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"content": "\u003cp>We spend a lot of time talking to Alexa and Siri. Imagine if such artificial personalities were put inside a cute, adorable robot. That's what Alexander Reben has done. The artist created what he saw as the perfect interview machine to see how much he could get people to reveal to the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben's experiments with human robot interactions began when he was working on his master's degree in robotics at MIT. He built a robot called \u003ca href=\"http://resenv.media.mit.edu/Boxie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boxie\u003c/a>. It was made of cardboard, about the size of a microwave oven, and rolled around like a toy tank.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yz0kM6ZG84eg4i4rxTL7lsT0kMn9aLm9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you walked into the lab at MIT, Boxie would approach with its big, round black eyes wide open and ask you for help getting upstairs or going down the hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben wanted to see how many people would help the robot. He wondered, could you build cheaper robots without legs that could get around with help from humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, one day, something happened that would change the course of Reben's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life.'\u003ccite>Judith Helfand\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It started with a man walking into the lab and Boxie rolling up to greet him. \"I saw him from a distance, laying on the carpet in the middle of the lab talking to this robot on the ground,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man began to share his troubles with Boxie. He had never been to Boston before and he'd come to take part in the marathon. The man \"just started talking to this thing like it was another person,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man told the robot that he was supposed to go to Munich, but his flight was canceled because of a volcanic eruption in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation was a revelation for Reben. He realized that the characteristics that made people want to help Boxie also seduced them into talking with the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, it was cute and seemed vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben teamed up with another artist and filmmaker, Brent Hoff, to see whether they could design a robot that would make people want to open up. They carved a smile into its face. \"It's the perfect smile. It's kind of a Mona Lisa smile,\" Hoff says. \"It's open and engaging to make sure [it] was as nonjudgmental and nonthreatening as possible.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"2iIvqmnB8RUBK8Dpjga3ECr8rh8Wtlbk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They gave it the sweet voice of Hoff's 8-year-old son. And they taped him asking carefully chosen questions. \"There was some consideration of what are the deepest, most important questions we have as people,\" Hoff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asked things like, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" or \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had a camera and a recorder inside it to catch the answers. They called the new robot \u003ca href=\"http://areben.com/project/blabdroid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlabDroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea,\" says Hoff, \"is that there is not as much judgment in a robot asking you a question as a journalist\" would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoff says he doesn't know for sure whether that's true, but he wanted to find out. And so did I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set up a loose experiment. I would ask people the same questions as BlabDroid and — like the robot — there wouldn't be any follow-up questions. We tried the experiment a few times: once at an art opening and once at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco; we also listened to responses BlabDroid had collected at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can click on the audio below to listen to the two examples. Try to guess whether the person was talking to me or the robot before you read further.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588054239\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588055297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe first one is Nate Mazur, who was asked, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" He replies, \"My wife.\" Mazur opens up about the wonders of their relationship. He says he loves her most because of his \"ability to be with her, to be present with her. To respond and interact. ... She makes this a better world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second example was Judith Helfand. She was asked, \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\" She broke into tears as she spoke about her dying mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would give my mother the gift of not worrying about me before she dies,\" Helfand says. \"She wants me to lose a ton of weight and get really, really healthy. And she needs to see that before she dies ... and I wish I could give her that and I'm not positive I can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the answers are sincere and from the heart. Mazur spoke to me and Helfand was talking to BlabDroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helfand found something satisfying about talking to the machine. \"The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been over two years since her mother died. Helfand lost the weight, but she is struggling with her career. She thinks the robot would be helpful. \"Mediation really isn't really working for me,\" Helfand says. \"I can't seem to find the courage to sit and write down what my future plans are so that I can make them really happen.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"0QqjSUSqTOgQ0iX4yALrApbCEjnw9Xay\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/10/18/163098594/in-constant-digital-contact-we-feel-alone-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherry Turkle\u003c/a>, a professor of science and technology at MIT, to listen to the responses. She couldn't tell whether people were talking to BlabDroid or me. Turkle has been studying human-machine relationships for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it really doesn't take much to get humans to open up to a robot. \"We are kind of cheap dates,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BlabDroid — with its sweet voice, Mona Lisa smile and probing questions — is \"pushing in us a kind of Darwinian button,\" Turkle says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says robots don't even have to be cute. In her research she found a child who vented to Apple's Siri on an iPhone. Turkle says the child would vent on the phone about her anger toward her sister and her parents \"because, in person, she tries to always play the good daughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkle says over time, the child wasn't happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was almost a feeling of abandonment,\" Turkle says. \"There's no place they can go after they get the confession.\" She says robots can't offer certain very human things — like care, conversation and empathy. \"And the robot cannot do that because the robot has not had a life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science-fiction author William Gibson once said, \"The future is already here; it's just not very evenly distributed yet.\" In Japan, robots are being used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21731677-around-5000-nursing-care-homes-across-country-are-testing-robots-japan-embracing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care for the elderly\u003c/a>. Men are having relationships with virtual women who exist only in a portable video game — even taking them out on dates. An American company has created \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-vegas-tipsy-robot-bar-20170704-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robot bartenders\u003c/a>. In the future, perhaps they will listen to our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben knows there is a downside to social robots. But he also sees a place for them in the future. He thinks a cute robot might do a better job of getting people to answer survey questions or talk about embarrassing symptoms before seeing a doctor. Reben says \"people tend to be more honest because they don't feel embarrassed telling that to something that's not human.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an artist, what Reben hopes to accomplish with BlabDroid is to force us to think about the implications of bringing more robots into our society knowing full well that they are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sometimes+We+Feel+More+Comfortable+Talking+To+A+Robot&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We spend a lot of time talking to Alexa and Siri. Imagine if such artificial personalities were put inside a cute, adorable robot. That's what Alexander Reben has done. The artist created what he saw as the perfect interview machine to see how much he could get people to reveal to the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben's experiments with human robot interactions began when he was working on his master's degree in robotics at MIT. He built a robot called \u003ca href=\"http://resenv.media.mit.edu/Boxie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boxie\u003c/a>. It was made of cardboard, about the size of a microwave oven, and rolled around like a toy tank.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you walked into the lab at MIT, Boxie would approach with its big, round black eyes wide open and ask you for help getting upstairs or going down the hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben wanted to see how many people would help the robot. He wondered, could you build cheaper robots without legs that could get around with help from humans?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, one day, something happened that would change the course of Reben's work.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life.'\u003ccite>Judith Helfand\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It started with a man walking into the lab and Boxie rolling up to greet him. \"I saw him from a distance, laying on the carpet in the middle of the lab talking to this robot on the ground,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man began to share his troubles with Boxie. He had never been to Boston before and he'd come to take part in the marathon. The man \"just started talking to this thing like it was another person,\" Reben says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man told the robot that he was supposed to go to Munich, but his flight was canceled because of a volcanic eruption in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conversation was a revelation for Reben. He realized that the characteristics that made people want to help Boxie also seduced them into talking with the robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, it was cute and seemed vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben teamed up with another artist and filmmaker, Brent Hoff, to see whether they could design a robot that would make people want to open up. They carved a smile into its face. \"It's the perfect smile. It's kind of a Mona Lisa smile,\" Hoff says. \"It's open and engaging to make sure [it] was as nonjudgmental and nonthreatening as possible.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They gave it the sweet voice of Hoff's 8-year-old son. And they taped him asking carefully chosen questions. \"There was some consideration of what are the deepest, most important questions we have as people,\" Hoff says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It asked things like, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" or \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it had a camera and a recorder inside it to catch the answers. They called the new robot \u003ca href=\"http://areben.com/project/blabdroid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlabDroid\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The idea,\" says Hoff, \"is that there is not as much judgment in a robot asking you a question as a journalist\" would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoff says he doesn't know for sure whether that's true, but he wanted to find out. And so did I.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We set up a loose experiment. I would ask people the same questions as BlabDroid and — like the robot — there wouldn't be any follow-up questions. We tried the experiment a few times: once at an art opening and once at the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco; we also listened to responses BlabDroid had collected at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can click on the audio below to listen to the two examples. Try to guess whether the person was talking to me or the robot before you read further.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588054239\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/583682556/588055297\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nThe first one is Nate Mazur, who was asked, \"Who do you love most in the world?\" He replies, \"My wife.\" Mazur opens up about the wonders of their relationship. He says he loves her most because of his \"ability to be with her, to be present with her. To respond and interact. ... She makes this a better world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second example was Judith Helfand. She was asked, \"If you could give someone any gift, what would it be?\" She broke into tears as she spoke about her dying mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would give my mother the gift of not worrying about me before she dies,\" Helfand says. \"She wants me to lose a ton of weight and get really, really healthy. And she needs to see that before she dies ... and I wish I could give her that and I'm not positive I can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the answers are sincere and from the heart. Mazur spoke to me and Helfand was talking to BlabDroid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helfand found something satisfying about talking to the machine. \"The robot was just a means to get closer to myself at a really critical moment in my life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been over two years since her mother died. Helfand lost the weight, but she is struggling with her career. She thinks the robot would be helpful. \"Mediation really isn't really working for me,\" Helfand says. \"I can't seem to find the courage to sit and write down what my future plans are so that I can make them really happen.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/10/18/163098594/in-constant-digital-contact-we-feel-alone-together\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sherry Turkle\u003c/a>, a professor of science and technology at MIT, to listen to the responses. She couldn't tell whether people were talking to BlabDroid or me. Turkle has been studying human-machine relationships for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it really doesn't take much to get humans to open up to a robot. \"We are kind of cheap dates,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BlabDroid — with its sweet voice, Mona Lisa smile and probing questions — is \"pushing in us a kind of Darwinian button,\" Turkle says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says robots don't even have to be cute. In her research she found a child who vented to Apple's Siri on an iPhone. Turkle says the child would vent on the phone about her anger toward her sister and her parents \"because, in person, she tries to always play the good daughter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turkle says over time, the child wasn't happy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was almost a feeling of abandonment,\" Turkle says. \"There's no place they can go after they get the confession.\" She says robots can't offer certain very human things — like care, conversation and empathy. \"And the robot cannot do that because the robot has not had a life,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science-fiction author William Gibson once said, \"The future is already here; it's just not very evenly distributed yet.\" In Japan, robots are being used to \u003ca href=\"https://www.economist.com/news/business/21731677-around-5000-nursing-care-homes-across-country-are-testing-robots-japan-embracing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">care for the elderly\u003c/a>. Men are having relationships with virtual women who exist only in a portable video game — even taking them out on dates. An American company has created \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-vegas-tipsy-robot-bar-20170704-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robot bartenders\u003c/a>. In the future, perhaps they will listen to our problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reben knows there is a downside to social robots. But he also sees a place for them in the future. He thinks a cute robot might do a better job of getting people to answer survey questions or talk about embarrassing symptoms before seeing a doctor. Reben says \"people tend to be more honest because they don't feel embarrassed telling that to something that's not human.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an artist, what Reben hopes to accomplish with BlabDroid is to force us to think about the implications of bringing more robots into our society knowing full well that they are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sometimes+We+Feel+More+Comfortable+Talking+To+A+Robot&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Only about 50 percent of adolescents with depression \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11430842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">get diagnosed\u003c/a> before reaching adulthood. And as many as 2 in 3 depressed teens don't get the care that could help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a huge problem,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/rachel-zuckerbrot-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Rachel Zuckerbrot\u003c/a>, a board-certified child and adolescent psychiatrist and associate professor at Columbia University.[contextly_sidebar id=\"efpc6ttGwJCppmSgRyb1Z8vZfGFJ86rV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address this divide, the American Academy of Pediatrics has\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/120/5/e1299.full.pdf?ck=nck\"> issued\u003c/a> updated guidelines this week that call for universal screening for depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're endorsing is that everyone, 12 and up, be screened ... at least once a year,\" Zuckerbrot says. The screening, she says, could be done during a well-visit, a sports' physical or during another office visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerbrot helped write the guidelines, which have been in development for a while. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force also \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-screening1\">recommends\u003c/a> depression screening, and many pediatricians have already woven the screenings into their practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Teenagers are often more honest when they're not looking somebody in the face who's asking questions,\" about their emotional health Zuckerbrot says. So, most pediatricians use a self-reported questionnaire that teens fill out themselves, either on an electronic device or on paper.[contextly_sidebar id=\"EqP0dmqjnqMOlo0gJdMgB0IK322g3bSk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an opportunity for the adolescent to answer questions about themselves privately,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The questionnaires contain a range of questions. For instance, one version, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cqaimh.org/pdf/tool_phq2.pdf\">asks\u003c/a>: 'Over the past two weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems: feeling down, depressed or hopeless? Or, little interest or pleasure in doing things?' Teens are also asked questions such as, 'Are you having difficulty with sleep, either too much or too little?' 'Any problems with eating?'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new recommendations also call for families with a depressed teen to develop a safety plan to restrict the young person's access to lethal means of harm. Suicide is a leading cause of death for children aged 10 to 17, and \"adolescent suicide risk is strongly associated with firearm availability,\" \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according\u003c/a> to an AAP report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing awareness in the U.S. of the need for young people to have good access to mental health care\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/douglas-newton-md-mph-99544a109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Doug Newton\u003c/a>, a child psychiatrist at Kaiser Permanente in Colorado. \"As a nation this has become part of the dialogue; it increasing\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are aware of what's happening in our schools and the importance of mental health,\" Newton says. Kaiser Permanente has a stigma-reduction campaign called\u003ca href=\"https://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/find-your-words-to-fight-stigma-around-depression/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Find Your Words\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stigma is a huge challenge,\" he says, \"specifically for adolescents. Often times they're not coming in to get help because of the stigma attached.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not easy to talk about depression, yet the problem is fairly common. During the teenage years, there's about a 20 percent [chance] of having depression or anxiety, research suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's highly prevalent,\" Newton says. The goal of the \"Find Your Words\" campaign is to help make depression easier for everyone to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge to diagnosis is that families often don't detect depression, or they confuse it for something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes teens are acting out or misbehaving,\" Zuckerbrot says. They're seen as being hostile or bad. \"When, instead, they're really suffering from depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pediatricians+Call+For+Universal+Depression+Screening+For+Teens&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Only about 50 percent of adolescents with depression \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11430842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">get diagnosed\u003c/a> before reaching adulthood. And as many as 2 in 3 depressed teens don't get the care that could help them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a huge problem,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/rachel-zuckerbrot-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Rachel Zuckerbrot\u003c/a>, a board-certified child and adolescent psychiatrist and associate professor at Columbia University.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To address this divide, the American Academy of Pediatrics has\u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/120/5/e1299.full.pdf?ck=nck\"> issued\u003c/a> updated guidelines this week that call for universal screening for depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're endorsing is that everyone, 12 and up, be screened ... at least once a year,\" Zuckerbrot says. The screening, she says, could be done during a well-visit, a sports' physical or during another office visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerbrot helped write the guidelines, which have been in development for a while. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force also \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/depression-in-children-and-adolescents-screening1\">recommends\u003c/a> depression screening, and many pediatricians have already woven the screenings into their practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Teenagers are often more honest when they're not looking somebody in the face who's asking questions,\" about their emotional health Zuckerbrot says. So, most pediatricians use a self-reported questionnaire that teens fill out themselves, either on an electronic device or on paper.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an opportunity for the adolescent to answer questions about themselves privately,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The questionnaires contain a range of questions. For instance, one version, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cqaimh.org/pdf/tool_phq2.pdf\">asks\u003c/a>: 'Over the past two weeks, how often have you been bothered by any of the following problems: feeling down, depressed or hopeless? Or, little interest or pleasure in doing things?' Teens are also asked questions such as, 'Are you having difficulty with sleep, either too much or too little?' 'Any problems with eating?'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new recommendations also call for families with a depressed teen to develop a safety plan to restrict the young person's access to lethal means of harm. Suicide is a leading cause of death for children aged 10 to 17, and \"adolescent suicide risk is strongly associated with firearm availability,\" \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/130/5/e1416.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according\u003c/a> to an AAP report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing awareness in the U.S. of the need for young people to have good access to mental health care\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/douglas-newton-md-mph-99544a109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Doug Newton\u003c/a>, a child psychiatrist at Kaiser Permanente in Colorado. \"As a nation this has become part of the dialogue; it increasing\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People are aware of what's happening in our schools and the importance of mental health,\" Newton says. Kaiser Permanente has a stigma-reduction campaign called\u003ca href=\"https://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/find-your-words-to-fight-stigma-around-depression/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Find Your Words\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stigma is a huge challenge,\" he says, \"specifically for adolescents. Often times they're not coming in to get help because of the stigma attached.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not easy to talk about depression, yet the problem is fairly common. During the teenage years, there's about a 20 percent [chance] of having depression or anxiety, research suggests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's highly prevalent,\" Newton says. The goal of the \"Find Your Words\" campaign is to help make depression easier for everyone to talk about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another challenge to diagnosis is that families often don't detect depression, or they confuse it for something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes teens are acting out or misbehaving,\" Zuckerbrot says. They're seen as being hostile or bad. \"When, instead, they're really suffering from depression.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Pediatricians+Call+For+Universal+Depression+Screening+For+Teens&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gene Therapy Was Boy's Last Chance to Stop Leukemia. And It Worked.",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Shaun Banagan hops up on the exam table in a doctor's office at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital his small frame barely crumples the wax paper. The shy 13-year-old has very thin arms and slight wrists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If this had been a year or two ago we wouldn’t have had this treatment to offer him.'\u003ccite>Dr. Jennifer Willert, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's October, 2017, and Shaun and his family are waiting anxiously for his oncologist, Dr. Jennifer Willert, to read his latest lab results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s in full remission right now without any detectable disease,\" Willert says. \"So, he’s as negative as you can possibly get!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small teen pulls aside his surgical face mask and smiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Grueling Battle \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun is one of at least 50\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>children who are in remission because of a breakthrough treatment that engineers the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Last August, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm574058.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved\u003c/a> the treatment -- the first accepted gene therapy in the nation -- based on the success of clinical trials like Shaun's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Shaun's family didn’t know if this day would ever come. Six years ago, he was diagnosed with a form of leukemia called Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), which is the most common cancer in children. The National Cancer Institute estimates that about 3,100 patients under age 20 are diagnosed with ALL each year in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_439703\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-439703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-800x511.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-800x511.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-1020x652.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-1180x754.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-960x613.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-240x153.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-375x240.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-520x332.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462.jpg 1809w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shaun Banagan with his mom, Sheila, and his dad, Clifford, at a doctor appointment in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shaun started chemotherapy for the blood cancer a few weeks after his diagnosis. It was his eighth birthday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, playing outside was off limits. Shaun's condition made him prone to bleeding. Shaun's mom, Sheila Banagan, started home schooling him -- that is, when he didn’t have fever or nausea. He spent hours day after day at the hospital, and before long he lost his hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Flicker of Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after three-and-a-half years, Shaun’s blood tests were normal. His nurses filled the clinic with banners and balloons. They were just about to cut the cake when a doctor interrupted the party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer had returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just crushes your world,\" Sheila Banagan says. \"The littlest tiniest bit of hope was taken away from me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun endured a second round of intensified chemotherapy to prepare his system for a bone marrow transplant. The procedure went well, but six months later he relapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-439753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"975\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223.jpg 975w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-160x132.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-800x658.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-768x632.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-960x790.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-240x197.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-375x308.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-520x428.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The science is exciting. The results have been spectacular for some people.'\u003ccite>Dr. Len Lichtenfeld,\u003cbr>\nAmerican Cancer Society\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last-Ditch Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Willert knew there was only one possibility left. UCSF was just about to launch its first clinical trial using a breakthrough therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this had been a year or two ago we wouldn’t have had this treatment to offer him,\" says Willert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/car-t-cell1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAR-T\u003c/a>-- which stands for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy -- and it's intended to super-boost the immune system. Doctors try CAR-T when everything else fails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun’s medical team shipped a sample of his blood to a lab. There, scientists genetically engineered his immune cells to detect his cancer cells and destroy them. In other words, they hacked the cells. Technicians multiplied massive numbers of new cells and then sent the reprogrammed blood back to San Francisco where Shaun received an infusion. His blood was now full of virulent cancer killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>'Severe' Side Effects\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to CAR-T therapy is that it solves a central problem with cancer. Usually the body's immune system doesn't recognize cancer cells as foreign, and that's why they can proliferate without the body's usual defenses. CAR-T therapy is like giving the immune system glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"CAR-T can wake the immune system up so it recognizes cancer cells as abnormal,\" says Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, Deputy Chief Medical Officer for the American Cancer Society. \"Then it goes after the cancer in a very real way, but that attack can sometimes be very vicious. It can cause very severe side effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun fought off high fevers and flu-like symptoms in the Intensive Care Unit for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lennie Sender, an oncologist at Children’s Hospital of Orange County, has dubbed the reprogrammed cells 'Frankenstein molecules' because they don't just go after cancer cells; CAR-T cells kill good immune cells too -- white blood cells called B-cells that destroy viruses and infections in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You lose your B-cells,\" says Sender. \"So, now you have to give patients monthly transfusions of replacement, and it could be for life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thumbs Up from the Federal Government\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA is convinced the risks are worth it for some patients. A little over a month after the FDA approved CAR-t to treat Shaun's condition, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm581216.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved\u003c/a> the therapy for large B-cell lymphoma. This type of lymphoma is one of several types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma.html\">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"JGmX60chbAt46mWyiOqoudvsmxPMm9J5\"]The procedure runs about a half million dollars per patient because each treatment has to be individually engineered, but scientists hope technological advancements can change that. Some experts say CAR-T marks a watershed moment in learning how to harness the immune system to fight cancer. Thousands of clinical trials are going on right now to push the science of immunotherapy forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Frontier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science is exciting. The results have been spectacular for some people,\" says Lichtenfeld. \"There's no question.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cautions, though, the science is still in early stages. \"Unfortunately, for some people it has not worked. We can never forget that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after his CAR-T treatment, Shaun’s mom, Sheila, is grateful he's still in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the greatest gift that our family received,\" Sheila says, tears pooling in her eyes. \"It’s a miracle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun’s life isn’t quite back to normal yet; his immune system is still too fragile for him to play outside with his brother and sister, or attend school. Shaun hopes he'll be back in class next fall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Shaun Banagan hops up on the exam table in a doctor's office at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital his small frame barely crumples the wax paper. The shy 13-year-old has very thin arms and slight wrists.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If this had been a year or two ago we wouldn’t have had this treatment to offer him.'\u003ccite>Dr. Jennifer Willert, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's October, 2017, and Shaun and his family are waiting anxiously for his oncologist, Dr. Jennifer Willert, to read his latest lab results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s in full remission right now without any detectable disease,\" Willert says. \"So, he’s as negative as you can possibly get!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small teen pulls aside his surgical face mask and smiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Grueling Battle \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun is one of at least 50\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>children who are in remission because of a breakthrough treatment that engineers the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Last August, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm574058.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved\u003c/a> the treatment -- the first accepted gene therapy in the nation -- based on the success of clinical trials like Shaun's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Shaun's family didn’t know if this day would ever come. Six years ago, he was diagnosed with a form of leukemia called Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), which is the most common cancer in children. The National Cancer Institute estimates that about 3,100 patients under age 20 are diagnosed with ALL each year in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_439703\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-439703\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-800x511.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"511\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-800x511.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-1020x652.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-1180x754.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-960x613.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-240x153.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-375x240.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462-520x332.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/IMG_4083-e1519260166462.jpg 1809w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shaun Banagan with his mom, Sheila, and his dad, Clifford, at a doctor appointment in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shaun started chemotherapy for the blood cancer a few weeks after his diagnosis. It was his eighth birthday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, playing outside was off limits. Shaun's condition made him prone to bleeding. Shaun's mom, Sheila Banagan, started home schooling him -- that is, when he didn’t have fever or nausea. He spent hours day after day at the hospital, and before long he lost his hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Flicker of Hope \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, after three-and-a-half years, Shaun’s blood tests were normal. His nurses filled the clinic with banners and balloons. They were just about to cut the cake when a doctor interrupted the party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer had returned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just crushes your world,\" Sheila Banagan says. \"The littlest tiniest bit of hope was taken away from me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun endured a second round of intensified chemotherapy to prepare his system for a bone marrow transplant. The procedure went well, but six months later he relapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-439753\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"975\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223.jpg 975w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-160x132.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-800x658.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-768x632.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-960x790.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-240x197.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-375x308.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/02/CART_DESKTOP_V04_180223-520x428.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The science is exciting. The results have been spectacular for some people.'\u003ccite>Dr. Len Lichtenfeld,\u003cbr>\nAmerican Cancer Society\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last-Ditch Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Willert knew there was only one possibility left. UCSF was just about to launch its first clinical trial using a breakthrough therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this had been a year or two ago we wouldn’t have had this treatment to offer him,\" says Willert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The therapy is called \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/car-t-cell1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CAR-T\u003c/a>-- which stands for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy -- and it's intended to super-boost the immune system. Doctors try CAR-T when everything else fails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun’s medical team shipped a sample of his blood to a lab. There, scientists genetically engineered his immune cells to detect his cancer cells and destroy them. In other words, they hacked the cells. Technicians multiplied massive numbers of new cells and then sent the reprogrammed blood back to San Francisco where Shaun received an infusion. His blood was now full of virulent cancer killers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>'Severe' Side Effects\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key to CAR-T therapy is that it solves a central problem with cancer. Usually the body's immune system doesn't recognize cancer cells as foreign, and that's why they can proliferate without the body's usual defenses. CAR-T therapy is like giving the immune system glasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"CAR-T can wake the immune system up so it recognizes cancer cells as abnormal,\" says Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, Deputy Chief Medical Officer for the American Cancer Society. \"Then it goes after the cancer in a very real way, but that attack can sometimes be very vicious. It can cause very severe side effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun fought off high fevers and flu-like symptoms in the Intensive Care Unit for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lennie Sender, an oncologist at Children’s Hospital of Orange County, has dubbed the reprogrammed cells 'Frankenstein molecules' because they don't just go after cancer cells; CAR-T cells kill good immune cells too -- white blood cells called B-cells that destroy viruses and infections in the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You lose your B-cells,\" says Sender. \"So, now you have to give patients monthly transfusions of replacement, and it could be for life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thumbs Up from the Federal Government\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA is convinced the risks are worth it for some patients. A little over a month after the FDA approved CAR-t to treat Shaun's condition, the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm581216.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approved\u003c/a> the therapy for large B-cell lymphoma. This type of lymphoma is one of several types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma.html\">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The procedure runs about a half million dollars per patient because each treatment has to be individually engineered, but scientists hope technological advancements can change that. Some experts say CAR-T marks a watershed moment in learning how to harness the immune system to fight cancer. Thousands of clinical trials are going on right now to push the science of immunotherapy forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Frontier\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science is exciting. The results have been spectacular for some people,\" says Lichtenfeld. \"There's no question.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cautions, though, the science is still in early stages. \"Unfortunately, for some people it has not worked. We can never forget that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after his CAR-T treatment, Shaun’s mom, Sheila, is grateful he's still in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really the greatest gift that our family received,\" Sheila says, tears pooling in her eyes. \"It’s a miracle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun’s life isn’t quite back to normal yet; his immune system is still too fragile for him to play outside with his brother and sister, or attend school. Shaun hopes he'll be back in class next fall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's pretty extraordinary for people in their 80s and 90s to keep the same sharp memory as someone several decades younger, and now scientists are peeking into the brains of these \"superagers\" to uncover their secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work is the flip side of the disappointing hunt for new drugs to fight or prevent Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, \"why don't we figure out what it is we might need to do to maximize our memory?\" said neuroscientist Emily Rogalski, who leads the SuperAging study at Northwestern University in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the brain shrink with age, one of the reasons why most [contextly_sidebar id=\"G3H8QC9o82TylnWZAr296D2zVHqEWAob\"]people experience a gradual slowing of at least some types of memory late in life, even if they avoid diseases like Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that superagers' brains aren't shrinking nearly as fast as their peers'. And autopsies of the first superagers to die during the study show they harbor a lot more of a special kind of nerve cell in a deep brain region that's important for attention, Rogalski told a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These elite elders are \"more than just an oddity or a rarity,\" said neuroscientist Molly Wagster of the National Institute on Aging, which helps fund the research. \"There's the potential for learning an enormous amount and applying it to the rest of us, and even to those who may be on a trajectory for some type of neurodegenerative disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does it take to be a superager? A youthful brain in the body of someone 80 or older. Rogalski's team has given a battery of tests to more than 1,000 people who thought they'd qualify, and only about 5 percent pass. The key \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory challenge\u003c/a>: Listen to 15 unrelated words, and a half-hour later recall at least nine. That's the norm for 50-year-olds, but the average 80-year-old recalls five. Some superagers remember them all.[contextly_sidebar id=\"CmEYEjCmwB2h2qN7hBJIIlooU2YvQ8dj\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't mean you're any smarter,\" stressed superager William \"Bill\" Gurolnick, who turns 87 next month and joined the study two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor can he credit protective genes: Gurolnick's father developed Alzheimer's in his 50s. He thinks his own \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/2018/02/12/the-memory-of-stuff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stellar memory\u003c/a> is bolstered by keeping busy. He bikes, and plays tennis and water volleyball. He stays social through regular lunches and meetings with a men's group he co-founded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Absolutely that's a critical factor about keeping your wits about you,\" exclaimed Gurolnick, fresh off his monthly gin game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Scans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski's superagers tend to be extroverts and report strong social networks, but otherwise they come from all walks of life, making it hard to find a common trait \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/04/11/emotions-are-a-construct-of-the-brain-says-psychologist-lisa-feldman-barrett/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for brain health\u003c/a>. Some went to college, some didn't. Some have high IQs, some are average. She's studied people who've experienced enormous trauma, including a Holocaust survivor; fitness buffs and smokers; teetotalers and those who tout a nightly martini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But deep in their brains is where she's finding compelling hints that somehow, superagers are more resilient against the ravages of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, brain scans showed that a superager's cortex — an outer brain layer critical for memory and other key functions — is much thicker than normal for their age. It looks more like the cortex of healthy 50- and 60-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear if they were born that way. But Rogalski's team found another possible explanation: A superager's cortex doesn't shrink as fast. Over 18 months, average 80-somethings experienced more than twice the rate of loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another clue: Deeper in the brain, that attention region is larger in superagers, too. And inside, autopsies showed that brain region was packed with unusual large, spindly neurons — a special and little understood type called von Economo neurons thought to play a role in social processing and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The superagers had four to five times more of those neurons than the typical octogenarian, Rogalski said — more even than the average young adult.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AJFvjFXNb2dpYXWnAkrRzU9vWHQngSNl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Northwestern study isn't the only attempt at unraveling long-lasting memory. At the University of California, Irvine, Dr. Claudia Kawas studies the oldest-old, people 90 and above. Some have Alzheimer's. Some have maintained excellent memory and some are in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the oldest-old who showed no symptoms of dementia in life nonetheless have full-fledged signs of Alzheimer's disease\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/08/09/lag-in-brain-donation-hampers-understanding-of-dementia-in-blacks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> in their brains\u003c/a> at death, Kawas told the AAAS meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski also found varying amounts of amyloid and tau, hallmark Alzheimer's proteins, in the brains of some superagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists are exploring how these people deflect damage. Maybe superagers have different pathways\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/06/obesity-can-lead-to-memory-loss/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to brain health.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are living long and living well,\" Rogalski said. \"Are there modifiable things we can think about today, in our everyday lives\" to do the same?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's pretty extraordinary for people in their 80s and 90s to keep the same sharp memory as someone several decades younger, and now scientists are peeking into the brains of these \"superagers\" to uncover their secret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work is the flip side of the disappointing hunt for new drugs to fight or prevent Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, \"why don't we figure out what it is we might need to do to maximize our memory?\" said neuroscientist Emily Rogalski, who leads the SuperAging study at Northwestern University in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the brain shrink with age, one of the reasons why most \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>people experience a gradual slowing of at least some types of memory late in life, even if they avoid diseases like Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that superagers' brains aren't shrinking nearly as fast as their peers'. And autopsies of the first superagers to die during the study show they harbor a lot more of a special kind of nerve cell in a deep brain region that's important for attention, Rogalski told a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These elite elders are \"more than just an oddity or a rarity,\" said neuroscientist Molly Wagster of the National Institute on Aging, which helps fund the research. \"There's the potential for learning an enormous amount and applying it to the rest of us, and even to those who may be on a trajectory for some type of neurodegenerative disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does it take to be a superager? A youthful brain in the body of someone 80 or older. Rogalski's team has given a battery of tests to more than 1,000 people who thought they'd qualify, and only about 5 percent pass. The key \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">memory challenge\u003c/a>: Listen to 15 unrelated words, and a half-hour later recall at least nine. That's the norm for 50-year-olds, but the average 80-year-old recalls five. Some superagers remember them all.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It doesn't mean you're any smarter,\" stressed superager William \"Bill\" Gurolnick, who turns 87 next month and joined the study two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor can he credit protective genes: Gurolnick's father developed Alzheimer's in his 50s. He thinks his own \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/2018/02/12/the-memory-of-stuff/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stellar memory\u003c/a> is bolstered by keeping busy. He bikes, and plays tennis and water volleyball. He stays social through regular lunches and meetings with a men's group he co-founded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Absolutely that's a critical factor about keeping your wits about you,\" exclaimed Gurolnick, fresh off his monthly gin game.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brain Scans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski's superagers tend to be extroverts and report strong social networks, but otherwise they come from all walks of life, making it hard to find a common trait \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/forum/2017/04/11/emotions-are-a-construct-of-the-brain-says-psychologist-lisa-feldman-barrett/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for brain health\u003c/a>. Some went to college, some didn't. Some have high IQs, some are average. She's studied people who've experienced enormous trauma, including a Holocaust survivor; fitness buffs and smokers; teetotalers and those who tout a nightly martini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But deep in their brains is where she's finding compelling hints that somehow, superagers are more resilient against the ravages of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early on, brain scans showed that a superager's cortex — an outer brain layer critical for memory and other key functions — is much thicker than normal for their age. It looks more like the cortex of healthy 50- and 60-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear if they were born that way. But Rogalski's team found another possible explanation: A superager's cortex doesn't shrink as fast. Over 18 months, average 80-somethings experienced more than twice the rate of loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another clue: Deeper in the brain, that attention region is larger in superagers, too. And inside, autopsies showed that brain region was packed with unusual large, spindly neurons — a special and little understood type called von Economo neurons thought to play a role in social processing and awareness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The superagers had four to five times more of those neurons than the typical octogenarian, Rogalski said — more even than the average young adult.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Northwestern study isn't the only attempt at unraveling long-lasting memory. At the University of California, Irvine, Dr. Claudia Kawas studies the oldest-old, people 90 and above. Some have Alzheimer's. Some have maintained excellent memory and some are in between.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 40 percent of the oldest-old who showed no symptoms of dementia in life nonetheless have full-fledged signs of Alzheimer's disease\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2017/08/09/lag-in-brain-donation-hampers-understanding-of-dementia-in-blacks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> in their brains\u003c/a> at death, Kawas told the AAAS meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rogalski also found varying amounts of amyloid and tau, hallmark Alzheimer's proteins, in the brains of some superagers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now scientists are exploring how these people deflect damage. Maybe superagers have different pathways\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/01/06/obesity-can-lead-to-memory-loss/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> to brain health.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are living long and living well,\" Rogalski said. \"Are there modifiable things we can think about today, in our everyday lives\" to do the same?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=28&v=XOPJ5IzE0Og\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's shaping up to be one of the worst flu seasons in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are one of the thousands of Americans who are sick with the flu, this one's for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've spent the past couple of days cooped up in your house watching bad TV, fighting the fever sweats and expelling a baffling amount of mucus. As you start to resemble a human being again, you might feel pressure to head back to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when is it really OK to return? Many people go back as soon as their symptoms start to resolve, which could be putting your co-workers at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those unpleasant symptoms are actually the result of your immune response battling the flu virus. Take fever for example. Your body starts a fever because the flu virus \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7069233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doesn't grow\u003c/a> as well at high temperatures, and some immune cells actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work better\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The CDC says you are contagious one day before you start feeling sick and up to seven days after.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All that gooey mucus you've been coughing up is good at trapping viruses before they can infect other cells.Your body is in an all out war, you against the virus. Immune cells seek out and destroy virus-infected cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As your airways get irritated, you cough and sneeze. And that's exactly what the flu wants. That's because the flu is spread from person to person in virus-containing droplets that are produced when a sick person coughs, sneezes or even \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/01/17/1716561115\">breathes\u003c/a>. When you cough, tiny droplets that fly from your mouth can travel as far as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/the-snot-spattered-experiments-that-show-how-far-sneezes-really-spread-1.19996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20 feet\u003c/a> at speeds ranging from 25-50 mph. Sometimes they can stay suspended for hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone inhales those particles, they can become infected. The flu can even be transmitted if someone touches a surface contaminated with flu and then touches her face or mouth. That's why hand-washing is so important when you're sick. But the best way to prevent spreading the flu is to stay home if you can.\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=\"A90TDK2AFCB9ZOL4Hj4FHr3qh04zHlfs\"]\u003cbr>\nSo how long are you really contagious with the flu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says you are contagious one day before you start feeling sick and up to seven days after. If you're a kid, elderly, or have a weak immune system, you can be contagious for even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR's Skunk Bear gives us an inside glimpse into how your body fights the flu, and when it's a good idea to head back to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Madeline Sofia, Meredith Rizzo, Adam Cole and Ryan Kellman produced this video for NPR. \u003ca href=\"http://www.danielasherer.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniela Sherer\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem> created original animations for the video.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Long+Are+You+Contagious+With+The+Flu%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XOPJ5IzE0Og'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XOPJ5IzE0Og'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>It's shaping up to be one of the worst flu seasons in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are one of the thousands of Americans who are sick with the flu, this one's for you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've spent the past couple of days cooped up in your house watching bad TV, fighting the fever sweats and expelling a baffling amount of mucus. As you start to resemble a human being again, you might feel pressure to head back to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when is it really OK to return? Many people go back as soon as their symptoms start to resolve, which could be putting your co-workers at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those unpleasant symptoms are actually the result of your immune response battling the flu virus. Take fever for example. Your body starts a fever because the flu virus \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7069233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doesn't grow\u003c/a> as well at high temperatures, and some immune cells actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21873456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">work better\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The CDC says you are contagious one day before you start feeling sick and up to seven days after.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All that gooey mucus you've been coughing up is good at trapping viruses before they can infect other cells.Your body is in an all out war, you against the virus. Immune cells seek out and destroy virus-infected cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As your airways get irritated, you cough and sneeze. And that's exactly what the flu wants. That's because the flu is spread from person to person in virus-containing droplets that are produced when a sick person coughs, sneezes or even \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/01/17/1716561115\">breathes\u003c/a>. When you cough, tiny droplets that fly from your mouth can travel as far as \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/the-snot-spattered-experiments-that-show-how-far-sneezes-really-spread-1.19996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20 feet\u003c/a> at speeds ranging from 25-50 mph. Sometimes they can stay suspended for hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone inhales those particles, they can become infected. The flu can even be transmitted if someone touches a surface contaminated with flu and then touches her face or mouth. That's why hand-washing is so important when you're sick. But the best way to prevent spreading the flu is to stay home if you can.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nSo how long are you really contagious with the flu?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says you are contagious one day before you start feeling sick and up to seven days after. If you're a kid, elderly, or have a weak immune system, you can be contagious for even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR's Skunk Bear gives us an inside glimpse into how your body fights the flu, and when it's a good idea to head back to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Madeline Sofia, Meredith Rizzo, Adam Cole and Ryan Kellman produced this video for NPR. \u003ca href=\"http://www.danielasherer.com/about\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniela Sherer\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003cem> created original animations for the video.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Long+Are+You+Contagious+With+The+Flu%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "One Hospital's Alternatives to Opioids: Ultrasound, Laughing Gas and a Harpist",
"title": "One Hospital's Alternatives to Opioids: Ultrasound, Laughing Gas and a Harpist",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's \"Take A Number\" series is exploring problems around the world — and solutions — through the lens of a single number.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places many people are first prescribed opioids is a hospital emergency room. But in one of the busiest ERs in the U.S., doctors are relying less than they used to on oxycodone, Percocet, Vicodin and other opioids to ease patients' pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unusual program designed to help stem the opioid epidemic, the emergency department at St. Joseph's University Medical Center in Paterson, N.J., has been exploring alternative painkillers and methods. That strategy has led to a 58 percent drop in the ER's opioid prescriptions in the program's first year, according to numbers provided by St. Joseph's Healthcare System's chair of emergency medicine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acep.org/About-Us/Mark-S--Rosenberg,-DO,-MBA,-FACEP/#sm.0000ls6hgmdy4d0uqfi1p4c9s5owg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Mark Rosenberg\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=\"D1EyoUxYDMBjh1AkNfnPFboTgmJ75xNG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a complete change in philosophy, a complete change in culture in the department,\" says Rosenberg, who launched the Alternatives to Opiates program in 2016 with \u003ca href=\"https://www.stjosephshealth.org/doctors/alexis-lapietra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Alexis LaPietra\u003c/a>, the medical director of pain management in the emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the program was highlighted during a visit to the hospital by the chair of President Trump's commission to study the national opioid crisis, former New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There is a complete change in philosophy, a complete change in culture in the department.'\u003ccite>Dr. Mark Rosenberg[\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Patients are experiencing the shift in care for painful symptoms related to various diagnoses, including kidney stones, broken bones and muscle spasms. It was a muscle spasm and a deep bruise from a subsequent fall that brought Jonathan Milton, a 43-year-old forklift driver from Jersey City, N.J., hobbling into St. Joseph's ER one morning in January. A couple nights earlier, Milton was at home, lying on the floor and watching TV. He accidentally fell asleep on his left side. When he woke up the next morning, he could barely get up. From his left hip down to his leg, he says, the spasm left him feeling \"like somebody just came into that room, just kicked me and kept moving.\" Later at work, when he tried to get up into the forklift, he fell. \"I was so much in pain — tears were coming out my eyes,\" he said as he waited in a hospital chair for more instructions from his doctors. Milton has come into this ER in pain before. \"I did see from your visit you were here for that shoulder sprain,\" said LaPietra, after checking the hospital's records about Milton's 2011 visit. \"You did get opioids. You got Percocet.\" Back then, opioid painkillers were part of the emergency department's first line of offense against pain. Today, opioids are not banned, but LaPietra says sometimes the best way to reduce the pain from a muscle spasm, for example, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jospt.org/doi/full/10.2519/jospt.2013.0505?code=jospt-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry needling of a trigger point,\u003c/a> not a pill. \"Because it's so contained, it's hard for that medication to actually get into the spasm,\" she explains, adding that the dry needle can break up the muscle tissue and mechanically stop the spasm and the pain — with no medication needed. The dry needling is followed with a small injection of a local anesthetic for the soreness caused by the needle. The ER team at St. Joseph's employs a number of other pain-relieving strategies, too: using patches of lidocaine (a non-opioid painkiller); ultrasound to find nerves so they can inject numbing agents; laughing gas for patients to breathe in through a mask, and even a harpist to roam the halls to soothe patients, who are then often sent home with instructions to use ibuprofen, acetaminophen or a warm compress rather than opioids.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ucw5jA2Zx7i07huQTBHfWJwpisz3aPfv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to go back to times when things were a little more simple,\" LaPietra says. \"Those easy, at-home techniques — good patient education, really — they help a lot with some of that pain that patients have to deal with when they go home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what may sound like common sense now — in light of the increased awareness of how addictive opioids can be — still requires a major culture shift among ER doctors who have prescribed these pills for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took a little bit of getting used to,\" says Dr. Ninad Shroff, an attending physician in St. Joseph's ER. \"I've been doing this for about 20 years, so for me, it was a big change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years into the alternatives-to-opioids program, however, Shroff says during some shifts in the ER, where he mainly treats bumps, bruises and other musculoskeletal injuries, he doesn't prescribe a single opioid. He still finds that \"unbelievable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg, who runs the ER, says doctors at other hospitals nearby are noticing the shift at St. Joseph's. He says he's been asked, \"Why are all the drug users from your area coming to my emergency department?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's because they're not going to get opioids at our emergency department unless they're absolutely needed,\" Rosenberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge his program has had to work through is the cost of using alternatives to opioids. A few times, doctors had to work with pharmacists to find more affordable alternatives to the alternatives. For example, instead of prescribing lidocaine patches for patients to put on at home, doctors have switched to lidocaine ointment or cream, which is often covered by insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The insurance companies don't embrace all the alternative treatments and instead would rather frequently have us prescribe opioids because they tend to be inexpensive and readily available,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other emergency departments have rolled out alternatives to opioids at a smaller scale. But the model that St. Joseph's has developed is now being copied at other facilities, including some in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uchealth.org/today/2017/06/12/pushing-alternatives-not-opioids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCHealth system in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people now are very sensitive to the opioid epidemic,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.pcom.edu/academics/faculty/thomas-brabson.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Thomas Brabson\u003c/a>, chairman of emergency services at AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center in Atlantic City, N.J., where he launched a similar opioid-alternative program in 2016.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8kBtNC61nhAHQ1SWlSOvsNXVFujE7e2r\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pleasant feeling of the opioids was something that people presumed was what the patients wanted, and that would help with your customer service scores,\" Brabson explains, adding that now more patients are asking physicians not to prescribe any opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a change in expectations about the painkillers that you also hear from patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Don't give me that,\" says Milton, the forklift driver with a muscle spasm. \"I'd rather just keep dealing with the Motrin or the Advil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his shoulder sprain back in 2011, doctors at St. Joseph's gave Milton a dose of Percocet in the ER and more pills to take home. But during his recent visit, Dr. Jessica Lim put a patch of lidocaine on his left side and told him to take Motrin and Tylenol and to stretch at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were considering giving you a muscle relaxer,\" Lim explained to Milton, \"and I know you don't like that feeling. So we're not going to give it to you. This is even more on you to do the work yourself at home, and I know a lot of patients don't like hearing that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Milton was OK with her advice — and glad to leave the ER with no opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=ER+Reduces+Opioid+Use+By+More+Than+Half+With+Dry+Needles%2C+Laughing+Gas&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR's \"Take A Number\" series is exploring problems around the world — and solutions — through the lens of a single number.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places many people are first prescribed opioids is a hospital emergency room. But in one of the busiest ERs in the U.S., doctors are relying less than they used to on oxycodone, Percocet, Vicodin and other opioids to ease patients' pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an unusual program designed to help stem the opioid epidemic, the emergency department at St. Joseph's University Medical Center in Paterson, N.J., has been exploring alternative painkillers and methods. That strategy has led to a 58 percent drop in the ER's opioid prescriptions in the program's first year, according to numbers provided by St. Joseph's Healthcare System's chair of emergency medicine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.acep.org/About-Us/Mark-S--Rosenberg,-DO,-MBA,-FACEP/#sm.0000ls6hgmdy4d0uqfi1p4c9s5owg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Mark Rosenberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a complete change in philosophy, a complete change in culture in the department,\" says Rosenberg, who launched the Alternatives to Opiates program in 2016 with \u003ca href=\"https://www.stjosephshealth.org/doctors/alexis-lapietra\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Alexis LaPietra\u003c/a>, the medical director of pain management in the emergency department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the program was highlighted during a visit to the hospital by the chair of President Trump's commission to study the national opioid crisis, former New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There is a complete change in philosophy, a complete change in culture in the department.'\u003ccite>Dr. Mark Rosenberg[\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Patients are experiencing the shift in care for painful symptoms related to various diagnoses, including kidney stones, broken bones and muscle spasms. It was a muscle spasm and a deep bruise from a subsequent fall that brought Jonathan Milton, a 43-year-old forklift driver from Jersey City, N.J., hobbling into St. Joseph's ER one morning in January. A couple nights earlier, Milton was at home, lying on the floor and watching TV. He accidentally fell asleep on his left side. When he woke up the next morning, he could barely get up. From his left hip down to his leg, he says, the spasm left him feeling \"like somebody just came into that room, just kicked me and kept moving.\" Later at work, when he tried to get up into the forklift, he fell. \"I was so much in pain — tears were coming out my eyes,\" he said as he waited in a hospital chair for more instructions from his doctors. Milton has come into this ER in pain before. \"I did see from your visit you were here for that shoulder sprain,\" said LaPietra, after checking the hospital's records about Milton's 2011 visit. \"You did get opioids. You got Percocet.\" Back then, opioid painkillers were part of the emergency department's first line of offense against pain. Today, opioids are not banned, but LaPietra says sometimes the best way to reduce the pain from a muscle spasm, for example, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.jospt.org/doi/full/10.2519/jospt.2013.0505?code=jospt-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dry needling of a trigger point,\u003c/a> not a pill. \"Because it's so contained, it's hard for that medication to actually get into the spasm,\" she explains, adding that the dry needle can break up the muscle tissue and mechanically stop the spasm and the pain — with no medication needed. The dry needling is followed with a small injection of a local anesthetic for the soreness caused by the needle. The ER team at St. Joseph's employs a number of other pain-relieving strategies, too: using patches of lidocaine (a non-opioid painkiller); ultrasound to find nerves so they can inject numbing agents; laughing gas for patients to breathe in through a mask, and even a harpist to roam the halls to soothe patients, who are then often sent home with instructions to use ibuprofen, acetaminophen or a warm compress rather than opioids.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to go back to times when things were a little more simple,\" LaPietra says. \"Those easy, at-home techniques — good patient education, really — they help a lot with some of that pain that patients have to deal with when they go home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what may sound like common sense now — in light of the increased awareness of how addictive opioids can be — still requires a major culture shift among ER doctors who have prescribed these pills for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It took a little bit of getting used to,\" says Dr. Ninad Shroff, an attending physician in St. Joseph's ER. \"I've been doing this for about 20 years, so for me, it was a big change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years into the alternatives-to-opioids program, however, Shroff says during some shifts in the ER, where he mainly treats bumps, bruises and other musculoskeletal injuries, he doesn't prescribe a single opioid. He still finds that \"unbelievable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosenberg, who runs the ER, says doctors at other hospitals nearby are noticing the shift at St. Joseph's. He says he's been asked, \"Why are all the drug users from your area coming to my emergency department?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's because they're not going to get opioids at our emergency department unless they're absolutely needed,\" Rosenberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One challenge his program has had to work through is the cost of using alternatives to opioids. A few times, doctors had to work with pharmacists to find more affordable alternatives to the alternatives. For example, instead of prescribing lidocaine patches for patients to put on at home, doctors have switched to lidocaine ointment or cream, which is often covered by insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The insurance companies don't embrace all the alternative treatments and instead would rather frequently have us prescribe opioids because they tend to be inexpensive and readily available,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other emergency departments have rolled out alternatives to opioids at a smaller scale. But the model that St. Joseph's has developed is now being copied at other facilities, including some in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uchealth.org/today/2017/06/12/pushing-alternatives-not-opioids/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCHealth system in Colorado\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of people now are very sensitive to the opioid epidemic,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.pcom.edu/academics/faculty/thomas-brabson.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Thomas Brabson\u003c/a>, chairman of emergency services at AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center in Atlantic City, N.J., where he launched a similar opioid-alternative program in 2016.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pleasant feeling of the opioids was something that people presumed was what the patients wanted, and that would help with your customer service scores,\" Brabson explains, adding that now more patients are asking physicians not to prescribe any opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a change in expectations about the painkillers that you also hear from patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Don't give me that,\" says Milton, the forklift driver with a muscle spasm. \"I'd rather just keep dealing with the Motrin or the Advil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his shoulder sprain back in 2011, doctors at St. Joseph's gave Milton a dose of Percocet in the ER and more pills to take home. But during his recent visit, Dr. Jessica Lim put a patch of lidocaine on his left side and told him to take Motrin and Tylenol and to stretch at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were considering giving you a muscle relaxer,\" Lim explained to Milton, \"and I know you don't like that feeling. So we're not going to give it to you. This is even more on you to do the work yourself at home, and I know a lot of patients don't like hearing that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Milton was OK with her advice — and glad to leave the ER with no opioids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=ER+Reduces+Opioid+Use+By+More+Than+Half+With+Dry+Needles%2C+Laughing+Gas&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There is not a clear winner in the battle between low-fat or low-carb diets, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673150?redirect=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Tuesday in JAMA. The study, from Stanford University researchers, found that the nutritional value of foods is more important to weight loss than whether you exclude fats or carbohydrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers monitored the diets of more than 600 overweight adults. Even though the subjects did not focus on cutting calories, they lost an average of about 12 pounds over the course of a year. The weight changes ranged from a reduction of 60 pounds to a gain of 15.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study randomly assigned participants to reduce fat or carbohydrate intake. Subjects were not provided with food. Rather, they sat through 22 health education classes, where they learned how to shop, cook and dine nutritiously. They were also encouraged to be physically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight, regardless of whether they followed a low-carb or low-fat diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The results, based on self-reports from the study subjects, showed that both the low-carb and low-fat groups reduced their daily calorie intake by an average of about 500 calories. Being assigned to the low-carb or low-fat group didn't affect the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not All Calories Are the Same\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did matter across both groups was the type of carbohydrates or fats participants consumed: Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without focusing on calorie restriction,” said lead author Christopher Gardner in an email, “Our participants reported achieving calorie restriction, and in fact lost weight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially participants felt more satiated by eating a healthier diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you reduce starch and sugar and you increase minimally processed healthful foods like vegetables, weight will go down naturally,\" said Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist and nutrition expert\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>at Tufts University who is not connected to the study\u003cstrong>.\" \u003c/strong>About 10 pounds a year, which is pretty substantial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results add to a growing body of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">research\u003c/a> calling fad diets into question. Scientists have yet to corroborate any alleged silver bullet for losing weight, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476868\">studies\u003c/a> have found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">negligible differences\u003c/a> in reducing capabilities between low-carb and low-fat diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mozaffarian specifically questions the mantra that all carbs are bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The carbs that we should be avoiding are those that come in high doses and are digested very quickly, what you might call fast carbs,\" he says. He recommends tossing out refined flours, potatoes and sugars and stocking up on fruits, beans and minimally processed whole grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health outcomes of the participants also improved by changing what they ate. Body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin went down for both the low-fat and the low-carb groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precision Medicine Takes a Hit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the study, participants underwent analysis to identify genetic variations that are linked to how the body processes fats or carbohydrates, which the researchers thought would make each individual more likely to lose weight on a low-fat or low-carb diet. Previous research had suggested that genes could interact with different types of diets to influence weight loss. The participants' insulin levels were also taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"lR73EJFQlezW1NDSbIIGP6dv8VCGeXmF\"]But neither their genetic makeup nor insulin resistance mattered in how successful the participants were in losing weight, the study found. These results suggest that “precision medicine is not as important as eating mindfully [and] getting rid of packaged, processed food,” said lead author Christopher Gardner. To achieve the former, he recommends avoiding screens while dining, shopping at farmers markets and sitting down for meals with friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Experts Weigh In\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was well-conducted, says Dr. David Ludwig, a Boston Children’s Hospital obesity researcher. But because participants were not provided with specific foods and self-reported their choices, he says, it wasn’t rigorous enough to disprove the idea that certain genes and insulin levels may affect which types of diets lead to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Frank Hu, nutrition chief at Harvard’s School of Public Health who has called precision nutrition a promising approach, says the study wasn’t a comprehensive test of all gene variations that might affect individual responses to weight loss diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In any weight loss diets, adherence to the diet and the overall quality of the diet are probably more important than any other factors,” Hu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still On The Hunt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers plan to continue combing through the data to see if other biological factors, such as those linked to individual microbiomes or to epigenetics, for example, impacted the results. Gardener has a hunch that one key factor is satiety: Some people might feel full after eating a bowl of steel cut oats for breakfast, for instance, while others still feel hungry. Meanwhile, the same people unsatiated by oatmeal might do better with eggs and an avocado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the next level of personalization is really thinking about which good carbs and which good fat foods are more satiating for some people than others,\" Gardner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report and the content has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is not a clear winner in the battle between low-fat or low-carb diets, according to a new \u003ca href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673150?redirect=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> published Tuesday in JAMA. The study, from Stanford University researchers, found that the nutritional value of foods is more important to weight loss than whether you exclude fats or carbohydrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers monitored the diets of more than 600 overweight adults. Even though the subjects did not focus on cutting calories, they lost an average of about 12 pounds over the course of a year. The weight changes ranged from a reduction of 60 pounds to a gain of 15.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study randomly assigned participants to reduce fat or carbohydrate intake. Subjects were not provided with food. Rather, they sat through 22 health education classes, where they learned how to shop, cook and dine nutritiously. They were also encouraged to be physically active.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight, regardless of whether they followed a low-carb or low-fat diet.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The results, based on self-reports from the study subjects, showed that both the low-carb and low-fat groups reduced their daily calorie intake by an average of about 500 calories. Being assigned to the low-carb or low-fat group didn't affect the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not All Calories Are the Same\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did matter across both groups was the type of carbohydrates or fats participants consumed: Those who ate the fewest processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats while eating the most vegetables lost the most weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without focusing on calorie restriction,” said lead author Christopher Gardner in an email, “Our participants reported achieving calorie restriction, and in fact lost weight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially participants felt more satiated by eating a healthier diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you reduce starch and sugar and you increase minimally processed healthful foods like vegetables, weight will go down naturally,\" said Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist and nutrition expert\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>at Tufts University who is not connected to the study\u003cstrong>.\" \u003c/strong>About 10 pounds a year, which is pretty substantial.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results add to a growing body of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">research\u003c/a> calling fad diets into question. Scientists have yet to corroborate any alleged silver bullet for losing weight, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476868\">studies\u003c/a> have found \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182101\">negligible differences\u003c/a> in reducing capabilities between low-carb and low-fat diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mozaffarian specifically questions the mantra that all carbs are bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The carbs that we should be avoiding are those that come in high doses and are digested very quickly, what you might call fast carbs,\" he says. He recommends tossing out refined flours, potatoes and sugars and stocking up on fruits, beans and minimally processed whole grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The health outcomes of the participants also improved by changing what they ate. Body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin went down for both the low-fat and the low-carb groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Precision Medicine Takes a Hit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the beginning of the study, participants underwent analysis to identify genetic variations that are linked to how the body processes fats or carbohydrates, which the researchers thought would make each individual more likely to lose weight on a low-fat or low-carb diet. Previous research had suggested that genes could interact with different types of diets to influence weight loss. The participants' insulin levels were also taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But neither their genetic makeup nor insulin resistance mattered in how successful the participants were in losing weight, the study found. These results suggest that “precision medicine is not as important as eating mindfully [and] getting rid of packaged, processed food,” said lead author Christopher Gardner. To achieve the former, he recommends avoiding screens while dining, shopping at farmers markets and sitting down for meals with friends and family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Experts Weigh In\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was well-conducted, says Dr. David Ludwig, a Boston Children’s Hospital obesity researcher. But because participants were not provided with specific foods and self-reported their choices, he says, it wasn’t rigorous enough to disprove the idea that certain genes and insulin levels may affect which types of diets lead to weight loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Frank Hu, nutrition chief at Harvard’s School of Public Health who has called precision nutrition a promising approach, says the study wasn’t a comprehensive test of all gene variations that might affect individual responses to weight loss diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In any weight loss diets, adherence to the diet and the overall quality of the diet are probably more important than any other factors,” Hu says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still On The Hunt\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers plan to continue combing through the data to see if other biological factors, such as those linked to individual microbiomes or to epigenetics, for example, impacted the results. Gardener has a hunch that one key factor is satiety: Some people might feel full after eating a bowl of steel cut oats for breakfast, for instance, while others still feel hungry. Meanwhile, the same people unsatiated by oatmeal might do better with eggs and an avocado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the next level of personalization is really thinking about which good carbs and which good fat foods are more satiating for some people than others,\" Gardner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Associated Press contributed to this report and the content has been edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first treatment to help prevent serious allergic reactions to peanuts may be on the way. A company said Tuesday that its daily capsules of peanut powder helped children build tolerance in a major study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of children are allergic to peanuts, and some may have life-threatening reactions if accidentally exposed to them. Doctors have been testing daily doses of peanut, contained in a capsule and sprinkled over food, as a way to prevent that by gradually getting them used to very small amounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6o2IaUBwIg8Obmr6RFPhlpD8stOqSrBc\"]California-based Aimmune Therapeutics said 67 percent of kids who had its experimental treatment were able to tolerate the equivalent of roughly two peanuts at the end of the study, compared to only 4 percent of others given a dummy powder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a big warning: Don’t try this at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s potentially dangerous,” said Dr. Stacie Jones, a University of Arkansas allergy specialist. “This is investigational. It has to be done in a very safe setting” to make sure kids can be treated fast for any bad reactions that occur, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones helped lead the study, consults for the company, and will give the results at an allergy conference next month. The results have not yet been reviewed by independent experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'But a big warning: Don’t try this at home.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study involved nearly 500 kids ages 4 to 17 with allergies so severe that they had reactions to as little as a tenth of a peanut. They were given either capsules of peanut or a dummy powder in gradually increasing amounts for six months, then continued on that final level for another six months. Neither the participants nor their doctors knew who was getting what until the study ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 20 percent of kids getting the peanut powder dropped out of the study, 12 percent due to reactions or other problems. The product showed “overall good safety,” Jones said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exciting,” said Dr. Stacy Dorris of Vanderbilt University who had no role in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a way to potentially protect people who are allergic from having a severe or even fatal reaction. But it’s not a cure ... we don’t know what would happen if they stop or discontinue” treatment, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dorris said she would consider trying it for her 8-year-old daughter who has a peanut allergy, but said the study’s drop-out rate shows that “this is not for everybody. Some people are going to have too many side effects for them to be able to take this daily dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1FdKdM0ng11PNH1Y43ms124tXvBs2ipY\"]Dr. Andrew Bird, an allergy specialist at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, also consults for the company and had patients in the study. The treatment doesn’t allow kids to eat peanuts as if they had no allergy, but research suggests that being able to tolerate at least one peanut should protect 95 percent of them from having a reaction if they are exposed to peanuts, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be a relief to Cathy Heald, a Dallas mom whose 10-year-old son, Charlie, was in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to teach him that he has to ask about everything he eats from a very early age,” she said. “He’s described it as living in a cage, watching other people get to eat what they want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie was assigned to the group given fake peanut powder but has been able to get the real thing since the study ended, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aimmune plans to seek U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment later this year and in Europe early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s chief executive has said he expects the first six months of treatment to cost $5,000 to $10,000, and $300 to $400 a month after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thinking about peanut allergies has changed in recent years, and experts now think early exposure helps prevent them from forming. Last year, the National Institutes of Health issued new advice, saying most babies should get peanut-containing foods starting around 6 months, in age-appropriate forms like watered-down peanut butter or peanut puffs — not whole peanuts because those are a choking hazard.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones helped lead the study, consults for the company, and will give the results at an allergy conference next month. The results have not yet been reviewed by independent experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'But a big warning: Don’t try this at home.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study involved nearly 500 kids ages 4 to 17 with allergies so severe that they had reactions to as little as a tenth of a peanut. They were given either capsules of peanut or a dummy powder in gradually increasing amounts for six months, then continued on that final level for another six months. Neither the participants nor their doctors knew who was getting what until the study ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 20 percent of kids getting the peanut powder dropped out of the study, 12 percent due to reactions or other problems. The product showed “overall good safety,” Jones said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exciting,” said Dr. Stacy Dorris of Vanderbilt University who had no role in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a way to potentially protect people who are allergic from having a severe or even fatal reaction. But it’s not a cure ... we don’t know what would happen if they stop or discontinue” treatment, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dorris said she would consider trying it for her 8-year-old daughter who has a peanut allergy, but said the study’s drop-out rate shows that “this is not for everybody. Some people are going to have too many side effects for them to be able to take this daily dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dr. Andrew Bird, an allergy specialist at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, also consults for the company and had patients in the study. The treatment doesn’t allow kids to eat peanuts as if they had no allergy, but research suggests that being able to tolerate at least one peanut should protect 95 percent of them from having a reaction if they are exposed to peanuts, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be a relief to Cathy Heald, a Dallas mom whose 10-year-old son, Charlie, was in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to teach him that he has to ask about everything he eats from a very early age,” she said. “He’s described it as living in a cage, watching other people get to eat what they want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie was assigned to the group given fake peanut powder but has been able to get the real thing since the study ended, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aimmune plans to seek U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment later this year and in Europe early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s chief executive has said he expects the first six months of treatment to cost $5,000 to $10,000, and $300 to $400 a month after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thinking about peanut allergies has changed in recent years, and experts now think early exposure helps prevent them from forming. Last year, the National Institutes of Health issued new advice, saying most babies should get peanut-containing foods starting around 6 months, in age-appropriate forms like watered-down peanut butter or peanut puffs — not whole peanuts because those are a choking hazard.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 1984, two men were thinking a lot about the Internet. One of them invented it. The other is an artist who would see its impact on society with uncanny prescience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First is the man often called \"the father of the Internet,\" Vint Cerf. Between the early 1970s and early '80s, he led a team of scientists supported by research from the Defense Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Cerf was trying to create an Internet through which scientists and academics from all over the world could share data and research.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nblBe7CsoTPaiW1KqM5QmbwTNSC3H5BF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, one day in 1988, Cerf says he went to a conference for commercial vendors where they were selling products for the Internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just stood there thinking,'My God! Somebody thinks they're going to make money out of the Internet.'\" Cerf was surprised and happy. \"I was a big proponent of that. My friends in the community thought I was nuts. 'Why would you let the unwashed masses get access to the Internet?' And I said, 'Because I want everybody to take advantage of its capability.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly, Cerf is an optimist. That is what allowed him to dream big. But, in retrospect, some of the decisions his team made seem hopelessly naive, especially for a bunch of geniuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They made it possible to surf the Internet anonymously — unlike a telephone, you don't have a unique number that announces who you are. We know how that turned out. People with less lofty ambitions than Cerf used that loophole for cybercrime, international espionage and online harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerf admits all that dark stuff never crossed his mind. \"And we have to cope with that — I mean, welcome to the real world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a way, why would Cerf have imagined all this? He was a scientist deeply engaged in solving a great technical problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The first people to embrace a technology are the first to lose the ability to see it objectively.'\u003ccite>William Gibson, science ficton author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While Cerf and his colleagues were busy inventing, the young aspiring science fiction writer William Gibson was looking for a place to set his first novel. Gibson was living in Seattle, and he had friends who worked in the budding tech industry. They told him about computers and the Internet, \"and I was sitting with a yellow legal pad trying to come up with trippy names for a new arena in which science fiction could be staged.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The name Gibson came up with: cyberspace. And for a guy who had never seen it, he did a great job describing it in that 1984 book, Neuromancer: \"A graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow Gibson was able to imagine the potential scale of it — all those computers connected together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He likes to tell a story about how TV changed New York City neighborhoods in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But, it isn't just the Internet that Gibson saw coming. In Neuromancer, the Internet has become dominated by huge multinational corporations fighting off hackers. The main character is a washed-up criminal hacker who goes to work for an ex-military officer to regain his glory. And get this: The ex-military guy is deeply involved in cyber-espionage between the U.S. and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gibson says he didn't need to try a computer or see the Internet to imagine this future. \"The first people to embrace a technology are the first to lose the ability to see it objectively,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he's more interested in how people behave around new technologies. He likes to tell a story about how TV changed New York City neighborhoods in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fewer people sat out on the stoops at night and talked to their neighbors, and it was because everyone was inside watching television,\" he says. \"No one really noticed it at the time as a kind of epochal event, which I think it was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of covering Silicon Valley and speaking with brilliant inventors, I found Gibson's point a revelation. Our tech entrepreneurs are focused almost exclusively on how their devices will be used by individuals — not how those devices will change society. They want to make things that are addictive and entertaining. That is why I've started to take science fiction more seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the sci-fi artists looking at today's latest technologies is Charlie Brooker, the creator and writer of the Netflix show Black Mirror.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nOxm7zJXLqy0QKUKEZVE0LQZOwjokrCq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooker has a certain amount of frustration with the leaders in tech. \"It's felt like tech companies have for years just put this stuff out there,\" he says. \"And they distance themselves from the effects of their product effectively by saying, 'Oh, we're just offering a service.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooker sees each new technology more like an untested drug waiting to launch us on a very bad trip. 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He knows he could never be one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I could scarcely have invented the shoe,\" Brooker says. \"I'd be worrying that that would restrict your feet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a kind of optimism that it takes to be an inventor. But the father of the Internet thinks inventors need the artists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's the mind-stretching practice of trying to think what the implications of technology will be that makes me enjoy science fiction,\" Cerf says. \"It teaches me that when you're inventing something you should try to think about what the consequences might be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The artists are the ones who recognize a fundamental truth: Human nature hasn't changed much since Shakespeare's time, no matter what fancy new tools you give us.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly, Cerf is an optimist. That is what allowed him to dream big. But, in retrospect, some of the decisions his team made seem hopelessly naive, especially for a bunch of geniuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They made it possible to surf the Internet anonymously — unlike a telephone, you don't have a unique number that announces who you are. We know how that turned out. People with less lofty ambitions than Cerf used that loophole for cybercrime, international espionage and online harassment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerf admits all that dark stuff never crossed his mind. \"And we have to cope with that — I mean, welcome to the real world,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a way, why would Cerf have imagined all this? 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And get this: The ex-military guy is deeply involved in cyber-espionage between the U.S. and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gibson says he didn't need to try a computer or see the Internet to imagine this future. \"The first people to embrace a technology are the first to lose the ability to see it objectively,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he's more interested in how people behave around new technologies. He likes to tell a story about how TV changed New York City neighborhoods in the 1940s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fewer people sat out on the stoops at night and talked to their neighbors, and it was because everyone was inside watching television,\" he says. \"No one really noticed it at the time as a kind of epochal event, which I think it was.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of covering Silicon Valley and speaking with brilliant inventors, I found Gibson's point a revelation. Our tech entrepreneurs are focused almost exclusively on how their devices will be used by individuals — not how those devices will change society. They want to make things that are addictive and entertaining. That is why I've started to take science fiction more seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the sci-fi artists looking at today's latest technologies is Charlie Brooker, the creator and writer of the Netflix show Black Mirror.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooker has a certain amount of frustration with the leaders in tech. \"It's felt like tech companies have for years just put this stuff out there,\" he says. \"And they distance themselves from the effects of their product effectively by saying, 'Oh, we're just offering a service.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brooker sees each new technology more like an untested drug waiting to launch us on a very bad trip. 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"content": "\u003cp>\"Whatever your job is the chances are that one of these machines can do it faster or better than you can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not a 2018 headline about self-driving cars or one of IBM’s new supercomputers. Instead, it was published by the \u003ca href=\"https://issuu.com/bloomsburypublishing/docs/electronic_dreams_extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Daily Mirror\u003c/em> in 1955\u003c/a>, when a computer took as much space as a large kitchen and had less power than a pocket calculator. They were called “electronic brains” back then, and evoked both hope and fear. And more than 20 years later, little had changed: In a \u003ca href=\"http://podplayer.net/#/?id=9183280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1978 BBC documentary\u003c/a> about silicon chips, one commentator argued that “They are the reason why Japan is abandoning its shipbuilding and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Artificial intelligence hype is not new\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If one types “artificial intelligence” (AI) on Google Books’ Ngram Viewer – a tool that allows us to check how often a term was printed in a book between 1800 and 2008 – we can \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=artificial+intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clearly see\u003c/a> that our modern-day hype, optimism and deep concern about AI are by no means a novelty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206209/original/file-20180213-44630-8tobd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"333\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of AI is a long series of booms and busts. The first “AI spring” took place between 1956 and 1974, with pioneers such as the young \u003ca href=\"https://web.media.mit.edu/%7Eminsky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marvin Minsky\u003c/a>. This was followed by the “first AI winter” (1974-1980), when disillusion with the gap between \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/what-is-machine-learning-76759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">machine learning\u003c/a> and human cognitive capacities first led to disinvestment and disinterest in the topic. A second boom (1980-1987) was followed by another “winter” (1987-2001). Since the 2000s we’ve been surfing the third “AI spring”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of reasons to believe this latest wave of interest for AI is going to be more durable. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-trends-in-the-gartner-hype-cycle-for-emerging-technologies-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Gartner Research\u003c/a>, technologies typically go from a “peak of inflated expectations” through a “trough of disillusionment” until they finally reach a “plateau of productivity”. AI-intensive technologies such as virtual assistants, the Internet of Things, smart robots and augmented data discovery are about to reach the peak. \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/deep-learning-and-neural-networks-77259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep learning\u003c/a>, machine learning and cognitive expert advisors are expected to reach the plateau of mainstream applications in two to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Narrow intelligence\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We finally seem to have enough computing power to credibly develop what is called “narrow AI”, of which all the aforementioned technologies are an example. These are not to be confused with “artificial general intelligence” (AGI), which scientist and futurologist Ray Kurzweil called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kurzweilai.net/are-we-spiritual-machines-ray-kurzweil-critics-strong-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“strong AI.”\u003c/a> Some of the most advanced AI systems to date, such as IBM’s Watson supercomputer or \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/alphago-google-ai-beats-ke-jie-china-go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google’s AlphaGo\u003c/a>, are examples of narrow AI. They can be trained to perform complex tasks such as identifying cancerous skin patterns or playing the ancient Chinese strategy game of Go. They are very far, however, from being capable to do everyday general intelligence tasks such as gardening, arguing or inventing a children’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cautionary prophecies of visionaries like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_on_Artificial_Intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk, Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking\u003c/a> against AI really are meant as an early warning against the dangers of AGI, but that is not something our children will be confronted with. Their immediate partners will be of the narrow AI kind. The future of labor depends on how well we equip them to use computers as cognitive partners .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hype cycle for emerging technologies\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206206/original/file-20180213-44627-13cbbah.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"480\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Better together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Garry Kasparov – the chess grandmaster who was \u003ca href=\"http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue computer in 1997\u003c/a> – calls this human-machine cooperation “augmented intelligence.” He compares this “augmentation” to the mythic image of a centaur: combine a quadruped’s horsepower with the intuition of a human mind. To illustrate the potential of centaurs, he describes a freestyle chess tournament in 2005 in which any combination of human-machine teams was possible. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/02/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/\">In his words\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The winner was revealed to be not a grandmaster with a state-of-the-art PC but a pair of amateur American chess players using three computers at the same time. Their skill at manipulating and ‘coaching’ their computers to look very deeply into positions effectively counteracted the superior chess understanding of their grand-master opponents and the greater computational power of other participants. Weak human + machine + better process was superior to a strong computer alone and, more remarkably, superior to a strong human + machine + inferior process. Human strategic guidance combined with the tactical acuity of a computer was overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Human-machine cognitive partnerships can amplify what each partner does best: humans are great at making intuitive and creative decisions based on \u003cem>knowledge\u003c/em> while computers are good at sifting through large amounts of data to produce information that will feed into human knowledge and decision making. We use this combination of narrow AI and human unique cognitive and motor skills every day, often without realising it. A few examples:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using Internet search engines to find content (videos, images, articles) that will be helpful in preparing for a school assignment. Then combining them in creative ways in a multimedia slide presentation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using a translation algorithm to produce a first draft of a document in a different language, then manually improving the style and grammar of the final document.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Driving a car to an unknown destination using a smartphone GPS application to navigate through alternative routes based on real-time traffic information;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Relying on a movie-streaming platform to shortlist films you are going to appreciate based on your recent history; making the final choice based on mood, social context, serendipity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Netflix is a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.kissmetrics.com/how-netflix-uses-analytics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great example\u003c/a> of this collaboration at its best. By using machine-learning algorithms to analyze how often and how long people watch their content, they can determine how engaging each story component is to certain audiences. This information is used by screenwriters, producers and directors to better understand what and how to create new content. Virtual-reality technology allows content creators to experiment with different storytelling perspectives before they ever shoot a single scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, architects can rely on computers to adjust the functional aspects of their work. Software engineers can focus on the overall systems structure while machines provide ready-to-use code snippets and libraries to speed up the process. Marketers rely on big data and visualisation tools to determine how to better understand customer needs and develop better products and services. None of these tasks could be accomplished by AI without human guidance. Conversely, human creativity and productivity have been enormously leveraged by this AI support, allowing to achieve better quality solutions at lower costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Losses and gains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As innovation accelerates, thousands of jobs \u003cem>will\u003c/em> disappear, just as it has happened in the previous cycles of industrial revolutions. Machines powered by narrow AI algorithms can already perform certain 3-D tasks (“dull, dirty and dangerous”) much better than humans. This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they don’t acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities. We must learn from the previous waves of creative destruction if we are to mitigate human suffering and increasing inequality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some statistics indicate that as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/02/driverless-cars-will-kill-the-most-jobs-in-select-us-states.html\">3 percent of the population\u003c/a> in developed countries work as drivers. When automated cars become a reality in the next 15 to 25 years, we must offer people who will be \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment\">“structurally unemployed”\u003c/a> some sort of compensation income, training and repositioning opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/your-money/half-a-century-later-economists-creative-destruction-theory-is.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schumpeterian waves of destructive innovation\u003c/a> also create jobs. History has shown that disruptive innovations are not always a zero-sum game. On the long run, the loss of low-added-value jobs to machines can have a positive impact in the overall quality of life of most workers. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.aei.org/publication/what-atms-bank-tellers-rise-robots-and-jobs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATM paradox\u003c/a> is a good example of this. As the use of automatic teller machines spread in the 1980s and ‘90s, many predicted massive unemployment in the banking sector. Instead, ATMs created more jobs as the cost of opening new agencies decreased. The number of agencies multiplied, as did the portfolio of banking products. Thanks to automation, going to the bank offers a much better customer experience than in previous decades. And the jobs in the industry became better paid and were of better quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar phenomenon happened with the textile industry in the 19th century. Better human-machine coordination leveraged productivity and created customer value, increasing the overall market size and creating new employment opportunities. Likewise, we may predict that as low-quality jobs continue to disappear, AI-assisted jobs will emerge to fulfill the increasing demand for more productive, ecological and creative products. More productivity may mean shorter work weeks and more time for family and entertainment, which may lead to more sustainable forms of value creation and, ultimately, more jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Adapting to the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This optimist scenario assumes, however, that education systems will do a better job of preparing our children to become good at what humans do best: creative and critical thinking. Less learning-by-heart (after all, most information is one Google search away) and more learning-by-doing. Fewer clerical skills and more philosophical insights about human nature and how to cater to its infinite needs for art and culture. As Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs \u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/20/the-top-20-most-inspiring-steve-jobs-quotes/\">famously said\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“What made the Macintosh great was that the people working on it were musicians and poets and artists and zoologists and historians who also happened to be the best computer scientists in the world.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To become creative and critical thinkers, our children will need knowledge and wisdom more than raw data points. They need to ask “why?”, “how?” and “what if?” more often than “what?”, who?“ and \"when?” And they must construct this knowledge by relying on databases as cognitive partners as soon as they learn how to read and write. Constructivist methods such as the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-the-hybrid-classroom-and-is-it-the-future-of-education-37611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“flipped classroom”\u003c/a> approach are a good step in that direction. In flipped classrooms, students are told to search for specific contents on the web at home and to come to class ready to apply what they learned in a collaborative project supervised by the teacher. Thus they do their “homework” (exercise) in class and they have web “lectures” at home, optimising class time to do what computers cannot help them to do: create, develop and apply complex ideas collaboratively with their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91672/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">Thus, the future of human-machine collaboration looks less like the scenario in the \u003cem>Terminator\u003c/em> movies and more like a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG7DGMgfOb8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Minority Report\u003c/em>\u003c/a>-style of “augmented intelligence”. There will be jobs if we adapt the education system to equip our children to do what humans are good at: to think critically and creatively, to develop knowledge and wisdom, to appreciate and create beautiful works of art. That does not mean it will be a painless transition. Machines and automation will likely take away millions of low-quality jobs as it has happened in the past. But better-quality jobs will likely replace them, requiring less physical effort and shorter hours to deliver better results. At least until artificial general intelligence becomes a reality – then all bets are off. But this will likely be our great-grandchildren’s problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/marcos-lima-221766\">Marcos Lima\u003c/a>, Responsable de la filière Marketing Innovation and Distribution, EMLV (Ecole de Management Léonard de Vinci), \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/pole-leonard-de-vinci-ugei-2391\">Pôle Léonard de Vinci – UGEI\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/no-artificial-intelligence-wont-steal-your-childrens-jobs-it-will-make-them-more-creative-and-productive-91672\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Whatever your job is the chances are that one of these machines can do it faster or better than you can.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, this is not a 2018 headline about self-driving cars or one of IBM’s new supercomputers. Instead, it was published by the \u003ca href=\"https://issuu.com/bloomsburypublishing/docs/electronic_dreams_extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Daily Mirror\u003c/em> in 1955\u003c/a>, when a computer took as much space as a large kitchen and had less power than a pocket calculator. They were called “electronic brains” back then, and evoked both hope and fear. And more than 20 years later, little had changed: In a \u003ca href=\"http://podplayer.net/#/?id=9183280\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1978 BBC documentary\u003c/a> about silicon chips, one commentator argued that “They are the reason why Japan is abandoning its shipbuilding and why our children will grow up without jobs to go to.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Artificial intelligence hype is not new\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If one types “artificial intelligence” (AI) on Google Books’ Ngram Viewer – a tool that allows us to check how often a term was printed in a book between 1800 and 2008 – we can \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=artificial+intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clearly see\u003c/a> that our modern-day hype, optimism and deep concern about AI are by no means a novelty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206209/original/file-20180213-44630-8tobd.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"333\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of AI is a long series of booms and busts. The first “AI spring” took place between 1956 and 1974, with pioneers such as the young \u003ca href=\"https://web.media.mit.edu/%7Eminsky/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marvin Minsky\u003c/a>. This was followed by the “first AI winter” (1974-1980), when disillusion with the gap between \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/what-is-machine-learning-76759\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">machine learning\u003c/a> and human cognitive capacities first led to disinvestment and disinterest in the topic. A second boom (1980-1987) was followed by another “winter” (1987-2001). Since the 2000s we’ve been surfing the third “AI spring”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of reasons to believe this latest wave of interest for AI is going to be more durable. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-trends-in-the-gartner-hype-cycle-for-emerging-technologies-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Gartner Research\u003c/a>, technologies typically go from a “peak of inflated expectations” through a “trough of disillusionment” until they finally reach a “plateau of productivity”. AI-intensive technologies such as virtual assistants, the Internet of Things, smart robots and augmented data discovery are about to reach the peak. \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/deep-learning-and-neural-networks-77259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep learning\u003c/a>, machine learning and cognitive expert advisors are expected to reach the plateau of mainstream applications in two to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Narrow intelligence\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>We finally seem to have enough computing power to credibly develop what is called “narrow AI”, of which all the aforementioned technologies are an example. These are not to be confused with “artificial general intelligence” (AGI), which scientist and futurologist Ray Kurzweil called \u003ca href=\"http://www.kurzweilai.net/are-we-spiritual-machines-ray-kurzweil-critics-strong-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“strong AI.”\u003c/a> Some of the most advanced AI systems to date, such as IBM’s Watson supercomputer or \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/alphago-google-ai-beats-ke-jie-china-go\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google’s AlphaGo\u003c/a>, are examples of narrow AI. They can be trained to perform complex tasks such as identifying cancerous skin patterns or playing the ancient Chinese strategy game of Go. They are very far, however, from being capable to do everyday general intelligence tasks such as gardening, arguing or inventing a children’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cautionary prophecies of visionaries like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_on_Artificial_Intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elon Musk, Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking\u003c/a> against AI really are meant as an early warning against the dangers of AGI, but that is not something our children will be confronted with. Their immediate partners will be of the narrow AI kind. The future of labor depends on how well we equip them to use computers as cognitive partners .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hype cycle for emerging technologies\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https://images.theconversation.com/files/206206/original/file-20180213-44627-13cbbah.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip\" alt=\"\" width=\"754\" height=\"480\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Better together\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Garry Kasparov – the chess grandmaster who was \u003ca href=\"http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue computer in 1997\u003c/a> – calls this human-machine cooperation “augmented intelligence.” He compares this “augmentation” to the mythic image of a centaur: combine a quadruped’s horsepower with the intuition of a human mind. To illustrate the potential of centaurs, he describes a freestyle chess tournament in 2005 in which any combination of human-machine teams was possible. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/02/11/the-chess-master-and-the-computer/\">In his words\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The winner was revealed to be not a grandmaster with a state-of-the-art PC but a pair of amateur American chess players using three computers at the same time. Their skill at manipulating and ‘coaching’ their computers to look very deeply into positions effectively counteracted the superior chess understanding of their grand-master opponents and the greater computational power of other participants. Weak human + machine + better process was superior to a strong computer alone and, more remarkably, superior to a strong human + machine + inferior process. Human strategic guidance combined with the tactical acuity of a computer was overwhelming.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Human-machine cognitive partnerships can amplify what each partner does best: humans are great at making intuitive and creative decisions based on \u003cem>knowledge\u003c/em> while computers are good at sifting through large amounts of data to produce information that will feed into human knowledge and decision making. We use this combination of narrow AI and human unique cognitive and motor skills every day, often without realising it. A few examples:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using Internet search engines to find content (videos, images, articles) that will be helpful in preparing for a school assignment. Then combining them in creative ways in a multimedia slide presentation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Using a translation algorithm to produce a first draft of a document in a different language, then manually improving the style and grammar of the final document.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Driving a car to an unknown destination using a smartphone GPS application to navigate through alternative routes based on real-time traffic information;\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Relying on a movie-streaming platform to shortlist films you are going to appreciate based on your recent history; making the final choice based on mood, social context, serendipity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Netflix is a \u003ca href=\"https://blog.kissmetrics.com/how-netflix-uses-analytics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great example\u003c/a> of this collaboration at its best. By using machine-learning algorithms to analyze how often and how long people watch their content, they can determine how engaging each story component is to certain audiences. This information is used by screenwriters, producers and directors to better understand what and how to create new content. Virtual-reality technology allows content creators to experiment with different storytelling perspectives before they ever shoot a single scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, architects can rely on computers to adjust the functional aspects of their work. Software engineers can focus on the overall systems structure while machines provide ready-to-use code snippets and libraries to speed up the process. Marketers rely on big data and visualisation tools to determine how to better understand customer needs and develop better products and services. None of these tasks could be accomplished by AI without human guidance. Conversely, human creativity and productivity have been enormously leveraged by this AI support, allowing to achieve better quality solutions at lower costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Losses and gains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As innovation accelerates, thousands of jobs \u003cem>will\u003c/em> disappear, just as it has happened in the previous cycles of industrial revolutions. Machines powered by narrow AI algorithms can already perform certain 3-D tasks (“dull, dirty and dangerous”) much better than humans. This may create enormous pain for those who are losing their jobs over the next few years, particularly if they don’t acquire the computer-related skills that would enable them to find more creative opportunities. We must learn from the previous waves of creative destruction if we are to mitigate human suffering and increasing inequality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some statistics indicate that as much as \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/02/driverless-cars-will-kill-the-most-jobs-in-select-us-states.html\">3 percent of the population\u003c/a> in developed countries work as drivers. When automated cars become a reality in the next 15 to 25 years, we must offer people who will be \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment\">“structurally unemployed”\u003c/a> some sort of compensation income, training and repositioning opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/your-money/half-a-century-later-economists-creative-destruction-theory-is.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schumpeterian waves of destructive innovation\u003c/a> also create jobs. History has shown that disruptive innovations are not always a zero-sum game. On the long run, the loss of low-added-value jobs to machines can have a positive impact in the overall quality of life of most workers. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.aei.org/publication/what-atms-bank-tellers-rise-robots-and-jobs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATM paradox\u003c/a> is a good example of this. As the use of automatic teller machines spread in the 1980s and ‘90s, many predicted massive unemployment in the banking sector. Instead, ATMs created more jobs as the cost of opening new agencies decreased. The number of agencies multiplied, as did the portfolio of banking products. Thanks to automation, going to the bank offers a much better customer experience than in previous decades. And the jobs in the industry became better paid and were of better quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A similar phenomenon happened with the textile industry in the 19th century. Better human-machine coordination leveraged productivity and created customer value, increasing the overall market size and creating new employment opportunities. Likewise, we may predict that as low-quality jobs continue to disappear, AI-assisted jobs will emerge to fulfill the increasing demand for more productive, ecological and creative products. More productivity may mean shorter work weeks and more time for family and entertainment, which may lead to more sustainable forms of value creation and, ultimately, more jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Adapting to the future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This optimist scenario assumes, however, that education systems will do a better job of preparing our children to become good at what humans do best: creative and critical thinking. Less learning-by-heart (after all, most information is one Google search away) and more learning-by-doing. Fewer clerical skills and more philosophical insights about human nature and how to cater to its infinite needs for art and culture. As Apple founder and CEO Steve Jobs \u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/20/the-top-20-most-inspiring-steve-jobs-quotes/\">famously said\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“What made the Macintosh great was that the people working on it were musicians and poets and artists and zoologists and historians who also happened to be the best computer scientists in the world.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>To become creative and critical thinkers, our children will need knowledge and wisdom more than raw data points. They need to ask “why?”, “how?” and “what if?” more often than “what?”, who?“ and \"when?” And they must construct this knowledge by relying on databases as cognitive partners as soon as they learn how to read and write. Constructivist methods such as the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-the-hybrid-classroom-and-is-it-the-future-of-education-37611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“flipped classroom”\u003c/a> approach are a good step in that direction. In flipped classrooms, students are told to search for specific contents on the web at home and to come to class ready to apply what they learned in a collaborative project supervised by the teacher. Thus they do their “homework” (exercise) in class and they have web “lectures” at home, optimising class time to do what computers cannot help them to do: create, develop and apply complex ideas collaboratively with their peers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91672/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">Thus, the future of human-machine collaboration looks less like the scenario in the \u003cem>Terminator\u003c/em> movies and more like a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lG7DGMgfOb8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Minority Report\u003c/em>\u003c/a>-style of “augmented intelligence”. There will be jobs if we adapt the education system to equip our children to do what humans are good at: to think critically and creatively, to develop knowledge and wisdom, to appreciate and create beautiful works of art. That does not mean it will be a painless transition. Machines and automation will likely take away millions of low-quality jobs as it has happened in the past. But better-quality jobs will likely replace them, requiring less physical effort and shorter hours to deliver better results. At least until artificial general intelligence becomes a reality – then all bets are off. But this will likely be our great-grandchildren’s problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/marcos-lima-221766\">Marcos Lima\u003c/a>, Responsable de la filière Marketing Innovation and Distribution, EMLV (Ecole de Management Léonard de Vinci), \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/pole-leonard-de-vinci-ugei-2391\">Pôle Léonard de Vinci – UGEI\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/no-artificial-intelligence-wont-steal-your-childrens-jobs-it-will-make-them-more-creative-and-productive-91672\">original article\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp8SlAZhGbk&ab_channel=UCSanFrancisco%28UCSF%29\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let there be light -- in the battle against cancer cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stunning images above, captured using high-speed laser microscopy, shows a cancer cell isolated on a coverslip, trapped within \"walls\" of blue light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists created this cage by inserting a light-sensitive protein from plants into the cell, so that any contact with the light caused the protein to come apart, and the cell's structural \"scaffolding\" (the white lines within the cell) to collapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes it impossible for the cell to continue moving in the same direction. In response, the cell turns and tries a different route, with the same result. Thus, the cell is stopped dead in its tracks. The process of manipulating cells with light is called optogenetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Photo-inactivation lets us turn proteins off and back on in living cells in real time, and do so with much more spatial accuracy than has been possible before,” said Torsten Wittmann, a UCSF professor who led the study on the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the technique is not going to be used in people any time soon, disrupting this isolated cell's ability to migrate is teaching researchers about new ways they might prevent metastatic cancer from spreading in patients. The same process can also be used to study a host of functions in other types of cells, as well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog",
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"content": "\u003cp>If the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov were alive today, what would he say about smartphones? He might not think of them as phones at all, but instead as remarkable tools for understanding how technology can manipulate our brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov's own findings — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments\u003c/a> he did more than a century ago, involving food, buzzers and slobbering dogs — offer key insights, into why our phones have become almost an extension of our bodies, modern researchers say. The findings also provide clues to how we can break our dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov originally set off to study canine digestion. But one day, he noticed something peculiar while feeding his dogs. If he played a sound — like a metronome or buzzer — before mealtimes, eventually the sound started to have a special meaning for the animals. It meant food was coming! The dogs actually started drooling when they heard the sound, even if no food was around.[contextly_sidebar id=\"WFvp0A8BvWC683stKdY7NtFgZFPpmCHR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing the buzzer had become pleasurable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's exactly what's happening with smartphones, says David Greenfield, a \u003ca href=\"http://virtual-addiction.com/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychologist\u003c/a> and assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear a ding or little ditty alerting us to a new text, email or Facebook post, cells in our brains likely release dopamine — one of the chemical transmitters in the brain's reward circuitry. That dopamine makes us feel pleasure, Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ping is telling us there is some type of reward there, waiting for us,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, that ping can become more powerful than the reward itself. Research on animals suggests dopamine levels in the brain can be twice as high when you anticipate the reward as when you actually receive it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, just hearing the notification can be more pleasurable than the text, email or tweet. \"Smartphone notifications have turned us all into Pavlov's dogs,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Signs you might need to cut back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adult checks their phone 50 to 300 times each day, Greenfield says. And smartphones use psychological tricks that encourage our continued high usage — some of the same tricks slot machines use to hook gamblers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oJLVZ8oFYDN98pI8tihIPWKg11UGF8v0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For example, every time you look at your phone, you don't know what you're going to find — how relevant or desirable a message is going to be,\" Greenfield says. \"So you keep checking it over and over again because every once in a while, there's something good there.\" (This is called a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. Animal studies suggest it makes dopamine skyrocket in the brain's reward circuity and is possibly one reason people keep playing slot machines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of doctors and psychologists are concerned about our relationship with the phone. There's a debate about what to call the problem. Some say \"disorder\" or \"problematic behavior.\" Others think over-reliance on a smartphone can become a behavioral addiction, like gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a spectrum disorder,\" says Dr. Anna Lembke, a \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/anna-lembke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychiatrist\u003c/a> at Stanford University, who studies addiction. \"There are mild, moderate and extreme forms.\" And for many people, there's no problem at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this way, the phone is kind of like alcohol, Lembke says. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial, for some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can make an argument that a temperate amount of smartphone or screen use might be good for people,\" Lembke says. \"So I'm not saying, 'Everybody get rid of their smartphones because they're completely addictive,' But instead, let's be very thoughtful about how we're how we're using these devices, because we can use them in pathological ways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs you might be experiencing problematic use, Lembke says, include these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Interacting with the device keeps you up late or otherwise interferes with your sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It reduces the time you have to be with friends or family.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It interferes with your ability to finish work or homework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It causes you to be rude, even subconsciously. \"For instance,\" Lembke asks, \"are you in the middle of having a conversation with someone and just dropping down and scrolling through your phone?\" That's a bad sign.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's squelching your creativity. \"I think that's really what people don't realize with their smartphone usage,\" Lembke says. \"It can really deprive you of a kind of seamless flow of creative thought that generates from your own brain.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider a digital detox one day a week\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.letitripple.org/about/tiffany-shlain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tiffany Shlain\u003c/a>, a San Francisco Bay Area filmmaker, noticed some of those warning signs in herself and loved ones, so she and her family now power down all their devices every Friday evening, for a 24-hour period.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oKMoZqJxDnKRySnPIdhx72Nu1HStqOIa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something we look forward to each week,\" Shlain says. She and her husband \u003ca href=\"http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ken Goldberg\u003c/a>, a professor in the field of robotics at the University of California, Berkeley, are very tech savvy. But they find they need a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"During the week, [we're] like an emotional pinball machine responding to all the external forces,\" Shlain says. The buzzes, beeps, emails, alerts and notifications never end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shutting the smartphones off shuts out all those distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're making your time sacred again — reclaiming it,\" Shlain says. \"You stop all the noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they started the digital break, which they call \"Tech Shabbat,\" Saturdays suddenly felt very different. The family's not religious, she says, but they love the Jewish Sabbath ritual of setting aside a day for rest or restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The days felt much longer, and we generally feel much more relaxed,\" says Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their daughter, Odessa Shlain Goldberg, a ninth-grader, says the unplugging takes some of the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no FOMO — fear of missing out — or seeing what my friends are doing,\" Odessa says. \"It's a family day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen says the perspective she gains from the digital power-down carries over into the rest of the week. For instance, she thinks about using social media differently. She realizes the social-media feeds often make other people's lives appear more exciting or glamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're sitting at home scrolling, you're not having that glamorous experience,\" she says. \"So it feels a little discouraging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smartphones can compound teen angst, but there's a sweet spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odessa is definitely not alone in those observations. Social media can amplify the anxieties that come along with adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study of high school students, \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-02758-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Emotion\u003c/em>, found that too much time spent on digital devices is linked to lower self-esteem and a decrease in well-being. The survey asked teens how much time they spent — outside of schoolwork — on activities such as texting, gaming, searching the internet or using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found teens who spend five or more hours a day online are twice as likely to say they're unhappy,\" compared to those who spend less time plugged in, explains the study's author, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge's research suggests digital abstinence is not good either. Teens who have no access to screens or social media may feel shut out, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be a sweet spot. According to the survey data, \"the teens who spend a little time — an hour or two hours a day [on their devices] — those are actually the happiest teens,\" Twenge says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its best, technology connects us to new ideas and people. It makes the world smaller, and opens up possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ability to connect with people across the world is one the great benefits,\" Odessa believes. She says she's made some of her friends \"purely online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to wrestle with it more,\" her mother says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is not going away — our lives are becoming more wired all the time. But Shlain and Odessa say taking a weekly break helps their whole family find a happy medium in dealing with their phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov were alive today, what would he say about smartphones? He might not think of them as phones at all, but instead as remarkable tools for understanding how technology can manipulate our brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov's own findings — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments\u003c/a> he did more than a century ago, involving food, buzzers and slobbering dogs — offer key insights, into why our phones have become almost an extension of our bodies, modern researchers say. The findings also provide clues to how we can break our dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov originally set off to study canine digestion. But one day, he noticed something peculiar while feeding his dogs. If he played a sound — like a metronome or buzzer — before mealtimes, eventually the sound started to have a special meaning for the animals. It meant food was coming! The dogs actually started drooling when they heard the sound, even if no food was around.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing the buzzer had become pleasurable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's exactly what's happening with smartphones, says David Greenfield, a \u003ca href=\"http://virtual-addiction.com/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychologist\u003c/a> and assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear a ding or little ditty alerting us to a new text, email or Facebook post, cells in our brains likely release dopamine — one of the chemical transmitters in the brain's reward circuitry. That dopamine makes us feel pleasure, Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ping is telling us there is some type of reward there, waiting for us,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, that ping can become more powerful than the reward itself. Research on animals suggests dopamine levels in the brain can be twice as high when you anticipate the reward as when you actually receive it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, just hearing the notification can be more pleasurable than the text, email or tweet. \"Smartphone notifications have turned us all into Pavlov's dogs,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Signs you might need to cut back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adult checks their phone 50 to 300 times each day, Greenfield says. And smartphones use psychological tricks that encourage our continued high usage — some of the same tricks slot machines use to hook gamblers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For example, every time you look at your phone, you don't know what you're going to find — how relevant or desirable a message is going to be,\" Greenfield says. \"So you keep checking it over and over again because every once in a while, there's something good there.\" (This is called a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. Animal studies suggest it makes dopamine skyrocket in the brain's reward circuity and is possibly one reason people keep playing slot machines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of doctors and psychologists are concerned about our relationship with the phone. There's a debate about what to call the problem. Some say \"disorder\" or \"problematic behavior.\" Others think over-reliance on a smartphone can become a behavioral addiction, like gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a spectrum disorder,\" says Dr. Anna Lembke, a \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/anna-lembke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychiatrist\u003c/a> at Stanford University, who studies addiction. \"There are mild, moderate and extreme forms.\" And for many people, there's no problem at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this way, the phone is kind of like alcohol, Lembke says. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial, for some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can make an argument that a temperate amount of smartphone or screen use might be good for people,\" Lembke says. \"So I'm not saying, 'Everybody get rid of their smartphones because they're completely addictive,' But instead, let's be very thoughtful about how we're how we're using these devices, because we can use them in pathological ways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs you might be experiencing problematic use, Lembke says, include these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Interacting with the device keeps you up late or otherwise interferes with your sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It reduces the time you have to be with friends or family.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It interferes with your ability to finish work or homework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It causes you to be rude, even subconsciously. \"For instance,\" Lembke asks, \"are you in the middle of having a conversation with someone and just dropping down and scrolling through your phone?\" That's a bad sign.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's squelching your creativity. \"I think that's really what people don't realize with their smartphone usage,\" Lembke says. \"It can really deprive you of a kind of seamless flow of creative thought that generates from your own brain.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider a digital detox one day a week\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.letitripple.org/about/tiffany-shlain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tiffany Shlain\u003c/a>, a San Francisco Bay Area filmmaker, noticed some of those warning signs in herself and loved ones, so she and her family now power down all their devices every Friday evening, for a 24-hour period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something we look forward to each week,\" Shlain says. She and her husband \u003ca href=\"http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ken Goldberg\u003c/a>, a professor in the field of robotics at the University of California, Berkeley, are very tech savvy. But they find they need a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"During the week, [we're] like an emotional pinball machine responding to all the external forces,\" Shlain says. The buzzes, beeps, emails, alerts and notifications never end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shutting the smartphones off shuts out all those distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're making your time sacred again — reclaiming it,\" Shlain says. \"You stop all the noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they started the digital break, which they call \"Tech Shabbat,\" Saturdays suddenly felt very different. The family's not religious, she says, but they love the Jewish Sabbath ritual of setting aside a day for rest or restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The days felt much longer, and we generally feel much more relaxed,\" says Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their daughter, Odessa Shlain Goldberg, a ninth-grader, says the unplugging takes some of the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no FOMO — fear of missing out — or seeing what my friends are doing,\" Odessa says. \"It's a family day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen says the perspective she gains from the digital power-down carries over into the rest of the week. For instance, she thinks about using social media differently. She realizes the social-media feeds often make other people's lives appear more exciting or glamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're sitting at home scrolling, you're not having that glamorous experience,\" she says. \"So it feels a little discouraging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smartphones can compound teen angst, but there's a sweet spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odessa is definitely not alone in those observations. Social media can amplify the anxieties that come along with adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study of high school students, \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-02758-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Emotion\u003c/em>, found that too much time spent on digital devices is linked to lower self-esteem and a decrease in well-being. The survey asked teens how much time they spent — outside of schoolwork — on activities such as texting, gaming, searching the internet or using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found teens who spend five or more hours a day online are twice as likely to say they're unhappy,\" compared to those who spend less time plugged in, explains the study's author, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge's research suggests digital abstinence is not good either. Teens who have no access to screens or social media may feel shut out, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be a sweet spot. According to the survey data, \"the teens who spend a little time — an hour or two hours a day [on their devices] — those are actually the happiest teens,\" Twenge says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its best, technology connects us to new ideas and people. It makes the world smaller, and opens up possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ability to connect with people across the world is one the great benefits,\" Odessa believes. She says she's made some of her friends \"purely online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to wrestle with it more,\" her mother says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is not going away — our lives are becoming more wired all the time. But Shlain and Odessa say taking a weekly break helps their whole family find a happy medium in dealing with their phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
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