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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Step Up Food Fraud Efforts Following Horse Meat Scandal",
"title": "Scientists Step Up Food Fraud Efforts Following Horse Meat Scandal",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\" alt=\"The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87982\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Maanvi Singh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/24/350695899/food-fraud-science-aims-to-gallop-past-horse-meat-scandal\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/24/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the great European horse meat scandal alerted consumers around the world to food fraud. Traces of horse meat were found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/25/horse-meat-found-in-ikeas-meatballs/\">Ikea meatballs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/01/wheres-the-beef-burger-king-finds-horsemeat-in-its-u-k-patties/\">Burger King\u003c/a> beef patties, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5f426c4c-774a-11e2-9ebc-00144feabdc0.html\">cottage pies\u003c/a> sold at schools in Lancashire, England, and in \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-horsemeat-norway-idUSBRE91E0KH20130215\">frozen lasagna\u003c/a> sold all over Europe. Arrests were made in the U.K. and in France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contamination didn't pose any real public health threat — horse has the same amount of protein as beef, and less fat. But in the U.K., where horses are viewed as pets rather than food, people weren't happy to learn they had been eating horse unawares. And as we \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/15/172124931/romanian-horsement-in-british-lasagna-reveals-complex-global-food-trade\">reported\u003c/a>, in France, where eating horse is more common, customers were angry that they had been paying beef prices for cheaper horse meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Consumers felt cheated and lost trust. It was just a total loss of confidence in the supply chain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.usp.org/usp-nf-scientific-staff\">Markus Lipp\u003c/a> of U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, a nonprofit that sets food and medicine safety standards. \"It raised questions: Were these racehorses? Were they treated with veterinary medicines that were bad for human consumption?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\" alt=\"A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result of the scandal, European governments started rethinking their food regulation practices. And scientists started kicking into high gear, looking for ways to improve the technology to quickly test batches of meat for contaminants. Just this month, a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf503468t\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry\u003c/em> details a new method that uses mass spectrometry to quickly detect even tiny traces of pork and horse mixed into raw and cooked beef products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technology looks promising, Lipp says. \"But there is no way [food regulators] can test 100 percent of the food. We can never test ourselves to safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adulterated meat is just the tip of the iceberg, says \u003ca href=\"http://foodfraud.msu.edu/about/staff/spink/\">John Spink\u003c/a>, who heads Michigan State University's Food Safety Program. Food fraud is a huge, expansive problem, Spink says. Adulterated products show up in the market all the time — affecting everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/12/12/143154180/losing-virginity-olive-oils-scandalous-industry\">olive oil\u003c/a> and milk to spices and additives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With globalization, even one instance of fraud can be huge. They can make so much product, and it can so quickly move around the world,\" Spink says. \"And it's quite a challenge, because there's an unlimited number of adulterants that could be in the product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing acts as a deterrent, Spink says, but it won't stop fraud. Spink's program focuses on fraud prevention. His team uses criminology and forensic tools, as well as food science, to study the global food market and predict where fraud may happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when scientists identify products that may be especially susceptible to fraud, it can be difficult to know which suspect ingredients are being mixed into our food, says Mitchell Weinberg, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.inscatech.com/\">Inscatech\u003c/a>, a firm that advises food companies on food safety. \"It may not be horse meat next time. It may be dog meat, cat meat, rat meat — all of those have been used,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, the British government released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/350726/elliot-review-final-report-july2014.pdf\">report\u003c/a> in response to the horse meat scandal. In the document, \u003ca href=\"http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/christopher-elliott(10515544-0d5c-487f-a747-fe0d7f5aa94c).html\">Chris Elliott\u003c/a>, a food safety researcher and professor of microbiology at Queen's University Belfast, calls for more regulation and testing and provides suggestions for what the government should do the next time there's a big crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the U.K. implements all of Elliott's suggestions, the problem won't go away, Weinberg says. That's because most food fraud doesn't originate in Great Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is in India, the problem is in China and in Italy,\" he says. There is high domestic consumption of food from these countries, he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to manage the problem is for governments to work with each other and with food companies, Weinberg says. \"On the positive side, the food industry is actually collectively trying to address the issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a food fraud scandal can destroy a company's reputation, Spink says. \"Companies realize that a recall is very costly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spink's lab offers both in-person and online training for food processors looking to amp up their defenses against fraud. \"And nowadays, these multinational companies are working with governments to define the scope of the problem,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, he notes, food fraud is as old as time. \"This is not something you just fix,\" he says. \"It has to be managed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The latest report in response to the horse meat scandal of 2013 reminds us that the potential for fraud in the food supply is high. But scientists are working to predict and prevent the next incident.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-1_slide-e329841a3fc31e9e3b0219fe2d3345b42a193ff8-e1411582518567.jpg\" alt=\"The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\" width=\"1000\" height=\"666\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87982\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The French enjoy horse meat — here's a horse meat butcher in Paris. But even the French were angry that they had been paying beef prices for it last year. Photo: Thomas Coex/AFP/Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by Maanvi Singh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/24/350695899/food-fraud-science-aims-to-gallop-past-horse-meat-scandal\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (9/24/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the great European horse meat scandal alerted consumers around the world to food fraud. Traces of horse meat were found in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/25/horse-meat-found-in-ikeas-meatballs/\">Ikea meatballs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2013/02/01/wheres-the-beef-burger-king-finds-horsemeat-in-its-u-k-patties/\">Burger King\u003c/a> beef patties, in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5f426c4c-774a-11e2-9ebc-00144feabdc0.html\">cottage pies\u003c/a> sold at schools in Lancashire, England, and in \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/15/us-horsemeat-norway-idUSBRE91E0KH20130215\">frozen lasagna\u003c/a> sold all over Europe. Arrests were made in the U.K. and in France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contamination didn't pose any real public health threat — horse has the same amount of protein as beef, and less fat. But in the U.K., where horses are viewed as pets rather than food, people weren't happy to learn they had been eating horse unawares. And as we \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/02/15/172124931/romanian-horsement-in-british-lasagna-reveals-complex-global-food-trade\">reported\u003c/a>, in France, where eating horse is more common, customers were angry that they had been paying beef prices for cheaper horse meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Consumers felt cheated and lost trust. It was just a total loss of confidence in the supply chain,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.usp.org/usp-nf-scientific-staff\">Markus Lipp\u003c/a> of U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, a nonprofit that sets food and medicine safety standards. \"It raised questions: Were these racehorses? Were they treated with veterinary medicines that were bad for human consumption?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87983\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/horse-meat-2_slide-3b555bc1c8869670754f7766a807e4e83dc23231-e1411582568537.jpg\" alt=\"A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87983\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A regulator tests food samples for horse meat in Braunschweig, Germany. Last year, beef products sold all over Europe were found to have traces of horse. Photo: Jochen Luebke/DPA/Landov\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a result of the scandal, European governments started rethinking their food regulation practices. And scientists started kicking into high gear, looking for ways to improve the technology to quickly test batches of meat for contaminants. Just this month, a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf503468t\">paper\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry\u003c/em> details a new method that uses mass spectrometry to quickly detect even tiny traces of pork and horse mixed into raw and cooked beef products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new technology looks promising, Lipp says. \"But there is no way [food regulators] can test 100 percent of the food. We can never test ourselves to safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adulterated meat is just the tip of the iceberg, says \u003ca href=\"http://foodfraud.msu.edu/about/staff/spink/\">John Spink\u003c/a>, who heads Michigan State University's Food Safety Program. Food fraud is a huge, expansive problem, Spink says. Adulterated products show up in the market all the time — affecting everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/12/12/143154180/losing-virginity-olive-oils-scandalous-industry\">olive oil\u003c/a> and milk to spices and additives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With globalization, even one instance of fraud can be huge. They can make so much product, and it can so quickly move around the world,\" Spink says. \"And it's quite a challenge, because there's an unlimited number of adulterants that could be in the product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing acts as a deterrent, Spink says, but it won't stop fraud. Spink's program focuses on fraud prevention. His team uses criminology and forensic tools, as well as food science, to study the global food market and predict where fraud may happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even when scientists identify products that may be especially susceptible to fraud, it can be difficult to know which suspect ingredients are being mixed into our food, says Mitchell Weinberg, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.inscatech.com/\">Inscatech\u003c/a>, a firm that advises food companies on food safety. \"It may not be horse meat next time. It may be dog meat, cat meat, rat meat — all of those have been used,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, the British government released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/350726/elliot-review-final-report-july2014.pdf\">report\u003c/a> in response to the horse meat scandal. In the document, \u003ca href=\"http://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/persons/christopher-elliott(10515544-0d5c-487f-a747-fe0d7f5aa94c).html\">Chris Elliott\u003c/a>, a food safety researcher and professor of microbiology at Queen's University Belfast, calls for more regulation and testing and provides suggestions for what the government should do the next time there's a big crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the U.K. implements all of Elliott's suggestions, the problem won't go away, Weinberg says. That's because most food fraud doesn't originate in Great Britain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is in India, the problem is in China and in Italy,\" he says. There is high domestic consumption of food from these countries, he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way to manage the problem is for governments to work with each other and with food companies, Weinberg says. \"On the positive side, the food industry is actually collectively trying to address the issue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a food fraud scandal can destroy a company's reputation, Spink says. \"Companies realize that a recall is very costly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spink's lab offers both in-person and online training for food processors looking to amp up their defenses against fraud. \"And nowadays, these multinational companies are working with governments to define the scope of the problem,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, he notes, food fraud is as old as time. \"This is not something you just fix,\" he says. \"It has to be managed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Giving Chickens Bacteria ... To Keep Them Antibiotic-Free",
"title": "Giving Chickens Bacteria ... To Keep Them Antibiotic-Free",
"headTitle": "Bay Area Bites | KQED Food",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks3_wide-5b4c626f8afe2c8cf66136e592068973037f0f0b-e1411454197512.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks3_wide-5b4c626f8afe2c8cf66136e592068973037f0f0b-e1411454197512.jpg\" alt='Within a day after chicks hatch, they are sorted by sex and shipped to farms. Some will be treated with antibiotics; others will not. Photo\" Dan Charles /NPR' width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87947\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Within a day after chicks hatch, they are sorted by sex and shipped to farms. Some will be treated with antibiotics; others will not. Photo\" Dan Charles /NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/22/350590488/giving-chickens-bacteria-to-keep-them-antibiotic-free\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (6/22/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know those foods and pills that promise to supply your body with \"good bacteria?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/09/156381323/confusion-at-the-yogurt-aisle-time-for-probiotics-101\">may or may not\u003c/a> make \u003cem>you\u003c/em> healthier, but some of these \"probiotics\" do, in fact, appear to be effective in chickens. Poultry companies are turning to probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics, which have become increasingly controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we took antibiotics out of the feed, we put some other things in, such as probiotics,\" says Bruce Stewart-Brown, an executive at Perdue Farms. \"We've increased the amount of probiotics by five times over the past five years. It's a significant part of our program.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poultry companies have fed antibiotics to their chickens to fight off disease, and also to make them grow faster. Public health advocates have been pushing for an end to this practice, saying that it can lead to the emergence of more antibiotic-resistant bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perdue Farms has not gone completely antibiotic-free, but it has reduced or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/03/345315380/perdue-says-its-hatching-chicks-are-off-antibiotics\">eliminated\u003c/a> some uses of antibiotics in its operations, and it is expanding production of chickens that are raised completely without antibiotics. According to Stewart-Brown, that has forced the company to search for new ways to keep chickens healthy, which is where probiotics come in. The idea is, all these \"good bacteria\" can crowd out the harmful microbes that make a chicken sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart-Brown says that he was initially skeptical about probiotics. \"Eight years ago, I would have said that they're not working in poultry. They're not very useful. Today, I'm saying that they are useful. Expensive, but useful.\" Chickens that got probiotics stayed healthier and grew faster than birds that didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to say exactly what products the company is using, but some poultry \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoultrysite.com/focus/biomin/2270/biomin-poultrystar-defined-probiotic-product-proves-efficacy\">probiotics\u003c/a> include live \u003cem>Enterococcus, Lactobacillus \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Bifidobacterium\u003c/em> microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87948\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks_wide-8cce0b270d493326ac901c52cfc64cb749287c97-e1411454632397.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks_wide-8cce0b270d493326ac901c52cfc64cb749287c97-e1411454632397.jpg\" alt=\"These chicks, at a Perdue hatchery in Salisbury, Md., have received no antibiotics. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87948\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These chicks, at a Perdue hatchery in Salisbury, Md., have received no antibiotics. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition, Perdue Farms has eliminated the use of animal byproducts, such as fat, in chicken feed, after finding that chickens appeared to stay healthier on a vegetarian diet. (Chickens, of course, aren't \"naturally\" vegetarian; given the choice, they'll happily forage for insect larvae.) \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>It now vaccinates its chickens against a wider array of diseases. It experimented with herbal remedies that were used by Coleman Natural, an organic poultry company that Perdue bought in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Stewart-Brown, all of this has increased the company's costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our birds grow a little bit slower, significantly slower than the rest of the industry, in general,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as long as consumers are willing to pay better prices for meat from chickens raised without antibiotics, the extra cost is worth it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "What does it take to get chickens off antibiotics? According to Perdue Farms, an added dose of the \"good bacteria\" known as probiotics can help crowd out the harmful microbes that make a chicken sick.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87947\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks3_wide-5b4c626f8afe2c8cf66136e592068973037f0f0b-e1411454197512.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks3_wide-5b4c626f8afe2c8cf66136e592068973037f0f0b-e1411454197512.jpg\" alt='Within a day after chicks hatch, they are sorted by sex and shipped to farms. Some will be treated with antibiotics; others will not. Photo\" Dan Charles /NPR' width=\"1000\" height=\"562\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87947\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Within a day after chicks hatch, they are sorted by sex and shipped to farms. Some will be treated with antibiotics; others will not. Photo\" Dan Charles /NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/people/143160021/daniel-charles\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Charles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/22/350590488/giving-chickens-bacteria-to-keep-them-antibiotic-free\" target=\"_blank\">The Salt at NPR Food\u003c/a> (6/22/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know those foods and pills that promise to supply your body with \"good bacteria?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/09/156381323/confusion-at-the-yogurt-aisle-time-for-probiotics-101\">may or may not\u003c/a> make \u003cem>you\u003c/em> healthier, but some of these \"probiotics\" do, in fact, appear to be effective in chickens. Poultry companies are turning to probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics, which have become increasingly controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we took antibiotics out of the feed, we put some other things in, such as probiotics,\" says Bruce Stewart-Brown, an executive at Perdue Farms. \"We've increased the amount of probiotics by five times over the past five years. It's a significant part of our program.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poultry companies have fed antibiotics to their chickens to fight off disease, and also to make them grow faster. Public health advocates have been pushing for an end to this practice, saying that it can lead to the emergence of more antibiotic-resistant bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perdue Farms has not gone completely antibiotic-free, but it has reduced or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/03/345315380/perdue-says-its-hatching-chicks-are-off-antibiotics\">eliminated\u003c/a> some uses of antibiotics in its operations, and it is expanding production of chickens that are raised completely without antibiotics. According to Stewart-Brown, that has forced the company to search for new ways to keep chickens healthy, which is where probiotics come in. The idea is, all these \"good bacteria\" can crowd out the harmful microbes that make a chicken sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart-Brown says that he was initially skeptical about probiotics. \"Eight years ago, I would have said that they're not working in poultry. They're not very useful. Today, I'm saying that they are useful. Expensive, but useful.\" Chickens that got probiotics stayed healthier and grew faster than birds that didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to say exactly what products the company is using, but some poultry \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoultrysite.com/focus/biomin/2270/biomin-poultrystar-defined-probiotic-product-proves-efficacy\">probiotics\u003c/a> include live \u003cem>Enterococcus, Lactobacillus \u003c/em>and\u003cem> Bifidobacterium\u003c/em> microorganisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87948\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks_wide-8cce0b270d493326ac901c52cfc64cb749287c97-e1411454632397.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/chicks_wide-8cce0b270d493326ac901c52cfc64cb749287c97-e1411454632397.jpg\" alt=\"These chicks, at a Perdue hatchery in Salisbury, Md., have received no antibiotics. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87948\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These chicks, at a Perdue hatchery in Salisbury, Md., have received no antibiotics. Photo: Dan Charles/NPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition, Perdue Farms has eliminated the use of animal byproducts, such as fat, in chicken feed, after finding that chickens appeared to stay healthier on a vegetarian diet. (Chickens, of course, aren't \"naturally\" vegetarian; given the choice, they'll happily forage for insect larvae.) \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>It now vaccinates its chickens against a wider array of diseases. It experimented with herbal remedies that were used by Coleman Natural, an organic poultry company that Perdue bought in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Stewart-Brown, all of this has increased the company's costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our birds grow a little bit slower, significantly slower than the rest of the industry, in general,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as long as consumers are willing to pay better prices for meat from chickens raised without antibiotics, the extra cost is worth it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": " Hog Island Oyster Farm Fights Climate Change as Demand Soars",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87648\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Leases.-Photo-Courtesy-Hog-Island-Oyster-Co.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Leases.-Photo-Courtesy-Hog-Island-Oyster-Co.jpg\" alt=\"Hog Island Oyster Leases. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"680\" height=\"376\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hog Island Oyster Leases. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/shenry/\" target=\"_blank\">Sarah Henry\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2014/09/10/iconic-oyster-farm-fights-climate-change-as-demand-soars/\" target=\"_blank\">Civil Eats\u003c/a> (9/10/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters are big business. That might not be immediately apparent on a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a> in Northern California’s bucolic Tomales Bay, where the place still has a seafood shack sensibility. The farm was started more than 30 years ago by two marine biologists who borrowed $500 from parents and a boat from neighbors and began cultivating briny bivalves in five-acres of intertidal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a small seafood business and sustainable farm, Hog Island has weathered its share of hardships, including significant oyster seed shortages and the threat of species extinction, courtesy of environmental challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has stayed afloat, though. In fact, three decades on, Hog Island has quite the cult following around the country and it has earned respect as a leader in the shellfish industry. These days, founders John Finger and Terry Sawyer preside over a $12 million operation that employs almost 200, farms 160 acres, and harvests over 3.5 million oysters, clams, and mussels every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the flagship farm, the company boasts an oyster bar in Napa (that survived the recent earthquake unscathed) and the \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/visit/san-francisco\" target=\"_blank\">recently expanded oyster bar in San Francisco’s Ferry Building\u003c/a>, where prospective diners still wait an hour or more to snag a seat before they’re happily slurping salty, meaty morsels off the half shell. The beloved restaurant is now double its original size and features an updated, chef-driven menu and an au courant cocktail program. In the 10 years the oyster bar overlooking San Francisco Bay has been in business it’s shucked nearly 10 million oysters. At the current rate of demand, they expect to shuck 2 million oysters a year, says Finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87649\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Shucking-Oysters.-Hog-Island-Oyster-Bar-San-Francisco.-Ed-Anderson-1000.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Shucking-Oysters.-Hog-Island-Oyster-Bar-San-Francisco.-Ed-Anderson-1000.jpg\" alt=\"Shucking oysters at Hog Island Oyster Bar in SF. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87649\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shucking oysters at Hog Island Oyster Bar in SF. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest threat to business? Not the new crop of oyster bars popping up around town and elsewhere in the nation. Nor is it keeping up with consumer demand—for now. No, Hog Island is dealing with a different kind of problem: A quandary known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\" target=\"_blank\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> or climate change’s caustic cousin. The company has been \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2012/12/03/troubled-waters-farmers-and-scientists-work-together-to-save-oysters/\" target=\"_blank\">working with scientists to study the impact\u003c/a> of this sea change in shellfish habitat that’s killing off billions of baby oysters in the Pacific Northwest and beyond. They’re also blazing a trail on the political outreach and public education front.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to quantify the problem in our collaborations with academics so that we can get policy makers to make the kinds of changes on the alternative energy front to address it,” says Sawyer, who believes America’s addiction to fossil fuels and their accompanying carbon dioxide emissions are at the root of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is a big bummer for baby oysters. Here’s why: Much of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is taken up by oceans, dramatically lowering pH levels in the process, and creating a chemical change that makes the ocean water more acidic. That increase in acidity creates a hostile habitat for oyster seeds (also called spat) and other marine life. Ocean acidification is especially harmful to oysters at their larval stage, when they’re building their protective coverings. Their fragile calcium carbonate shells don’t form well under increased acidic conditions, stunting their growth, making them more vulnerable to predators, and sometimes killing them outright. This sea shift can also stress small oysters, making them more susceptible to disease, says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Dr.-Tessa-Hill-UC-Davis-Bodega-Bay-Marine-Lab.-Examining-Ocean-Acidification_PH-Monitoring-Sensoring.-Hog-ISland-Oyster-Farm1000.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Dr.-Tessa-Hill-UC-Davis-Bodega-Bay-Marine-Lab.-Examining-Ocean-Acidification_PH-Monitoring-Sensoring.-Hog-ISland-Oyster-Farm1000.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Tessa Hill from UC Davis Bodega Bay Marine Lab examining ocean acidification. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87646\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Tessa Hill from UC Davis Bodega Bay Marine Lab examining ocean acidification. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hog Island team closely monitor changes in water temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH at the farm and respond as needed. But that’s not enough. “It’s going to take a paradigm shift in behavior to address this,” says Sawyer. “We have no choice but to face it: We’re on the leading edge of what climate change and fossil fuels are doing to our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oysters as Endangered Species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could the end of oysters be near? These veteran shellfish farmers aren’t prone to such histrionic proclamations. But they are concerned about supply and the farm is looking beyond science for solutions. It’s beginning to diversify, which as all farmers know, can be a saving grace during tough times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is expanding its aquaculture operation. It plans to open an oyster hatchery in Northern California’s Humboldt Bay that will provide seeds to grow in Tomales Bay; permits have been approved and baby bivalve cultivation is expected to start later this year. It’s a practical response to the Pacific Northwest’s spat shortage. Eventually, the site will harvest some of its own oysters as well and sell seeds to other oyster farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Running a hatchery is a tricky and expensive undertaking,” says Finger, who adds that the $1.5 million enterprise will take two years to complete. “We never thought we’d need to go into the hatchery business but the oyster seed shortage changed that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog island has also partnered with another shellfish farm in Discovery Bay, Washington, where it sources a popular Pacific oyster. The water at Discovery Bay offer a different marroir (think \u003cem>terroir\u003c/em>, only the sea version) than Tomales Bay–it’s colder and more oceanic for starters. And, bonus, the oysters grown there, called Cliffsides, offer customers a more mineral-like taste than your typical Pacifics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geoduck clam farmers Peter and Robyn Downey of it’s a win-win. The Downeys were looking for a way to diversify their income and offer steadier work to their employees. And the Hog Island crew needed a reliable supplemental source of oysters. The nascent relationship has yielded around 400,000 oysters to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island does ship in oysters from Washington state and the East Coast to add variety, but it hasn’t had to import oysters in the past couple of years due to shortages, says Finger. Still, it has dramatically scaled back its wholesale business to high-end restaurants due to supply issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is especially known for their extra-small Pacifics, dubbed Sweetwaters. Now, the oyster farm is working closely with \u003ca href=\"http://edibleeastbay.com/online-magazine/fall-harvest-2013/side-dish-2/\" target=\"_blank\">conservation organizations\u003c/a> to reestablish the Olympia, the only indigenous San Francisco oyster. A staple in the diet of coastal Native Americans, overharvesting, development, and pollution all but wiped out these tiny but mighty mollusks during and after the Gold Rush. Since then, these bivalves–known for their cucumber finish and slightly metallic taste–have been hard to find in local waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Olympias offer a blast of copper on the palate but they’re difficult to grow and sensitive little guys,” says Sawyer. While it might be years before these gems are harvested for public consumption, the Hog Island farmers are committed to reestablishing a native species in a marine ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Farm.-MARSHALL.-Harvest.-RIna-Jordan-1000.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Farm.-MARSHALL.-Harvest.-RIna-Jordan-1000.jpg\" alt=\"Harvesting oysters at Hog Island Oyster Farm. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"668\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87647\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harvesting oysters at Hog Island Oyster Farm. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Big Hit on the Half Shell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned aquaculture farms like Hog Island have supplanted the wild oyster population for decades now and the tiny town of Marshall in Tomales Bay, home to Hog Island, is Northern California’s Oyster HQ, with five commercial oyster companies in the mix. \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a>, which the company claims supplied around 40 percent of the state’s oysters, closed its retail operation and cannery in July following unsuccessful efforts to keep operating in the Point Reyes National Seashore after its 40-year lease with the National Park Service expired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major supplier to Bay Area restaurants, its unclear where chefs will source local oysters once the farm stops harvesting altogether. This summer, The \u003ca href=\"http://tomalesbayoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tomales Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a> and several West Marin restaurants filed a \u003ca href=\"http://saveourshellfish.com/SaveOurShellfish.com/Drakes_Estero_Advocacy.html\" target=\"_blank\">lawsuit to prevent the closure\u003c/a>. On September 9, a federal judge \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Friends-of-Drakes-Bay-Oyster-Co-lose-in-court-5744770.php\" target=\"_blank\">rejected\u003c/a> their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Finger would like to see new oyster farms established, but says the expense and bureaucracy is a major impediment in California. “It can take two years and $200,000 just to get the permits approved; it shouldn’t be that time-consuming or that expensive,” he says, noting that oyster farms in states such as Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey have more streamlined approval processes in place for budding shellfish farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On any given day some one million oysters are growing at Hog Island. The farm shoots for harvesting about four million per year but mortality rates are high–around 50 percent. It’s an industry hazard that oyster farmers plan for; a survival of the fittest situation and ocean acidification doesn’t help an oyster’s odds of making it to the juicy, plump size consumers have come to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years oysters have seen a pendulum swing in popularity. Readily available until the early 1900s in San Francisco, they were an everyday food enjoyed by people at every economic level. Their reputation as a luxury, boutique item came later. These days, farmed oysters are being touted as an ecologically-responsible, lean protein alternative. \u003ca href=\"http://paulgreenberg.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>American Catch\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2014/07/08/10-things-you-should-know-about-the-american-seafood-supply/\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Greenberg\u003c/a>, for example, includes Atlantic oysters and other filter feeders in his short list of locally raised sustainable seafood that get the thumbs up for regular eating by U.S. consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the shellfish farmers at Hog Island are doing all they can to protect both a sustainable food source and their own livelihoods. That’s welcome news to die-hard bivalve fans, who maintain there’s something special, even exciting, about slurping a raw, live oyster off its shell.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87648\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 680px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Leases.-Photo-Courtesy-Hog-Island-Oyster-Co.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Leases.-Photo-Courtesy-Hog-Island-Oyster-Co.jpg\" alt=\"Hog Island Oyster Leases. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"680\" height=\"376\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hog Island Oyster Leases. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/author/shenry/\" target=\"_blank\">Sarah Henry\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2014/09/10/iconic-oyster-farm-fights-climate-change-as-demand-soars/\" target=\"_blank\">Civil Eats\u003c/a> (9/10/14)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters are big business. That might not be immediately apparent on a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a> in Northern California’s bucolic Tomales Bay, where the place still has a seafood shack sensibility. The farm was started more than 30 years ago by two marine biologists who borrowed $500 from parents and a boat from neighbors and began cultivating briny bivalves in five-acres of intertidal waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a small seafood business and sustainable farm, Hog Island has weathered its share of hardships, including significant oyster seed shortages and the threat of species extinction, courtesy of environmental challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has stayed afloat, though. In fact, three decades on, Hog Island has quite the cult following around the country and it has earned respect as a leader in the shellfish industry. These days, founders John Finger and Terry Sawyer preside over a $12 million operation that employs almost 200, farms 160 acres, and harvests over 3.5 million oysters, clams, and mussels every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the flagship farm, the company boasts an oyster bar in Napa (that survived the recent earthquake unscathed) and the \u003ca href=\"http://hogislandoysters.com/visit/san-francisco\" target=\"_blank\">recently expanded oyster bar in San Francisco’s Ferry Building\u003c/a>, where prospective diners still wait an hour or more to snag a seat before they’re happily slurping salty, meaty morsels off the half shell. The beloved restaurant is now double its original size and features an updated, chef-driven menu and an au courant cocktail program. In the 10 years the oyster bar overlooking San Francisco Bay has been in business it’s shucked nearly 10 million oysters. At the current rate of demand, they expect to shuck 2 million oysters a year, says Finger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87649\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Shucking-Oysters.-Hog-Island-Oyster-Bar-San-Francisco.-Ed-Anderson-1000.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Shucking-Oysters.-Hog-Island-Oyster-Bar-San-Francisco.-Ed-Anderson-1000.jpg\" alt=\"Shucking oysters at Hog Island Oyster Bar in SF. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87649\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shucking oysters at Hog Island Oyster Bar in SF. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest threat to business? Not the new crop of oyster bars popping up around town and elsewhere in the nation. Nor is it keeping up with consumer demand—for now. No, Hog Island is dealing with a different kind of problem: A quandary known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F\" target=\"_blank\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> or climate change’s caustic cousin. The company has been \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2012/12/03/troubled-waters-farmers-and-scientists-work-together-to-save-oysters/\" target=\"_blank\">working with scientists to study the impact\u003c/a> of this sea change in shellfish habitat that’s killing off billions of baby oysters in the Pacific Northwest and beyond. They’re also blazing a trail on the political outreach and public education front.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to quantify the problem in our collaborations with academics so that we can get policy makers to make the kinds of changes on the alternative energy front to address it,” says Sawyer, who believes America’s addiction to fossil fuels and their accompanying carbon dioxide emissions are at the root of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean acidification is a big bummer for baby oysters. Here’s why: Much of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is taken up by oceans, dramatically lowering pH levels in the process, and creating a chemical change that makes the ocean water more acidic. That increase in acidity creates a hostile habitat for oyster seeds (also called spat) and other marine life. Ocean acidification is especially harmful to oysters at their larval stage, when they’re building their protective coverings. Their fragile calcium carbonate shells don’t form well under increased acidic conditions, stunting their growth, making them more vulnerable to predators, and sometimes killing them outright. This sea shift can also stress small oysters, making them more susceptible to disease, says Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87646\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Dr.-Tessa-Hill-UC-Davis-Bodega-Bay-Marine-Lab.-Examining-Ocean-Acidification_PH-Monitoring-Sensoring.-Hog-ISland-Oyster-Farm1000.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Dr.-Tessa-Hill-UC-Davis-Bodega-Bay-Marine-Lab.-Examining-Ocean-Acidification_PH-Monitoring-Sensoring.-Hog-ISland-Oyster-Farm1000.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Tessa Hill from UC Davis Bodega Bay Marine Lab examining ocean acidification. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87646\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Tessa Hill from UC Davis Bodega Bay Marine Lab examining ocean acidification. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Hog Island team closely monitor changes in water temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH at the farm and respond as needed. But that’s not enough. “It’s going to take a paradigm shift in behavior to address this,” says Sawyer. “We have no choice but to face it: We’re on the leading edge of what climate change and fossil fuels are doing to our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oysters as Endangered Species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could the end of oysters be near? These veteran shellfish farmers aren’t prone to such histrionic proclamations. But they are concerned about supply and the farm is looking beyond science for solutions. It’s beginning to diversify, which as all farmers know, can be a saving grace during tough times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is expanding its aquaculture operation. It plans to open an oyster hatchery in Northern California’s Humboldt Bay that will provide seeds to grow in Tomales Bay; permits have been approved and baby bivalve cultivation is expected to start later this year. It’s a practical response to the Pacific Northwest’s spat shortage. Eventually, the site will harvest some of its own oysters as well and sell seeds to other oyster farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Running a hatchery is a tricky and expensive undertaking,” says Finger, who adds that the $1.5 million enterprise will take two years to complete. “We never thought we’d need to go into the hatchery business but the oyster seed shortage changed that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog island has also partnered with another shellfish farm in Discovery Bay, Washington, where it sources a popular Pacific oyster. The water at Discovery Bay offer a different marroir (think \u003cem>terroir\u003c/em>, only the sea version) than Tomales Bay–it’s colder and more oceanic for starters. And, bonus, the oysters grown there, called Cliffsides, offer customers a more mineral-like taste than your typical Pacifics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For geoduck clam farmers Peter and Robyn Downey of it’s a win-win. The Downeys were looking for a way to diversify their income and offer steadier work to their employees. And the Hog Island crew needed a reliable supplemental source of oysters. The nascent relationship has yielded around 400,000 oysters to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island does ship in oysters from Washington state and the East Coast to add variety, but it hasn’t had to import oysters in the past couple of years due to shortages, says Finger. Still, it has dramatically scaled back its wholesale business to high-end restaurants due to supply issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island is especially known for their extra-small Pacifics, dubbed Sweetwaters. Now, the oyster farm is working closely with \u003ca href=\"http://edibleeastbay.com/online-magazine/fall-harvest-2013/side-dish-2/\" target=\"_blank\">conservation organizations\u003c/a> to reestablish the Olympia, the only indigenous San Francisco oyster. A staple in the diet of coastal Native Americans, overharvesting, development, and pollution all but wiped out these tiny but mighty mollusks during and after the Gold Rush. Since then, these bivalves–known for their cucumber finish and slightly metallic taste–have been hard to find in local waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Olympias offer a blast of copper on the palate but they’re difficult to grow and sensitive little guys,” says Sawyer. While it might be years before these gems are harvested for public consumption, the Hog Island farmers are committed to reestablishing a native species in a marine ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_87647\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Farm.-MARSHALL.-Harvest.-RIna-Jordan-1000.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2014/09/Hog-Island-Oyster-Farm.-MARSHALL.-Harvest.-RIna-Jordan-1000.jpg\" alt=\"Harvesting oysters at Hog Island Oyster Farm. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\" width=\"1000\" height=\"668\" class=\"size-full wp-image-87647\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harvesting oysters at Hog Island Oyster Farm. Photo courtesy of Hog Island Oyster Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Big Hit on the Half Shell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned aquaculture farms like Hog Island have supplanted the wild oyster population for decades now and the tiny town of Marshall in Tomales Bay, home to Hog Island, is Northern California’s Oyster HQ, with five commercial oyster companies in the mix. \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a>, which the company claims supplied around 40 percent of the state’s oysters, closed its retail operation and cannery in July following unsuccessful efforts to keep operating in the Point Reyes National Seashore after its 40-year lease with the National Park Service expired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A major supplier to Bay Area restaurants, its unclear where chefs will source local oysters once the farm stops harvesting altogether. This summer, The \u003ca href=\"http://tomalesbayoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Tomales Bay Oyster Company\u003c/a> and several West Marin restaurants filed a \u003ca href=\"http://saveourshellfish.com/SaveOurShellfish.com/Drakes_Estero_Advocacy.html\" target=\"_blank\">lawsuit to prevent the closure\u003c/a>. On September 9, a federal judge \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Friends-of-Drakes-Bay-Oyster-Co-lose-in-court-5744770.php\" target=\"_blank\">rejected\u003c/a> their efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Finger would like to see new oyster farms established, but says the expense and bureaucracy is a major impediment in California. “It can take two years and $200,000 just to get the permits approved; it shouldn’t be that time-consuming or that expensive,” he says, noting that oyster farms in states such as Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey have more streamlined approval processes in place for budding shellfish farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On any given day some one million oysters are growing at Hog Island. The farm shoots for harvesting about four million per year but mortality rates are high–around 50 percent. It’s an industry hazard that oyster farmers plan for; a survival of the fittest situation and ocean acidification doesn’t help an oyster’s odds of making it to the juicy, plump size consumers have come to expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years oysters have seen a pendulum swing in popularity. Readily available until the early 1900s in San Francisco, they were an everyday food enjoyed by people at every economic level. Their reputation as a luxury, boutique item came later. These days, farmed oysters are being touted as an ecologically-responsible, lean protein alternative. \u003ca href=\"http://paulgreenberg.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>American Catch\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author \u003ca href=\"http://civileats.com/2014/07/08/10-things-you-should-know-about-the-american-seafood-supply/\" target=\"_blank\">Paul Greenberg\u003c/a>, for example, includes Atlantic oysters and other filter feeders in his short list of locally raised sustainable seafood that get the thumbs up for regular eating by U.S. consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the shellfish farmers at Hog Island are doing all they can to protect both a sustainable food source and their own livelihoods. That’s welcome news to die-hard bivalve fans, who maintain there’s something special, even exciting, about slurping a raw, live oyster off its shell.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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