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"content": "\u003cp>Cardboard boxes certainly aren't new technology. But when they're linked to a practice that started in Finland decades ago to help babies sleep safely, they're taking on a new purpose as so-called baby boxes make their way to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents are beginning to take baby boxes home from hospitals along with their newborns. A Los Angeles-based company has partnered with health officials to give the boxes away for free and an online initiative offers advice aimed at reducing sudden unexpected infant deaths. New Jersey and Ohio were the first to participate statewide in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To new moms: (SUID) was one of my biggest fears and then it happened,\" said 35-year-old Chauntia Williams, of Maple Heights, Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams is an advocate for safe sleeping and the boxes after she unexpectedly lost her 33-day-old daughter Aaliyah nine years ago. Williams said her daughter went to sleep in a crib with cushiony bumpers, stuffed animals and an added blanket beneath the fitted sheet and never woke up. She said the coroner determined the bedding caused the death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She now uses a box with her son, Bryce, though he's getting a little too big for it. Her message to new parents: Educate yourselves on safe sleep habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Open your mouth and say I'm concerned about this so you can get the assistance,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudden unexpected infant death is a broad category that includes sudden infant death syndrome and accidental suffocation and strangulation that could come from overcrowded bassinets or cribs. The boxes aren't the only option for safe sleeping, of course, but health officials say they're a useful part of a broader safe-sleep education program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio on Wednesday joined New Jersey in offering the cardboard boxes, which double as bassinets, for free. Each box comes filled with a mattress, fitted sheet, onesie and diapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baby Box Co. is also handing out the boxes in Minneapolis, Phoenix and San Francisco, with the goal of expanding to all 50 states. The for-profit company also operates in Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Baby Box University, Baby Box Co.'s educational platform, maintains a website that coordinates the educational component of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for baby boxes started in Finland in the 1930s, and is tied to a sharp drop in sudden infant deaths, according to Dr. Kathryn McCans, a pediatrician who chairs New Jersey's Child Fatality and Near Fatality Review Board. The boxes provide a clutter-free sleep space that has been shown to reduce accidental and unexpected deaths, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the U.S. rate of sudden unexpected infant deaths has been declining since the 1990s when public health officials began recommending parents put infants to sleep on their backs. About 3,700 sudden unexpected infant deaths were reported in the country in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boxes are a new idea for many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thought of putting the baby in a box, I was like 'wow that's weird,'\" said Dolores Peterson, of Camden, New Jersey, who became a first-time mom recently and was among the first to bring home a box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson's daughter, Ariabella, just turned 3 months old. She said the program was eye-opening for how much information she learned about how to prevent sudden unexpected infant death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCans says the complimentary items like diapers and onesies are nice, but the more important objective behind the boxes is bringing down infant deaths and grounding parents on safe sleep practices: Place babies on their backs to sleep; Don't use bumpers in cribs; Keep stuffed animals and blankets out of infants' sleep spaces; Avoid sleeping in the same bed as infants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one brings their baby into bed with them because they want their baby to die,\" she said. \"They do it because they want to be nurturing and they are, but it's not safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the boxes, prospective moms can register through babyboxuniversity.com, watch a handful of videos on sleep safety and pass a quiz. Parents can then take their digital or printed-out certificates to a participating hospital for their boxes. The boxes can also be sent in the mail, if a nearby hospital is not designated as a distribution center.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Open your mouth and say I'm concerned about this so you can get the assistance,\" Williams said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sudden unexpected infant death is a broad category that includes sudden infant death syndrome and accidental suffocation and strangulation that could come from overcrowded bassinets or cribs. The boxes aren't the only option for safe sleeping, of course, but health officials say they're a useful part of a broader safe-sleep education program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio on Wednesday joined New Jersey in offering the cardboard boxes, which double as bassinets, for free. Each box comes filled with a mattress, fitted sheet, onesie and diapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baby Box Co. is also handing out the boxes in Minneapolis, Phoenix and San Francisco, with the goal of expanding to all 50 states. The for-profit company also operates in Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Baby Box University, Baby Box Co.'s educational platform, maintains a website that coordinates the educational component of the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for baby boxes started in Finland in the 1930s, and is tied to a sharp drop in sudden infant deaths, according to Dr. Kathryn McCans, a pediatrician who chairs New Jersey's Child Fatality and Near Fatality Review Board. The boxes provide a clutter-free sleep space that has been shown to reduce accidental and unexpected deaths, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the U.S. rate of sudden unexpected infant deaths has been declining since the 1990s when public health officials began recommending parents put infants to sleep on their backs. About 3,700 sudden unexpected infant deaths were reported in the country in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boxes are a new idea for many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The thought of putting the baby in a box, I was like 'wow that's weird,'\" said Dolores Peterson, of Camden, New Jersey, who became a first-time mom recently and was among the first to bring home a box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson's daughter, Ariabella, just turned 3 months old. She said the program was eye-opening for how much information she learned about how to prevent sudden unexpected infant death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCans says the complimentary items like diapers and onesies are nice, but the more important objective behind the boxes is bringing down infant deaths and grounding parents on safe sleep practices: Place babies on their backs to sleep; Don't use bumpers in cribs; Keep stuffed animals and blankets out of infants' sleep spaces; Avoid sleeping in the same bed as infants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one brings their baby into bed with them because they want their baby to die,\" she said. \"They do it because they want to be nurturing and they are, but it's not safe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the boxes, prospective moms can register through babyboxuniversity.com, watch a handful of videos on sleep safety and pass a quiz. Parents can then take their digital or printed-out certificates to a participating hospital for their boxes. The boxes can also be sent in the mail, if a nearby hospital is not designated as a distribution center.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Some Republicans, NIH Cuts Are a Nonstarter",
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"content": "\u003cp>What goes on the chopping block: Research into cancer or Alzheimer's? A Zika vaccine or a treatment for superbugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his budget blueprint Thursday, President Donald Trump called for cutting $5.8 billion from the National Institutes of Health. That's a staggering 18 percent drop for the $32 billion agency that funds much of the nation's research into what causes different diseases and what it will take to treat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's proposal would roll back NIH's 2018 budget to about what it was in 2003. The president called for a \"major reorganization\" of NIH to stress the \"highest priority research,\" but only specifically targeted for elimination the $69 million Fogarty International Center that focuses on global health and has played a big role in HIV research abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from clear if Congress will agree to the cuts. The NIH has long experienced bipartisan support among lawmakers, who awarded the agency an extra $2 billion in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is coverage from around the web, pointing to Republican and other opposition to the proposed cuts. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article138974053.html\">Republicans queasy about Trump’s cuts to medical research\u003c/a> (McClatchy)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s budget would slash funding for the National Institutes of Health by nearly $6 billion, or 19 percent, a proposal that’s likely to run into staunch opposition from conservatives within Trump’s own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Republicans helped secure the largest budget increase for NIH in more than a decade. Led by Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt and Rep. Kevin Yoder and Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas, the effort resulted in a $2 billion jump in funding and enabled the NIH to give out 1,147 more grants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOP lawmakers again worked across the aisle in November to pass the bipartisan Cures Act, which would allocate more money to the NIH. It had less than Blunt, Yoder and Moran had wanted, but more than President Barack Obama had requested in his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Trump released his budget on Thursday, proposing an NIH budget of about $26 billion, it quickly became apparent that the cuts to medical research were one of the few proposals that Republicans would be willing to criticize openly.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/speedreads/686585/gop-congressman-slams-trumps-proposed-cuts-nih-cdc-youre-much-more-likely-die-pandemic-than-terrorist-attack\">GOP congressman on Trump's proposed cuts to NIH, CDC: 'You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack'\u003c/a> (The Week)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(Rep. Tom) Cole argued that defense spending — which Trump's budget blueprint calls for ratcheting up by $54 billion — is no more important than investing in health research. \"You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack, and so that's part of the defense of the country as well,\" Cole said. \"The CDC is what protects you from things like Ebola and Zika. The NIH, we have 1.6 million Americans a year that contract cancer. About 600,000 die. That is more people than died in the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trumps-budget-cuts-nih-funding-by-20-percent/519771/\" target=\"_blank\">Trump's Budget Proposal Cuts NIH Funding by 20 Percent\u003c/a> (The Atlantic)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The agency, which distributes funding to some 300,000 scientists worldwide, has seen its funding wax and wane over the last 20-odd years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Congress doubled its funding each year, infusing the agency with cash. But for years afterward, the budgets stayed stagnant. Funding advocates explain that NIH didn’t lose its bipartisan support—other issues, like national defense, simply became more pressing. This hurt the agency’s ability to fund scientists’ research grants and labs’ ability to retain young researchers, and made planning for multi-year projects extremely difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and NIH officials alike were encouraged by the recent enthusiasm around NIH. In an interview last year, agency Director Francis Collins said he hoped Congress would begin “a trend to get us back on a stable, predictable, upward trajectory.” At the time, lawmakers seemed mostly on board with that plan, as the Republican chairs of the relevant funding panels both supported future budget bumps. Congress hasn’t settled on funding for the 2017 fiscal year, but legislators planned for another NIH increase of up to $2 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is how closely congressional Republicans will conform to the president’s proposal as they craft their own budgets, and how strongly the president’s staff will push for this particular cut.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/03/16/trump-nih-cuts-would-be-catastrophic-event-says-bush-era-nih-chief/#f055a74789c6\">Trump NIH Cuts Would Be 'Catastrophic Event,' Says Bush-Era NIH Chief\u003c/a> (Forbes)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Elias Zerhouni was nominated as director of the National Institutes of Health by George W. Bush in 2002, a role in which he served until 2008. Since 2011, he has run research and development at Sanofi, the world's fifth-largest drug company by sales. He says he's disturbed by the budget proposal of President Donald Trump. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will be a catastrophic event because the NIH funds grants over four or five years and therefore only has 20% of its budget to give at any one year,\" Zerhouni says. \"Therefore, if you cut it by $6 billion it means next year there will be no grants. It’s really ill-advised, I think, to change budgets so drastically so quickly. It will be very detrimental, especially on young investigators or new investigators, new science. It will set back the NIH significantly after years of stagnation, but recent support from Congress. I find it disturbing, to be honest with you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-trump-budget-nih-20170316-story.html\">20% cut to NIH budget would leave Americans more vulnerable to cancer and other diseases, experts warn\u003c/a> (L.A. Times)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Even scientists that have been critical of the NIH rallied to its defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Craig Venter, a genetics pioneer and chief executive of the J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla, said the proposed cuts would forfeit American primacy in a sector where the United States enjoys “absolutely dominant leadership in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an engine that drives our entire economy,” he said. “Our federal money can be better spent. But cutting these budgets will only make it 10 times worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with bare-bones budgets, Venter said, the NIH will put an end to any high-risk research. Like a drug company whose new CEO cuts costs by axing research and development, the U.S. could soon see its pipeline of innovative therapies has gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that suffer most are new investigators with new ideas,” he said. “It’ll just be a disaster for the U.S. economy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/16/14940444/2018-budget-trump-science-nih\">Trump’s budget is everything scientists have been fearing\u003c/a> (Vox)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Already, competition for NIH grants is intense. Its funding has basically plateaued over the past decade. At the same time, the cost of research keeps increasing, and an ever-growing pool of PhDs is competing for a relatively smaller pile of grant money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: In 2000, more than 30 percent of NIH grant applications got approved. Today, it’s closer to 17 percent. It’s not crazy math: The less money there is to go around, the fewer projects get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hourihan, when the NIH’s budget dropped 5 percent from sequestration cuts, they had to cut around 700 individual grants (out of about 9,000). With a 20 percent cut, “we’re likely talking about [grant] cuts in the hundreds, if not the thousands,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The first hearing by the subcommittee that oversees NIH is scheduled for Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What goes on the chopping block: Research into cancer or Alzheimer's? A Zika vaccine or a treatment for superbugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his budget blueprint Thursday, President Donald Trump called for cutting $5.8 billion from the National Institutes of Health. That's a staggering 18 percent drop for the $32 billion agency that funds much of the nation's research into what causes different diseases and what it will take to treat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's proposal would roll back NIH's 2018 budget to about what it was in 2003. The president called for a \"major reorganization\" of NIH to stress the \"highest priority research,\" but only specifically targeted for elimination the $69 million Fogarty International Center that focuses on global health and has played a big role in HIV research abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from clear if Congress will agree to the cuts. The NIH has long experienced bipartisan support among lawmakers, who awarded the agency an extra $2 billion in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is coverage from around the web, pointing to Republican and other opposition to the proposed cuts. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article138974053.html\">Republicans queasy about Trump’s cuts to medical research\u003c/a> (McClatchy)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s budget would slash funding for the National Institutes of Health by nearly $6 billion, or 19 percent, a proposal that’s likely to run into staunch opposition from conservatives within Trump’s own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Republicans helped secure the largest budget increase for NIH in more than a decade. Led by Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt and Rep. Kevin Yoder and Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas, the effort resulted in a $2 billion jump in funding and enabled the NIH to give out 1,147 more grants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOP lawmakers again worked across the aisle in November to pass the bipartisan Cures Act, which would allocate more money to the NIH. It had less than Blunt, Yoder and Moran had wanted, but more than President Barack Obama had requested in his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Trump released his budget on Thursday, proposing an NIH budget of about $26 billion, it quickly became apparent that the cuts to medical research were one of the few proposals that Republicans would be willing to criticize openly.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/speedreads/686585/gop-congressman-slams-trumps-proposed-cuts-nih-cdc-youre-much-more-likely-die-pandemic-than-terrorist-attack\">GOP congressman on Trump's proposed cuts to NIH, CDC: 'You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack'\u003c/a> (The Week)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(Rep. Tom) Cole argued that defense spending — which Trump's budget blueprint calls for ratcheting up by $54 billion — is no more important than investing in health research. \"You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack, and so that's part of the defense of the country as well,\" Cole said. \"The CDC is what protects you from things like Ebola and Zika. The NIH, we have 1.6 million Americans a year that contract cancer. About 600,000 die. That is more people than died in the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trumps-budget-cuts-nih-funding-by-20-percent/519771/\" target=\"_blank\">Trump's Budget Proposal Cuts NIH Funding by 20 Percent\u003c/a> (The Atlantic)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The agency, which distributes funding to some 300,000 scientists worldwide, has seen its funding wax and wane over the last 20-odd years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Congress doubled its funding each year, infusing the agency with cash. But for years afterward, the budgets stayed stagnant. Funding advocates explain that NIH didn’t lose its bipartisan support—other issues, like national defense, simply became more pressing. This hurt the agency’s ability to fund scientists’ research grants and labs’ ability to retain young researchers, and made planning for multi-year projects extremely difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and NIH officials alike were encouraged by the recent enthusiasm around NIH. In an interview last year, agency Director Francis Collins said he hoped Congress would begin “a trend to get us back on a stable, predictable, upward trajectory.” At the time, lawmakers seemed mostly on board with that plan, as the Republican chairs of the relevant funding panels both supported future budget bumps. Congress hasn’t settled on funding for the 2017 fiscal year, but legislators planned for another NIH increase of up to $2 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is how closely congressional Republicans will conform to the president’s proposal as they craft their own budgets, and how strongly the president’s staff will push for this particular cut.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/03/16/trump-nih-cuts-would-be-catastrophic-event-says-bush-era-nih-chief/#f055a74789c6\">Trump NIH Cuts Would Be 'Catastrophic Event,' Says Bush-Era NIH Chief\u003c/a> (Forbes)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Elias Zerhouni was nominated as director of the National Institutes of Health by George W. Bush in 2002, a role in which he served until 2008. Since 2011, he has run research and development at Sanofi, the world's fifth-largest drug company by sales. He says he's disturbed by the budget proposal of President Donald Trump. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will be a catastrophic event because the NIH funds grants over four or five years and therefore only has 20% of its budget to give at any one year,\" Zerhouni says. \"Therefore, if you cut it by $6 billion it means next year there will be no grants. It’s really ill-advised, I think, to change budgets so drastically so quickly. It will be very detrimental, especially on young investigators or new investigators, new science. It will set back the NIH significantly after years of stagnation, but recent support from Congress. I find it disturbing, to be honest with you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-trump-budget-nih-20170316-story.html\">20% cut to NIH budget would leave Americans more vulnerable to cancer and other diseases, experts warn\u003c/a> (L.A. Times)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Even scientists that have been critical of the NIH rallied to its defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Craig Venter, a genetics pioneer and chief executive of the J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla, said the proposed cuts would forfeit American primacy in a sector where the United States enjoys “absolutely dominant leadership in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an engine that drives our entire economy,” he said. “Our federal money can be better spent. But cutting these budgets will only make it 10 times worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with bare-bones budgets, Venter said, the NIH will put an end to any high-risk research. Like a drug company whose new CEO cuts costs by axing research and development, the U.S. could soon see its pipeline of innovative therapies has gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that suffer most are new investigators with new ideas,” he said. “It’ll just be a disaster for the U.S. economy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/16/14940444/2018-budget-trump-science-nih\">Trump’s budget is everything scientists have been fearing\u003c/a> (Vox)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Already, competition for NIH grants is intense. Its funding has basically plateaued over the past decade. At the same time, the cost of research keeps increasing, and an ever-growing pool of PhDs is competing for a relatively smaller pile of grant money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: In 2000, more than 30 percent of NIH grant applications got approved. Today, it’s closer to 17 percent. It’s not crazy math: The less money there is to go around, the fewer projects get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hourihan, when the NIH’s budget dropped 5 percent from sequestration cuts, they had to cut around 700 individual grants (out of about 9,000). With a 20 percent cut, “we’re likely talking about [grant] cuts in the hundreds, if not the thousands,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The first hearing by the subcommittee that oversees NIH is scheduled for Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>People with cancer face many challenges, including the symptoms of the disease, the toxicity of the treatment, financial costs, and social expectations. Here’s a new threat: navigating their care in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/25/cancer-immunotherapy-caution/\" target=\"_blank\">ocean of hype\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Using cancer statistics and FDA approvals, an estimate of the percentage of cancer patients who might benefit from immunotherapy produces a surprising result, given the way the drugs are described.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cancer drugs are all too often hailed as miracles, breakthroughs, game-changers, or even cures, even when they are no such thing. We recently reported \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">in JAMA Oncology\u003c/a> that these words were used 50 percent of the time to describe drugs not approved by the FDA, and 14 percent of the time to describe drugs that had only worked in mice. The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we do have drugs that work, hype may mislead us about how well they work and how many people they will benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/23/cancer-car-t-side-effects/\" target=\"_blank\">immunotherapy\u003c/a>. This new form of cancer therapy, which uses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer, has captivated the public imagination, is a topic of the nightly news, and has been featured in at least one \u003ca href=\"https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AL_Z/opdivo-longer-life\" target=\"_blank\">Super Bowl ad\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When immunotherapy works, the result is terrific, even life-changing. Today, though, only a tiny minority of patients expected to die from cancer will benefit from immunotherapy. As is often the case, hype sadly exceeds evidence, creating misunderstandings between patients and their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although immunotherapies have been used \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Commotion-Blood-Immune-System-Technology/dp/0805037969\" target=\"_blank\">for a hundred years\u003c/a>, such as the deliberate injection of bacteria into the body to stimulate the immune system, 2011 marked the approval of the first immunotherapy for cancer, a so-called checkpoint inhibitor named ipilimumab (Yervoy). This class of drugs unleashes the body’s immune system against cancer, and is the subject of much enthusiasm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using U.S. national cancer statistics and FDA approvals, we estimated the percent of cancer patients who might actually benefit from immunotherapy. The result was surprising, given the way these drugs are described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, we first calculated the percent of cancers for which immunotherapy has been approved as of February 2017. From that number we determined that two-thirds (68.8 percent) of Americans predicted to die of cancer will die of one that currently has no FDA-approved immunotherapy options\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> These include prostate cancer, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We next determined the percentage of cancer patients that could expect to see their tumor shrink from immunotherapy. Tumor shrinkage is widely considered to be a prerequisite to benefiting from these drugs. Only 26 percent of patients had this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, we combined those two calculations and asked, of all patients dying of cancer in America this year, how many might benefit from a checkpoint inhibitor drug? We assumed the best-case scenario: that every patient with one of these cancers could afford the drug and get access to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The answer was just 8 percent. We also ran the numbers another way by setting a lower bar for success, and credited these drugs for any patient whose cancer did not grow substantially during follow-up. Even with that adjustment, the estimate was less than 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do these results mean? When immunotherapy works, there is no argument — the results are terrific. Patients with otherwise life-threatening cancers live far longer than expected and some may even be cured. But at least today, few patients can expect to be among the lucky ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some argue that these drugs will be approved for more cancers in the years to come, or that they may work better in combination with other drugs or one another. While we hope that comes true, it is not the reality today. And for several common cancers, like colon and breast cancer, we already know that these drugs work poorly — there is a reason why the first approvals were in cancers like melanoma — and we fear the percentage of people benefiting from cancer immunotherapy will not change greatly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who is to blame for the disconnect between reality and hype? All of us. Doctors, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, reporters, patient advocates — all use \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">sensational language\u003c/a> to describe these drugs. To make matters worse, the United States is one of the only countries to permit direct-to-consumer advertising, resulting in an astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12685026/american-drug-ads-tv\" target=\"_blank\">80 drug ads\u003c/a> airing every hour — some of which \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/opinion/cancer-drug-ads-vs-cancer-drug-reality.html\" target=\"_blank\">are misleading\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We owe it to people with cancer to do better. Navigating the waters of accurate information and reasonable hope is a big challenge for oncology. Deciding when and how to treat cancer is a sacred journey that patients and their doctors make together. Distorting the effectiveness of treatments in the public eye can tear the very fabric that unites patients and doctors. Misunderstanding ensues. Expectations become disappointments. A good death becomes a bad one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intrusive nature of hype — without context, without nuance, and without limit — can be a huge challenge faced by cancer patients in America. For that reason, it should come as no surprise that many cancer patients have \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2533530\" target=\"_blank\">an inflated understanding\u003c/a> of their prognosis compared to what their doctors understand. Too many patients and their families are inevitably let down when they find themselves among the 90 percent who don’t benefit from immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are not pessimists in our quest to improve survival and quality of life for cancer patients. Instead, we are optimists that we can all do better in communicating the reality of cancer care to patients, to the public, and even to physicians. That way, we may all make more honest choices if and when we must cope with cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nathan Gay, MD, is an oncology fellow at Oregon Health and Science University. Vinay Prasad, MD, is assistant professor in the Division of Hematology Oncology at Oregon Health and Science University and the author of “Ending Medical Reversal.” The views expressed in this article are the authors’ personal opinions and do not represent those of OHSU.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/08/immunotherapy-cancer-breakthrough/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People with cancer face many challenges, including the symptoms of the disease, the toxicity of the treatment, financial costs, and social expectations. Here’s a new threat: navigating their care in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/25/cancer-immunotherapy-caution/\" target=\"_blank\">ocean of hype\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Using cancer statistics and FDA approvals, an estimate of the percentage of cancer patients who might benefit from immunotherapy produces a surprising result, given the way the drugs are described.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cancer drugs are all too often hailed as miracles, breakthroughs, game-changers, or even cures, even when they are no such thing. We recently reported \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">in JAMA Oncology\u003c/a> that these words were used 50 percent of the time to describe drugs not approved by the FDA, and 14 percent of the time to describe drugs that had only worked in mice. The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when we do have drugs that work, hype may mislead us about how well they work and how many people they will benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/08/23/cancer-car-t-side-effects/\" target=\"_blank\">immunotherapy\u003c/a>. This new form of cancer therapy, which uses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer, has captivated the public imagination, is a topic of the nightly news, and has been featured in at least one \u003ca href=\"https://www.ispot.tv/ad/AL_Z/opdivo-longer-life\" target=\"_blank\">Super Bowl ad\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When immunotherapy works, the result is terrific, even life-changing. Today, though, only a tiny minority of patients expected to die from cancer will benefit from immunotherapy. As is often the case, hype sadly exceeds evidence, creating misunderstandings between patients and their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although immunotherapies have been used \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Commotion-Blood-Immune-System-Technology/dp/0805037969\" target=\"_blank\">for a hundred years\u003c/a>, such as the deliberate injection of bacteria into the body to stimulate the immune system, 2011 marked the approval of the first immunotherapy for cancer, a so-called checkpoint inhibitor named ipilimumab (Yervoy). This class of drugs unleashes the body’s immune system against cancer, and is the subject of much enthusiasm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using U.S. national cancer statistics and FDA approvals, we estimated the percent of cancer patients who might actually benefit from immunotherapy. The result was surprising, given the way these drugs are described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do this, we first calculated the percent of cancers for which immunotherapy has been approved as of February 2017. From that number we determined that two-thirds (68.8 percent) of Americans predicted to die of cancer will die of one that currently has no FDA-approved immunotherapy options\u003cstrong>.\u003c/strong> These include prostate cancer, colon cancer, and ovarian cancer, among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We next determined the percentage of cancer patients that could expect to see their tumor shrink from immunotherapy. Tumor shrinkage is widely considered to be a prerequisite to benefiting from these drugs. Only 26 percent of patients had this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, we combined those two calculations and asked, of all patients dying of cancer in America this year, how many might benefit from a checkpoint inhibitor drug? We assumed the best-case scenario: that every patient with one of these cancers could afford the drug and get access to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The leap from helping a mouse to saving a human is uncertain, long, and overwhelmingly unsuccessful.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The answer was just 8 percent. We also ran the numbers another way by setting a lower bar for success, and credited these drugs for any patient whose cancer did not grow substantially during follow-up. Even with that adjustment, the estimate was less than 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do these results mean? When immunotherapy works, there is no argument — the results are terrific. Patients with otherwise life-threatening cancers live far longer than expected and some may even be cured. But at least today, few patients can expect to be among the lucky ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some argue that these drugs will be approved for more cancers in the years to come, or that they may work better in combination with other drugs or one another. While we hope that comes true, it is not the reality today. And for several common cancers, like colon and breast cancer, we already know that these drugs work poorly — there is a reason why the first approvals were in cancers like melanoma — and we fear the percentage of people benefiting from cancer immunotherapy will not change greatly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who is to blame for the disconnect between reality and hype? All of us. Doctors, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, reporters, patient advocates — all use \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2464965\" target=\"_blank\">sensational language\u003c/a> to describe these drugs. To make matters worse, the United States is one of the only countries to permit direct-to-consumer advertising, resulting in an astonishing \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12685026/american-drug-ads-tv\" target=\"_blank\">80 drug ads\u003c/a> airing every hour — some of which \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/opinion/cancer-drug-ads-vs-cancer-drug-reality.html\" target=\"_blank\">are misleading\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We owe it to people with cancer to do better. Navigating the waters of accurate information and reasonable hope is a big challenge for oncology. Deciding when and how to treat cancer is a sacred journey that patients and their doctors make together. Distorting the effectiveness of treatments in the public eye can tear the very fabric that unites patients and doctors. Misunderstanding ensues. Expectations become disappointments. A good death becomes a bad one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The intrusive nature of hype — without context, without nuance, and without limit — can be a huge challenge faced by cancer patients in America. For that reason, it should come as no surprise that many cancer patients have \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2533530\" target=\"_blank\">an inflated understanding\u003c/a> of their prognosis compared to what their doctors understand. Too many patients and their families are inevitably let down when they find themselves among the 90 percent who don’t benefit from immunotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are not pessimists in our quest to improve survival and quality of life for cancer patients. Instead, we are optimists that we can all do better in communicating the reality of cancer care to patients, to the public, and even to physicians. That way, we may all make more honest choices if and when we must cope with cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nathan Gay, MD, is an oncology fellow at Oregon Health and Science University. Vinay Prasad, MD, is assistant professor in the Division of Hematology Oncology at Oregon Health and Science University and the author of “Ending Medical Reversal.” The views expressed in this article are the authors’ personal opinions and do not represent those of OHSU.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/08/immunotherapy-cancer-breakthrough/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Trump Administration Proposes Big Cuts In Medical Research",
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"content": "\u003cp>Biomedical research and public health are among the big losers in the Trump administration's proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">proposal\u003c/a> promises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A \"major reorganization\" in the National Institutes of Health, which supports most of the nation's research on diseases and treatments. That includes a cut of $5.8 billion, about 20 percent of NIH's $30 billion budget.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Reform\" of funding for the Centers for Disease and Prevention, which works to prevent, monitor and combat disease outbreaks. The budget mentions a $500 million block grant to states.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An additional $500 million for the Department of Health and Human Services to \"expand opioid misuse prevention efforts and to increase access to treatment and recovery services to help Americans who are misusing opioids get the help they need.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Investment in \"mental health activities that are awarded to high-performing entities and focus on high priority areas, such as suicide prevention, serious mental illness, and children's mental health.\" No specifics are provided.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Funding from the National Institutes of Health flows to more than 2,600 institutions around the country and creates more than 313,000 full- and part-time jobs, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750411/\">2016 study\u003c/a>. So it's not obvious how slashing billions from the NIH budget, as the Trump administration proposes, will bring more jobs to America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That $5.8 billion cut represents a 20 percent reduction in the NIH budget, which is about $30 billion. The federal government hands out most of this funding rather than spending it on its own employees, but the budget proposal is not clear on how much of the spending cuts target grants to university scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal research grant money flows primarily to universities, and they in turn spend billions to buy equipment and services from local companies. Economist Bruce Weinberg and colleagues at Ohio State University \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/41.full\">looked at\u003c/a> what happened to federal research dollars that flowed to nine major Midwestern universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, these nine institutions received about $7 billion for research, more than half of which came from the NIH, the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies. Of that, the universities spent almost $1 billion on goods and services from U.S. vendors and subcontractors, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that, 16 percent went to vendors in the university's home county, over 16 percent was spent elsewhere in the state, and the balance was spread to companies across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University researchers buy chemicals and other ingredients needed for experiments and purchase laboratory equipment. There are entire industries devoted to supporting biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were surprised by how many were small, niche high-technology companies,\" Weinberg and his colleagues wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, science funding is not primarily a jobs or economic stimulus program,\" they added. After all, research is a long-term investment in knowledge and the driving force for economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget proposal doesn't include a specific funding figure for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which had a budget of $7 billion in 2016. But the proposed budget says it \"reforms\" the CDC through a new $500 million block grant that would \"increase state flexibility and focus on the leading public health challenges to each state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No additional details are included, but that could mean diverting those funds from the CDC's core budget to provide block grants to individual states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are encouraged to see that state health agency priorities, such as flexible funding to meet state and territorial public health needs and the public health Emergency Fund, are in the President's Budget,\" said Michael Fraser, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astho.org/\">Association of State and Territorial Health Officials\u003c/a>, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those are things we really do want to see,\" Fraser continued. \"However, the fact is that support for those priorities comes at what looks like a very significant cost to existing programs. The proposed reductions to HHS may have serious negative impacts on both federal and state responses to public health needs and that leaves many of us extremely concerned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget also calls for the creation of a new \"Federal Emergency Response Fund\" that would be designed to \"rapidly respond to public health outbreaks,\" such as Zika. This is an idea that has been gaining support recently, especially in the wake of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the emergence of Zika as a threat to pregnant women and their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama's emergency funding request to respond to Zika got mired in politics in Congress. The budget doesn't specify how big this new fund would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed budget is silent on the National Science Foundation, which provides about $7 billion a year in grants to researchers in many fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Proposes+Big+Cuts+In+Medical+Research&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Biomedical research and public health are among the big losers in the Trump administration's proposed budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">proposal\u003c/a> promises:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A \"major reorganization\" in the National Institutes of Health, which supports most of the nation's research on diseases and treatments. That includes a cut of $5.8 billion, about 20 percent of NIH's $30 billion budget.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Reform\" of funding for the Centers for Disease and Prevention, which works to prevent, monitor and combat disease outbreaks. The budget mentions a $500 million block grant to states.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>An additional $500 million for the Department of Health and Human Services to \"expand opioid misuse prevention efforts and to increase access to treatment and recovery services to help Americans who are misusing opioids get the help they need.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Investment in \"mental health activities that are awarded to high-performing entities and focus on high priority areas, such as suicide prevention, serious mental illness, and children's mental health.\" No specifics are provided.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Funding from the National Institutes of Health flows to more than 2,600 institutions around the country and creates more than 313,000 full- and part-time jobs, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4750411/\">2016 study\u003c/a>. So it's not obvious how slashing billions from the NIH budget, as the Trump administration proposes, will bring more jobs to America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That $5.8 billion cut represents a 20 percent reduction in the NIH budget, which is about $30 billion. The federal government hands out most of this funding rather than spending it on its own employees, but the budget proposal is not clear on how much of the spending cuts target grants to university scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal research grant money flows primarily to universities, and they in turn spend billions to buy equipment and services from local companies. Economist Bruce Weinberg and colleagues at Ohio State University \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6179/41.full\">looked at\u003c/a> what happened to federal research dollars that flowed to nine major Midwestern universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, these nine institutions received about $7 billion for research, more than half of which came from the NIH, the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies. Of that, the universities spent almost $1 billion on goods and services from U.S. vendors and subcontractors, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of that, 16 percent went to vendors in the university's home county, over 16 percent was spent elsewhere in the state, and the balance was spread to companies across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University researchers buy chemicals and other ingredients needed for experiments and purchase laboratory equipment. There are entire industries devoted to supporting biomedical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were surprised by how many were small, niche high-technology companies,\" Weinberg and his colleagues wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, science funding is not primarily a jobs or economic stimulus program,\" they added. After all, research is a long-term investment in knowledge and the driving force for economic growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget proposal doesn't include a specific funding figure for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which had a budget of $7 billion in 2016. But the proposed budget says it \"reforms\" the CDC through a new $500 million block grant that would \"increase state flexibility and focus on the leading public health challenges to each state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No additional details are included, but that could mean diverting those funds from the CDC's core budget to provide block grants to individual states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are encouraged to see that state health agency priorities, such as flexible funding to meet state and territorial public health needs and the public health Emergency Fund, are in the President's Budget,\" said Michael Fraser, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.astho.org/\">Association of State and Territorial Health Officials\u003c/a>, in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Those are things we really do want to see,\" Fraser continued. \"However, the fact is that support for those priorities comes at what looks like a very significant cost to existing programs. The proposed reductions to HHS may have serious negative impacts on both federal and state responses to public health needs and that leaves many of us extremely concerned.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The budget also calls for the creation of a new \"Federal Emergency Response Fund\" that would be designed to \"rapidly respond to public health outbreaks,\" such as Zika. This is an idea that has been gaining support recently, especially in the wake of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the emergence of Zika as a threat to pregnant women and their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama's emergency funding request to respond to Zika got mired in politics in Congress. The budget doesn't specify how big this new fund would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed budget is silent on the National Science Foundation, which provides about $7 billion a year in grants to researchers in many fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Administration+Proposes+Big+Cuts+In+Medical+Research&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In Indonesia, a Comic Book About Menstruation -- For Boys",
"title": "In Indonesia, a Comic Book About Menstruation -- For Boys",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>A comic book about menstruation ... aimed at boys?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what Indonesia has created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started when a UNICEF team there looked at what happens when a girl gets her period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a survey of over 1,100 girls, the team found lots of concerns about the cruel remarks boys would make. They'd point at a girl's stained skirt and say, \"Hey, it's leaking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or when a girl put her book bag behind her back to hide any stains, they'd say things like, \"Why are you acting weird?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is staining a problem? There are not enough toilets in schools — only 1 per 100 students in Indonesia — so girls may not be able to change their pads as needed. Or there may not be a place to dispose of soiled pads in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comic book tells boys that menstruation is perfectly normal. It's experienced every month by millions of girls and women, including their moms. And it's important to be courteous and supportive to friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is not a boys-only comic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UNICEF survey also found that 1 in 6 girls skipped school while they were on their period. One reason was the lack of toilets. But sometimes they stayed home to avoid the taunts of boys. And some said they didn't come to class because of a long-standing local belief that it's not a good idea to wash your hair when you're having your period. They felt embarrassed to come to school with dirty hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comic book is a two-in-one product. Hold it one way and it's a 10-page guide for boys. Turn it upside down and it's a guide for girls, talking about everything from what menstruation is to how to put on a pad. And that yes, you can wash your hair when you're on your period. And no, eating meat does not increase the flow of blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial 3,500 copies of the comic book were funded by UNICEF. The Indonesian health and education ministries will publish another 35,000 this year and begin distributing them this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't a bunch of adults who came up with the content. \"We didn't want to do just want \u003cem>we \u003c/em>thought was a good idea,\" says Reza Hendrawan, UNICEF's hygiene manager for the project in Indonesia. The team used a \"participatory design process,\" says Aidan Cronin, UNICEF's chief of water, sanitation and hygiene for Indonesia. Team members met with about 100 boys and girls age 10 to 14 as well as teachers and parents in six provinces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for creating a comic came from the kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNICEF began testing the comic last June, sharing it with about 4,000 boys and girls. The agency then hired Myriad Research, a research firm based in Jakarta, to talk to kids in two communities before and after the comic was published. They gathered survey responses from 245 girls and 129 boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The overall feedback was great,\" says Cronin. \"The students said challenging the myths gave them an opening to discuss menstruation with their parents and teachers.\" Among the other findings from the survey:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Knowledge that menstruation is a normal process jumped from 81 percent to 97 percent in girls and from 61 percent to 89 percent in boys.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The percentage of girls feeling that menstruation should be kept secret fell from 38 percent to 20 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The percentage of boys who felt it was wrong to bully menstruating girls increased from 61 percent to 95 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"What does seem to be good about the comic is that it keeps the messaging simple and emphasizes that menstruation is a normal experience,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/ms2778\">Marni Sommer\u003c/a>, an associate professor of sociomedical sciences at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. Sommer runs a conference with UNICEF each year on menstrual hygiene management in schools. She herself has \u003ca href=\"http://www.growandknow.com/\" target=\"_blank\">created illustrated books on menstruation\u003c/a> used in several countries in the developing world but was not involved in the development of the Indonesian comic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She likes the fact that the Indonesian comic book was produced with an eye to local traditions and taboos: \"You need to know the local culture as well as beliefs, perceptions and norms in that community,\" she says, \"so you can gently challenge them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not only comic books that are doing the job. A new animated video on menstruation aimed at Indonesians — and also produced by UNICEF — is having an impact. It hasn't yet been widely shown to students, but when members of the Indonesian Council of Islamic Scholars viewed it, they decided it was time to partner with UNICEF on a book on menstrual issues that'll be shared at women's prayer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fran Kritz is a health policy reporter based in Washington, D.C. Her work has appeared on the Goats and Soda blog as well as in the \u003c/em>Washington Post\u003cem> and Kaiser Health News. Find her on Twitter @FranKritz\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Menstruation+101+For+Boys%3A+A+Comic+Book+Is+Their+Guide&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It's two comic books in one: A guide for boys (so they won't tease girls) and advice for girls on how to handle their period.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A comic book about menstruation ... aimed at boys?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what Indonesia has created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started when a UNICEF team there looked at what happens when a girl gets her period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a survey of over 1,100 girls, the team found lots of concerns about the cruel remarks boys would make. They'd point at a girl's stained skirt and say, \"Hey, it's leaking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or when a girl put her book bag behind her back to hide any stains, they'd say things like, \"Why are you acting weird?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why is staining a problem? There are not enough toilets in schools — only 1 per 100 students in Indonesia — so girls may not be able to change their pads as needed. Or there may not be a place to dispose of soiled pads in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comic book tells boys that menstruation is perfectly normal. It's experienced every month by millions of girls and women, including their moms. And it's important to be courteous and supportive to friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is not a boys-only comic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UNICEF survey also found that 1 in 6 girls skipped school while they were on their period. One reason was the lack of toilets. But sometimes they stayed home to avoid the taunts of boys. And some said they didn't come to class because of a long-standing local belief that it's not a good idea to wash your hair when you're having your period. They felt embarrassed to come to school with dirty hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comic book is a two-in-one product. Hold it one way and it's a 10-page guide for boys. Turn it upside down and it's a guide for girls, talking about everything from what menstruation is to how to put on a pad. And that yes, you can wash your hair when you're on your period. And no, eating meat does not increase the flow of blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial 3,500 copies of the comic book were funded by UNICEF. The Indonesian health and education ministries will publish another 35,000 this year and begin distributing them this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn't a bunch of adults who came up with the content. \"We didn't want to do just want \u003cem>we \u003c/em>thought was a good idea,\" says Reza Hendrawan, UNICEF's hygiene manager for the project in Indonesia. The team used a \"participatory design process,\" says Aidan Cronin, UNICEF's chief of water, sanitation and hygiene for Indonesia. Team members met with about 100 boys and girls age 10 to 14 as well as teachers and parents in six provinces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for creating a comic came from the kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNICEF began testing the comic last June, sharing it with about 4,000 boys and girls. The agency then hired Myriad Research, a research firm based in Jakarta, to talk to kids in two communities before and after the comic was published. They gathered survey responses from 245 girls and 129 boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The overall feedback was great,\" says Cronin. \"The students said challenging the myths gave them an opening to discuss menstruation with their parents and teachers.\" Among the other findings from the survey:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Knowledge that menstruation is a normal process jumped from 81 percent to 97 percent in girls and from 61 percent to 89 percent in boys.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The percentage of girls feeling that menstruation should be kept secret fell from 38 percent to 20 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The percentage of boys who felt it was wrong to bully menstruating girls increased from 61 percent to 95 percent.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\"What does seem to be good about the comic is that it keeps the messaging simple and emphasizes that menstruation is a normal experience,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/ms2778\">Marni Sommer\u003c/a>, an associate professor of sociomedical sciences at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. Sommer runs a conference with UNICEF each year on menstrual hygiene management in schools. She herself has \u003ca href=\"http://www.growandknow.com/\" target=\"_blank\">created illustrated books on menstruation\u003c/a> used in several countries in the developing world but was not involved in the development of the Indonesian comic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She likes the fact that the Indonesian comic book was produced with an eye to local traditions and taboos: \"You need to know the local culture as well as beliefs, perceptions and norms in that community,\" she says, \"so you can gently challenge them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not only comic books that are doing the job. A new animated video on menstruation aimed at Indonesians — and also produced by UNICEF — is having an impact. It hasn't yet been widely shown to students, but when members of the Indonesian Council of Islamic Scholars viewed it, they decided it was time to partner with UNICEF on a book on menstrual issues that'll be shared at women's prayer groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fran Kritz is a health policy reporter based in Washington, D.C. Her work has appeared on the Goats and Soda blog as well as in the \u003c/em>Washington Post\u003cem> and Kaiser Health News. Find her on Twitter @FranKritz\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Menstruation+101+For+Boys%3A+A+Comic+Book+Is+Their+Guide&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you pick up a newspaper and read a story about the latest results on breast cancer, autism, depression or other ailments, what are the odds that finding will stand the test of time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6hO2DlGcuvzIs4j47i6gAkpHV32tr6eX\"]The answer, according to \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172650\">a study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> is: flip a coin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about half of the medical findings reported in 199 English-language newspapers actually turn out to hold up when tested in further studies, the study found. And sorry, dear reader, you're not likely to hear about those refutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is partly the fault of journalists, who are always on the lookout for new and unexpected findings, which science and medical journals happily highlight and promote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I think the fault is also on scientists,\" says Estelle Dumas-Mallet, a biologist at the University of Bordeaux in France and lead author of the study. \"I think a lot of time they are so excited about their results they get carried away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As a scientist, I must admit that I was sure that almost everything published in Science and Nature was absolutely true, and I was a bit disappointed when I understood this wasn't the case.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues plucked out several thousand journal studies to examine. To measure the veracity of those studies, they looked for more in-depth follow-up studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then dug through the Dows Jones Factiva database of newspaper articles (television broadcasts, web-only sources and NPR stories were not included in the study), and identified 156 stories about a range of medical issues, including autism, depression, Alzheimer's, breast cancer and glaucoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow-up studies found that about half of those original, exciting findings didn't stand up to deeper scrutiny. To determine that, the researchers looked at meta-analyses, which are studies that pull together information from multiple similar studies to draw an overarching conclusion more robust than any individual study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a scientist, I must admit that I was sure that almost everything published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>was absolutely true, and I was a bit disappointed when I understood this wasn't the case,\" Estelle Dumas-Mallet says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's truly the nature of science. But while scientists eventually set the record straight in the literature, those follow-up studies rarely get covered by the news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Dumas-Mallet and her colleagues looked at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869766\">a study\u003c/a> published in 2003 in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> that reported a genetic variant linked to depression when people with that trait faced stressful life events. That news made the pages of 50 newspapers, they found. But when 11 subsequent studies tried and failed to find the same association, not a single newspaper in their database covered any of those studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be because that kind of \"negative\" result tends to get published in less prominent journals, Dumas-Mallet says. And journalists aren't regularly patrolling those for news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in 2009, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531786\">scientists published\u003c/a> a meta-analysis of these results in a prominent journal, \u003cem>JAMA, \u003c/em>the journal of the American Medical Association\u003cem>, \u003c/em>which showed the initial report didn't hold up. Even then, only four newspapers covered that finding — and newspapers continued to report the original 2003 finding even after it had been clearly refuted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, she found that none of the studies they examined that linked a gene to depression, schizophrenia or autism panned out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the scientists looked specifically at 53 studies that were first-time reports of a new phenomenon and reported in newspapers, they found that two-thirds were \"disconfirmed\" by subsequent studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really going on here is a reminder that science progresses in fits and starts, with plenty of false leads. Any single finding is provisional. Careful journalists will remind readers of that fact, but it's overlooked frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumas-Mallet's advice to readers is simple: \"Keep in mind that when a study is an initial study, even if it's very exciting and amazing and a breakthrough — or whatever you want to call it — it still needs to be confirmed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adage \"Don't believe everything you read\" applies here as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reports+Of+Medical+Breakthroughs+Often+Don%27t+Prove+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you pick up a newspaper and read a story about the latest results on breast cancer, autism, depression or other ailments, what are the odds that finding will stand the test of time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The answer, according to \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172650\">a study\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>PLOS One\u003c/em> is: flip a coin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about half of the medical findings reported in 199 English-language newspapers actually turn out to hold up when tested in further studies, the study found. And sorry, dear reader, you're not likely to hear about those refutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is partly the fault of journalists, who are always on the lookout for new and unexpected findings, which science and medical journals happily highlight and promote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I think the fault is also on scientists,\" says Estelle Dumas-Mallet, a biologist at the University of Bordeaux in France and lead author of the study. \"I think a lot of time they are so excited about their results they get carried away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'As a scientist, I must admit that I was sure that almost everything published in Science and Nature was absolutely true, and I was a bit disappointed when I understood this wasn't the case.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She and her colleagues plucked out several thousand journal studies to examine. To measure the veracity of those studies, they looked for more in-depth follow-up studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then dug through the Dows Jones Factiva database of newspaper articles (television broadcasts, web-only sources and NPR stories were not included in the study), and identified 156 stories about a range of medical issues, including autism, depression, Alzheimer's, breast cancer and glaucoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow-up studies found that about half of those original, exciting findings didn't stand up to deeper scrutiny. To determine that, the researchers looked at meta-analyses, which are studies that pull together information from multiple similar studies to draw an overarching conclusion more robust than any individual study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a scientist, I must admit that I was sure that almost everything published in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>was absolutely true, and I was a bit disappointed when I understood this wasn't the case,\" Estelle Dumas-Mallet says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's truly the nature of science. But while scientists eventually set the record straight in the literature, those follow-up studies rarely get covered by the news media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Dumas-Mallet and her colleagues looked at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869766\">a study\u003c/a> published in 2003 in \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> that reported a genetic variant linked to depression when people with that trait faced stressful life events. That news made the pages of 50 newspapers, they found. But when 11 subsequent studies tried and failed to find the same association, not a single newspaper in their database covered any of those studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be because that kind of \"negative\" result tends to get published in less prominent journals, Dumas-Mallet says. And journalists aren't regularly patrolling those for news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, in 2009, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531786\">scientists published\u003c/a> a meta-analysis of these results in a prominent journal, \u003cem>JAMA, \u003c/em>the journal of the American Medical Association\u003cem>, \u003c/em>which showed the initial report didn't hold up. Even then, only four newspapers covered that finding — and newspapers continued to report the original 2003 finding even after it had been clearly refuted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, she found that none of the studies they examined that linked a gene to depression, schizophrenia or autism panned out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the scientists looked specifically at 53 studies that were first-time reports of a new phenomenon and reported in newspapers, they found that two-thirds were \"disconfirmed\" by subsequent studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really going on here is a reminder that science progresses in fits and starts, with plenty of false leads. Any single finding is provisional. Careful journalists will remind readers of that fact, but it's overlooked frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumas-Mallet's advice to readers is simple: \"Keep in mind that when a study is an initial study, even if it's very exciting and amazing and a breakthrough — or whatever you want to call it — it still needs to be confirmed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The adage \"Don't believe everything you read\" applies here as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Reports+Of+Medical+Breakthroughs+Often+Don%27t+Prove+Out&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IykG7_zHXoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Biden spoke at the South by Southwest conference in Austin on Sunday, talking about continuing the work of the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative\" target=\"_blank\">cancer moonshot\u003c/a>\" initiative, first announced by President Obama during the 2016 State of the Union address. At the time, Obama put Biden “in charge of mission control” for a national initiative to cure cancer, which kills \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2016.html\">hundreds of thousands of Americans\u003c/a> each year. Biden's son, former Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, died of brain cancer in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At South by Southwest, Biden gave a wide-ranging and at times emotional presentation, citing treatment advances like immunotherapy and particle beam therapy. He also said that cancer data from the Veterans Administration could be analyzed by Dept. of Energy supercomputers to find \"new patterns\" to help with research, one of the suggestions in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/blue-ribbon-panel\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Moonshot Blue Ribbon Panel Report\u003c/a>, released last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Biden said he had offered to help the Trump administration carry on the mission to end cancer. But he also said he would create the Biden Cancer Initiative, where the primary focus would be on working on community collaboration between scientists, so that research would be widely shared across specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Biden again mentioned working with the new administration. From a \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/12/biden-talks-cancer-sxsw/\" target=\"_blank\">Texas Tribune\u003c/a> report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It is my hope that this new administration, once it gets organized — and I’m not being facetious — will be able to focus on and be as committed and as enthusiastic as we were in the goal of ending cancer as we know it,\" Biden said. \"I will do everything in my power to work with the new administration.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And more from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-joe-biden-cancer-sxsw-trump-2017-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">LA Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Biden had come to SXSW to recruit talent. Addressing an audience that included techies and innovators, he pointed out how easy websites and apps had made it to buy movie tickets or cash checks at the swipe of a finger on a smartphone, then wondered why cancer patients like his son couldn’t just as easily send test results from one hospital to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of you are developing technologies and innovations for purposes large and small, fun and serious, entertaining and lifesaving, that have nothing to do with cancer — but you could make a gigantic impact,” he said, his voice booming. “We need you to help us reach people who need to change their behavior and avoid cancer. You’re doing it to help them figure out how to buy a product… We need to reach people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/03/12/joe-biden-cancer-sxsw/99095456/\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Biden said the idea for the White House Moonshot Cancer initiative came as he and Obama headed to the White House Rose Garden in October 2015 to announce that Biden would not be running for president. Asked by Obama if he had any regrets, Biden said he had one: \"I would have loved to be the president who presided over the end of cancer, as we know it.\" Three months later, Obama announced the creation of the initiative in his final State of the Union address -- to the surprise of Biden, he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Biden also mentioned during his presentation that Amazon.com had contacted him to offer free cloud computing space for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Joe Biden spoke at South by Southwest in Austin Sunday, talking about continuing the work of the 'cancer moonshot' initiative, first announced by President Obama during the 2016 State of the Union address.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IykG7_zHXoo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IykG7_zHXoo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Joe Biden spoke at the South by Southwest conference in Austin on Sunday, talking about continuing the work of the \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative\" target=\"_blank\">cancer moonshot\u003c/a>\" initiative, first announced by President Obama during the 2016 State of the Union address. At the time, Obama put Biden “in charge of mission control” for a national initiative to cure cancer, which kills \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2016.html\">hundreds of thousands of Americans\u003c/a> each year. Biden's son, former Delaware Attorney General Beau Biden, died of brain cancer in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At South by Southwest, Biden gave a wide-ranging and at times emotional presentation, citing treatment advances like immunotherapy and particle beam therapy. He also said that cancer data from the Veterans Administration could be analyzed by Dept. of Energy supercomputers to find \"new patterns\" to help with research, one of the suggestions in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/research/key-initiatives/moonshot-cancer-initiative/blue-ribbon-panel\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Moonshot Blue Ribbon Panel Report\u003c/a>, released last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January, Biden said he had offered to help the Trump administration carry on the mission to end cancer. But he also said he would create the Biden Cancer Initiative, where the primary focus would be on working on community collaboration between scientists, so that research would be widely shared across specialties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, Biden again mentioned working with the new administration. From a \u003ca href=\"https://www.texastribune.org/2017/03/12/biden-talks-cancer-sxsw/\" target=\"_blank\">Texas Tribune\u003c/a> report:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It is my hope that this new administration, once it gets organized — and I’m not being facetious — will be able to focus on and be as committed and as enthusiastic as we were in the goal of ending cancer as we know it,\" Biden said. \"I will do everything in my power to work with the new administration.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And more from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-joe-biden-cancer-sxsw-trump-2017-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">LA Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Biden had come to SXSW to recruit talent. Addressing an audience that included techies and innovators, he pointed out how easy websites and apps had made it to buy movie tickets or cash checks at the swipe of a finger on a smartphone, then wondered why cancer patients like his son couldn’t just as easily send test results from one hospital to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of you are developing technologies and innovations for purposes large and small, fun and serious, entertaining and lifesaving, that have nothing to do with cancer — but you could make a gigantic impact,” he said, his voice booming. “We need you to help us reach people who need to change their behavior and avoid cancer. You’re doing it to help them figure out how to buy a product… We need to reach people.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/03/12/joe-biden-cancer-sxsw/99095456/\" target=\"_blank\">USA Today\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Biden said the idea for the White House Moonshot Cancer initiative came as he and Obama headed to the White House Rose Garden in October 2015 to announce that Biden would not be running for president. Asked by Obama if he had any regrets, Biden said he had one: \"I would have loved to be the president who presided over the end of cancer, as we know it.\" Three months later, Obama announced the creation of the initiative in his final State of the Union address -- to the surprise of Biden, he said.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Biden also mentioned during his presentation that Amazon.com had contacted him to offer free cloud computing space for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t",
"title": "Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t",
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"content": "\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s the first controlled experiment, to our knowledge, to show that dietary intervention can curb mood disorders.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It may sound like alternative medicine, but researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think that adding certain beneficial bacteria to a person's intestines could be the future for treating anxiety and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diet and Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies have found that a diet high in vegetables and low in processed foods correlates with \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265517050_Relationship_Between_Diet_and_Mental_Health_in_Children_and_Adolescents_A_Systematic_Review\" target=\"_blank\">lower\u003c/a> rates of depression.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But showing that what you eat actually \u003cem>affects\u003c/em> your mental health has been more complicated, because people who are depressed may be less likely to eat healthier, as opposed to the other way around.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But now, in a recent \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">out of Australia’s Deakin University\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> scientists \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">say they\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have used food to effectively treat depression.\u003c/span>\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s the first controlled experiment, to our knowledge, to show that dietary intervention can curb mood disorders,” says \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Felice Jacka\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a psychiatrist at Deakin and the study’s lead researcher.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BR5La0DO2Pz0qD1n57PZ49OO77mTxy8A\"]Deakin and colleagues recruited 56 people, all of whom met two criteria: They were clinically diagnosed with moderate to severe depression, and they had consumed a lot of sweets and processed meats at the expense of healthier foods like fruit, vegetables and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants were then randomly assigned to one of two treatments: diet counseling or “\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-friendship-doctor/201002/is-befriending-treatment-depression\" target=\"_blank\">befriending\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Despite heavy marketing of probiotics, we still don't know which bacteria interact with which foods to help boost neurotransmitters that can help our mood.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the 12-week study, subjects in the diet intervention group regularly met with nutritionists who counseled them to increase their consumption of vegetables, whole grains and fish, and to decrease their intake of junk food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients who were subject to befriending met \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">with trained research assistants to discuss topics like hobbies or board games; they did not receive any psychological therapy. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This group served as a control to ensure that any improvement in the diet intervention group would not be due to positive social interaction with the nutritionist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the 12 weeks, all of the participants were re-evaluated, using the same depression measures as at the study's start. The results? While both groups showed fewer symptoms of depression, those who had received the diet intervention were significantly less depressed than those in the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, the more healthy changes that the subjects made to their diet, the less depressed they were at the end of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was pretty remarkable,” Jacka says. “Their level of improvement correlated closely with the level of improvement to their diet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Can Food Affect Our Mood?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the end of the study, the researchers found similar levels of biomarkers like glucose and cholesterol in the diet and control groups. The groups did not differ in the overall amount of exercise they had engaged in. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So what happened to the group with the improved diet to make them less depressed? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While many people intuit that they are what they eat when it comes to mental health, Jacka and other researchers believe there is another factor at work: our \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">intestines\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and the signals they send to our brain\u003ci>s.\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are still only starting to tease all of this out,” says \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Melanie Gareau, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a physiologist at UC Davis who specializes in understanding interactions between our brain and our gut. Given all that we know about that link, the Australian study results make sense, she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’ve known for quite a while that over 95 percent of the serotonin in our bodies is produced in the intestines,” says Gareau. As serotonin is one of the primary neurotransmitters mediating depression, she thinks it's no surprise that what goes into our intestines can affect our emotions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it’s not just about the food we are eating, she says. It's how that food interacts with the trillions of bacterial cells that live in our guts, collectively called our microbiome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gareau points to\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839572/\" target=\"_blank\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a small study \u003c/span>\u003c/a>out of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">UCLA that shows \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the effect of probiotics — micro-organisms believed to be beneficial to humans — on brain activity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the study, 12 women over the course of a month were given yogurt containing Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Both of these have been associated with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lieve_Desbonnet/publication/45582675_Desbonnet_L_Garrett_L_Clarke_G_Kiely_B_Cryan_JF_Dinan_TG_Effects_of_the_probiotic_Bifidobacterium_infantis_in_the_maternal_separation_model_of_depression_Neuroscience_170_1179-1188/links/552ce5fa0cf21acb09210214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">decreased depression in rodents\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and there have been suggestive \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">links between those types of bacteria and mood in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974015\" target=\"_blank\">human studies\u003c/a> as well.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Although it’s not clear whether taking probiotics with these particular bacteria changes the overall profile of our microbiome for any extended length of time, ingesting them does increase their levels for shorter periods. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the UCLA study, after four weeks of consuming these probiotics, the women completed an emotional response task in which they viewed pictures of angry and fearful faces, while their brain activity was recorded through functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI. The procedure, which measures changes in blood flow within the brain, showed which areas were activated while the subjects viewed the images\u003c/span>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The faces [we used] can trigger threat responses in people,” explains\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Kirsten Tillisch\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the study's lead researcher and a gastroenterologist at UCLA. “And we know that people with anxiety show increased responses to them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turned out, the women who took the probiotics showed less brain activity when viewing the emotional images than women who took a placebo. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Emeran Mayer\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a co-researcher in the study and the author of \"\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Mind-Gut Connection\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\" explains that this kind of dampened response resembles the pattern you might expect to see in someone who isn’t hyper-reactive to the environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The brain’s reactivity to threatening stimuli is reduced. So you could speculate that these people might be less prone to anxiety,” Mayer says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is it the Food or the Bacteria?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if our microbiome affects our mood, how so? Researchers think the process might occur \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041311400463X\" target=\"_blank\">through metabolites\u003c/a>, a byproduct released by bacteria that feeds on food our bodies cannot fully break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These metabolites can enter into the bloodstream or nervous system, travel up to our brain, and influence how neurons talk to one another. Metabolites may also serve as messengers, signaling cells in the intestines to increase or decrease compounds like serotonin.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">C\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rlito Lebrilla\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a professor of biochemistry and molecular medicine at UC Davis, says you have to look at both the bacteria \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the food to understand what’s happening. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there has been an increase in the marketing of probiotic supplements in recent years, especially for improving physical health, \"probiotics are not doing all of the work here,” Lebrilla explains. Ingesting probiotics, whether through supplements or a food like yogurt, lays down some of that “good” intestinal bacteria, so that they are poised and ready to give off the right kind of metabolites. However, whether or not your gut bacteria produce those metabolites depends on the food you eat afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can eat a probiotic food like yogurt all day and still not experience the potentially positive effects, Lebrilla says. That's because we still don't know which metabolites make our brains feel better, which bacteria give off those metabolites, and which kinds of foods \u003ci>feed\u003c/i> those bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That's what we are trying to do right now,” Lebrilla says. He says that while scientists have identified a few types of bacteria that are likely to give off good metabolites, there are hundreds and possibly thousands of bacterial strains in our intestines. If we could map out the specific bacteria-metabolite combinations that reduce anxiety and depression, we would be a step closer to creating customized diets for our brains. It’s something that could take a couple of decades to accomplish, Lebrilla says, “but it’s not that far-fetched.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gmail-m_-2829810840648309428gmail-m_-7153094449839385370MsoListParagraph\">In the meantime, both Jacka and Mayer point out that over tens of thousands of years, our bodies have evolved in concert with the microbiota in our intestines to function optimally with the foods we have been eating\u003cb>. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">For millennia we fed off of a mostly plant-based and lean-meat diet. But in recent years there have been “profound changes to the kinds of foods we eat,” Jacka says, particularly in the reduced amount of vegetables and increased amount of sugar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It's wildly different from what we were eating even a generation ago.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking that into consideration, what the findings from her study might really show is not a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> diet to curb mood disorders, but rather how we might look back to the foods our ancestors ate in order to restore balance to our bodies and brains.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\r\n",
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"description": "Researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think adding beneficial bacteria to our diet could be a treatment for anxiety and depression. But there are still many unknowns about which foods can help.\r\n",
"title": "Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t | KQED",
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"headline": "Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What if your psychiatrist prescribed yogurt and vegetables as an antidepressant?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s the first controlled experiment, to our knowledge, to show that dietary intervention can curb mood disorders.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It may sound like alternative medicine, but researchers at the intersection of psychiatry and biochemistry think that adding certain beneficial bacteria to a person's intestines could be the future for treating anxiety and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Diet and Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies have found that a diet high in vegetables and low in processed foods correlates with \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265517050_Relationship_Between_Diet_and_Mental_Health_in_Children_and_Adolescents_A_Systematic_Review\" target=\"_blank\">lower\u003c/a> rates of depression.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But showing that what you eat actually \u003cem>affects\u003c/em> your mental health has been more complicated, because people who are depressed may be less likely to eat healthier, as opposed to the other way around.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But now, in a recent \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">study \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">out of Australia’s Deakin University\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> scientists \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">say they\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">have used food to effectively treat depression.\u003c/span>\u003cb> \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It’s the first controlled experiment, to our knowledge, to show that dietary intervention can curb mood disorders,” says \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Felice Jacka\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a psychiatrist at Deakin and the study’s lead researcher.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Deakin and colleagues recruited 56 people, all of whom met two criteria: They were clinically diagnosed with moderate to severe depression, and they had consumed a lot of sweets and processed meats at the expense of healthier foods like fruit, vegetables and fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The participants were then randomly assigned to one of two treatments: diet counseling or “\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-friendship-doctor/201002/is-befriending-treatment-depression\" target=\"_blank\">befriending\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Despite heavy marketing of probiotics, we still don't know which bacteria interact with which foods to help boost neurotransmitters that can help our mood.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the 12-week study, subjects in the diet intervention group regularly met with nutritionists who counseled them to increase their consumption of vegetables, whole grains and fish, and to decrease their intake of junk food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients who were subject to befriending met \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">with trained research assistants to discuss topics like hobbies or board games; they did not receive any psychological therapy. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This group served as a control to ensure that any improvement in the diet intervention group would not be due to positive social interaction with the nutritionist.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of the 12 weeks, all of the participants were re-evaluated, using the same depression measures as at the study's start. The results? While both groups showed fewer symptoms of depression, those who had received the diet intervention were significantly less depressed than those in the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, the more healthy changes that the subjects made to their diet, the less depressed they were at the end of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It was pretty remarkable,” Jacka says. “Their level of improvement correlated closely with the level of improvement to their diet.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How Can Food Affect Our Mood?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the end of the study, the researchers found similar levels of biomarkers like glucose and cholesterol in the diet and control groups. The groups did not differ in the overall amount of exercise they had engaged in. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So what happened to the group with the improved diet to make them less depressed? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While many people intuit that they are what they eat when it comes to mental health, Jacka and other researchers believe there is another factor at work: our \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">intestines\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and the signals they send to our brain\u003ci>s.\u003c/i>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We are still only starting to tease all of this out,” says \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Melanie Gareau, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a physiologist at UC Davis who specializes in understanding interactions between our brain and our gut. Given all that we know about that link, the Australian study results make sense, she says.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We’ve known for quite a while that over 95 percent of the serotonin in our bodies is produced in the intestines,” says Gareau. As serotonin is one of the primary neurotransmitters mediating depression, she thinks it's no surprise that what goes into our intestines can affect our emotions.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But it’s not just about the food we are eating, she says. It's how that food interacts with the trillions of bacterial cells that live in our guts, collectively called our microbiome.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gareau points to\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3839572/\" target=\"_blank\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a small study \u003c/span>\u003c/a>out of \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">UCLA that shows \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">the effect of probiotics — micro-organisms believed to be beneficial to humans — on brain activity. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the study, 12 women over the course of a month were given yogurt containing Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Both of these have been associated with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lieve_Desbonnet/publication/45582675_Desbonnet_L_Garrett_L_Clarke_G_Kiely_B_Cryan_JF_Dinan_TG_Effects_of_the_probiotic_Bifidobacterium_infantis_in_the_maternal_separation_model_of_depression_Neuroscience_170_1179-1188/links/552ce5fa0cf21acb09210214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">decreased depression in rodents\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and there have been suggestive \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">links between those types of bacteria and mood in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974015\" target=\"_blank\">human studies\u003c/a> as well.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Although it’s not clear whether taking probiotics with these particular bacteria changes the overall profile of our microbiome for any extended length of time, ingesting them does increase their levels for shorter periods. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the UCLA study, after four weeks of consuming these probiotics, the women completed an emotional response task in which they viewed pictures of angry and fearful faces, while their brain activity was recorded through functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI. The procedure, which measures changes in blood flow within the brain, showed which areas were activated while the subjects viewed the images\u003c/span>\u003cb>.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The faces [we used] can trigger threat responses in people,” explains\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Kirsten Tillisch\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the study's lead researcher and a gastroenterologist at UCLA. “And we know that people with anxiety show increased responses to them.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As it turned out, the women who took the probiotics showed less brain activity when viewing the emotional images than women who took a placebo. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dr. Emeran Mayer\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a co-researcher in the study and the author of \"\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Mind-Gut Connection\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\" explains that this kind of dampened response resembles the pattern you might expect to see in someone who isn’t hyper-reactive to the environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The brain’s reactivity to threatening stimuli is reduced. So you could speculate that these people might be less prone to anxiety,” Mayer says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Is it the Food or the Bacteria?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if our microbiome affects our mood, how so? Researchers think the process might occur \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041311400463X\" target=\"_blank\">through metabolites\u003c/a>, a byproduct released by bacteria that feeds on food our bodies cannot fully break down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">These metabolites can enter into the bloodstream or nervous system, travel up to our brain, and influence how neurons talk to one another. Metabolites may also serve as messengers, signaling cells in the intestines to increase or decrease compounds like serotonin.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">C\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">rlito Lebrilla\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a professor of biochemistry and molecular medicine at UC Davis, says you have to look at both the bacteria \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">and\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the food to understand what’s happening. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there has been an increase in the marketing of probiotic supplements in recent years, especially for improving physical health, \"probiotics are not doing all of the work here,” Lebrilla explains. Ingesting probiotics, whether through supplements or a food like yogurt, lays down some of that “good” intestinal bacteria, so that they are poised and ready to give off the right kind of metabolites. However, whether or not your gut bacteria produce those metabolites depends on the food you eat afterward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can eat a probiotic food like yogurt all day and still not experience the potentially positive effects, Lebrilla says. That's because we still don't know which metabolites make our brains feel better, which bacteria give off those metabolites, and which kinds of foods \u003ci>feed\u003c/i> those bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That's what we are trying to do right now,” Lebrilla says. He says that while scientists have identified a few types of bacteria that are likely to give off good metabolites, there are hundreds and possibly thousands of bacterial strains in our intestines. If we could map out the specific bacteria-metabolite combinations that reduce anxiety and depression, we would be a step closer to creating customized diets for our brains. It’s something that could take a couple of decades to accomplish, Lebrilla says, “but it’s not that far-fetched.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_gmail-m_-2829810840648309428gmail-m_-7153094449839385370MsoListParagraph\">In the meantime, both Jacka and Mayer point out that over tens of thousands of years, our bodies have evolved in concert with the microbiota in our intestines to function optimally with the foods we have been eating\u003cb>. \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">For millennia we fed off of a mostly plant-based and lean-meat diet. But in recent years there have been “profound changes to the kinds of foods we eat,” Jacka says, particularly in the reduced amount of vegetables and increased amount of sugar.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“It's wildly different from what we were eating even a generation ago.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taking that into consideration, what the findings from her study might really show is not a \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">new\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> diet to curb mood disorders, but rather how we might look back to the foods our ancestors ate in order to restore balance to our bodies and brains.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "You Too Can Learn Super Memory, Apparently",
"title": "You Too Can Learn Super Memory, Apparently",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>There is such a thing as a memory athlete. These are people who can memorize a truly insane amount of information really quickly, like the order of playing cards in a deck in under 20 seconds, or 200 new names and faces in a matter of minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9\">writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> found these champs of memorization aren't that different from the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Subjects given memory training performed significantly better on memory tests compared to a control group.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We were interested in what differentiates memory champions from normal people, like you and me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ru.nl/english/people/dresler-m/\">Martin Dresler\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were parts of their brains bigger, for example, or more dense with gray matter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Dresler and \u003ca href=\"http://memory-sports.com/champion/boris-nikolai-konrad/\">Boris Nikolai Konrad\u003c/a> — a doctoral student in Dresler's lab who happens to be a memory champion himself — rounded up nearly two dozen champs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really took the world's best memorizers — 23 memory champions out of the top 50 of the world. You wouldn't find anywhere in the world people more capable of memorizing stuff than them,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did MRI scans of their brains, to take a look at the anatomy.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they scanned the brains of 23 regular people who were matched in age, gender and even IQ to the memory athletes. When Dresler and his colleagues compared the brain scans, they found no difference. At least, no big, obvious difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was actually really a bit surprising,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, when Dresler and his colleagues did functional MRI scans, which measure brain activity by looking at how much blood is going to specific portions of it, they did see a subtle difference in brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When memory athletes were asked to recite a long list of memorized words, some portions of brain were activating in unison — making 25 connections that seemed particularly significant among different parts of the brain. The scientists didn't see that sort of unified activity in the brains of the regular subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, parts of the brain associated with memory and with spatial learning seemed to be interacting a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, when you consider the tricks these athletes had learned to use when they memorize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren't born with extraordinary memorization skills. They had all learned and practiced the same kind of training to develop their seemingly superhuman abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Methods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konrad, the memorizing whiz in Dresler's lab who is also a co-author of the study, started using the memory strategy as a hobby in high school, after watching memory championships on TV. He holds the world record for memorizing faces and names — 201 people in 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use my visual memory,\" says Konrad. If he's trying to remember a person called Miller, he says, \"I would picture this person looking at a mill, maybe during a vacation in the Netherlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more abstract memory challenges, like memorizing the exact order of hundreds of digits, he'll build memory palaces. It's a method that's been around since the Greeks and is covered extensively in the book \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/moonwalking-with-einstein/\">\u003cem>Moonwalking With Einstein\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by journalist \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/\">Joshua Foer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It works by recalling a building or place that is very familiar and charting a mental path through that building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very first one I ever did was in the home of my parents, where I still lived back then when I was still in high school,\" says Konrad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he memorizes an order of walking through that house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would start in my room,\" he says. The first location would be my bed, and the second one would be the shelf above my bed; then it's my desk, the computer on it, the window, the mirror and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To memorize abstract information, like a list of numbers, he would translate numbers into images and then distribute them along the mental path through his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, to memorize my phone number, which starts with \"1202,\" Konrad transforms pairs of numbers into images, using something called the \u003ca href=\"http://major-system.info/en/\">Major System\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination \"1-2,\" for example, brings to mind (for him) a dinosaur, Konrad says. \"So I would then picture a dinosaur standing on my bed,\" says Konrad. \"It's a weird image. That's why it sticks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then, 0-2 would be a sun. So, I would picture the sun illuminating the shelf over my bed,\" he says. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Training Succeeds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second part of their study, Konrad and Dresler recruited 51 university students, and had one third of them do memory palace training for six weeks — once a week in person with Konrad, and half an hour a day at home on the computer. (If you want to give it whirl, \u003ca href=\"https://memocamp.com/\">here you go\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another group did a different kind of memory training, and the last group did nothing special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they were brought into the lab and were asked to memorize a list of words, like \"night, car, yardstick,\" and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used functional MRI machines to scan the brains of subjects as they rested, and again as they recited the list of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the group that did memory palace training, Konrad, Dresler and their colleagues found that the volunteers' brain activity had changed to become more like that of the champions of memorization. This was the case when they were reciting numbers, but also when they were at rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We showed that, indeed, the brain is somehow driven into the patterns you see in memory champions,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subjects came back into the lab four months after training and got a new list of words to memorize. The ones who had done memory palace training did really well compared to the others, and their brains were still connecting in that new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not only during a task, but even in the complete absence of any memory-related activity, we see this effect — that memory champions differ from matched controls, and that after memory training your brain shows similar patterns,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very few actual studies of people with remarkably superior memory who compete in these memory contests. This is by far the largest,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\">Roddy Roediger\u003c/a>, a psychologist with Washington University in St Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roediger has studied people with exceptional memory for a long time. He says people knew that something different had to be going on inside the brains of these people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people are the first to really uncover what that something may be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait: The Fine Print\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this method of memory training is not the key to unlocking intelligence. In fact, it doesn't even seem to be the key to unlocking overall memory capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Roediger knows a man capable of playing dozens of games of chess at the same time, while blindfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had never heard of memory palaces,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also people who have memorized the Bible in its entirety and can recite portions of it on demand. And there are others who have a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/starklab/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/\">Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory\u003c/a>, where they remember every day of their lives in sometimes excruciating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet, when you put them in memory tasks that memory competitors can do very easily, they can't do them any easier than you or I could,\" says Roediger. \"So that's a real mystery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same limitations apply to people who have trained their memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for example, you ask the chess player or a Bible memorizer to remember a long list of words, says Roediger, \"None of them can do that.\" Their techniques are specific to their tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he says, intense memory training doesn't cure everyday forgetfulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They forget the milk on the way home from work just like we do,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boris Nikolai Konrad says it's been years since he forgot something on his grocery list. But every now and then he \u003cem>does\u003c/em> slip up with someone's name — and that's a moment people don't let him forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maybe+You%2C+Too%2C+Could+Become+A+Super+Memorizer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is such a thing as a memory athlete. These are people who can memorize a truly insane amount of information really quickly, like the order of playing cards in a deck in under 20 seconds, or 200 new names and faces in a matter of minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neuroscientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(17)30087-9\">writing\u003c/a> Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Neuron\u003c/em> found these champs of memorization aren't that different from the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Subjects given memory training performed significantly better on memory tests compared to a control group.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We were interested in what differentiates memory champions from normal people, like you and me,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ru.nl/english/people/dresler-m/\">Martin Dresler\u003c/a>, a cognitive neuroscientist at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior at Radboud University in the Netherlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were parts of their brains bigger, for example, or more dense with gray matter?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, Dresler and \u003ca href=\"http://memory-sports.com/champion/boris-nikolai-konrad/\">Boris Nikolai Konrad\u003c/a> — a doctoral student in Dresler's lab who happens to be a memory champion himself — rounded up nearly two dozen champs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We really took the world's best memorizers — 23 memory champions out of the top 50 of the world. You wouldn't find anywhere in the world people more capable of memorizing stuff than them,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They did MRI scans of their brains, to take a look at the anatomy.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they scanned the brains of 23 regular people who were matched in age, gender and even IQ to the memory athletes. When Dresler and his colleagues compared the brain scans, they found no difference. At least, no big, obvious difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was actually really a bit surprising,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, when Dresler and his colleagues did functional MRI scans, which measure brain activity by looking at how much blood is going to specific portions of it, they did see a subtle difference in brain activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When memory athletes were asked to recite a long list of memorized words, some portions of brain were activating in unison — making 25 connections that seemed particularly significant among different parts of the brain. The scientists didn't see that sort of unified activity in the brains of the regular subjects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, parts of the brain associated with memory and with spatial learning seemed to be interacting a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes sense, when you consider the tricks these athletes had learned to use when they memorize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They weren't born with extraordinary memorization skills. They had all learned and practiced the same kind of training to develop their seemingly superhuman abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Methods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konrad, the memorizing whiz in Dresler's lab who is also a co-author of the study, started using the memory strategy as a hobby in high school, after watching memory championships on TV. He holds the world record for memorizing faces and names — 201 people in 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I use my visual memory,\" says Konrad. If he's trying to remember a person called Miller, he says, \"I would picture this person looking at a mill, maybe during a vacation in the Netherlands.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more abstract memory challenges, like memorizing the exact order of hundreds of digits, he'll build memory palaces. It's a method that's been around since the Greeks and is covered extensively in the book \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/moonwalking-with-einstein/\">\u003cem>Moonwalking With Einstein\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by journalist \u003ca href=\"http://joshuafoer.com/\">Joshua Foer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It works by recalling a building or place that is very familiar and charting a mental path through that building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The very first one I ever did was in the home of my parents, where I still lived back then when I was still in high school,\" says Konrad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, he memorizes an order of walking through that house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would start in my room,\" he says. The first location would be my bed, and the second one would be the shelf above my bed; then it's my desk, the computer on it, the window, the mirror and so on.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To memorize abstract information, like a list of numbers, he would translate numbers into images and then distribute them along the mental path through his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, to memorize my phone number, which starts with \"1202,\" Konrad transforms pairs of numbers into images, using something called the \u003ca href=\"http://major-system.info/en/\">Major System\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The combination \"1-2,\" for example, brings to mind (for him) a dinosaur, Konrad says. \"So I would then picture a dinosaur standing on my bed,\" says Konrad. \"It's a weird image. That's why it sticks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then, 0-2 would be a sun. So, I would picture the sun illuminating the shelf over my bed,\" he says. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Memory Training Succeeds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a second part of their study, Konrad and Dresler recruited 51 university students, and had one third of them do memory palace training for six weeks — once a week in person with Konrad, and half an hour a day at home on the computer. (If you want to give it whirl, \u003ca href=\"https://memocamp.com/\">here you go\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another group did a different kind of memory training, and the last group did nothing special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they were brought into the lab and were asked to memorize a list of words, like \"night, car, yardstick,\" and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers used functional MRI machines to scan the brains of subjects as they rested, and again as they recited the list of words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the group that did memory palace training, Konrad, Dresler and their colleagues found that the volunteers' brain activity had changed to become more like that of the champions of memorization. This was the case when they were reciting numbers, but also when they were at rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We showed that, indeed, the brain is somehow driven into the patterns you see in memory champions,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subjects came back into the lab four months after training and got a new list of words to memorize. The ones who had done memory palace training did really well compared to the others, and their brains were still connecting in that new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Not only during a task, but even in the complete absence of any memory-related activity, we see this effect — that memory champions differ from matched controls, and that after memory training your brain shows similar patterns,\" says Dresler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are very few actual studies of people with remarkably superior memory who compete in these memory contests. This is by far the largest,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://psych.wustl.edu/memory/roediger.html\">Roddy Roediger\u003c/a>, a psychologist with Washington University in St Louis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roediger has studied people with exceptional memory for a long time. He says people knew that something different had to be going on inside the brains of these people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These people are the first to really uncover what that something may be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But Wait: The Fine Print\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this method of memory training is not the key to unlocking intelligence. In fact, it doesn't even seem to be the key to unlocking overall memory capability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Roediger knows a man capable of playing dozens of games of chess at the same time, while blindfolded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He had never heard of memory palaces,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also people who have memorized the Bible in its entirety and can recite portions of it on demand. And there are others who have a condition known as \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/starklab/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/\">Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory\u003c/a>, where they remember every day of their lives in sometimes excruciating detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And yet, when you put them in memory tasks that memory competitors can do very easily, they can't do them any easier than you or I could,\" says Roediger. \"So that's a real mystery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same limitations apply to people who have trained their memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If, for example, you ask the chess player or a Bible memorizer to remember a long list of words, says Roediger, \"None of them can do that.\" Their techniques are specific to their tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, he says, intense memory training doesn't cure everyday forgetfulness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They forget the milk on the way home from work just like we do,\" says Roediger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boris Nikolai Konrad says it's been years since he forgot something on his grocery list. But every now and then he \u003cem>does\u003c/em> slip up with someone's name — and that's a moment people don't let him forget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Maybe+You%2C+Too%2C+Could+Become+A+Super+Memorizer&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cancer Study Recruits Patients at Record Pace. Here's Why",
"title": "Cancer Study Recruits Patients at Record Pace. Here's Why",
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"content": "\u003cp>Many studies designed to try out new drugs simply languish. They don't attract enough patients, and they aren't completed. That slows medical progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's a story of one study that has bucked that trend — in fact, it is so popular, scientists had to put the brakes on it for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/nci-match#1\">NCI-MATCH\u003c/a> trial. It upends the normal way of classifying cancers for treatment: Instead of categorizing malignancies by the organ where they first appear, this method of sorting focuses on particular mutations in the genes of cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Instead of thinking of a breast cancer treatment or a lung cancer treatment or colon, it looks at the different mutations that occur in the tumors,\" explains oncologist Robert Comis, who leads the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCI-MATCH recruits people who have tried and failed the traditional cancer treatments. People like 74-year-old Nancy Nahmias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It all started when I was diagnosed with cancer of the liver,\" Nahmias says. \"I was put on chemo, which I reacted very poorly to.\" In fact, she developed a severe reaction called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html\">sepsis\u003c/a>, which put her in the hospital for six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standard chemotherapy was out of the question, her doctors told her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"8HvFsm2US3VJYjZMBum0MAzyztdlyh8W\"]Nahmias' daughter, a physician, learned about the NCI-MATCH trial and encouraged her mother to give it a try. Scientists screened the genetic pattern of her tumor and found a mutation that might be amenable to a treatment not usually given to patients who have liver cancer. Nahmias signed up about two months ago, at Thomas Jefferson University, one of many sites running the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has been recruiting patients at a record pace. In its first three months it enrolled 800 patients, far more than the 150 the researchers expected, Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers had to pause the study briefly, to reconfigure their labs to keep up with the flood of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid clip is no doubt because the study is aimed at patients who are running out of traditional treatment options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's also because the researchers who designed the study stopped to ask what would appeal to potential participants. \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/about/our-team/nancy-roach/\">Nancy Roach\u003c/a>, a longtime patient's advocate who lives in rural Oregon, got involved early on, and helped advise the scientists planning this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Audience\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is going to sound goofy, but my dad was in advertising,\" she tells Shots. \"Remember the scrubbing bubbles — Dow scrubbing bubbles? That was my dad. So I grew up watching commercials and thinking about what consumers wanted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach brought that sensibility to the conferences where the NCI-MATCH trial was being designed. The original plan would have split the study participants who seem to be doing well on the test treatment into two groups. One group would continue the treatment; the other would take a break, called a drug holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach remembers her immediate reaction to that design: \"Taking a patient who's responding to treatment and taking them off treatment? That is not going to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She correctly anticipated how patients like Nancy Nahmias would have reacted, as they deliberated whether to sign up for the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would not have liked that,\" Nahmias says. \"If it seems to be working, let's face it, I don't want to do anything to sabotage myself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g348/p17520\">Dr. Peter O'Dwyer,\u003c/a> a University of Pennsylvania oncologist who was involved in the study design, readily admits that \"the design had certain attractions, but it clearly had certain flaws.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, incorporating a drug holiday would have helped doctors tell whether a tumor was just growing slowly, or actually responding to treatment, O'Dwyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the researchers could see the point that Nancy Roach and others in the patient advisory group were making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Want Patients in Your study? Listen to Their Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all agreed, and changed the design of the study accordingly,\" O'Dwyer says. That meant the scientists wouldn't be able to distinguish as easily the slow-growing tumors from ones responding to treatment — that insight would have to come from a follow-up study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comis says researchers used to design studies without any patient input, back in the day when patients tended not to question their physicians. But just as patients have gotten more involved in their own care, their advocates have become more involved in the technical discussions of study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That has increasingly become the norm in the development of clinical trials,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and O'Dwyer work together in Philadelphia at a research organization known by its acronym, \u003ca href=\"http://ecog-acrin.org/\">ECOG-ACRIN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years ago, Comis was involved in a landmark study that put cooperation with patients to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1990s, doctors were increasingly encouraging breast cancer patients to undergo very aggressive treatment that involved having a bone-marrow transplant. The treatment, which can have serious side effects, was based on poor evidence, Comis says, so he wanted to run a rigorous trial to see if it really worked for this group of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patients Can Have biases, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We struggled throughout the '90s to put enough patients on clinical trials, which ultimately showed that it didn't work,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients and their advocates, as well as doctors, really didn't want to question the prevailing wisdom about bone marrow transplants, he says. \"And I think one of the reasons some of those early trials took so long was that the whole external environment was against participation in these particular trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That experience validated Comis' view that patient advocates are central to doing good research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Nancy Roach's perspective, it takes a bit of nerve to speak up in a room of doctors and scientists and ask, \"Will the results of this study actually help anybody?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's Roach's responsibility to ask those basic questions. \"I'm not a scientist,\" she says. \"I'm not a clinician. I'm there on behalf of patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own journey started when her mother-in-law developed colorectal cancer. Roach went from being an advocate for one patient to an advocate for many; she co-founded the Colon Cancer Alliance in 1999, advocating for those with cancer and their families. And while she's gratified to see more and more people stepping in to become patient's advocates in research design, she notes that most are white and economically advantaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly,\" she says, \"most of them look like me. And that's a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans are under-represented in clinical trials, she notes. That may be in part because their doctors aren't recommending experimental treatments as often. But it may also be that the clinical trials haven't made a big enough effort to listen to the needs of various communities of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach hopes this will be the next frontier for patient involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advice+From+Patients+On+A+Study%27s+Design+Makes+For+Better+Science+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Many studies designed to try out new drugs simply languish. They don't attract enough patients, and they aren't completed. That slows medical progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's a story of one study that has bucked that trend — in fact, it is so popular, scientists had to put the brakes on it for a while.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/nci-match#1\">NCI-MATCH\u003c/a> trial. It upends the normal way of classifying cancers for treatment: Instead of categorizing malignancies by the organ where they first appear, this method of sorting focuses on particular mutations in the genes of cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Instead of thinking of a breast cancer treatment or a lung cancer treatment or colon, it looks at the different mutations that occur in the tumors,\" explains oncologist Robert Comis, who leads the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NCI-MATCH recruits people who have tried and failed the traditional cancer treatments. People like 74-year-old Nancy Nahmias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It all started when I was diagnosed with cancer of the liver,\" Nahmias says. \"I was put on chemo, which I reacted very poorly to.\" In fact, she developed a severe reaction called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/basic/qa.html\">sepsis\u003c/a>, which put her in the hospital for six weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standard chemotherapy was out of the question, her doctors told her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Nahmias' daughter, a physician, learned about the NCI-MATCH trial and encouraged her mother to give it a try. Scientists screened the genetic pattern of her tumor and found a mutation that might be amenable to a treatment not usually given to patients who have liver cancer. Nahmias signed up about two months ago, at Thomas Jefferson University, one of many sites running the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has been recruiting patients at a record pace. In its first three months it enrolled 800 patients, far more than the 150 the researchers expected, Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers had to pause the study briefly, to reconfigure their labs to keep up with the flood of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid clip is no doubt because the study is aimed at patients who are running out of traditional treatment options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's also because the researchers who designed the study stopped to ask what would appeal to potential participants. \u003ca href=\"http://fightcolorectalcancer.org/about/our-team/nancy-roach/\">Nancy Roach\u003c/a>, a longtime patient's advocate who lives in rural Oregon, got involved early on, and helped advise the scientists planning this study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Audience\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is going to sound goofy, but my dad was in advertising,\" she tells Shots. \"Remember the scrubbing bubbles — Dow scrubbing bubbles? That was my dad. So I grew up watching commercials and thinking about what consumers wanted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach brought that sensibility to the conferences where the NCI-MATCH trial was being designed. The original plan would have split the study participants who seem to be doing well on the test treatment into two groups. One group would continue the treatment; the other would take a break, called a drug holiday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach remembers her immediate reaction to that design: \"Taking a patient who's responding to treatment and taking them off treatment? That is not going to fly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She correctly anticipated how patients like Nancy Nahmias would have reacted, as they deliberated whether to sign up for the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would not have liked that,\" Nahmias says. \"If it seems to be working, let's face it, I don't want to do anything to sabotage myself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g348/p17520\">Dr. Peter O'Dwyer,\u003c/a> a University of Pennsylvania oncologist who was involved in the study design, readily admits that \"the design had certain attractions, but it clearly had certain flaws.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, incorporating a drug holiday would have helped doctors tell whether a tumor was just growing slowly, or actually responding to treatment, O'Dwyer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the researchers could see the point that Nancy Roach and others in the patient advisory group were making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Want Patients in Your study? Listen to Their Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We all agreed, and changed the design of the study accordingly,\" O'Dwyer says. That meant the scientists wouldn't be able to distinguish as easily the slow-growing tumors from ones responding to treatment — that insight would have to come from a follow-up study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Comis says researchers used to design studies without any patient input, back in the day when patients tended not to question their physicians. But just as patients have gotten more involved in their own care, their advocates have become more involved in the technical discussions of study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That has increasingly become the norm in the development of clinical trials,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and O'Dwyer work together in Philadelphia at a research organization known by its acronym, \u003ca href=\"http://ecog-acrin.org/\">ECOG-ACRIN\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years ago, Comis was involved in a landmark study that put cooperation with patients to the test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1990s, doctors were increasingly encouraging breast cancer patients to undergo very aggressive treatment that involved having a bone-marrow transplant. The treatment, which can have serious side effects, was based on poor evidence, Comis says, so he wanted to run a rigorous trial to see if it really worked for this group of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Patients Can Have biases, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We struggled throughout the '90s to put enough patients on clinical trials, which ultimately showed that it didn't work,\" Comis says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients and their advocates, as well as doctors, really didn't want to question the prevailing wisdom about bone marrow transplants, he says. \"And I think one of the reasons some of those early trials took so long was that the whole external environment was against participation in these particular trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That experience validated Comis' view that patient advocates are central to doing good research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Nancy Roach's perspective, it takes a bit of nerve to speak up in a room of doctors and scientists and ask, \"Will the results of this study actually help anybody?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's Roach's responsibility to ask those basic questions. \"I'm not a scientist,\" she says. \"I'm not a clinician. I'm there on behalf of patients.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her own journey started when her mother-in-law developed colorectal cancer. Roach went from being an advocate for one patient to an advocate for many; she co-founded the Colon Cancer Alliance in 1999, advocating for those with cancer and their families. And while she's gratified to see more and more people stepping in to become patient's advocates in research design, she notes that most are white and economically advantaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly,\" she says, \"most of them look like me. And that's a problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans are under-represented in clinical trials, she notes. That may be in part because their doctors aren't recommending experimental treatments as often. But it may also be that the clinical trials haven't made a big enough effort to listen to the needs of various communities of patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roach hopes this will be the next frontier for patient involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Richard Harris at \u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\">rharris@npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Advice+From+Patients+On+A+Study%27s+Design+Makes+For+Better+Science+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Telehealth takes a lot of forms these days\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>consultations with a doctor by video, phone or text; an appointment through the web or a mobile app. The one commonality: You get to interact with a health care provider from anywhere\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>your home, the office, Starbucks. Virtual consultations can mean you don’t have to schlep across town, sit in the waiting room, and leaf through a year-old Time magazine article as prelude to a short visit with your doc.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When you make services that are convenient, it’s an ‘If you build it, they will come' kind of thing.'\u003ccite> Lori Uscher-Pines,\u003cbr>\nRAND Corporation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Telehealth appointments are less expensive because the companies offering these services contract with doctors who are paid by the visit, and the companies themselves have little of the overhead necessary in a typical medical office, says Lori Uscher-Pines, a health policy researcher with the RAND Corporation. That means telehealth should theoretically save money for patients, employers and insurance companies -- the entire health care ecosystem. At least this is what telehealth companies claim. But now a \u003ca href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/3/485.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> from RAND, published Monday in \u003cem>Health Affairs\u003c/em>, says this isn't the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that using telehealth for treatment of acute respiratory illnesses increased total annual spending, which the researchers defined as costs to insurers and out-of-pocket payments by patients, by $45 per telehealth user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because 88 percent of the telehealth visits represented people who would not have gone to a doctor otherwise -- what the industry calls new utilization. Just 12 percent of the telehealth sessions, the researchers concluded, amounted to a \u003cem>substitute\u003c/em> for going to see the doc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uscher-Pines, a co-author of the study, says she's not surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you make services that are convenient, it’s an ‘If you build it, they will come' kind of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uscher-Pines says patients using telehealth for respiratory infections would likely not have gone to a doctor if the service had not been available. Rather, they would self-treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sit at home, you watch Netflix, you take Tylenol,\" Pines says. \"But now because of these kind of services that are so easy to access, you have a visit that would not have otherwise occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the fourth on telehealth funded by the California Health Care Foundation. Researchers examined claims data from more than 300,000 enrollees in the Blue Shield of California HMO offered by CalPERS, the California Public Employees' Retirement System. In 2012, CalPERS began offering the telehealth appointments to selected members through Teladoc, a Texas-based public company that provides virtual appointments with licensed physicians 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You have to use [telehealth] as a more precise tool with particular populations in order to serve their needs. Don’t just go into it blindly.'\u003ccite>Melissa Buckley,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Health Care Foundation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The current study looked at 981 people who used the Teladoc service over 18 months in 2012-13, seeking help for acute respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia or sinusitis. The researchers compared these users with patients who had their acute respiratory infections treated by a doctor in-person. The focus was on this type of illness because it is the most commonly treated by direct-to-consumer telehealth providers, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teladoc, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.teladoc.com/businesses/save-money/\" target=\"_blank\">markets\u003c/a> its service as a cost reduction, says patient information it gathered at the time of care contradicts the findings. Courtney McLeod, the company’s director of public relations, said in an email that just 13 percent of appointments for more than 400,000 acute respiratory infection patients represented new health care utilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is pretty much the reverse of the 88 percent new utilization that the RAND researchers found. The RAND study asserts that the discrepancies between its numbers and those of the telehealth companies on new-versus-replacement health care could be due to the companies' use of surveys, as opposed to actual utilization data. The surveyed telehealth patients, the researchers wrote, may have overestimated the likelihood of going to see a doctor as opposed to not acting at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers did acknowledge that use of telehealth for different conditions might produce better results. One of the study’s limitations was that respiratory infections often resolve on their own. “In contrast, an increase in utilization for patients with diabetes or mental illness might be perceived as a net positive,\" the study reads. \"These are conditions that are often undertreated and for which there is clearer evidence that receiving treatment improves health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uscher-Pines also said there could be economic benefits from telehealth that the study didn’t capture. \"These services can be offering patients reassurance,” she said, which can positively impact employee productivity. Telehealth visits initiated from a patient's work site might also reduce absenteeism,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she said, “You have to take this with a grain of salt when a company says we’re going to prevent emergency department visits. It’s unclear whether that’s likely to happen given the fact that the literature on innovations in health care delivery frequently tells us that when you increase convenience you increase utilization.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Cowling, a co-author of the paper and a research scientist at CalPERS, said the study revealed the tradeoff that telehealth presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have increased access to our members, which is a good thing. Eighty-eight percent were new utilization, so they wouldn’t have gotten care previously. Our members were seeking care and I’m sure their satisfaction with their health plan was higher.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cowling said the issue could prompt a change in the benefit when CalPERS re-examines its benefit package. He said the organization could potentially limit telehealth access to rural areas, one of the original aims of introducing the service, or tailor it to specific conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melissa Buckley, the director of the California Health Care Foundation’s Innovation Fund, said that sort of strategic thinking may be the best bet when it comes to telehealth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use it naively you can drive up utilization,\" she said. \"You have to use it as a more precise tool with particular populations in order to serve their needs. Don’t just go into it blindly.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Telehealth takes a lot of forms these days\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>consultations with a doctor by video, phone or text; an appointment through the web or a mobile app. The one commonality: You get to interact with a health care provider from anywhere\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>your home, the office, Starbucks. Virtual consultations can mean you don’t have to schlep across town, sit in the waiting room, and leaf through a year-old Time magazine article as prelude to a short visit with your doc.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'When you make services that are convenient, it’s an ‘If you build it, they will come' kind of thing.'\u003ccite> Lori Uscher-Pines,\u003cbr>\nRAND Corporation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Telehealth appointments are less expensive because the companies offering these services contract with doctors who are paid by the visit, and the companies themselves have little of the overhead necessary in a typical medical office, says Lori Uscher-Pines, a health policy researcher with the RAND Corporation. That means telehealth should theoretically save money for patients, employers and insurance companies -- the entire health care ecosystem. At least this is what telehealth companies claim. But now a \u003ca href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/3/485.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> from RAND, published Monday in \u003cem>Health Affairs\u003c/em>, says this isn't the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that using telehealth for treatment of acute respiratory illnesses increased total annual spending, which the researchers defined as costs to insurers and out-of-pocket payments by patients, by $45 per telehealth user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because 88 percent of the telehealth visits represented people who would not have gone to a doctor otherwise -- what the industry calls new utilization. Just 12 percent of the telehealth sessions, the researchers concluded, amounted to a \u003cem>substitute\u003c/em> for going to see the doc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uscher-Pines, a co-author of the study, says she's not surprised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you make services that are convenient, it’s an ‘If you build it, they will come' kind of thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uscher-Pines says patients using telehealth for respiratory infections would likely not have gone to a doctor if the service had not been available. Rather, they would self-treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You sit at home, you watch Netflix, you take Tylenol,\" Pines says. \"But now because of these kind of services that are so easy to access, you have a visit that would not have otherwise occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the fourth on telehealth funded by the California Health Care Foundation. Researchers examined claims data from more than 300,000 enrollees in the Blue Shield of California HMO offered by CalPERS, the California Public Employees' Retirement System. In 2012, CalPERS began offering the telehealth appointments to selected members through Teladoc, a Texas-based public company that provides virtual appointments with licensed physicians 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'You have to use [telehealth] as a more precise tool with particular populations in order to serve their needs. Don’t just go into it blindly.'\u003ccite>Melissa Buckley,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Health Care Foundation\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The current study looked at 981 people who used the Teladoc service over 18 months in 2012-13, seeking help for acute respiratory infections like bronchitis, pneumonia or sinusitis. The researchers compared these users with patients who had their acute respiratory infections treated by a doctor in-person. The focus was on this type of illness because it is the most commonly treated by direct-to-consumer telehealth providers, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teladoc, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.teladoc.com/businesses/save-money/\" target=\"_blank\">markets\u003c/a> its service as a cost reduction, says patient information it gathered at the time of care contradicts the findings. Courtney McLeod, the company’s director of public relations, said in an email that just 13 percent of appointments for more than 400,000 acute respiratory infection patients represented new health care utilization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is pretty much the reverse of the 88 percent new utilization that the RAND researchers found. The RAND study asserts that the discrepancies between its numbers and those of the telehealth companies on new-versus-replacement health care could be due to the companies' use of surveys, as opposed to actual utilization data. The surveyed telehealth patients, the researchers wrote, may have overestimated the likelihood of going to see a doctor as opposed to not acting at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers did acknowledge that use of telehealth for different conditions might produce better results. One of the study’s limitations was that respiratory infections often resolve on their own. “In contrast, an increase in utilization for patients with diabetes or mental illness might be perceived as a net positive,\" the study reads. \"These are conditions that are often undertreated and for which there is clearer evidence that receiving treatment improves health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uscher-Pines also said there could be economic benefits from telehealth that the study didn’t capture. \"These services can be offering patients reassurance,” she said, which can positively impact employee productivity. Telehealth visits initiated from a patient's work site might also reduce absenteeism,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she said, “You have to take this with a grain of salt when a company says we’re going to prevent emergency department visits. It’s unclear whether that’s likely to happen given the fact that the literature on innovations in health care delivery frequently tells us that when you increase convenience you increase utilization.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Cowling, a co-author of the paper and a research scientist at CalPERS, said the study revealed the tradeoff that telehealth presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have increased access to our members, which is a good thing. Eighty-eight percent were new utilization, so they wouldn’t have gotten care previously. Our members were seeking care and I’m sure their satisfaction with their health plan was higher.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cowling said the issue could prompt a change in the benefit when CalPERS re-examines its benefit package. He said the organization could potentially limit telehealth access to rural areas, one of the original aims of introducing the service, or tailor it to specific conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melissa Buckley, the director of the California Health Care Foundation’s Innovation Fund, said that sort of strategic thinking may be the best bet when it comes to telehealth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you use it naively you can drive up utilization,\" she said. \"You have to use it as a more precise tool with particular populations in order to serve their needs. Don’t just go into it blindly.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>They’re among the nation’s premier medical centers, at the leading edge of scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet hospitals affiliated with Yale, Duke, Johns Hopkins, and other top medical research centers also aggressively promote alternative therapies with little or no scientific backing. They offer “energy healing” to help treat multiple sclerosis, acupuncture for infertility, and homeopathic bee venom for fibromyalgia. A public forum hosted by the University of Florida’s hospital even promises to explain how herbal therapy can reverse Alzheimer’s. (It can’t.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This embrace of alternative medicine has been building for years. But a STAT examination of 15 academic research centers across the U.S. underscores just how deeply these therapies have become embedded in prestigious hospitals and medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We've become witch doctors ... [forfeiting] any claim that we had to be a science-based profession.'\u003ccite>Dr. Steven Novella, Yale School of Medicine \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some hospitals have built luxurious, spa-like wellness centers to draw patients for spiritual healing, homeopathy and more. And they’re promoting such treatments for a wide array of conditions, including depression, heart disease, cancer, and chronic pain. Duke even markets a pediatric program that suggests on its website that alternative medicine, including “detoxification programs” and “botanical medicines,” can help children with conditions ranging from autism to asthma to ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve become witch doctors,” said Dr. Steven Novella, a professor of neurology at the Yale School of Medicine and a longtime critic of alternative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT’s examination found a booming market for such therapies: The clinic at the University of California, San Francisco, is growing so fast, it’s bursting out of its space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just in the past year, the teaching hospital connected to the University of Florida began offering cancer patients consultations in homeopathy and traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia launched an institute whose offerings include \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/23/vitamin-iv-infusion/\" target=\"_blank\">intravenous vitamin and mineral therapies\u003c/a>. And the University of Arizona, a pioneer in the field, received a $1 million gift to boost practitioner training in natural and spiritual healing techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as they count on these programs to bring in patients and revenue, several hospitals were reluctant to talk to STAT about why they’re lending their distinguished names to unproven therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duke Health declined repeated requests for interviews about its rapidly growing integrative medicine center, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.dukeintegrativemedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/primarycare-brochure-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">charges patients $1,800 a year\u003c/a> just for a basic membership, with acupuncture and other treatments billed separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MedStar Georgetown quietly edited its website, citing changes to its clinical offerings, after a reporter asked why it listed the energy healing practice of reiki as a therapy for blood cancer. Cleveland Clinic struggled to find anyone on its staff to defend the hospital’s energy medicine program, ultimately issuing a statement that it’s “responding to the needs of our patients and patient demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the director of an alternative medicine program at another prestigious hospital declined to speak on the record — out of fear, he said, that his remarks would be construed as “fake news” and stir a backlash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise of alternative therapies has sparked tension in some hospitals, with doctors openly accusing their peers of peddling snake oil and undermining the credibility of their institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By promoting such therapies, Novella said, physicians are forfeiting “any claim that we had to being a science-based profession.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for patients? They’re “being snookered,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Yes, as scientists, we want to be rigid. But me, as a physician, I want to find what's best for a patient. Who am I to say that's hogwash?' \u003ccite>Dr. Linda Lee, Johns Hopkins gastroenterologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The counterargument: Modern medicine clearly can’t cure everyone. It fails a great many patients. So why not encourage them to try an ancient Indian remedy or a spiritual healing technique that’s unlikely to cause harm — and may provide some relief, if only from the placebo effect?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, as scientists, we want to be rigid. But me, as a physician, I want to find what’s best for a patient. Who am I to say that’s hogwash?” said Dr. Linda Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gastroenterologist, Lee runs the Johns Hopkins Integrative Medicine and Digestive Center, which offers acupuncture, massage therapy, and reiki — a therapy that the center’s website describes as laying on hands \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/integrative_medicine_digestive_center/services/reiki.html\" target=\"_blank\">“to transmit Universal Life Energy”\u003c/a> to the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and others who promote alternative therapies are careful to say that they can supplement — but can’t replace — conventional treatments. And they make a point of coordinating care with other doctors so that, for instance, patients don’t get prescribed herbal supplements that might interact badly with their chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here at UF, we do not have alternative medicine. We do not have complementary medicine. We have integrative medicine,” said Dr. Irene Estores, medical director of the integrative medicine program at the University of Florida Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Fla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Online Promotions Offer Scant Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while those cautions may come through in the clinic, the hospitals also promote alternative medicine online — often, without any nuance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duke’s Integrative Medicine store, for instance, sells \u003ca href=\"https://shopprovisions.dukestores.duke.edu/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=37_1&products_id=196\" target=\"_blank\">“Po Chai Pills”\u003c/a> that are touted on the hospital’s website as a cure for everything from belching to hangovers to headaches. The site explains that taking a pill “harmonizes the stomach, stems counterflow ascent of stomach qi, dispels damp, dispels pathogenic factors, subdues yang, relieves pain.” None of that makes sense in modern biomedical terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Jefferson University Hospital’s website touts \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/tests-and-treatments/homeopathic-medicine.html\" target=\"_blank\">homeopathic bee venom\u003c/a> as useful to relieve symptoms for arthritis, nerve pain, and other conditions. The site does tell patients that the biological mechanism for the treatment is “unexplained” but asserts that studies “have been published in medical journals showing homeopathic medicines may provide clinical benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the therapy, Dr. Daniel Monti, who directs the integrative health center, acknowledged that the data is “largely anecdotal,” and said the hospital offers the treatment only rarely, “when there are few other options.” But those caveats don’t come through on the website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novella gets alarmed when he sees top-tier hospitals backing therapies with scant evidence behind them. “Patients only want [alternative medicine] because they’re being told they should want it. They see a prestigious hospital is offering it, so they think it’s legitimate,” said Novella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The perpetuation of these practices is a victory of marketing over truth,” said Steven Salzberg, a biomedical engineer at Johns Hopkins who lectures in the medical school. If a hospital is “offering treatment that’s based on fantasy, it undermines the credibility of the institution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate burst into the public view earlier this year when the medical director of the Cleveland Clinic’s Wellness Institute — which markets a variety of alternative therapies — \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/07/anti-vaccine-claims-cleveland-clinic/\" target=\"_blank\">published an article\u003c/a> raising discredited theories linking vaccines to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland Clinic’s chief executive, Dr. Toby Cosgrove, disavowed the article. And the clinic told STAT last week that it will take down its online wellness store and stop selling homeopathy kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cosgrove has stood up for the general principle of offering alternative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The old way of combating chronic disease hasn’t worked,” Cosgrove wrote in a column posted on the hospital’s website. “… We have heard from our patients that they want more than conventional medicine can offer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_351821\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/bee-venom-800x530.jpg\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Jefferson University Hospital’s website touts homeopathic bee venom as useful to relieve symptoms for arthritis, nerve pain, and other conditions. The site tells patients that the biological mechanism for the treatment is “unexplained.” \u003ccite>(erierika/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Booming Market for ‘Natural’ Therapies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no question that patients want alternative medicine. It’s a $37 billion-a-year business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The typical American adult spent about $800 out of pocket in 2012 on dietary supplements and visits to alternative providers, such as naturopaths and acupuncturists, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have taken note. A national consortium to promote integrative health now counts more than 70 academic centers and health systems as members, up from eight in 1999. Each year, four or five new programs join, said Dr. Leslie Mendoza Temple, the chair of the consortium’s policy working group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, insurers won’t cover alternative therapies — there’s simply not enough evidence that they actually work — so patients pay out of pocket: $85 for acupuncture, $100 for reiki, $38 for pills made from thyme and oregano oils that promise to “harmonize digestive and respiratory function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The people running the hospitals are doctors, but they also have MBAs. They talk of patients as customers. ... Your job is to sell them what they want.' \u003ccite>Arthur Caplan, New York University bioethicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To be sure, not all such integrative medicine clinics are big profit centers. Many are funded by philanthropists, and some hospitals say their programs operate at a loss — but are nonetheless essential to woo patients in a highly competitive marketplace. If they failed to offer “natural” therapies, some hospital executives fear they would lose a chance to attract patients who need more lucrative care, such as orthopedic surgeries or cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The integrative medicine center at Thomas Jefferson, for instance, is part of an “enterprise strategy for growth and development,” Monti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people running the hospitals are doctors, but they also have MBAs. They talk of patients as customers. Customers have demands. Your job is to sell them what they want,” said Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University’s medical school. Too often, he said, the attitude is, “We’re damn well going to do it if the guys down the street are doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most hospitals declined to give specific revenue figures, STAT found indications of rapid growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re literally bursting. We have to convert office space to clinic exam rooms,” said Shelley Adler, who runs the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. It offers a wide range of services, including Chinese herbal medicine, massage therapy, and Ayurveda, an ancient healing system from India based on the belief that health results from a balance between the mind, body, and spirit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is on pace to get more than 10,300 patient visits this fiscal year, up 37 percent from 2012. It’s expanding its clinical staff by a third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duke University’s integrative medicine clinic, a stunning space with arching wood ceilings and an indoor garden, has seen strong growth: Total visits jumped 50 percent in 2015, to more than 14,000, Dr. Adam Perlman, the executive director, told IntegrativePractitioner.com. (He declined to talk to STAT.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center’s membership count also jumped, up 25 percent to 885, Perlman said. If all members paid the list price, that would bring in more than $1 million a year just for primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Integrative Medicine, meanwhile, “our volume pretty much has increased steadily, even when we’ve had recessions and financial downturns,” said Dr. Ronald Glick, the medical director. The center now treats about 8,000 patients a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many hospitals have also expanded into more general “wellness” offerings, with classes in healthy cooking, tai chi, meditation, and art therapy. UCSF offers a $375 class on “cultivating emotional balance” (and a free class on “laughter yoga”). Mayo Clinic sells a $2,900 “signature experience,” which includes consultations with a wellness coach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital offers specialized stress management services to help patients deal with conditions including cancer, infertility, and menopause. John Henry, the owner of STAT, has contributed funding to the Benson-Henry Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wellness programs — which are designed to ease stress and encourage healthy behaviors — are seen by many clinicians and hospitals as key to slowing America’s epidemic of chronic disease. They don’t tend to draw sharp criticism, except for their cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the alternative therapies promoted as a way to treat disease that raise eyebrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Energy Healing’ Takes Root\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their deep wells of medical expertise, many top hospitals are offering to help treat serious medical problems with reiki — a practice based on the belief that lightly touching patients can unleash a cosmic energy flow that will heal them naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT found that it is widely used by academic medical centers, including Johns Hopkins, Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, part of Partners HealthCare in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, where’s the evidence supporting it?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If it doesn't work, I don't know that you've lost anything. If it does, you do get to a better place.' \u003ccite>Dr. Richard Lang, Cleveland Clinic\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There is none, according to a division of the National Institutes of Health that funds research into alternative medicines. It says the practice has not been shown to be useful for “any health-related purpose” — and adds that there is no scientific evidence that the “natural healing energy” it’s based on even exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the Cleveland Clinic’s promotion of reiki, Dr. Richard Lang, the recently named interim director of the clinic’s Wellness Institute, said he hadn’t had a chance to think about it. “I don’t know that I could give you a plus or minus on that,” he said. Lang served as a vice chair of the Wellness Institute for nearly a decade before taking the top post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressed for a more substantive answer, the clinic sent a statement saying it offers energy medicine as a complementary therapy, not as a replacement solution. But its website only briefly alludes to a patient’s broader “care team” in describing a “full range of emotional and physical issues” that can be treated with energy therapies, including autoimmune diseases, migraines, hormonal imbalances, and “cancer treatment support and recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academic medical centers often boast that they’re more rigorous in evaluating alternative therapies — and weeding out scams — than a for-profit wellness center might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing about practicing in an academic center is that we must hold ourselves to certain standards,” said Estores, the medical director at the University of Florida’s integrative medicine clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Pittsburgh, Glick echoed that sentiment: “We’re an academic institution … [so] we’re offering services that have greater evidence basis [and] scientific explanation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that evidence isn’t always rigorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Florida, for instance, is using Facebook to advertise an herbal medicine workshop for providers and the public that promises to answer questions including, “How can we stabilize or reverse Alzheimer’s disease?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the evidence for that statement, Susan Marynowski, the herbalist presenting the workshop, cited several papers and a book chapter that she said showed herbs, in conjunction with lifestyle adjustments, could reverse Alzheimer’s-associated memory loss. However, at least two of those papers were small collections of case studies published in a journal with a reputation for less-than-rigorous review. (Marynowski said she knew the studies’ size and design limited the strength of their conclusions, but that she was not aware of the journal’s reputation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Pittsburgh, the integrative medical center does take care to note on its website that alternative therapies “generally have not been subjected to the same level of research as standard medical approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the site then goes on to promote dozens of treatments for everything from ADHD to whiplash, saying they have “appeared to be beneficial in this and other complementary medicine clinics.” (Glick noted that the body of research had grown since he wrote the caveat on the website in 2003.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘It’s not Black and White’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most prevalent alternative treatment STAT found on offer is acupuncture. It’s promoted for more than a dozen conditions, including high blood pressure, sinus problems, infertility, migraines, and digestive irregularities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 3,000-year-old Chinese therapy, acupuncture is based on the belief that by stimulating certain points on the body, most often with needles, practitioners can unlock a natural healing energy that flows through the body’s “meridians.” Research suggests it helps with certain pain conditions and might help prevent migraine headaches — but it also suggests that the placebo effect may play an important role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its value in treating other conditions is uncertain, according to the NIH’s center on integrative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several major insurers, including Aetna, Anthem, and regional Blue Cross Blue Shield affiliates, cover acupuncture as a treatment for chronic pain and nausea. But the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services won’t pay for acupuncture, dismissing the scientific evidence as insufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s important for physicians to keep an open mind, said Lang, the interim director of the Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said, for example, that he used to avoid referring patients for acupuncture, until he saw the benefit it provided to some of them. “I have seen it work in some chronic pain situations,” said Lang. “It can be very helpful. If it doesn’t work, I don’t know that you’ve lost anything. If it does, you do get to a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the evidence of its efficacy is not ironclad, neither is the evidence for various pharmaceutical therapies that are routinely provided by hospitals and covered by insurance. Some of those solutions, such as opioids to treat pain, have resulted in addiction and harm to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates of alternative medicine say it’s difficult to test some alternative therapies through rigorous clinical trials, primarily because treatment techniques vary from patient to patient. (The federal government does, however, spend roughly $120 million a year to fund research through the NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They note, too, that traditional doctors sometimes stray from proven treatments, for instance when they prescribe medicines off-label for conditions the drugs have not been approved to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do use things that aren’t necessarily 100 percent evidence-based, but I would argue that’s also true within all of medicine,” said Dr. Jill Schneiderhan, co-director of the University of Michigan’s integrative family medicine program. “I feel like it’s not black and white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/07/alternative-medicine-hospitals-promote/\" target=\"_blank\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re among the nation’s premier medical centers, at the leading edge of scientific research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet hospitals affiliated with Yale, Duke, Johns Hopkins, and other top medical research centers also aggressively promote alternative therapies with little or no scientific backing. They offer “energy healing” to help treat multiple sclerosis, acupuncture for infertility, and homeopathic bee venom for fibromyalgia. A public forum hosted by the University of Florida’s hospital even promises to explain how herbal therapy can reverse Alzheimer’s. (It can’t.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This embrace of alternative medicine has been building for years. But a STAT examination of 15 academic research centers across the U.S. underscores just how deeply these therapies have become embedded in prestigious hospitals and medical schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We've become witch doctors ... [forfeiting] any claim that we had to be a science-based profession.'\u003ccite>Dr. Steven Novella, Yale School of Medicine \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some hospitals have built luxurious, spa-like wellness centers to draw patients for spiritual healing, homeopathy and more. And they’re promoting such treatments for a wide array of conditions, including depression, heart disease, cancer, and chronic pain. Duke even markets a pediatric program that suggests on its website that alternative medicine, including “detoxification programs” and “botanical medicines,” can help children with conditions ranging from autism to asthma to ADHD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve become witch doctors,” said Dr. Steven Novella, a professor of neurology at the Yale School of Medicine and a longtime critic of alternative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT’s examination found a booming market for such therapies: The clinic at the University of California, San Francisco, is growing so fast, it’s bursting out of its space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just in the past year, the teaching hospital connected to the University of Florida began offering cancer patients consultations in homeopathy and traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia launched an institute whose offerings include \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/23/vitamin-iv-infusion/\" target=\"_blank\">intravenous vitamin and mineral therapies\u003c/a>. And the University of Arizona, a pioneer in the field, received a $1 million gift to boost practitioner training in natural and spiritual healing techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as they count on these programs to bring in patients and revenue, several hospitals were reluctant to talk to STAT about why they’re lending their distinguished names to unproven therapies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duke Health declined repeated requests for interviews about its rapidly growing integrative medicine center, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.dukeintegrativemedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/primarycare-brochure-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">charges patients $1,800 a year\u003c/a> just for a basic membership, with acupuncture and other treatments billed separately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MedStar Georgetown quietly edited its website, citing changes to its clinical offerings, after a reporter asked why it listed the energy healing practice of reiki as a therapy for blood cancer. Cleveland Clinic struggled to find anyone on its staff to defend the hospital’s energy medicine program, ultimately issuing a statement that it’s “responding to the needs of our patients and patient demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the director of an alternative medicine program at another prestigious hospital declined to speak on the record — out of fear, he said, that his remarks would be construed as “fake news” and stir a backlash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise of alternative therapies has sparked tension in some hospitals, with doctors openly accusing their peers of peddling snake oil and undermining the credibility of their institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By promoting such therapies, Novella said, physicians are forfeiting “any claim that we had to being a science-based profession.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for patients? They’re “being snookered,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Yes, as scientists, we want to be rigid. But me, as a physician, I want to find what's best for a patient. Who am I to say that's hogwash?' \u003ccite>Dr. Linda Lee, Johns Hopkins gastroenterologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The counterargument: Modern medicine clearly can’t cure everyone. It fails a great many patients. So why not encourage them to try an ancient Indian remedy or a spiritual healing technique that’s unlikely to cause harm — and may provide some relief, if only from the placebo effect?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, as scientists, we want to be rigid. But me, as a physician, I want to find what’s best for a patient. Who am I to say that’s hogwash?” said Dr. Linda Lee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gastroenterologist, Lee runs the Johns Hopkins Integrative Medicine and Digestive Center, which offers acupuncture, massage therapy, and reiki — a therapy that the center’s website describes as laying on hands \u003ca href=\"http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/integrative_medicine_digestive_center/services/reiki.html\" target=\"_blank\">“to transmit Universal Life Energy”\u003c/a> to the patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and others who promote alternative therapies are careful to say that they can supplement — but can’t replace — conventional treatments. And they make a point of coordinating care with other doctors so that, for instance, patients don’t get prescribed herbal supplements that might interact badly with their chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here at UF, we do not have alternative medicine. We do not have complementary medicine. We have integrative medicine,” said Dr. Irene Estores, medical director of the integrative medicine program at the University of Florida Shands Hospital in Gainesville, Fla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Online Promotions Offer Scant Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while those cautions may come through in the clinic, the hospitals also promote alternative medicine online — often, without any nuance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duke’s Integrative Medicine store, for instance, sells \u003ca href=\"https://shopprovisions.dukestores.duke.edu/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=37_1&products_id=196\" target=\"_blank\">“Po Chai Pills”\u003c/a> that are touted on the hospital’s website as a cure for everything from belching to hangovers to headaches. The site explains that taking a pill “harmonizes the stomach, stems counterflow ascent of stomach qi, dispels damp, dispels pathogenic factors, subdues yang, relieves pain.” None of that makes sense in modern biomedical terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas Jefferson University Hospital’s website touts \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/tests-and-treatments/homeopathic-medicine.html\" target=\"_blank\">homeopathic bee venom\u003c/a> as useful to relieve symptoms for arthritis, nerve pain, and other conditions. The site does tell patients that the biological mechanism for the treatment is “unexplained” but asserts that studies “have been published in medical journals showing homeopathic medicines may provide clinical benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the therapy, Dr. Daniel Monti, who directs the integrative health center, acknowledged that the data is “largely anecdotal,” and said the hospital offers the treatment only rarely, “when there are few other options.” But those caveats don’t come through on the website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Novella gets alarmed when he sees top-tier hospitals backing therapies with scant evidence behind them. “Patients only want [alternative medicine] because they’re being told they should want it. They see a prestigious hospital is offering it, so they think it’s legitimate,” said Novella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The perpetuation of these practices is a victory of marketing over truth,” said Steven Salzberg, a biomedical engineer at Johns Hopkins who lectures in the medical school. If a hospital is “offering treatment that’s based on fantasy, it undermines the credibility of the institution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The debate burst into the public view earlier this year when the medical director of the Cleveland Clinic’s Wellness Institute — which markets a variety of alternative therapies — \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/07/anti-vaccine-claims-cleveland-clinic/\" target=\"_blank\">published an article\u003c/a> raising discredited theories linking vaccines to autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland Clinic’s chief executive, Dr. Toby Cosgrove, disavowed the article. And the clinic told STAT last week that it will take down its online wellness store and stop selling homeopathy kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cosgrove has stood up for the general principle of offering alternative treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The old way of combating chronic disease hasn’t worked,” Cosgrove wrote in a column posted on the hospital’s website. “… We have heard from our patients that they want more than conventional medicine can offer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_351821\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/03/bee-venom-800x530.jpg\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thomas Jefferson University Hospital’s website touts homeopathic bee venom as useful to relieve symptoms for arthritis, nerve pain, and other conditions. The site tells patients that the biological mechanism for the treatment is “unexplained.” \u003ccite>(erierika/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Booming Market for ‘Natural’ Therapies\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no question that patients want alternative medicine. It’s a $37 billion-a-year business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The typical American adult spent about $800 out of pocket in 2012 on dietary supplements and visits to alternative providers, such as naturopaths and acupuncturists, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have taken note. A national consortium to promote integrative health now counts more than 70 academic centers and health systems as members, up from eight in 1999. Each year, four or five new programs join, said Dr. Leslie Mendoza Temple, the chair of the consortium’s policy working group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most cases, insurers won’t cover alternative therapies — there’s simply not enough evidence that they actually work — so patients pay out of pocket: $85 for acupuncture, $100 for reiki, $38 for pills made from thyme and oregano oils that promise to “harmonize digestive and respiratory function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The people running the hospitals are doctors, but they also have MBAs. They talk of patients as customers. ... Your job is to sell them what they want.' \u003ccite>Arthur Caplan, New York University bioethicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To be sure, not all such integrative medicine clinics are big profit centers. Many are funded by philanthropists, and some hospitals say their programs operate at a loss — but are nonetheless essential to woo patients in a highly competitive marketplace. If they failed to offer “natural” therapies, some hospital executives fear they would lose a chance to attract patients who need more lucrative care, such as orthopedic surgeries or cancer treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The integrative medicine center at Thomas Jefferson, for instance, is part of an “enterprise strategy for growth and development,” Monti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people running the hospitals are doctors, but they also have MBAs. They talk of patients as customers. Customers have demands. Your job is to sell them what they want,” said Arthur Caplan, a bioethicist at New York University’s medical school. Too often, he said, the attitude is, “We’re damn well going to do it if the guys down the street are doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most hospitals declined to give specific revenue figures, STAT found indications of rapid growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re literally bursting. We have to convert office space to clinic exam rooms,” said Shelley Adler, who runs the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. It offers a wide range of services, including Chinese herbal medicine, massage therapy, and Ayurveda, an ancient healing system from India based on the belief that health results from a balance between the mind, body, and spirit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is on pace to get more than 10,300 patient visits this fiscal year, up 37 percent from 2012. It’s expanding its clinical staff by a third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duke University’s integrative medicine clinic, a stunning space with arching wood ceilings and an indoor garden, has seen strong growth: Total visits jumped 50 percent in 2015, to more than 14,000, Dr. Adam Perlman, the executive director, told IntegrativePractitioner.com. (He declined to talk to STAT.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center’s membership count also jumped, up 25 percent to 885, Perlman said. If all members paid the list price, that would bring in more than $1 million a year just for primary care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Integrative Medicine, meanwhile, “our volume pretty much has increased steadily, even when we’ve had recessions and financial downturns,” said Dr. Ronald Glick, the medical director. The center now treats about 8,000 patients a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many hospitals have also expanded into more general “wellness” offerings, with classes in healthy cooking, tai chi, meditation, and art therapy. UCSF offers a $375 class on “cultivating emotional balance” (and a free class on “laughter yoga”). Mayo Clinic sells a $2,900 “signature experience,” which includes consultations with a wellness coach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital offers specialized stress management services to help patients deal with conditions including cancer, infertility, and menopause. John Henry, the owner of STAT, has contributed funding to the Benson-Henry Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wellness programs — which are designed to ease stress and encourage healthy behaviors — are seen by many clinicians and hospitals as key to slowing America’s epidemic of chronic disease. They don’t tend to draw sharp criticism, except for their cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the alternative therapies promoted as a way to treat disease that raise eyebrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Energy Healing’ Takes Root\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their deep wells of medical expertise, many top hospitals are offering to help treat serious medical problems with reiki — a practice based on the belief that lightly touching patients can unleash a cosmic energy flow that will heal them naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STAT found that it is widely used by academic medical centers, including Johns Hopkins, Yale, the University of Pennsylvania, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, part of Partners HealthCare in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, where’s the evidence supporting it?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If it doesn't work, I don't know that you've lost anything. If it does, you do get to a better place.' \u003ccite>Dr. Richard Lang, Cleveland Clinic\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There is none, according to a division of the National Institutes of Health that funds research into alternative medicines. It says the practice has not been shown to be useful for “any health-related purpose” — and adds that there is no scientific evidence that the “natural healing energy” it’s based on even exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the Cleveland Clinic’s promotion of reiki, Dr. Richard Lang, the recently named interim director of the clinic’s Wellness Institute, said he hadn’t had a chance to think about it. “I don’t know that I could give you a plus or minus on that,” he said. Lang served as a vice chair of the Wellness Institute for nearly a decade before taking the top post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pressed for a more substantive answer, the clinic sent a statement saying it offers energy medicine as a complementary therapy, not as a replacement solution. But its website only briefly alludes to a patient’s broader “care team” in describing a “full range of emotional and physical issues” that can be treated with energy therapies, including autoimmune diseases, migraines, hormonal imbalances, and “cancer treatment support and recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academic medical centers often boast that they’re more rigorous in evaluating alternative therapies — and weeding out scams — than a for-profit wellness center might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing about practicing in an academic center is that we must hold ourselves to certain standards,” said Estores, the medical director at the University of Florida’s integrative medicine clinic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of Pittsburgh, Glick echoed that sentiment: “We’re an academic institution … [so] we’re offering services that have greater evidence basis [and] scientific explanation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that evidence isn’t always rigorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The University of Florida, for instance, is using Facebook to advertise an herbal medicine workshop for providers and the public that promises to answer questions including, “How can we stabilize or reverse Alzheimer’s disease?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked about the evidence for that statement, Susan Marynowski, the herbalist presenting the workshop, cited several papers and a book chapter that she said showed herbs, in conjunction with lifestyle adjustments, could reverse Alzheimer’s-associated memory loss. However, at least two of those papers were small collections of case studies published in a journal with a reputation for less-than-rigorous review. (Marynowski said she knew the studies’ size and design limited the strength of their conclusions, but that she was not aware of the journal’s reputation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Pittsburgh, the integrative medical center does take care to note on its website that alternative therapies “generally have not been subjected to the same level of research as standard medical approaches.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the site then goes on to promote dozens of treatments for everything from ADHD to whiplash, saying they have “appeared to be beneficial in this and other complementary medicine clinics.” (Glick noted that the body of research had grown since he wrote the caveat on the website in 2003.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘It’s not Black and White’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most prevalent alternative treatment STAT found on offer is acupuncture. It’s promoted for more than a dozen conditions, including high blood pressure, sinus problems, infertility, migraines, and digestive irregularities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 3,000-year-old Chinese therapy, acupuncture is based on the belief that by stimulating certain points on the body, most often with needles, practitioners can unlock a natural healing energy that flows through the body’s “meridians.” Research suggests it helps with certain pain conditions and might help prevent migraine headaches — but it also suggests that the placebo effect may play an important role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its value in treating other conditions is uncertain, according to the NIH’s center on integrative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several major insurers, including Aetna, Anthem, and regional Blue Cross Blue Shield affiliates, cover acupuncture as a treatment for chronic pain and nausea. But the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services won’t pay for acupuncture, dismissing the scientific evidence as insufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s important for physicians to keep an open mind, said Lang, the interim director of the Cleveland Clinic Wellness Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said, for example, that he used to avoid referring patients for acupuncture, until he saw the benefit it provided to some of them. “I have seen it work in some chronic pain situations,” said Lang. “It can be very helpful. If it doesn’t work, I don’t know that you’ve lost anything. If it does, you do get to a better place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the evidence of its efficacy is not ironclad, neither is the evidence for various pharmaceutical therapies that are routinely provided by hospitals and covered by insurance. Some of those solutions, such as opioids to treat pain, have resulted in addiction and harm to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates of alternative medicine say it’s difficult to test some alternative therapies through rigorous clinical trials, primarily because treatment techniques vary from patient to patient. (The federal government does, however, spend roughly $120 million a year to fund research through the NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They note, too, that traditional doctors sometimes stray from proven treatments, for instance when they prescribe medicines off-label for conditions the drugs have not been approved to treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do use things that aren’t necessarily 100 percent evidence-based, but I would argue that’s also true within all of medicine,” said Dr. Jill Schneiderhan, co-director of the University of Michigan’s integrative family medicine program. “I feel like it’s not black and white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
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