patent offices use to coach scientists not to be honest about uncertainties about their discoveries,” he said. “The fact that Doudna’s quotes were used by the judges mainly tells me Doudna was being honest. I hope scientists will continue to be honest and not succumb to being told they can’t say things that might undermine a broad patenting strategy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Fogettaboutit, Companies Can Sidestep Berkeley and Broad\u003c/strong> (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/why-the-crispr-patent-verdict-isn-t-the-end-of-the-story-1.21510\" target=\"_blank\">Nature\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Researchers in academia and industry have been pushing CRISPR gene editing beyond the scope of the Broad and Berkeley patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both patent families cover the use of CRISPR–Cas9, which relies on the Cas9 enzyme to cut DNA. But there are alternatives to Cas9 that provide other functions, and a way to sidestep the Berkeley–Broad patent fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One attractive alternative is Cpf1, an enzyme that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/alternative-crispr-system-could-improve-genome-editing-1.18432\" target=\"_blank\">may be simpler to use\u003c/a> and more accurate than Cas9 in some cases. The Broad has already filed patents on applications of Cpf1 in gene editing, and has licensed them to biotech company Editas Medicine in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, my friends, if UC Berkeley appeals, this whole process could last through 2020. Or longer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Theranos' Arizona Lab Also Had License Revoked: WSJ",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Wednesday, Feb. 22\u003c/strong> Remember how during the presidential election Donald Trump managed to lurch from campaign-ending misstep to campaign-ending misstep without those missteps actually ending his campaign?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, Theranos ain't no Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You hate to beat a dead unicorn, but The Wall Street Journal keeps stomping on this one's lifeless head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take, say, a\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/14/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history/\" target=\"_blank\"> graphic cartoon history\u003c/a> to lay out every wrong turn Theranos has taken the last year-and-a-half or so. But today's bad news emanates from a Journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/second-theranos-lab-has-blood-testing-license-revoked-1487775664\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a> that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has levied harsh penalties on Theranos' now-shuttered Arizona lab, sanctions similar to those earlier imposed by CMS on the company's California facility (also shut down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The penalties in the more recent case stem from a government inspection of the Arizona lab in September. They include pulling the lab's license to operate, according to the Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos announced it was exiting the consumer blood testing business last October. But the government, which had warned the company that closing the lab would not stop the penalty process, informed Theranos of the Arizona-related sanctions in a Jan. 27 \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/theranos_az.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">letter\u003c/a>. That was obtained by the Journal in a public records request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos can still appeal the ruling, as it has appealed the CMS penalties related to its California lab. But whatever happens with these cases may be moot as far as the company's ultimate fate is concerned. Last week, the Journal reported Theranos had just $200 million left at the end of 2016, with no money set aside for potential liability in the many lawsuits that have been filed against it. Those suits are all related in one form or another to Theranos' inability to accurately perform the blood tests it said it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos and its founder and CEO, Elizabeth Holmes, have pinned hopes for a comeback on a portable blood-testing device called the miniLab. But there's no telling when and if the machine will gain FDA approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday, Feb. 16\u003c/strong> Citing \"people familiar with the matter,\" The Wall Street Journal is \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-had-200-million-in-cash-left-at-year-end-1487277878\" target=\"_blank\">reporting\u003c/a> Theranos had $200 million left at the end of 2016, less than a quarter of what it raised from investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The number was disclosed in a conference call with investors last month. Investors also were told the firm didn’t generate any material revenue in 2015 and 2016 and hasn’t set aside funds for any potential liability that could arise from its pending legal challenges.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Theranos, once a high-flying blood-testing startup, is being sued by a \u003cem>lot\u003c/em> of different parties--patients, investors and its former business partner Walgreens--for hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's never-ending woes began with a Wall Street Journal investigation published in October 2015. The paper found, among other improprieties, that Theranos failed to report data showing its vaunted technology, supposedly capable of performing dozens of tests from a few drops of blood, may not be accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penalties stemming from a disastrous federal inspection report of Theranos' California lab eventually forced the company to withdraw from the consumer blood-testing business and to lay off hundreds of workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently Theranos and its founder and CEO, Elizabeth Holmes, had pinned hopes for a comeback on a portable blood-testing device called the miniLab. But there's no telling when and if the machine will gain the FDA's approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/JohnCarreyrou/status/829506893156642816\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou, who first broke the news that Theranos was better at press releases and TED Talks than implementing the cutting-edge blood tests it said it could perform, was referring to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/report-cites-deficiencies-at-theranos-lab-1486604062\" target=\"_blank\">this article\u003c/a> by his Wall Street Journal colleague John Weaver. The Journal, through a public records request, got a hold of a \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/theranos_arizona.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">federal inspection report\u003c/a> documenting a number of deficiencies at the company's now-shuttered Scottsdale, Arizona lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sepember 2016 inspection, by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, found a lack of quality control and incorrect use of equipment for several common tests. Furthermore, CMS found no evidence that Theranos notified doctors or patients that patients' blood glucose results from February-June 2015 may be inaccurate. Theranos also failed to ensure that doctors and patients received corrected reports of incorrect blood coagulation tests from Feb. 17, 2015 through Jan. 20, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos told the Journal \"that notifications to patients and their doctors were part of the company’s efforts to address the problems, but it didn’t immediately respond to an inquiry about how many patients it believed were affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Theranos \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/19/theranos-corrects-tens-of-thousands-of-blood-tests/\" target=\"_blank\">voided\u003c/a> tens of thousands of blood tests performed at its Newark, California lab, which has also been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos exited the consumer blood testing business in October, saying it would focus on developing a portable blood-testing machine called the miniLab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One lab expert the Journal talked to, speaking about the Arizona lab inspection, said that the government report shows \"failures in nearly every aspect of laboratory operation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company faces an uncertain future, to say the least. It's reputation is in tatters as it faces multiple lawsuits by patients and investors, as well as government investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.wsj.com/articles/report-cites-deficiencies-at-theranos-lab-1486604062\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Wednesday, Feb. 22\u003c/strong> Remember how during the presidential election Donald Trump managed to lurch from campaign-ending misstep to campaign-ending misstep without those missteps actually ending his campaign?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, Theranos ain't no Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You hate to beat a dead unicorn, but The Wall Street Journal keeps stomping on this one's lifeless head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take, say, a\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/07/14/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history/\" target=\"_blank\"> graphic cartoon history\u003c/a> to lay out every wrong turn Theranos has taken the last year-and-a-half or so. But today's bad news emanates from a Journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/second-theranos-lab-has-blood-testing-license-revoked-1487775664\" target=\"_blank\">report\u003c/a> that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has levied harsh penalties on Theranos' now-shuttered Arizona lab, sanctions similar to those earlier imposed by CMS on the company's California facility (also shut down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The penalties in the more recent case stem from a government inspection of the Arizona lab in September. They include pulling the lab's license to operate, according to the Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos announced it was exiting the consumer blood testing business last October. But the government, which had warned the company that closing the lab would not stop the penalty process, informed Theranos of the Arizona-related sanctions in a Jan. 27 \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/theranos_az.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">letter\u003c/a>. That was obtained by the Journal in a public records request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos can still appeal the ruling, as it has appealed the CMS penalties related to its California lab. But whatever happens with these cases may be moot as far as the company's ultimate fate is concerned. Last week, the Journal reported Theranos had just $200 million left at the end of 2016, with no money set aside for potential liability in the many lawsuits that have been filed against it. Those suits are all related in one form or another to Theranos' inability to accurately perform the blood tests it said it could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos and its founder and CEO, Elizabeth Holmes, have pinned hopes for a comeback on a portable blood-testing device called the miniLab. But there's no telling when and if the machine will gain FDA approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Thursday, Feb. 16\u003c/strong> Citing \"people familiar with the matter,\" The Wall Street Journal is \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-had-200-million-in-cash-left-at-year-end-1487277878\" target=\"_blank\">reporting\u003c/a> Theranos had $200 million left at the end of 2016, less than a quarter of what it raised from investors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The number was disclosed in a conference call with investors last month. Investors also were told the firm didn’t generate any material revenue in 2015 and 2016 and hasn’t set aside funds for any potential liability that could arise from its pending legal challenges.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Theranos, once a high-flying blood-testing startup, is being sued by a \u003cem>lot\u003c/em> of different parties--patients, investors and its former business partner Walgreens--for hundreds of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's never-ending woes began with a Wall Street Journal investigation published in October 2015. The paper found, among other improprieties, that Theranos failed to report data showing its vaunted technology, supposedly capable of performing dozens of tests from a few drops of blood, may not be accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Penalties stemming from a disastrous federal inspection report of Theranos' California lab eventually forced the company to withdraw from the consumer blood-testing business and to lay off hundreds of workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently Theranos and its founder and CEO, Elizabeth Holmes, had pinned hopes for a comeback on a portable blood-testing device called the miniLab. But there's no telling when and if the machine will gain the FDA's approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday ...\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Carreyrou, who first broke the news that Theranos was better at press releases and TED Talks than implementing the cutting-edge blood tests it said it could perform, was referring to \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/report-cites-deficiencies-at-theranos-lab-1486604062\" target=\"_blank\">this article\u003c/a> by his Wall Street Journal colleague John Weaver. The Journal, through a public records request, got a hold of a \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/theranos_arizona.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">federal inspection report\u003c/a> documenting a number of deficiencies at the company's now-shuttered Scottsdale, Arizona lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sepember 2016 inspection, by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, found a lack of quality control and incorrect use of equipment for several common tests. Furthermore, CMS found no evidence that Theranos notified doctors or patients that patients' blood glucose results from February-June 2015 may be inaccurate. Theranos also failed to ensure that doctors and patients received corrected reports of incorrect blood coagulation tests from Feb. 17, 2015 through Jan. 20, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos told the Journal \"that notifications to patients and their doctors were part of the company’s efforts to address the problems, but it didn’t immediately respond to an inquiry about how many patients it believed were affected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Theranos \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/05/19/theranos-corrects-tens-of-thousands-of-blood-tests/\" target=\"_blank\">voided\u003c/a> tens of thousands of blood tests performed at its Newark, California lab, which has also been shut down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theranos exited the consumer blood testing business in October, saying it would focus on developing a portable blood-testing machine called the miniLab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One lab expert the Journal talked to, speaking about the Arizona lab inspection, said that the government report shows \"failures in nearly every aspect of laboratory operation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company faces an uncertain future, to say the least. It's reputation is in tatters as it faces multiple lawsuits by patients and investors, as well as government investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.wsj.com/articles/report-cites-deficiencies-at-theranos-lab-1486604062\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's no surprise that most women with breast cancer consider hair loss one of the most traumatic aspects of chemotherapy. That has led to a big market for cooling caps, which are purported to limit hair loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cooling caps haven't been extensively studied in the U.S., and womens' experiences with the caps have been hit or miss. And just one cooling cap, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm476216.htm\">DigniCap\u003c/a>, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two studies released recently show that at least half the women who used either the DigniCap or another scalp cooling system, the \u003ca href=\"http://paxmanscalpcooling.com/the-system\">Paxman\u003c/a>, lost less than 50 percent of their hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These findings appear to represent a major step forward in improving the quality of life of individuals with cancer,\" says Dr. Dawn Hershman, who studies the effects of cancer treatments at the Columbia University School of Medicine in New York. She wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2601483\">editorial\u003c/a> accompanying the studies in \u003cem>JAMA,\u003c/em> the journal of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hershman cautions that more study is needed to determine whether there is psychological benefit in using the caps to prevent hair loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the cost and who will pay for the treatment are also issues, she says. The average cost is $1,500 to $3,000, depending on the number of chemotherapy cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the DigniCap \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2016.21038\">study\u003c/a>, 67 of 106 women (66.3 percent) lost less than half their hair after four rounds of taxane chemotherapy. The women had either stage I or II breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all of the 16 women who did not use the cap lost all of their hair during chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DigniCap system uses a double cap fitted to the scalp 30 minutes before an infusion, which keeps the scalp at 37 degrees Fahrenheit, plus or minus 2 degrees, during the session. The system was approved by the FDA in 2015 and is available at infusion centers in \u003ca href=\"https://dignicap.com/availability/\">17 states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2016.20939\">study\u003c/a> found similar results using the Paxman system. It was led by oncologist Julie Nangia of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the 95 women (50.5 percent) using the Paxman system lost less than half their hair after four rounds of anthracycline and taxane chemotherapy, including five women who had no significant hair loss, as judged by independent observers from photographs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 47 who did not use the cooling system, all lost all of their hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paxman study was stopped earlier than planned, after four cycles of chemotherapy, because findings showed the cooling cap was highly effective at preventing hair loss. That cooling system is not yet available commercially in the U.S. and is under review at the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's nice now to have two good studies focusing on the quality of life to make the cancer journey easier for women,\" Nangia tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no serious side effects related to either cooler. A few people reported headaches, and some stopped using the device because they got too cold. Nangia says most patients described the device as \"reasonably comfortable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies were funded and designed, in part, by their respective manufacturers, with varying levels of company input to the university investigators. In both cases, the researchers were free to publish results they deemed appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how the cooling caps work. One theory is that cooling constricts the blood vessels in the scalp, slowing the circulation and thereby reducing the amount of toxins to which hair follicles are exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be that cold slows the growth of hair follicles, making them less susceptible to damage from chemotherapy, which targets rapidly dividing cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/lenlichtenfeld\">Dr. Len Lichtenfeld\u003c/a>, deputy chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society, says it could be that \"by slowing down those cells whatever mechanism it may be — either starving their blood flow or slowing them down straightforwardly — the net effect is beneficial, causing hair not to fall out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chilling the scalp may seem to carry few risks, Lichtenfeld says there is a theoretical risk that inhibiting the effect of chemotherapy in the scalp could allow metastases to take hold there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These techniques are relatively new,\" he says, and \"breast cancer is a disease that can take a long time before it comes back and if one is to be 100 percent certain then you need a long period of time to answer the question.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, cancer recurrence on the scalp has not been seen in the U.S. studies, but authors of both \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> papers say longer follow-up is needed to be sure that this is not a risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cooling+Cap+May+Limit+Chemo+Hair+Loss+In+Women+With+Breast+Cancer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's no surprise that most women with breast cancer consider hair loss one of the most traumatic aspects of chemotherapy. That has led to a big market for cooling caps, which are purported to limit hair loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cooling caps haven't been extensively studied in the U.S., and womens' experiences with the caps have been hit or miss. And just one cooling cap, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm476216.htm\">DigniCap\u003c/a>, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two studies released recently show that at least half the women who used either the DigniCap or another scalp cooling system, the \u003ca href=\"http://paxmanscalpcooling.com/the-system\">Paxman\u003c/a>, lost less than 50 percent of their hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These findings appear to represent a major step forward in improving the quality of life of individuals with cancer,\" says Dr. Dawn Hershman, who studies the effects of cancer treatments at the Columbia University School of Medicine in New York. She wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2601483\">editorial\u003c/a> accompanying the studies in \u003cem>JAMA,\u003c/em> the journal of the American Medical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hershman cautions that more study is needed to determine whether there is psychological benefit in using the caps to prevent hair loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the cost and who will pay for the treatment are also issues, she says. The average cost is $1,500 to $3,000, depending on the number of chemotherapy cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the DigniCap \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2016.21038\">study\u003c/a>, 67 of 106 women (66.3 percent) lost less than half their hair after four rounds of taxane chemotherapy. The women had either stage I or II breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, all of the 16 women who did not use the cap lost all of their hair during chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DigniCap system uses a double cap fitted to the scalp 30 minutes before an infusion, which keeps the scalp at 37 degrees Fahrenheit, plus or minus 2 degrees, during the session. The system was approved by the FDA in 2015 and is available at infusion centers in \u003ca href=\"https://dignicap.com/availability/\">17 states\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2016.20939\">study\u003c/a> found similar results using the Paxman system. It was led by oncologist Julie Nangia of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the 95 women (50.5 percent) using the Paxman system lost less than half their hair after four rounds of anthracycline and taxane chemotherapy, including five women who had no significant hair loss, as judged by independent observers from photographs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the 47 who did not use the cooling system, all lost all of their hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paxman study was stopped earlier than planned, after four cycles of chemotherapy, because findings showed the cooling cap was highly effective at preventing hair loss. That cooling system is not yet available commercially in the U.S. and is under review at the FDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's nice now to have two good studies focusing on the quality of life to make the cancer journey easier for women,\" Nangia tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were no serious side effects related to either cooler. A few people reported headaches, and some stopped using the device because they got too cold. Nangia says most patients described the device as \"reasonably comfortable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies were funded and designed, in part, by their respective manufacturers, with varying levels of company input to the university investigators. In both cases, the researchers were free to publish results they deemed appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers don't know exactly how the cooling caps work. One theory is that cooling constricts the blood vessels in the scalp, slowing the circulation and thereby reducing the amount of toxins to which hair follicles are exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or it may be that cold slows the growth of hair follicles, making them less susceptible to damage from chemotherapy, which targets rapidly dividing cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pressroom.cancer.org/lenlichtenfeld\">Dr. Len Lichtenfeld\u003c/a>, deputy chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society, says it could be that \"by slowing down those cells whatever mechanism it may be — either starving their blood flow or slowing them down straightforwardly — the net effect is beneficial, causing hair not to fall out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While chilling the scalp may seem to carry few risks, Lichtenfeld says there is a theoretical risk that inhibiting the effect of chemotherapy in the scalp could allow metastases to take hold there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These techniques are relatively new,\" he says, and \"breast cancer is a disease that can take a long time before it comes back and if one is to be 100 percent certain then you need a long period of time to answer the question.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, cancer recurrence on the scalp has not been seen in the U.S. studies, but authors of both \u003cem>JAMA\u003c/em> papers say longer follow-up is needed to be sure that this is not a risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Cooling+Cap+May+Limit+Chemo+Hair+Loss+In+Women+With+Breast+Cancer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It was not psychiatry’s finest hour. Just over 20 years ago a psychotherapist claimed he had discovered a new mental illness, which he named Internet Abuse Disorder. He saw it all around him: people compulsively reading websites and sending email and feeling anxious if they couldn’t. Psychiatrists and laypeople alike flocked to a listserv to share their experience with this supposed affliction, and the American Psychiatric Association appointed a task force to explore whether there was sufficient evidence to support recognizing internet “abuse” as a mental disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An existential dread engulfs some people who are cut off from the online world.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Verdict: There wasn’t then and there isn’t now. Spending hours each day online via either mobile devices or the stationary kind is not a mental illness. In fact, the original proposal, by the late Dr. Ivan Goldberg, was meant as a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"v1Vm2rYzINUSkLHhmrEoRc3mBkYRkZme\"]More than any other behavior that people engage in compulsively, the digital version — from checking Facebook to texting — shows that just because you’re compulsive about something doesn’t mean you have a broken brain. To the contrary. As with other compulsions that fall well short of pathology, the allure of being online sheds light on some of the mind’s most salient, and utterly normal, operations, according to the latest research. From our desire to connect to the way we respond to unpredictable rewards, our minds are wired in a way that lets digital technology sink its hooks into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, a definition. A compulsive behavior is one that is repeated and chronic, and arises from a feeling of anxiety. Just as someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compulsively and repeatedly washes her hands, for instance, to alleviate the anxiety that comes from believing she is covered with germs, so mentally healthy people who behave compulsively are also driven by anxiety. (Checking one’s phone repeatedly is not considered a disorder, however, because the behavior is grounded in reality, not a delusion, and it usually doesn’t get in the way of living a normal life.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, said Moez Limayem, of the University of South Florida, who led a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/isj.12065/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">2015 study\u003c/a> on mobile use, “The underlying motivation to use a mobile phone is not pleasure,” but is instead “a response to heightened stress and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Start with the fact that many of us feel anxious if we’re not making use of every tiny slice of time. The effort required for a single online “transaction” — a click, a view, checking Instagram or Facebook — is minuscule, so much so that not texting or reading your smartphone screen feels like a greater burden than doing so. “The timescale on which you work with online technology is central to making it compelling,” said psychologist Tom Stafford of the University of Sheffield in England. “What else can you do in five seconds that’s interesting? Why not check your phone?” This is a large part of why “using the internet can be compulsive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason we often feel anxious if we’re not using every tiny slice of time is that we find it hard—even unpleasant and anxiety-producing to be alone with our thoughts, as a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/75\" target=\"_blank\">2014 study\u003c/a> showed. Researchers led by social psychologist Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia gave volunteers two options: do “nothing” for 15 minutes or give themselves a small electric shock (which three-quarters had previously told the researchers they’d pay money not to experience). Two-thirds of the men and one-quarter of the women chose the latter, so anxious were they for “something to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The untutored mind does not like to be alone with itself,” Wilson concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially when the mind encounters payoffs structured like a slot machine’s. Like those one-armed bandits, the digital world offers what are called intermittent/variable rewards: An action — pulling the slot machine’s arm, checking for texts — can bring either a payoff or nothing. Most of what fills your Twitter feed or Facebook updates is digital dross. (“Barbara changed her Facebook picture!”) Payoff: zero. But every so often, you find a gem — a friend offering Bruce Springsteen tickets, an acquaintance posting a link to the morning’s must-read Trump story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I give you a treat sometimes, you have to keep checking all the time: You don’t know when it will come,” said Stafford. “No matter how frequently you check, even if you checked only a second ago, a brilliant email might have just come in. You feel anxiety about possibly missing something.” Such low-cost, occasionally high-reward activities are catnip to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re prevented from compulsively checking for texts, the anxiety that the compulsive behavior alleviates comes roaring back. Psychologists have found that people who are separated from their smartphone experience an elevated heart rate and other signs of anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215303332\" target=\"_blank\">2016 study\u003c/a>, volunteers who filled out a standard questionnaire about their smartphone use and emotions told researchers that they turn to their phones “to avoid negative experiences or feelings” and “to cope [with] or escape from feelings related to an anxiety-inducing situation.” Psychologist Alejandro Lleras, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who led the study, described it as a security-blanket effect, absorbing our bubbling-over anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits with studies finding that people text as a way to escape anxiety; something like 70 percent of study participants say smartphones and texting help them overcome anxiety and other negative moods. It’s become a stereotype that people in awkward (read: anxiety-provoking) situations “turn to their mobile phones as a way to disengage,” the Illinois researchers wrote, especially “during times of more intense distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lleras and a colleague gave volunteers a short writing assignment that, they explained (falsely), would be evaluated by two experts. To ratchet up the stress further, the researchers said the experts would also interview them about their essay. While waiting for that, half the volunteers had access to their mobile phones and half didn’t. Among those who were able to text and surf to their anxiety-ridden-heart’s content, half felt intense anxiety. In comparison, three-quarters of those who were deprived of their phones did, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By giving in to a compulsion to use their phone, many of the study volunteers were able to defuse much of their anxiety. “People seem to be less vulnerable to becoming stressed in anxiety-provoking situations when they have access” to their mobile phone, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only being deprived of those variable-interval rewards that makes ditching their smartphone unthinkable for many people. Because it has become our main connection to other people and the world at large, the anxiety that comes from not being able to check it arises, too, from the feeling of missing something, as if everyone else is plugged in, connected, on top of things, and you aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are people who feel, if I’m not there, if I’m not on that site, I’m missing something — something about my friends, or my health, or anything else,” said psychiatrist Dr. David Reiss, who practices in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internet exploits this FOMO, or fear of missing out. Being disconnected is synonymous with missing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making us feel we are always connected to the world, smartphones also alleviate the anxiety that otherwise floods into us from feeling alone and untethered. A character in the 2014 New York City production of Laura Eason’s play “Sex with Strangers,” learning there’s no cellphone service at a bed-and-breakfast, says, “People will think I’m dead.” People don’t like feeling dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://withoutmedia.wordpress.com/\" target=\"_blank\">2010 study\u003c/a> by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda at the University of Maryland showed how profound an existential dread engulfs people cut off from the online world. The researchers asked 200 students to abstain from using their phones and computers (and all other media) for 24 hours. Describing their experience, the students said they felt disconnected and anxious that they were missing out on something, using terms evoking compulsion: \u003cem>Frantically craving. Very anxious. Extremely antsy. Miserable. Jittery. Crazy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth reading some of their comments:“Texting and IM’ing my friends gives me a constant feeling of comfort … the fact that I was not able to communicate with anyone via technology was almost unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel so disconnected from all the people who I think are calling me, but really they aren’t half the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t take it anymore being in my room … alone … with nothing to occupy my mind so I gave up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we do miss out? If we’re not connected? If existence is defined these days by an online presence, then not being online is not to exist. Human history knows no greater motivation for action than the existential one of raging against the dying of the light. When we are not online, when we are not connected, when we miss out, we do not exist, and that causes the most unbearable and existential anxiety there is.That is how we should understand the digital compulsion: not as a pathology, but as the result of the online world’s ability to tap into something deep in the human psyche and make many of us digital casualties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/08/social-media-compulsion-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It has been adapted from Sharon Begley’s book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Cant-Just-Stop-Investigation-Compulsions/dp/1476725829\">Can’t. Just. Stop\u003c/a>.: An Investigation of Compulsions,” published by Simon & Schuster on Feb. 7.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharon Begley can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:sharon.begley@statnews.com\">sharon.begley@statnews.com\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Sharon on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sxbegle\" target=\"_blank\">@sxbegle\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was not psychiatry’s finest hour. Just over 20 years ago a psychotherapist claimed he had discovered a new mental illness, which he named Internet Abuse Disorder. He saw it all around him: people compulsively reading websites and sending email and feeling anxious if they couldn’t. Psychiatrists and laypeople alike flocked to a listserv to share their experience with this supposed affliction, and the American Psychiatric Association appointed a task force to explore whether there was sufficient evidence to support recognizing internet “abuse” as a mental disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">An existential dread engulfs some people who are cut off from the online world.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Verdict: There wasn’t then and there isn’t now. Spending hours each day online via either mobile devices or the stationary kind is not a mental illness. In fact, the original proposal, by the late Dr. Ivan Goldberg, was meant as a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More than any other behavior that people engage in compulsively, the digital version — from checking Facebook to texting — shows that just because you’re compulsive about something doesn’t mean you have a broken brain. To the contrary. As with other compulsions that fall well short of pathology, the allure of being online sheds light on some of the mind’s most salient, and utterly normal, operations, according to the latest research. From our desire to connect to the way we respond to unpredictable rewards, our minds are wired in a way that lets digital technology sink its hooks into us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, a definition. A compulsive behavior is one that is repeated and chronic, and arises from a feeling of anxiety. Just as someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) compulsively and repeatedly washes her hands, for instance, to alleviate the anxiety that comes from believing she is covered with germs, so mentally healthy people who behave compulsively are also driven by anxiety. (Checking one’s phone repeatedly is not considered a disorder, however, because the behavior is grounded in reality, not a delusion, and it usually doesn’t get in the way of living a normal life.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, said Moez Limayem, of the University of South Florida, who led a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/isj.12065/abstract\" target=\"_blank\">2015 study\u003c/a> on mobile use, “The underlying motivation to use a mobile phone is not pleasure,” but is instead “a response to heightened stress and anxiety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Start with the fact that many of us feel anxious if we’re not making use of every tiny slice of time. The effort required for a single online “transaction” — a click, a view, checking Instagram or Facebook — is minuscule, so much so that not texting or reading your smartphone screen feels like a greater burden than doing so. “The timescale on which you work with online technology is central to making it compelling,” said psychologist Tom Stafford of the University of Sheffield in England. “What else can you do in five seconds that’s interesting? Why not check your phone?” This is a large part of why “using the internet can be compulsive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason we often feel anxious if we’re not using every tiny slice of time is that we find it hard—even unpleasant and anxiety-producing to be alone with our thoughts, as a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/345/6192/75\" target=\"_blank\">2014 study\u003c/a> showed. Researchers led by social psychologist Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia gave volunteers two options: do “nothing” for 15 minutes or give themselves a small electric shock (which three-quarters had previously told the researchers they’d pay money not to experience). Two-thirds of the men and one-quarter of the women chose the latter, so anxious were they for “something to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The untutored mind does not like to be alone with itself,” Wilson concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Especially when the mind encounters payoffs structured like a slot machine’s. Like those one-armed bandits, the digital world offers what are called intermittent/variable rewards: An action — pulling the slot machine’s arm, checking for texts — can bring either a payoff or nothing. Most of what fills your Twitter feed or Facebook updates is digital dross. (“Barbara changed her Facebook picture!”) Payoff: zero. But every so often, you find a gem — a friend offering Bruce Springsteen tickets, an acquaintance posting a link to the morning’s must-read Trump story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I give you a treat sometimes, you have to keep checking all the time: You don’t know when it will come,” said Stafford. “No matter how frequently you check, even if you checked only a second ago, a brilliant email might have just come in. You feel anxiety about possibly missing something.” Such low-cost, occasionally high-reward activities are catnip to the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we’re prevented from compulsively checking for texts, the anxiety that the compulsive behavior alleviates comes roaring back. Psychologists have found that people who are separated from their smartphone experience an elevated heart rate and other signs of anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563215303332\" target=\"_blank\">2016 study\u003c/a>, volunteers who filled out a standard questionnaire about their smartphone use and emotions told researchers that they turn to their phones “to avoid negative experiences or feelings” and “to cope [with] or escape from feelings related to an anxiety-inducing situation.” Psychologist Alejandro Lleras, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who led the study, described it as a security-blanket effect, absorbing our bubbling-over anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That fits with studies finding that people text as a way to escape anxiety; something like 70 percent of study participants say smartphones and texting help them overcome anxiety and other negative moods. It’s become a stereotype that people in awkward (read: anxiety-provoking) situations “turn to their mobile phones as a way to disengage,” the Illinois researchers wrote, especially “during times of more intense distress.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lleras and a colleague gave volunteers a short writing assignment that, they explained (falsely), would be evaluated by two experts. To ratchet up the stress further, the researchers said the experts would also interview them about their essay. While waiting for that, half the volunteers had access to their mobile phones and half didn’t. Among those who were able to text and surf to their anxiety-ridden-heart’s content, half felt intense anxiety. In comparison, three-quarters of those who were deprived of their phones did, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By giving in to a compulsion to use their phone, many of the study volunteers were able to defuse much of their anxiety. “People seem to be less vulnerable to becoming stressed in anxiety-provoking situations when they have access” to their mobile phone, the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only being deprived of those variable-interval rewards that makes ditching their smartphone unthinkable for many people. Because it has become our main connection to other people and the world at large, the anxiety that comes from not being able to check it arises, too, from the feeling of missing something, as if everyone else is plugged in, connected, on top of things, and you aren’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are people who feel, if I’m not there, if I’m not on that site, I’m missing something — something about my friends, or my health, or anything else,” said psychiatrist Dr. David Reiss, who practices in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internet exploits this FOMO, or fear of missing out. Being disconnected is synonymous with missing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By making us feel we are always connected to the world, smartphones also alleviate the anxiety that otherwise floods into us from feeling alone and untethered. A character in the 2014 New York City production of Laura Eason’s play “Sex with Strangers,” learning there’s no cellphone service at a bed-and-breakfast, says, “People will think I’m dead.” People don’t like feeling dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://withoutmedia.wordpress.com/\" target=\"_blank\">2010 study\u003c/a> by the International Center for Media and the Public Agenda at the University of Maryland showed how profound an existential dread engulfs people cut off from the online world. The researchers asked 200 students to abstain from using their phones and computers (and all other media) for 24 hours. Describing their experience, the students said they felt disconnected and anxious that they were missing out on something, using terms evoking compulsion: \u003cem>Frantically craving. Very anxious. Extremely antsy. Miserable. Jittery. Crazy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth reading some of their comments:“Texting and IM’ing my friends gives me a constant feeling of comfort … the fact that I was not able to communicate with anyone via technology was almost unbearable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel so disconnected from all the people who I think are calling me, but really they aren’t half the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I couldn’t take it anymore being in my room … alone … with nothing to occupy my mind so I gave up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we do miss out? If we’re not connected? If existence is defined these days by an online presence, then not being online is not to exist. Human history knows no greater motivation for action than the existential one of raging against the dying of the light. When we are not online, when we are not connected, when we miss out, we do not exist, and that causes the most unbearable and existential anxiety there is.That is how we should understand the digital compulsion: not as a pathology, but as the result of the online world’s ability to tap into something deep in the human psyche and make many of us digital casualties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/08/social-media-compulsion-mental-illness/\" target=\"_blank\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It has been adapted from Sharon Begley’s book “\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Cant-Just-Stop-Investigation-Compulsions/dp/1476725829\">Can’t. Just. Stop\u003c/a>.: An Investigation of Compulsions,” published by Simon & Schuster on Feb. 7.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sharon Begley can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:sharon.begley@statnews.com\">sharon.begley@statnews.com\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Follow Sharon on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sxbegle\" target=\"_blank\">@sxbegle\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Create Mice Impervious to Cocaine Addiction",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have created mice that appear impervious to the lure of cocaine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the genetically engineered animals were given the drug repeatedly, they did not appear to crave it the way typical mice do, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nn.4503\">reports\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't keep going into the room where they received the cocaine and they seemed to be just as happy exploring all around the cage,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cps.med.ubc.ca/faculty/bamji/\">Shernaz Bamji\u003c/a>, a professor in the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Addiction is a form of learning,\" Bamji says. And somehow, these mice never learned to associate the pleasurable feelings produced by cocaine with the place where they received the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was startling because the scientists thought these mice would be especially susceptible to addiction. \"We repeated the experiment several times to see if we had made a mistake,\" Bamji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the team's surprise had to do with proteins that affect learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals had been genetically engineered to produce high levels of proteins called cadherins in the brain's \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/neurobiology-drug-addiction/section-ii-reward-pathway-addiction/1-reward-pathway-addiction\">reward circuit\u003c/a>,\" which plays an important role in addiction. And genetic \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922196/\">studies\u003c/a> have suggested that people with high levels of \u003ca href=\"http://calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca/cadherin/pub_pages/general/intro_cadherins.htm\">cadherins\u003c/a> are more susceptible to drug addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cadherins act a bit like glue, binding cells together. Usually this glue enhances learning by strengthening the connections, or synapses, between brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward circuit is involved in both the sensation of pleasure triggered by addictive drugs, and the craving that propels addicts to seek out these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers expected the mice with extra cadherins in the reward circuit to become instant addicts. \"We thought, hey, more glue, stronger synapses, more learning, more addiction,\" Bamji says. \"But what we actually saw was the opposite.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A close look at the brains of the mice showed why. It turned out that too much glue was actually gumming up the synapses in the reward circuit so they couldn't get stronger. As a result, the mice never learned to crave cocaine, even though it made them feel good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding may help explain why certain people are susceptible to addiction, says Bamji. \"Addiction is not just bad judgment, but really is more to do with our biology and our biochemistry,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the results also suggest that it may be possible someday to treat addiction by changing the way learning occurs in certain areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Brain+Tweak+Lets+Mice+Abstain+From+Cocaine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have created mice that appear impervious to the lure of cocaine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the genetically engineered animals were given the drug repeatedly, they did not appear to crave it the way typical mice do, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nn.4503\">reports\u003c/a> in \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't keep going into the room where they received the cocaine and they seemed to be just as happy exploring all around the cage,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://cps.med.ubc.ca/faculty/bamji/\">Shernaz Bamji\u003c/a>, a professor in the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Addiction is a form of learning,\" Bamji says. And somehow, these mice never learned to associate the pleasurable feelings produced by cocaine with the place where they received the drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result was startling because the scientists thought these mice would be especially susceptible to addiction. \"We repeated the experiment several times to see if we had made a mistake,\" Bamji says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for the team's surprise had to do with proteins that affect learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals had been genetically engineered to produce high levels of proteins called cadherins in the brain's \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/neurobiology-drug-addiction/section-ii-reward-pathway-addiction/1-reward-pathway-addiction\">reward circuit\u003c/a>,\" which plays an important role in addiction. And genetic \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3922196/\">studies\u003c/a> have suggested that people with high levels of \u003ca href=\"http://calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca/cadherin/pub_pages/general/intro_cadherins.htm\">cadherins\u003c/a> are more susceptible to drug addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cadherins act a bit like glue, binding cells together. Usually this glue enhances learning by strengthening the connections, or synapses, between brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reward circuit is involved in both the sensation of pleasure triggered by addictive drugs, and the craving that propels addicts to seek out these drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the researchers expected the mice with extra cadherins in the reward circuit to become instant addicts. \"We thought, hey, more glue, stronger synapses, more learning, more addiction,\" Bamji says. \"But what we actually saw was the opposite.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A close look at the brains of the mice showed why. It turned out that too much glue was actually gumming up the synapses in the reward circuit so they couldn't get stronger. As a result, the mice never learned to crave cocaine, even though it made them feel good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding may help explain why certain people are susceptible to addiction, says Bamji. \"Addiction is not just bad judgment, but really is more to do with our biology and our biochemistry,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the results also suggest that it may be possible someday to treat addiction by changing the way learning occurs in certain areas of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Brain+Tweak+Lets+Mice+Abstain+From+Cocaine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "After Suicide Attempt, Face Transplant Restores Hope (Video)",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcgdNDmidho\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'd been waiting for this day, and when his doctor handed him the mirror, Andy Sandness stared at his image and absorbed the enormity of the moment: He had a new face, one that had belonged to another man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father and his brother, joined by several doctors and nurses at Mayo Clinic, watched as he studied his swollen features. He was just starting to heal from one of the rarest surgeries in the world — a face transplant, the first at the medical center. He had the nose, cheeks, mouth, lips, jaw, chin, even the teeth of his donor. Resting in his hospital bed, he still couldn't speak clearly, but he had something to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He scrawled four words in a spiral notebook:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Far exceeded my expectations,\" he wrote, handing it to Dr. Samir Mardini, who read the message to the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don't know how happy that makes us feel,\" Mardini said, his voice husky with emotion as he looked at the patient-turned-friend he had first met nearly a decade earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exchange came near the end of an extraordinary medical journey that revolved around two young men. Both were rugged outdoorsmen and both just 21 when, overcome by demons, they decided to kill themselves: One, Sandness, survived but with a face almost destroyed by a gunshot; the other man died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their paths wouldn't converge for years, but when they did — in side-by-side operating rooms — one man's tragedy offered hope that the other would have a second chance at a normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>It was two days before Christmas in 2006 when Andy Sandness reached a breaking point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'd been sad and drinking too much lately. That night after work while \"super, super depressed,\" he grabbed a rifle from a closet. He stared at it for a while, then put a round in the chamber. He positioned the barrel beneath his chin, took a deep breath and pulled the trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instantly, he knew he'd made a terrible mistake. When the police arrived, an officer who was a friend cradled him in his arms as Sandness begged, \"Please, please don't let me die! I don't want to die!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was rushed from his home in eastern Wyoming, treated at two hospitals, then transferred to Mayo Clinic. When he woke, his mother was holding his hand. She'd always been a strong woman but that day, her face was a portrait of unfathomable pain. The bullet had obliterated his mouth, so he motioned for a pen and paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm sorry,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love you,\" she replied. \"It's OK.\" But all Sandness could think about was how he'd hurt his family — and just wonder what was next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer came quickly when he met Mardini, a plastic surgeon whose specialty is facial reconstruction. As a newcomer at Mayo, the doctor was on call Christmas Eve. Over the next few days, he reassured Sandness that he'd fix his face as best he could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just need you to be strong and patient,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take time and much surgery. And despite their skills, the doctors couldn't miraculously turn him back into that guy with the orthodontist-perfected smile\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness couldn't bear to see himself, so he covered his hospital room mirror with a towel. He had no nose and no jaw. He'd shot out all but two teeth. His mouth was shattered, his lips almost non-existent. He'd lost some vision in his left eye. He needed breathing and feeding tubes at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini and his team removed dead tissue and shattered bones, then connected facial bones with titanium plates and screws. They reconstructed his upper jaw with bone and muscle from the hip; they transferred bone and skin from a leg to fashion the lower jaw. They used wires and sutures to bring together his eyelids, which had been spread apart because of the powerful blast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They made progress, even if it didn't always look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about eight surgeries over 4½ months, Sandness returned home to Newcastle, Wyoming, a hamlet of 3,200, where friends and family embraced him. He worked at a lodge, in the oil fields and as an electrician's apprentice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his world had shrunk. When he ventured to the grocery store, he avoided eye contact with children so he wouldn't scare them. Occasionally, he heard them ask their mothers why he looked that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sometimes lied when folks asked what had happened. \"I would tell them it was a hunting accident,\" he says. \"I felt like they didn't need to know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had almost no social life; on a rare night out to shoot pool, a guy taunted him about his appearance. He retreated to the hills, where he could hunt elk and fish walleye, unseen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those were real tough times for him,' says his father, Reed. \"He was insecure. Who wouldn't be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness learned to adapt. His mouth was about an inch wide — too small for a spoon — so he tore food into bits, then sucked on them until he could swallow the pieces. He wore a prosthetic nose but it constantly fell off outdoors; he carried glue to reattach it. It discolored often, so he had to paint it to match his skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You never fully accept it,\" he says. \"You eventually say, 'OK, is there something else we can do?'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was, but the prospect of 15 more surgeries Mardini had mapped out scared him. He didn't want more skin grafts, more scars or dental implants Even then, he'd still look deformed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next five years, Sandness made yearly visits to Mayo. Then in spring of 2012, he received a life-changing call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini told him it looked like Mayo was going to launch a face transplant program and Sandness might be an ideal patient. The doctor had already begun traveling to France, Boston and Cleveland to meet doctors who'd done face transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini tried to temper his patient's enthusiasm. \"Think very hard about this,\" he said. Only about two dozen transplants have been done around the world, and he wanted Sandness to understand the risks and the aftermath: a lifelong regimen of anti-rejection drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sandness could hardly contain himself. \"How long until I can do this?\" he asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He followed Mardini's advice to research the surgery. It was far more complicated than he'd imagined, but he was undeterred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you look like I looked and you function like I functioned, every little bit of hope that you have, you just jump on it,\" he says, \"and this was the surgery that was going to take me back to normal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Three more years passed as Sandness waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then, Mayo Clinic had completed a long internal review to get the face transplant program approved. Sandness had to undergo a rigorous psychiatric and social work evaluation to address, among other things, a key question: Should this surgery be performed on someone who'd attempted suicide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several factors were in his favor: His resilience and motivation, a strong support network of family and friends, a long-standing rapport with Mardini and a gap of several years since the shooting. Doctors also noted others with self-inflicted injuries, such as excessive drinkers, have received liver transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there's anybody who doesn't deserve a second chance,\" Mardini says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by the doctors what he expected from the transplant, to make sure he had realistic goals, Sandness said he wanted a working nose, the ability to bite, swallow, chew, and to \"get good stares as opposed to bad stares.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These incremental steps benefited everyone, says Dr. Hatem Amer, Mayo's medical director of reconstructive transplantation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wasn't rushing us, and we weren't rushing him,\" he says. \"He really understood what he was embarking upon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness says he was concerned both about the possibility of rejection and potential side effects of anti-rejection drugs, including skin cancer, infection, diabetes and weakening of the bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini and his team devoted more than 50 Saturdays over 3½ years to rehearsing the surgery, using sets of cadaver heads to transplant the face of one to another. They used 3-D imaging and virtual surgery to plot out the bony cuts so the donor's face would fit perfectly on Sandness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2016, Sandness' name was added to the waiting list of the United Network for Organ Sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini figured it would take up to five years to find the right donor: a man with matching blood and tissue types, roughly the same size as Sandness, within a 10-year age range and a close skin tone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just five months later, Mardini got a call: There might be a donor. He phoned Sandness, cautioning it was just a possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, Mardini got the final word: The donor's family had said OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>The decision came from a 19-year-old newlywed mourning the sudden loss of her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early June, Calen \"Rudy\" Ross fatally shot himself in the head. His devastated widow, Lilly, was eight months pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite her grief, she was committed to carrying out her husband's wishes: On his driver's license, Ross, who lived in Fulda, Minnesota, had designated he wanted to be an organ donor. Lilly met with a coordinator from LifeSource, a nonprofit group that works with families in the upper Midwest to facilitate organ and tissue donation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Ross had been healthy and just 21, his heart, lungs, liver and kidneys could be donated. But additional screening determined he could do even more: He was a good match for a man awaiting a face transplant at Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second conversation, LifeSource broached the idea to Lilly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was skeptical at first,\" she says. \"I didn't want to walk around and all of a sudden see Calen.\" She was reassured the donor had his own eyes and forehead and would not be recognizable as her husband. After consulting with her husband's best friend, she gave her consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CT scan, other tests and a photo sent to Mardini by LifeSource confirmed the two men were a good match. Mardini said when the doctors studied Ross' photo, \"we got chills when we actually saw how close they were in hair color, skin — just the overall look. It could be his cousin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on June 16, Sandness was wheeled into surgery, accompanied by Mardini, who was showing him photos of his two small children. Over the years, the two say they've become as close as brothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was not a second of doubt that everything was going to go well,\" Sandness says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody went into this totally knowing their role, knowing what to expect,\" Mardini recalls. \"Every step has been thought out 1,000 times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini had a parting message: \"We're looking forward to seeing you with a new face.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In adjoining operating rooms, some 60 surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists and others had gathered for what would be a 56-hour marathon.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>The surgery that started shortly before midnight Friday was over early Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about 24 hours to procure the donor's face, which involved taking bone, muscle, skin and nerves, and almost the same time to prepare Sandness. His entire face was rebuilt below his eyes, taking an additional 32 hours. The medical team rotated, many taking four-hour breaks through the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intricate parts of the surgery was identifying facial nerve branches on both men and stimulating them with an electric current to determine their function. That allowed doctors to make the correct transfers, so when Sandness thinks about smiling or closing his eyes, for example, those movements actually happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the surgery ended, Mardini proclaimed it \"a miracle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness, who was sedated for several days, wasn't allowed to see himself immediately. His room mirror and cell phone were removed. His father, Reed, served as his eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, 'Andy, I've never lied to you. I'm telling you you're going to be happy with what you see,'\" he recalls. \"He was quizzing me and the nurses all the time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks later, when he finally did see his face — a scene captured on a Mayo video — his father says it \"was just a real tearful, hard-to-hold-back time ... beyond our wildest dreams.\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness was overwhelmed. \"Once you lose something that you've had forever, you know what it's like not to have it,\" he says. \"And once you get a second chance to have it back, you never forget it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just having a nose and mouth are blessings, he says. \"The looks are a bonus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months earlier, both he and Lilly Ross had expressed interest in learning about each other. She particularly wanted him to know about her husband, an adventurous, spontaneous guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, she wrote to Sandness and the five others who received her husband's organs. She described Ross, her high school sweetheart, as a \"giving person\" who loved hunting, trapping and being with his dog, Grit. \"I am filled with great joy knowing that he was able to give a little of himself to ensure a better quality of life for someone else,\" she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the face transplant, she thought of her baby son when she agreed to it. \"The reason that I decided to ... go through with it was so that I can later down the road show Leonard what his dad had done to help somebody,\" she said in a video produced by LifeSource.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lilly was given photos of Sandness before and after the transplant. That's when she learned of uncanny similarities between the two men — not just their passion for the outdoors, but the way they stood in their hunting photos. \"It was amazing how good he looked and how well he's doing,'\" she says of Sandness. \"I'm excited for him that he's getting his life back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also noticed one small detail — a small bare patch in the middle of his bearded chin, just as on her husband's face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both she and Sandness hope to meet one day. For now, he wrote her a letter of appreciation. Referring to her husband's favorite things, he said: \"He's still going to continue to love hunting and fishing and dogs — through me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Andy Sandness can pinpoint the day he looked normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three months after the transplant, he was in an elevator when a little boy glanced at him, then turned to his mother without appearing scared or saying anything. \"I knew then,\" he says, \"that the surgery was a success.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last December, he had follow-up surgery to tighten skin on his face and neck and build up bone around his eyes so they're not so recessed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His facial muscles are growing stronger. He received speech therapy to learn to use his tongue in a new mouth and jaw, and enunciate clearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's thrilled to smell again, breathe normally and be eating foods that were off-limits for a decade: apples, steak and pizza that he shared with his doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His transformation isn't just visible. After the shooting, he says, when he dreamed, he still had his old face. Now, his new face appears in his dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness, now 31, plans to return to Wyoming, work as an electrician and, he hopes, marry and have a family someday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, he savors his anonymity. Recently, he attended a Minnesota Wild game. He bought some popcorn. He watched some hockey. He didn't see any stares or hear any whispers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was, as he says, \"just another face in the crowd.\" Just thinking about that makes him smile.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When his doctor handed him the mirror, Andy Sandness stared at his image and absorbed the enormity of the moment: He had a new face, one that had belonged to another man.",
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"description": "When his doctor handed him the mirror, Andy Sandness stared at his image and absorbed the enormity of the moment: He had a new face, one that had belonged to another man.",
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"nprByline": "Sharon Cohen\u003cbr />Associated Press",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/LcgdNDmidho'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/LcgdNDmidho'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>He'd been waiting for this day, and when his doctor handed him the mirror, Andy Sandness stared at his image and absorbed the enormity of the moment: He had a new face, one that had belonged to another man.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father and his brother, joined by several doctors and nurses at Mayo Clinic, watched as he studied his swollen features. He was just starting to heal from one of the rarest surgeries in the world — a face transplant, the first at the medical center. He had the nose, cheeks, mouth, lips, jaw, chin, even the teeth of his donor. Resting in his hospital bed, he still couldn't speak clearly, but he had something to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He scrawled four words in a spiral notebook:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Far exceeded my expectations,\" he wrote, handing it to Dr. Samir Mardini, who read the message to the group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don't know how happy that makes us feel,\" Mardini said, his voice husky with emotion as he looked at the patient-turned-friend he had first met nearly a decade earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exchange came near the end of an extraordinary medical journey that revolved around two young men. Both were rugged outdoorsmen and both just 21 when, overcome by demons, they decided to kill themselves: One, Sandness, survived but with a face almost destroyed by a gunshot; the other man died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their paths wouldn't converge for years, but when they did — in side-by-side operating rooms — one man's tragedy offered hope that the other would have a second chance at a normal life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>It was two days before Christmas in 2006 when Andy Sandness reached a breaking point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He'd been sad and drinking too much lately. That night after work while \"super, super depressed,\" he grabbed a rifle from a closet. He stared at it for a while, then put a round in the chamber. He positioned the barrel beneath his chin, took a deep breath and pulled the trigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instantly, he knew he'd made a terrible mistake. When the police arrived, an officer who was a friend cradled him in his arms as Sandness begged, \"Please, please don't let me die! I don't want to die!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was rushed from his home in eastern Wyoming, treated at two hospitals, then transferred to Mayo Clinic. When he woke, his mother was holding his hand. She'd always been a strong woman but that day, her face was a portrait of unfathomable pain. The bullet had obliterated his mouth, so he motioned for a pen and paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm sorry,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love you,\" she replied. \"It's OK.\" But all Sandness could think about was how he'd hurt his family — and just wonder what was next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer came quickly when he met Mardini, a plastic surgeon whose specialty is facial reconstruction. As a newcomer at Mayo, the doctor was on call Christmas Eve. Over the next few days, he reassured Sandness that he'd fix his face as best he could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just need you to be strong and patient,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take time and much surgery. And despite their skills, the doctors couldn't miraculously turn him back into that guy with the orthodontist-perfected smile\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness couldn't bear to see himself, so he covered his hospital room mirror with a towel. He had no nose and no jaw. He'd shot out all but two teeth. His mouth was shattered, his lips almost non-existent. He'd lost some vision in his left eye. He needed breathing and feeding tubes at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini and his team removed dead tissue and shattered bones, then connected facial bones with titanium plates and screws. They reconstructed his upper jaw with bone and muscle from the hip; they transferred bone and skin from a leg to fashion the lower jaw. They used wires and sutures to bring together his eyelids, which had been spread apart because of the powerful blast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They made progress, even if it didn't always look that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about eight surgeries over 4½ months, Sandness returned home to Newcastle, Wyoming, a hamlet of 3,200, where friends and family embraced him. He worked at a lodge, in the oil fields and as an electrician's apprentice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his world had shrunk. When he ventured to the grocery store, he avoided eye contact with children so he wouldn't scare them. Occasionally, he heard them ask their mothers why he looked that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sometimes lied when folks asked what had happened. \"I would tell them it was a hunting accident,\" he says. \"I felt like they didn't need to know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had almost no social life; on a rare night out to shoot pool, a guy taunted him about his appearance. He retreated to the hills, where he could hunt elk and fish walleye, unseen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those were real tough times for him,' says his father, Reed. \"He was insecure. Who wouldn't be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness learned to adapt. His mouth was about an inch wide — too small for a spoon — so he tore food into bits, then sucked on them until he could swallow the pieces. He wore a prosthetic nose but it constantly fell off outdoors; he carried glue to reattach it. It discolored often, so he had to paint it to match his skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You never fully accept it,\" he says. \"You eventually say, 'OK, is there something else we can do?'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was, but the prospect of 15 more surgeries Mardini had mapped out scared him. He didn't want more skin grafts, more scars or dental implants Even then, he'd still look deformed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next five years, Sandness made yearly visits to Mayo. Then in spring of 2012, he received a life-changing call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini told him it looked like Mayo was going to launch a face transplant program and Sandness might be an ideal patient. The doctor had already begun traveling to France, Boston and Cleveland to meet doctors who'd done face transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini tried to temper his patient's enthusiasm. \"Think very hard about this,\" he said. Only about two dozen transplants have been done around the world, and he wanted Sandness to understand the risks and the aftermath: a lifelong regimen of anti-rejection drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sandness could hardly contain himself. \"How long until I can do this?\" he asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He followed Mardini's advice to research the surgery. It was far more complicated than he'd imagined, but he was undeterred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you look like I looked and you function like I functioned, every little bit of hope that you have, you just jump on it,\" he says, \"and this was the surgery that was going to take me back to normal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Three more years passed as Sandness waited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then, Mayo Clinic had completed a long internal review to get the face transplant program approved. Sandness had to undergo a rigorous psychiatric and social work evaluation to address, among other things, a key question: Should this surgery be performed on someone who'd attempted suicide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several factors were in his favor: His resilience and motivation, a strong support network of family and friends, a long-standing rapport with Mardini and a gap of several years since the shooting. Doctors also noted others with self-inflicted injuries, such as excessive drinkers, have received liver transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think there's anybody who doesn't deserve a second chance,\" Mardini says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked by the doctors what he expected from the transplant, to make sure he had realistic goals, Sandness said he wanted a working nose, the ability to bite, swallow, chew, and to \"get good stares as opposed to bad stares.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These incremental steps benefited everyone, says Dr. Hatem Amer, Mayo's medical director of reconstructive transplantation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He wasn't rushing us, and we weren't rushing him,\" he says. \"He really understood what he was embarking upon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness says he was concerned both about the possibility of rejection and potential side effects of anti-rejection drugs, including skin cancer, infection, diabetes and weakening of the bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini and his team devoted more than 50 Saturdays over 3½ years to rehearsing the surgery, using sets of cadaver heads to transplant the face of one to another. They used 3-D imaging and virtual surgery to plot out the bony cuts so the donor's face would fit perfectly on Sandness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January 2016, Sandness' name was added to the waiting list of the United Network for Organ Sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini figured it would take up to five years to find the right donor: a man with matching blood and tissue types, roughly the same size as Sandness, within a 10-year age range and a close skin tone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just five months later, Mardini got a call: There might be a donor. He phoned Sandness, cautioning it was just a possibility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, Mardini got the final word: The donor's family had said OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>The decision came from a 19-year-old newlywed mourning the sudden loss of her husband.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early June, Calen \"Rudy\" Ross fatally shot himself in the head. His devastated widow, Lilly, was eight months pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite her grief, she was committed to carrying out her husband's wishes: On his driver's license, Ross, who lived in Fulda, Minnesota, had designated he wanted to be an organ donor. Lilly met with a coordinator from LifeSource, a nonprofit group that works with families in the upper Midwest to facilitate organ and tissue donation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Ross had been healthy and just 21, his heart, lungs, liver and kidneys could be donated. But additional screening determined he could do even more: He was a good match for a man awaiting a face transplant at Mayo Clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second conversation, LifeSource broached the idea to Lilly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was skeptical at first,\" she says. \"I didn't want to walk around and all of a sudden see Calen.\" She was reassured the donor had his own eyes and forehead and would not be recognizable as her husband. After consulting with her husband's best friend, she gave her consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CT scan, other tests and a photo sent to Mardini by LifeSource confirmed the two men were a good match. Mardini said when the doctors studied Ross' photo, \"we got chills when we actually saw how close they were in hair color, skin — just the overall look. It could be his cousin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Late on June 16, Sandness was wheeled into surgery, accompanied by Mardini, who was showing him photos of his two small children. Over the years, the two say they've become as close as brothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was not a second of doubt that everything was going to go well,\" Sandness says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody went into this totally knowing their role, knowing what to expect,\" Mardini recalls. \"Every step has been thought out 1,000 times.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mardini had a parting message: \"We're looking forward to seeing you with a new face.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In adjoining operating rooms, some 60 surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists and others had gathered for what would be a 56-hour marathon.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>The surgery that started shortly before midnight Friday was over early Monday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about 24 hours to procure the donor's face, which involved taking bone, muscle, skin and nerves, and almost the same time to prepare Sandness. His entire face was rebuilt below his eyes, taking an additional 32 hours. The medical team rotated, many taking four-hour breaks through the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most intricate parts of the surgery was identifying facial nerve branches on both men and stimulating them with an electric current to determine their function. That allowed doctors to make the correct transfers, so when Sandness thinks about smiling or closing his eyes, for example, those movements actually happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the surgery ended, Mardini proclaimed it \"a miracle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness, who was sedated for several days, wasn't allowed to see himself immediately. His room mirror and cell phone were removed. His father, Reed, served as his eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I said, 'Andy, I've never lied to you. I'm telling you you're going to be happy with what you see,'\" he recalls. \"He was quizzing me and the nurses all the time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks later, when he finally did see his face — a scene captured on a Mayo video — his father says it \"was just a real tearful, hard-to-hold-back time ... beyond our wildest dreams.\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness was overwhelmed. \"Once you lose something that you've had forever, you know what it's like not to have it,\" he says. \"And once you get a second chance to have it back, you never forget it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just having a nose and mouth are blessings, he says. \"The looks are a bonus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months earlier, both he and Lilly Ross had expressed interest in learning about each other. She particularly wanted him to know about her husband, an adventurous, spontaneous guy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, she wrote to Sandness and the five others who received her husband's organs. She described Ross, her high school sweetheart, as a \"giving person\" who loved hunting, trapping and being with his dog, Grit. \"I am filled with great joy knowing that he was able to give a little of himself to ensure a better quality of life for someone else,\" she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the face transplant, she thought of her baby son when she agreed to it. \"The reason that I decided to ... go through with it was so that I can later down the road show Leonard what his dad had done to help somebody,\" she said in a video produced by LifeSource.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lilly was given photos of Sandness before and after the transplant. That's when she learned of uncanny similarities between the two men — not just their passion for the outdoors, but the way they stood in their hunting photos. \"It was amazing how good he looked and how well he's doing,'\" she says of Sandness. \"I'm excited for him that he's getting his life back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also noticed one small detail — a small bare patch in the middle of his bearded chin, just as on her husband's face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both she and Sandness hope to meet one day. For now, he wrote her a letter of appreciation. Referring to her husband's favorite things, he said: \"He's still going to continue to love hunting and fishing and dogs — through me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Andy Sandness can pinpoint the day he looked normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three months after the transplant, he was in an elevator when a little boy glanced at him, then turned to his mother without appearing scared or saying anything. \"I knew then,\" he says, \"that the surgery was a success.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last December, he had follow-up surgery to tighten skin on his face and neck and build up bone around his eyes so they're not so recessed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His facial muscles are growing stronger. He received speech therapy to learn to use his tongue in a new mouth and jaw, and enunciate clearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's thrilled to smell again, breathe normally and be eating foods that were off-limits for a decade: apples, steak and pizza that he shared with his doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His transformation isn't just visible. After the shooting, he says, when he dreamed, he still had his old face. Now, his new face appears in his dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandness, now 31, plans to return to Wyoming, work as an electrician and, he hopes, marry and have a family someday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, he savors his anonymity. Recently, he attended a Minnesota Wild game. He bought some popcorn. He watched some hockey. He didn't see any stares or hear any whispers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. patent office has delivered a potentially lucrative victory to bioengineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/zhang-lab\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute in Massachusetts, regarding patents for an extraordinarily useful gene-editing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a technology that's already worth billions of dollars, is shaping up to play a big role in medicine and medical research because it can edit DNA with unprecedented accuracy. But exactly who has the right to profit from the technology has been up for debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said patents issued to the Broad Institute in 2014, and then challenged by the University of California, Berkeley, are in fact valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pretty monumental decision here,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the New York Law School, who has been tracking the dispute closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to reward the most valuable aspect of CRISPR to the Broad Institute,\" Sherkow told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proceedings aren't entirely settled, but as Sherkow sees the situation, the Broad Institute — a joint venture of Harvard University and MIT — will hold the patent for using CRISPR in human beings, other animals, and plants. Sherkow told Shots he believes Cal's patent, which has not yet been issued, could be limited to bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously the patents covering the application of this technology in human cells ... are going to be much more financially valuable than using the same technology in bacteria,\" Sherkow says, \"because one can develop drugs and other therapies from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors Wednesday seemed to agree with this assessment. The value of companies that were spun off to license the Broad patents rose sharply, while the company based on the Berkeley patent lost value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, tens of billions of dollars are at stake here, both for the companies and for the universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, of U.C. Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, discovered the biology that underlies this technology along with a European colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, who is now director of the Institute for Infection Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told Shots she isn't convinced that Berkeley is the big loser here. She said the ruling paves the way for her patent application to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking forward to having our patent issued,\" she said. \"And our patent is a very broad patent that covers the composition and the use of this technology in all cell types.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the patent office rules the way Doudna hopes it will, people wanting to use CRISPR in higher organisms will have get licenses from both Berkeley and the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the thing that I think is a bit crazy about the way the decision comes down,\" Doudna said. \"It leaves the field — the situation — where a license would be necessary from both parties. There's not further clarity at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's yet another possibility: Berkeley could appeal Wednesday's ruling, and once again challenge the Broad Institute's patents. Doudna said the university hasn't decided what to do just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Broad+Institute+Wins+Big+Battle+Over+CRISPR+Gene-Editing+Patent&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "CRISPR technology is already worth billions of dollars, investors say. This ruling seems to affirm the biggest piece of the pie goes to the Broad, over patent rival University of California, Berkeley.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. patent office has delivered a potentially lucrative victory to bioengineer \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/zhang-lab\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a> of the Broad Institute in Massachusetts, regarding patents for an extraordinarily useful gene-editing tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a technology that's already worth billions of dollars, is shaping up to play a big role in medicine and medical research because it can edit DNA with unprecedented accuracy. But exactly who has the right to profit from the technology has been up for debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wednesday the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said patents issued to the Broad Institute in 2014, and then challenged by the University of California, Berkeley, are in fact valid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a pretty monumental decision here,\" said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jacob Sherkow\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the New York Law School, who has been tracking the dispute closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems to reward the most valuable aspect of CRISPR to the Broad Institute,\" Sherkow told Shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proceedings aren't entirely settled, but as Sherkow sees the situation, the Broad Institute — a joint venture of Harvard University and MIT — will hold the patent for using CRISPR in human beings, other animals, and plants. Sherkow told Shots he believes Cal's patent, which has not yet been issued, could be limited to bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obviously the patents covering the application of this technology in human cells ... are going to be much more financially valuable than using the same technology in bacteria,\" Sherkow says, \"because one can develop drugs and other therapies from them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investors Wednesday seemed to agree with this assessment. The value of companies that were spun off to license the Broad patents rose sharply, while the company based on the Berkeley patent lost value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, tens of billions of dollars are at stake here, both for the companies and for the universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biochemist \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/jennifer-doudna\">Jennifer Doudna\u003c/a>, of U.C. Berkeley and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, discovered the biology that underlies this technology along with a European colleague, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mpg.de/9343753/infektionsbiologie-charpentier\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, who is now director of the Institute for Infection Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna told Shots she isn't convinced that Berkeley is the big loser here. She said the ruling paves the way for her patent application to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're looking forward to having our patent issued,\" she said. \"And our patent is a very broad patent that covers the composition and the use of this technology in all cell types.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the patent office rules the way Doudna hopes it will, people wanting to use CRISPR in higher organisms will have get licenses from both Berkeley and the Broad Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's the thing that I think is a bit crazy about the way the decision comes down,\" Doudna said. \"It leaves the field — the situation — where a license would be necessary from both parties. There's not further clarity at this stage.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's yet another possibility: Berkeley could appeal Wednesday's ruling, and once again challenge the Broad Institute's patents. Doudna said the university hasn't decided what to do just yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Broad+Institute+Wins+Big+Battle+Over+CRISPR+Gene-Editing+Patent&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>You’ve heard it many times before from your doctor: If you’re taking antibiotics, don’t stop taking them until the pill vial is empty, even if you feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘An argument can be made for stopping a course of antibiotics immediately after a bacterial infection has been ruled out … or when the signs and symptoms of a mild infection have disappeared.’\u003ccite>From a World Health Organization report\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The rationale behind this commandment has always been that stopping treatment too soon would fuel the development of antibiotic resistance—the ability of bugs to evade these drugs. Information campaigns aimed at getting the public to take antibiotics properly have been driving home this message for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the warning, a growing number of experts say, is misguided and may actually be exacerbating antibiotic resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasoning is simple: Exposure to antibiotics is what drives bacteria to develop resistance. Taking drugs when you aren’t sick anymore simply gives the hordes of bacteria in and on your body more incentive to evolve to evade the drugs, so the next time you have an infection, they may not work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional reasoning from doctors “never made any sense. It doesn’t make any sense today,” Dr. Louis Rice, chairman of the department of medicine at the Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some colleagues credit Rice with being the first person to declare the emperor was wearing no clothes, and it is true that he challenged the dogma in lectures at major meetings of infectious diseases physicians and researchers in 2007 and 2008. A number of researchers now share his skepticism of health guidance that has been previously universally accepted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question of whether this advice is still appropriate will be raised at a World Health Organization meeting next month in Geneva. A report prepared for that meeting—the agency’s expert committee on the selection and use of essential medicine—already notes that the recommendation isn’t backed by science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases “an argument can be made for stopping a course of antibiotics immediately after a bacterial infection has been ruled out … or when the signs and symptoms of a mild infection have disappeared,” suggests the report, which analyzed information campaigns designed to get the public on board with efforts to fight antibiotic resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one is doubting the lifesaving importance of antibiotics. They kill bacteria. But the more the bugs are exposed to the drugs, the more survival tricks the bacteria acquire. And the more resistant the bacteria become, the harder they are to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is that the growing number of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics will lead to more incurable infections that will threaten medicine’s ability to conduct routine procedures like hip replacements or open heart surgery without endangering lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did this faulty paradigm become entrenched in medical practice? The answer lies back in the 1940s, the dawn of antibiotic use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, resistance wasn’t a concern. After the first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered, more and more gushed out of the pharmaceutical product pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors were focused only on figuring out how to use the drugs effectively to save lives. An ethos emerged: Treat patients until they get better, and then for a little bit longer to be on the safe side. Around the same time, research on how to cure tuberculosis suggested that under-dosing patients was dangerous—the infection would come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that stopping antibiotic treatment too quickly after symptoms went away might fuel resistance took hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is once it gets baked into culture, it’s really hard to excise it,” said Dr. Brad Spellberg, who is also an advocate for changing this advice. Spellberg is an infectious diseases specialist and chief medical officer at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think of medicine as a science, guided by mountains of research. But doctors sometimes prescribe antibiotics based more on their experience and intuition than anything else. There are treatment guidelines for different infections, but some provide scant advice on how long to continue treatment, Rice acknowledged. And response to treatment will differ from patient to patient, depending on, among other things, how old they are, how strong their immune systems are, or how well they metabolize drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little incentive for pharmaceutical companies to conduct expensive studies aimed at finding the shortest duration of treatment for various conditions. But in the years since Rice first raised his concerns, the National Institutes of Health has been funding such research and almost invariably the ensuing studies have found that many infections can be cured more quickly than had been thought. Treatments that were once two weeks have been cut to one, 10 days have been reduced to seven and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been occasional exceptions. Just before Christmas, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh reported that 10 days of treatment for otitis media—middle ear infections—was better than five days for children under 2 years of age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a surprise, said Spellberg, who noted that studies looking at the same condition in children 2 and older show the shorter treatment works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More of this work is needed, Rice said. “I’m not here saying that every infection can be treated for two days or three days. I’m just saying: Let’s figure it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, doctors and public health agencies are in a quandary. How do you put the new thinking into practice? And how do you advise the public? Doctors know full well some portion of people unilaterally decide to stop taking their antibiotics because they feel better. But that approach is not safe in all circumstances—for instance tuberculosis or bone infections. And it’s not an approach many physicians feel comfortable endorsing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very tricky question. It’s not easy to make a blanket statement about this, and there isn’t a simple answer,” Dr. Lauri Hicks, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s office of antibiotic stewardship, told STAT in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are certain diagnoses for which shortening the course of antibiotic therapy is not recommended and/or potentially dangerous. … On the other hand, there are probably many situations for which antibiotic therapy is often prescribed for longer than necessary and the optimal duration is likely ‘until the patient gets better.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC’S Get Smart campaign, on appropriate antibiotic use, urges people never to skip doses or stop the drugs because they’re feeling better. But Hicks noted the CDC recently revised it to add “unless your healthcare professional tells you to do so” to that advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s one way to deal with the situation, said Dr. James Johnson, a professor of infectious diseases medicine at the University of Minnesota and a specialist at the Minnesota VA Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact sometimes some of us give that instruction to patients. ‘Here, I’m going to prescribe you a week. My guess is you won’t need it more than, say, three days. If you’re all well in three days, stop then. If you’re not completely well, take it a little longer. But as soon as you feel fine, stop.’ And we can give them permission to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spellberg is more comfortable with the idea of people checking back with their doctor before stopping their drugs — an approach that requires doctors to be willing to have that conversation. “You should call your doc and say ‘Hey, can I stop?’ … If your doctor won’t get on the phone with you for 20 seconds, you need to find another doctor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/09/antibiotics-resistance-superbugs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’ve heard it many times before from your doctor: If you’re taking antibiotics, don’t stop taking them until the pill vial is empty, even if you feel better.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘An argument can be made for stopping a course of antibiotics immediately after a bacterial infection has been ruled out … or when the signs and symptoms of a mild infection have disappeared.’\u003ccite>From a World Health Organization report\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The rationale behind this commandment has always been that stopping treatment too soon would fuel the development of antibiotic resistance—the ability of bugs to evade these drugs. Information campaigns aimed at getting the public to take antibiotics properly have been driving home this message for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the warning, a growing number of experts say, is misguided and may actually be exacerbating antibiotic resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasoning is simple: Exposure to antibiotics is what drives bacteria to develop resistance. Taking drugs when you aren’t sick anymore simply gives the hordes of bacteria in and on your body more incentive to evolve to evade the drugs, so the next time you have an infection, they may not work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional reasoning from doctors “never made any sense. It doesn’t make any sense today,” Dr. Louis Rice, chairman of the department of medicine at the Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some colleagues credit Rice with being the first person to declare the emperor was wearing no clothes, and it is true that he challenged the dogma in lectures at major meetings of infectious diseases physicians and researchers in 2007 and 2008. A number of researchers now share his skepticism of health guidance that has been previously universally accepted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question of whether this advice is still appropriate will be raised at a World Health Organization meeting next month in Geneva. A report prepared for that meeting—the agency’s expert committee on the selection and use of essential medicine—already notes that the recommendation isn’t backed by science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many cases “an argument can be made for stopping a course of antibiotics immediately after a bacterial infection has been ruled out … or when the signs and symptoms of a mild infection have disappeared,” suggests the report, which analyzed information campaigns designed to get the public on board with efforts to fight antibiotic resistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one is doubting the lifesaving importance of antibiotics. They kill bacteria. But the more the bugs are exposed to the drugs, the more survival tricks the bacteria acquire. And the more resistant the bacteria become, the harder they are to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern is that the growing number of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics will lead to more incurable infections that will threaten medicine’s ability to conduct routine procedures like hip replacements or open heart surgery without endangering lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did this faulty paradigm become entrenched in medical practice? The answer lies back in the 1940s, the dawn of antibiotic use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, resistance wasn’t a concern. After the first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered, more and more gushed out of the pharmaceutical product pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors were focused only on figuring out how to use the drugs effectively to save lives. An ethos emerged: Treat patients until they get better, and then for a little bit longer to be on the safe side. Around the same time, research on how to cure tuberculosis suggested that under-dosing patients was dangerous—the infection would come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that stopping antibiotic treatment too quickly after symptoms went away might fuel resistance took hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is once it gets baked into culture, it’s really hard to excise it,” said Dr. Brad Spellberg, who is also an advocate for changing this advice. Spellberg is an infectious diseases specialist and chief medical officer at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think of medicine as a science, guided by mountains of research. But doctors sometimes prescribe antibiotics based more on their experience and intuition than anything else. There are treatment guidelines for different infections, but some provide scant advice on how long to continue treatment, Rice acknowledged. And response to treatment will differ from patient to patient, depending on, among other things, how old they are, how strong their immune systems are, or how well they metabolize drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little incentive for pharmaceutical companies to conduct expensive studies aimed at finding the shortest duration of treatment for various conditions. But in the years since Rice first raised his concerns, the National Institutes of Health has been funding such research and almost invariably the ensuing studies have found that many infections can be cured more quickly than had been thought. Treatments that were once two weeks have been cut to one, 10 days have been reduced to seven and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been occasional exceptions. Just before Christmas, scientists at the University of Pittsburgh reported that 10 days of treatment for otitis media—middle ear infections—was better than five days for children under 2 years of age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a surprise, said Spellberg, who noted that studies looking at the same condition in children 2 and older show the shorter treatment works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More of this work is needed, Rice said. “I’m not here saying that every infection can be treated for two days or three days. I’m just saying: Let’s figure it out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, doctors and public health agencies are in a quandary. How do you put the new thinking into practice? And how do you advise the public? Doctors know full well some portion of people unilaterally decide to stop taking their antibiotics because they feel better. But that approach is not safe in all circumstances—for instance tuberculosis or bone infections. And it’s not an approach many physicians feel comfortable endorsing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very tricky question. It’s not easy to make a blanket statement about this, and there isn’t a simple answer,” Dr. Lauri Hicks, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s office of antibiotic stewardship, told STAT in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are certain diagnoses for which shortening the course of antibiotic therapy is not recommended and/or potentially dangerous. … On the other hand, there are probably many situations for which antibiotic therapy is often prescribed for longer than necessary and the optimal duration is likely ‘until the patient gets better.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC’S Get Smart campaign, on appropriate antibiotic use, urges people never to skip doses or stop the drugs because they’re feeling better. But Hicks noted the CDC recently revised it to add “unless your healthcare professional tells you to do so” to that advice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s one way to deal with the situation, said Dr. James Johnson, a professor of infectious diseases medicine at the University of Minnesota and a specialist at the Minnesota VA Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In fact sometimes some of us give that instruction to patients. ‘Here, I’m going to prescribe you a week. My guess is you won’t need it more than, say, three days. If you’re all well in three days, stop then. If you’re not completely well, take it a little longer. But as soon as you feel fine, stop.’ And we can give them permission to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spellberg is more comfortable with the idea of people checking back with their doctor before stopping their drugs — an approach that requires doctors to be willing to have that conversation. “You should call your doc and say ‘Hey, can I stop?’ … If your doctor won’t get on the phone with you for 20 seconds, you need to find another doctor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/09/antibiotics-resistance-superbugs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A tiny self-propelled drug-delivery device might someday make taking antibiotics safer and more efficient. Think of it as a tiny submarine scooting around inside your stomach, fueled by the acid there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oral antibiotics are commonly prescribed life-saving drugs. Once an antibiotic is swallowed, it takes a trip to the stomach, where there's lots of acid. That stomach acid can break chemical bonds in the antibiotic and deactivate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep that from happening, doctors often prescribe acid-reducing medications like Prilosec or Prevacid. But they can cause side effects such as headache, diarrhea and fatigue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So scientists at the University of California, San Diego, came up with a device designed to both reduce stomach acid and deliver medication without the side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The swallowable device reacts with stomach acid release of tiny hydrogen bubbles. The bubbles scoot it around the stomach, and a magnesium core reduces acidity as it goes. The tiny device is covered by a special polymer, like a jacket, that is sensitive to changes in the acidity. Once the acid in the stomach is neutralized, the polymer dissolves and the submarines unload their antibiotic payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The micro submarine is only 20 microns across, about one-fifth the width of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might sound like an episode of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scholastic.com/magicschoolbus/\">The Magic School Bus\u003c/a>, the cartoon series that miniaturized children so they could explore inside the body, but the authors think it could be a big improvement in drug delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was led by \u003ca href=\"http://joewang.ucsd.edu/\">Joseph Wang\u003c/a>, the chair of nanoengineering at the University of California, San Diego. He says that the way that the scooting submarine delivers the drug actually helps the drug work better. \"This active movement of the carrier improved the therapeutic efficiency in addition to the neutralization of the stomach [acid).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device isn't ready for use in humans yet, but preliminary testing in mice shows that it's safe and effective, at least there. The study was \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1521-3773\">published\u003c/a> Jan. 20 in \u003cem>Angewandte Chemie International Edition.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+Tiny+Submarine+Cruises+Inside+A+Stomach+To+Deliver+Drugs&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "What Will Next-Stage Digital Medicine Look Like?",
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"content": "\u003cp>On the health tech beat, you often meet, broadly, two types of people. First, there are lots of very smart people who think we have the know-how to achieve a kind of big-data, perpetual-monitoring, digital-health paradise -- or at least something better than we have now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are some other, equally smart folks who think that particular vision is fueled by too much Silicon Valley dreamin' and too little attention to the basics of health care access and smart policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Daniel Kraft is closer to the former category. Dr. Kraft put in an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/01/24/first-person-daniel-kraft-on-the-next-stage-of-medical-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">appearance\u003c/a> on KQED's Forum radio program recently to discuss cutting edge health tech. Kraft is the chair of medicine at Singularity University, a technology think tank, \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/30/singularity-university-launches-accelerator/\" target=\"_blank\">startup accelerator\u003c/a> and educational organization that looks to \"leverage rapidly accelerating technologies\" to find solutions on a global scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft and Forum host Michael Krasny talked about the effects of new and prospective technologies, from virtual reality's impact on medical education to the \"Uberization\" of health care. Below are excerpts of Kraft's answers, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Uberization of Health Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone is familiar with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/uber/\" target=\"_blank\">Uber as disruptive\u003c/a>. But they couldn’t have existed 10-plus years ago, without smartphones, GPS, online payments--they connected the dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all want that ease and transparency of use that we’re used to with Uber. And we’re seeing that kind of mindset come not just to millennials but to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=senior+citizens+digital+health+care\" target=\"_blank\">older folks\u003c/a> who want access to their clinical data and doctor. There are several companies that have launched apps where you press a button and a doctor will come to you within three hours. Uber itself did a pilot in New York where you press a button and a nurse will come and \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/10/25/uber-free-flu-shots/\" target=\"_blank\">give you\u003c/a> a flu shot. This ease-of-access mindset is coming across in many parts of health care, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/16/digital-focused-pharmacy-capsule-opens-in-new-york.html\" target=\"_blank\">delivering your drugs\u003c/a>, whether it's by Uber, Lyft or drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Potential of Digital Health Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in this age of exponential data, but how do you make it useful to you as a consumer, patient and physician? A lot of digital devices get \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/10/fitbit-study/\" target=\"_blank\">left in a drawer\u003c/a> after a month or so; the trick is to make them engaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We practice sick care today, spending most of our time and money on folks who already have disease. But we can really move to more proactive, continuous health care using some of these tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future we’ll have individualized check engine lights. Your information will be synthesized so that a warning light can say, \"Hey, time to come in for a checkup before you blow a gasket.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digital Mental Health Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some wearables and other technologies we can now get a pulse on our behaviors. Right now I’m wearing a couple of devices that \u003ca href=\"http://sleepjunkies.com/features/the-ultimate-guide-to-sleep-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\">track my sleep\u003c/a>. I have a ring that can do this; I have a sensor on my mattress. Just getting insight into how you sleep can have a huge impact on health and wellness over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the same thing for depression and anxiety. We’re seeing companies that can be a platform for mental health progression. For example, for bipolar patients, if you’re depressed and not moving much and staying in the house, some of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/mental-health-there-s-an-app-for-that-1.19694\">new platforms\u003c/a> allow you to access your care team and your family, so you can get a digital hug when you might need one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Virtual and Augmented Reality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians today spend twice as much time typing in their medical records than they do with patients. So one of the best applications is using Google Glass or a similar product so physicians can see their patients and view data but have someone else act as a virtual \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthcare-informatics.com/article/ehr/how-virtual-scribe-enhancing-doctor-patient-relationship\" target=\"_blank\">scribe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re seeing now how Oculus Rift can help medical students \u003ca href=\"http://www.roadtovr.com/vr-human-anatomy-to-give-medical-students-a-hands-on-using-oculus-touch/\" target=\"_blank\">learn anatomy\u003c/a>, allowing them to fly through the heart or the brain. We’re seeing ways to use VR to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/28/how-virtual-reality-worlds-can-help-reduce-pain/\" target=\"_blank\">treat burn patients\u003c/a> who have undergone painful surgeries; they're put into a cold environment where they get to throw snowballs, and it diminishes their pain and their need for opiates. And kids with autism can now \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/08/google-glass-flopped-but-kids-with-autism-are-using-it-to-learn-emotions/\" target=\"_blank\">put on Google Glass\u003c/a> and learn to recognize facial emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Screening Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the future will be to use new screening tools: app-based eye-tracking devices, blood-based diagnostics, brain scans that might pick up dementia 10 or 15 years early. There are drugs in development that might stop or reverse plaques when you’re at stage 0, before you have symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with your 23andme data, primary care doctors could gain some insights--when to screen you or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/01/436584534/are-statins-bad-for-me-personalized-medicine-cant-yet-say\" target=\"_blank\">what statin drugs\u003c/a> may work best for you, based on your \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/pharmacogenomics\" target=\"_blank\">pharmacogenomics\u003c/a>. The challenge is a lot of this information doesn’t flow to your physicians; they’re not incentivized to use it, and in some cases they're dis-incentivized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Care vs. Technology Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folks talk about robot physicians or the app \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/AI-computers-diagnosis-watson/\" target=\"_blank\">taking over\u003c/a> your medical care. I think it’s going to be more of a blend, not just AI but IA, intelligence augmentation. So in fields like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/25/technology-radiology/\" target=\"_blank\">radiology\u003c/a> or dermatology or pathology, where clinicians are trained to see patterns, now machine learning can arguably do that faster and better, and that can augment a primary care doctor in screening you for melanoma, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re seeing the ability to do triage with \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/11/13240434/baidu-medical-chatbot-china-melody\" target=\"_blank\">chatbots\u003c/a>, which you might access from your phone and help you do the first steps. I’ve got a few \u003ca href=\"http://tricorder.xprize.org/teams/final-frontier-medical-devices\" target=\"_blank\">medical tricorders\u003c/a>, inspired by \"Star Trek,\" with me. So at home or in your pocket you can literally pull down advanced vital signs that synch up with your phone and connect to your clinicians, and AI agents can help you understand where you are in your baseline and the way things are moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t need to replace doctors, but maybe every visit \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/03/virtual_care_clinic_usc/\" target=\"_blank\">doesn’t need\u003c/a> to require you to take off half a day of work, sit in the waiting room and fill out the same form. You might use your smartphone for a follow-up appointment to look at a wound from surgery, or to check on a suspicious skin lesion. As cost pressures go, we’ll be seeing more and more payment for some of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/jacki-andre/health-care-telemedicine_b_14632688.html\" target=\"_blank\">telehealth\u003c/a> platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pediatrics and Technology \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of new tech coming for pregnant women and children. A connected otoscope can enable you to track kids with ear infections at home, so you don't have to drag them back to the doctor. We’re seeing sensored cribs or infant ankle bracelets, sort of a Fitbit for babies, which can help reassure worried parents or enable a physician to send a child home earlier when they're at risk of SIDS or asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More on \u003ca href=\"https://su.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and what it calls \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">exponential medicine here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the health tech beat, you often meet, broadly, two types of people. First, there are lots of very smart people who think we have the know-how to achieve a kind of big-data, perpetual-monitoring, digital-health paradise -- or at least something better than we have now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are some other, equally smart folks who think that particular vision is fueled by too much Silicon Valley dreamin' and too little attention to the basics of health care access and smart policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Daniel Kraft is closer to the former category. Dr. Kraft put in an \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/01/24/first-person-daniel-kraft-on-the-next-stage-of-medical-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">appearance\u003c/a> on KQED's Forum radio program recently to discuss cutting edge health tech. Kraft is the chair of medicine at Singularity University, a technology think tank, \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/30/singularity-university-launches-accelerator/\" target=\"_blank\">startup accelerator\u003c/a> and educational organization that looks to \"leverage rapidly accelerating technologies\" to find solutions on a global scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kraft and Forum host Michael Krasny talked about the effects of new and prospective technologies, from virtual reality's impact on medical education to the \"Uberization\" of health care. Below are excerpts of Kraft's answers, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Uberization of Health Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone is familiar with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/uber/\" target=\"_blank\">Uber as disruptive\u003c/a>. But they couldn’t have existed 10-plus years ago, without smartphones, GPS, online payments--they connected the dots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all want that ease and transparency of use that we’re used to with Uber. And we’re seeing that kind of mindset come not just to millennials but to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=senior+citizens+digital+health+care\" target=\"_blank\">older folks\u003c/a> who want access to their clinical data and doctor. There are several companies that have launched apps where you press a button and a doctor will come to you within three hours. Uber itself did a pilot in New York where you press a button and a nurse will come and \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/10/25/uber-free-flu-shots/\" target=\"_blank\">give you\u003c/a> a flu shot. This ease-of-access mindset is coming across in many parts of health care, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/16/digital-focused-pharmacy-capsule-opens-in-new-york.html\" target=\"_blank\">delivering your drugs\u003c/a>, whether it's by Uber, Lyft or drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Potential of Digital Health Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re in this age of exponential data, but how do you make it useful to you as a consumer, patient and physician? A lot of digital devices get \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/10/fitbit-study/\" target=\"_blank\">left in a drawer\u003c/a> after a month or so; the trick is to make them engaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We practice sick care today, spending most of our time and money on folks who already have disease. But we can really move to more proactive, continuous health care using some of these tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future we’ll have individualized check engine lights. Your information will be synthesized so that a warning light can say, \"Hey, time to come in for a checkup before you blow a gasket.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Digital Mental Health Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With some wearables and other technologies we can now get a pulse on our behaviors. Right now I’m wearing a couple of devices that \u003ca href=\"http://sleepjunkies.com/features/the-ultimate-guide-to-sleep-tracking/\" target=\"_blank\">track my sleep\u003c/a>. I have a ring that can do this; I have a sensor on my mattress. Just getting insight into how you sleep can have a huge impact on health and wellness over the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the same thing for depression and anxiety. We’re seeing companies that can be a platform for mental health progression. For example, for bipolar patients, if you’re depressed and not moving much and staying in the house, some of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/news/mental-health-there-s-an-app-for-that-1.19694\">new platforms\u003c/a> allow you to access your care team and your family, so you can get a digital hug when you might need one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Virtual and Augmented Reality\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians today spend twice as much time typing in their medical records than they do with patients. So one of the best applications is using Google Glass or a similar product so physicians can see their patients and view data but have someone else act as a virtual \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthcare-informatics.com/article/ehr/how-virtual-scribe-enhancing-doctor-patient-relationship\" target=\"_blank\">scribe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re seeing now how Oculus Rift can help medical students \u003ca href=\"http://www.roadtovr.com/vr-human-anatomy-to-give-medical-students-a-hands-on-using-oculus-touch/\" target=\"_blank\">learn anatomy\u003c/a>, allowing them to fly through the heart or the brain. We’re seeing ways to use VR to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/05/28/how-virtual-reality-worlds-can-help-reduce-pain/\" target=\"_blank\">treat burn patients\u003c/a> who have undergone painful surgeries; they're put into a cold environment where they get to throw snowballs, and it diminishes their pain and their need for opiates. And kids with autism can now \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/04/08/google-glass-flopped-but-kids-with-autism-are-using-it-to-learn-emotions/\" target=\"_blank\">put on Google Glass\u003c/a> and learn to recognize facial emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Screening Tools\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the future will be to use new screening tools: app-based eye-tracking devices, blood-based diagnostics, brain scans that might pick up dementia 10 or 15 years early. There are drugs in development that might stop or reverse plaques when you’re at stage 0, before you have symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with your 23andme data, primary care doctors could gain some insights--when to screen you or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/01/436584534/are-statins-bad-for-me-personalized-medicine-cant-yet-say\" target=\"_blank\">what statin drugs\u003c/a> may work best for you, based on your \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/pharmacogenomics\" target=\"_blank\">pharmacogenomics\u003c/a>. The challenge is a lot of this information doesn’t flow to your physicians; they’re not incentivized to use it, and in some cases they're dis-incentivized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Health Care vs. Technology Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folks talk about robot physicians or the app \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/AI-computers-diagnosis-watson/\" target=\"_blank\">taking over\u003c/a> your medical care. I think it’s going to be more of a blend, not just AI but IA, intelligence augmentation. So in fields like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/25/technology-radiology/\" target=\"_blank\">radiology\u003c/a> or dermatology or pathology, where clinicians are trained to see patterns, now machine learning can arguably do that faster and better, and that can augment a primary care doctor in screening you for melanoma, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re seeing the ability to do triage with \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/11/13240434/baidu-medical-chatbot-china-melody\" target=\"_blank\">chatbots\u003c/a>, which you might access from your phone and help you do the first steps. I’ve got a few \u003ca href=\"http://tricorder.xprize.org/teams/final-frontier-medical-devices\" target=\"_blank\">medical tricorders\u003c/a>, inspired by \"Star Trek,\" with me. So at home or in your pocket you can literally pull down advanced vital signs that synch up with your phone and connect to your clinicians, and AI agents can help you understand where you are in your baseline and the way things are moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t need to replace doctors, but maybe every visit \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/03/virtual_care_clinic_usc/\" target=\"_blank\">doesn’t need\u003c/a> to require you to take off half a day of work, sit in the waiting room and fill out the same form. You might use your smartphone for a follow-up appointment to look at a wound from surgery, or to check on a suspicious skin lesion. As cost pressures go, we’ll be seeing more and more payment for some of these \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/jacki-andre/health-care-telemedicine_b_14632688.html\" target=\"_blank\">telehealth\u003c/a> platforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pediatrics and Technology \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of new tech coming for pregnant women and children. A connected otoscope can enable you to track kids with ear infections at home, so you don't have to drag them back to the doctor. We’re seeing sensored cribs or infant ankle bracelets, sort of a Fitbit for babies, which can help reassure worried parents or enable a physician to send a child home earlier when they're at risk of SIDS or asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>More on \u003ca href=\"https://su.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and what it calls \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">exponential medicine here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Logic might lead you to believe that a mosquito-borne illness like West Nile virus would spread during rainy conditions, as the bugs need water to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new study demonstrates the opposite is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the severity of West Nile virus outbreaks spike during dry times. This came as a surprise to researchers at UC Santa Cruz, Stanford University and the New York State Department of Health, who thought other climate variables like precipitation and temperature, including days below freezing, played a more significant role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we found that the primary driver of intensity of yearly epidemics of West Nile virus was drought,” says UC Santa Cruz disease ecologist Marm Kilpatrick. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommends health officials amp up mosquito prevention efforts like spraying and traps when the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought index\u003c/a> hits severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Research Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t sure why dry conditions lead to more mosquito carriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two current hypotheses. Some suspect mosquitoes and birds frequent the same watering holes when there are fewer puddles around, leading to more disease carriers in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others argue that dry conditions lower the immunity of birds because of reduced food supply. Hunger leads to stress, which could make the birds more susceptible to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kilpatrick says more research is needed to determine the exact cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the other factor in predicting the virus was whether the area had experienced a substantial epidemic in the past. If that was the case, the subsequent epidemics were much smaller, Kilpatrick said. He believes both humans and birds build up immunity over time, so outbreaks are lighter in areas that have already endured the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of West Nile virus in the U.S.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes carry the virus. The insects contract the disease when they feed on infected birds and then transmit it to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North America has experienced West Nile virus outbreaks every year since 1999, but the number of cases nationally has greatly fluctuated. In some years only a few hundred people suffered severe symptoms, in other years thousands fell ill. In each of three years (2002, 2003, and 2012) about 3,000 people contracted meningitis or encephalitis, resulting in brain damage and nearly 300 deaths for each outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unpredictable spikes led scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to suggest that predicting the size of future epidemics was difficult or impossible. However, public health experts in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/21/drought-may-be-linked-to-increase-in-west-nile/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suspected \u003c/a>drought was partly to blame in 2014, when the number of cases doubled. Now the data proves those suspicions correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Not in the Clear\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though California was hit with more than 500 cases in both 2014 and 2015, the numbers were not high enough to prevent a future epidemic. “There hasn’t been strong enough evidence that we’ve had enough cases, for our very large population–30 million people–to limit subsequent transmission,” says Kilpatrick. “Our analyses suggest as many as 1000 neuro-invasive disease cases [from West Nile virus] are possible in California under future severe drought conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_332812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-332812 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus.jpg\" alt=\"Severe West Nile virus in California\" width=\"720\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>WNV = West Nile virus cases in California.\u003c/em> Source: UC Santa Cruz \u003ccite>(UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The majority of people infected with West Nile virus will not show symptoms. Twenty percent will experience flu-like aches and pains, and the virus will \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/31/west-nile-virus-making-its-summer-trek-across-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause brain damage\u003c/a> in 1 percent of cases. Ten percent of those cases are usually fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the disease is more prevalent during drought years, it’s not because there are more mosquitoes. Rather, a higher percentage of the insects carry the disease. “If there are more infected mosquitoes in the air, you have a higher chance of getting infected,” says Kilpatrick.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Logic might lead you to believe that a mosquito-borne illness like West Nile virus would spread during rainy conditions, as the bugs need water to breed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new study demonstrates the opposite is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the severity of West Nile virus outbreaks spike during dry times. This came as a surprise to researchers at UC Santa Cruz, Stanford University and the New York State Department of Health, who thought other climate variables like precipitation and temperature, including days below freezing, played a more significant role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But we found that the primary driver of intensity of yearly epidemics of West Nile virus was drought,” says UC Santa Cruz disease ecologist Marm Kilpatrick. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He recommends health officials amp up mosquito prevention efforts like spraying and traps when the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drought index\u003c/a> hits severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Research Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists aren’t sure why dry conditions lead to more mosquito carriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two current hypotheses. Some suspect mosquitoes and birds frequent the same watering holes when there are fewer puddles around, leading to more disease carriers in the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others argue that dry conditions lower the immunity of birds because of reduced food supply. Hunger leads to stress, which could make the birds more susceptible to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kilpatrick says more research is needed to determine the exact cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that the other factor in predicting the virus was whether the area had experienced a substantial epidemic in the past. If that was the case, the subsequent epidemics were much smaller, Kilpatrick said. He believes both humans and birds build up immunity over time, so outbreaks are lighter in areas that have already endured the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of West Nile virus in the U.S.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mosquitoes carry the virus. The insects contract the disease when they feed on infected birds and then transmit it to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North America has experienced West Nile virus outbreaks every year since 1999, but the number of cases nationally has greatly fluctuated. In some years only a few hundred people suffered severe symptoms, in other years thousands fell ill. In each of three years (2002, 2003, and 2012) about 3,000 people contracted meningitis or encephalitis, resulting in brain damage and nearly 300 deaths for each outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unpredictable spikes led scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to suggest that predicting the size of future epidemics was difficult or impossible. However, public health experts in California \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/09/21/drought-may-be-linked-to-increase-in-west-nile/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">suspected \u003c/a>drought was partly to blame in 2014, when the number of cases doubled. Now the data proves those suspicions correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Not in the Clear\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though California was hit with more than 500 cases in both 2014 and 2015, the numbers were not high enough to prevent a future epidemic. “There hasn’t been strong enough evidence that we’ve had enough cases, for our very large population–30 million people–to limit subsequent transmission,” says Kilpatrick. “Our analyses suggest as many as 1000 neuro-invasive disease cases [from West Nile virus] are possible in California under future severe drought conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_332812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-332812 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus.jpg\" alt=\"Severe West Nile virus in California\" width=\"720\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/West_Nile_Virus-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>WNV = West Nile virus cases in California.\u003c/em> Source: UC Santa Cruz \u003ccite>(UC Santa Cruz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The majority of people infected with West Nile virus will not show symptoms. Twenty percent will experience flu-like aches and pains, and the virus will \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/07/31/west-nile-virus-making-its-summer-trek-across-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cause brain damage\u003c/a> in 1 percent of cases. Ten percent of those cases are usually fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the disease is more prevalent during drought years, it’s not because there are more mosquitoes. Rather, a higher percentage of the insects carry the disease. “If there are more infected mosquitoes in the air, you have a higher chance of getting infected,” says Kilpatrick.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When scientists first read out the human genome 15 years ago, there were high hopes that we'd soon understand how traits like height are inherited. It hasn't been easy. A huge effort to find height-related genes so far only explains a fraction of this trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists say they've made some more headway. And the effort is not just useful for understanding how genes determine height, but how they're involved in driving many other human traits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, these problems didn't seem to be so complicated. The 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century monk Gregor Mendel discovered that traits in his garden peas, like smoothness and color, could be passed predictably from one generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/joel-hirschhorn\">Joel Hirschhorn\u003c/a>, a geneticist at Boston Children's Hospital and the Broad Institute, says it became evident that most stories of inheritance were not so simple. Height turns out to be a prime example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People's height didn't behave like Mendel's peas,\" Hirschhorn says. \"It wasn't like they you had two tall people and they'd either have a tall [child] or a short [child]. Often the child was partway between the parents.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists explained this 100 years ago, when they realized that height was influenced by many genes, and each makes a small contribution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the human genome was sequenced, scientists like Hirschhorn thought they could plumb that data to track all the height genes, and finally understand how height — and in fact most other human traits — are shaped by our genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That effort started slowly. But now, Hirschhorn says, \"For height there are about 700 variants known to affect height, each of them usually with a pretty small effect on height, usually like a millimeter or less.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That massive global effort has involved studying the genes of more than 700,000 volunteer subjects. Even so, the traits they've found only explain about a quarter of the inherited height factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, frustratingly, for most of those variants scientists have no idea what they actually do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly the variants crop up in mysterious bits of DNA between genes on our chromosomes. That makes it hard to figure out their roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Hirschhorn and his army of colleagues, who \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature21039\">reported\u003c/a> on the effort last week in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, tried a new tack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their study focused only on variants that are directly in the genes themselves. By knowing that the genes do, they can understand better how variants might influence height. For example, one is in a gene that influences hormones that regulate growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The variants within genes are uncommon, but some have a remarkably large influence on height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some that, if you carry them, you might actually be an inch taller or an inch shorter, as opposed to just a millimeter difference that we found with the previous variants,\" Hirschhorn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still very far from identifying all the genes involved with stature, but these new findings do help them better understand the natural biochemistry that influences height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far most of our understanding of height has come from scientists who study children who have abnormal growth patterns, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/Pages/bio.aspx?nih_id=0010126245\">Constantine Stratakis\u003c/a>, a pediatrician and scientific director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are rare experiments of nature that have told us these genes are involved in the regulation of growth,\" he says. In fact, he discovered one of those rare genes, linked to a trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408028#t=article\">gigantism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It leads to babies that double or triple their length in the first year of life,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These natural experiments have been most useful for treating height disorders, but Stratakis hopes that eventually the genome-search methods will provide leads for future treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger lesson here is figuring out how the biology of a complex trait like height really works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rare variants can sometimes make a big difference, \"but most of the time it's all about systems that interact that define how an organism behaves, or grows, or has a disease, develops a trait and so on,\" Stratakis says. \"And although it's humbling to see the complexity, at this point it's not unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn and his colleagues are expanding their already massive study of 700,000 subjects. That approach has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0806284\">drawn skepticism\u003c/a> from some scientists, who think it's a waste of effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Goldstein, a professor of genetics at Columbia University, says an expanded effort could ultimately implicate every gene in existence, and that hardly helps scientists narrow down the biological factors that contribute to height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's likely scientists will never be able to figure out what these hundreds of common variants do to influence height, \u003ca href=\"http://www.igm.columbia.edu/profile/dbgoldstein\">Goldstein \u003c/a>says. Instead, a much better strategy is what Hirschhorn used in this latest study: looking for rare variants that pack a big punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn is undeterred.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\"We probably won't get all of the way to explaining 100 percent of the genetic factors, but in some sense that's not really our goal,\" Hirschhorn says. \"Our goal is to use the genetics to do our best at understanding the biology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, Hirschhorn and his colleagues are not just looking at height; they're digging into traits that make people susceptible to diabetes and obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Which+Genes+Make+You+Taller%3F+A+Whole+Bunch+Of+Them%2C+It+Turns+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists explained this 100 years ago, when they realized that height was influenced by many genes, and each makes a small contribution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when the human genome was sequenced, scientists like Hirschhorn thought they could plumb that data to track all the height genes, and finally understand how height — and in fact most other human traits — are shaped by our genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That effort started slowly. But now, Hirschhorn says, \"For height there are about 700 variants known to affect height, each of them usually with a pretty small effect on height, usually like a millimeter or less.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That massive global effort has involved studying the genes of more than 700,000 volunteer subjects. Even so, the traits they've found only explain about a quarter of the inherited height factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, frustratingly, for most of those variants scientists have no idea what they actually do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly the variants crop up in mysterious bits of DNA between genes on our chromosomes. That makes it hard to figure out their roles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Hirschhorn and his army of colleagues, who \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature21039\">reported\u003c/a> on the effort last week in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, tried a new tack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their study focused only on variants that are directly in the genes themselves. By knowing that the genes do, they can understand better how variants might influence height. For example, one is in a gene that influences hormones that regulate growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The variants within genes are uncommon, but some have a remarkably large influence on height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found some that, if you carry them, you might actually be an inch taller or an inch shorter, as opposed to just a millimeter difference that we found with the previous variants,\" Hirschhorn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still very far from identifying all the genes involved with stature, but these new findings do help them better understand the natural biochemistry that influences height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far most of our understanding of height has come from scientists who study children who have abnormal growth patterns, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/Pages/bio.aspx?nih_id=0010126245\">Constantine Stratakis\u003c/a>, a pediatrician and scientific director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are rare experiments of nature that have told us these genes are involved in the regulation of growth,\" he says. In fact, he discovered one of those rare genes, linked to a trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408028#t=article\">gigantism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It leads to babies that double or triple their length in the first year of life,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These natural experiments have been most useful for treating height disorders, but Stratakis hopes that eventually the genome-search methods will provide leads for future treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger lesson here is figuring out how the biology of a complex trait like height really works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rare variants can sometimes make a big difference, \"but most of the time it's all about systems that interact that define how an organism behaves, or grows, or has a disease, develops a trait and so on,\" Stratakis says. \"And although it's humbling to see the complexity, at this point it's not unexpected.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn and his colleagues are expanding their already massive study of 700,000 subjects. That approach has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp0806284\">drawn skepticism\u003c/a> from some scientists, who think it's a waste of effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Goldstein, a professor of genetics at Columbia University, says an expanded effort could ultimately implicate every gene in existence, and that hardly helps scientists narrow down the biological factors that contribute to height.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's likely scientists will never be able to figure out what these hundreds of common variants do to influence height, \u003ca href=\"http://www.igm.columbia.edu/profile/dbgoldstein\">Goldstein \u003c/a>says. Instead, a much better strategy is what Hirschhorn used in this latest study: looking for rare variants that pack a big punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hirschhorn is undeterred.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\"We probably won't get all of the way to explaining 100 percent of the genetic factors, but in some sense that's not really our goal,\" Hirschhorn says. \"Our goal is to use the genetics to do our best at understanding the biology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To that end, Hirschhorn and his colleagues are not just looking at height; they're digging into traits that make people susceptible to diabetes and obesity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Which+Genes+Make+You+Taller%3F+A+Whole+Bunch+Of+Them%2C+It+Turns+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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