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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recently, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cracking the Code team \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> researchers from Texas Tech and media professionals from KQED \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> published our \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/about/16059/germ-knowledge-reporting-during-infodemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on public understanding of germs (viruses and bacteria). Among other findings, this study highlighted that younger audiences \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Generation Z and millennials \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are more likely to hold misperceptions about viruses and bacteria, or “germs.” Why are we interested in people’s understanding of germs? We are concerned about public rejection of CDC guidelines for preventing (or at least slowing) transmission of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease (COVID-19), such as masking and vaccination. And, in some cases, less knowledge predicts this kind of rejection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The “Knowledge Deficit Hypothesis” is a theory in science communication that presumes that lack of domain-specific, or even general science, knowledge is to blame for public rejection of science and science-based policy recommendations. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, the link between knowledge and acceptance often exists only for groups for which the information does not conflict with their identities and/or cultural values. Take evolution, for example: the link between knowledge and acceptance exists for all but the most religious individuals, whose belief system includes the idea that humans were created in their current form (Weisberg et al., 2018). And for climate change, the relationship between knowledge and acceptance breaks down when looking at the data by political ideology. While a strong positive relationship between knowledge and acceptance of anthropogenic climate change exists among liberal Democrats, more science knowledge predicts greater rejection of anthropogenic climate change among conservative Republicans (Kahan, 2017).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like for climate change, information surrounding COVID-19 is highly polarized along political party lines. Would greater knowledge about science or about germs (viruses and bacteria) predict agreement with the recommendations from the CDC to slow the transmission of COVID-19?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using our data collected from the first germ knowledge survey, we created two questionnaires related to germ knowledge: (1) a general understanding that some exposure to germs is normal and can even be a good thing (i.e., the germ knowledge questionnaire) and (2) the belief that germs have human characteristics such as sentience and agency (i.e., the germ anthropomorphism questionnaire). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a second survey, we validated these two dimensions of germ knowledge and examined their relationships with other participant characteristics the Cracking the Code team have been using in our NSF-funded research: the science curiosity scale (Kahan et al., 2017) and the ordinary science intelligence scale (Kahan, 2017).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The results from this second survey are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQYTjhqJZZxDFChZATp1QZYgYtFw7l43e-sHWfIifDjgnaNFinwXCIzTg7wjauTURVyOVHpc5LnZoMu/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">attached slide deck\u003c/a>, but here are the main takeaways.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Having more knowledge about germs is related to having greater ordinary science intelligence scores. Anthropomorphizing germs is related to greater science curiosity scores, but lower ordinary science intelligence scores.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like with our first survey, we find that younger audiences (Generation Z and Millennials) know less about germs than older audiences and are more likely to anthropomorphize them.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When people who vote Democrat have more knowledge about germs, they are also more likely to agree with CDC guidelines that masking prevents transmission of COVID-19 and they are more likely to intend to get vaccinated. However, this is not true of Republicans.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What does this mean for the media? Media organizations could help increase young adults’ understanding of germs through the creation and dissemination of explainers that target some of the key misunderstandings among this audience. By helping increase understanding, media organizations may be helping to increase the public’s compliance with evidence-based COVID-19 mitigation strategies, at least among those who vote Democrat. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indeed, different audiences respond differently to the same information. This is why the knowledge deficit hypothesis is not fully accurate. While providing explainers to help young adults better understand germs may increase compliance among liberal, Democratic-voting audiences, this strategy is not likely to work for more conservative, Republican-voting ones. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our prior research also has provided support for strategies for reaching Millennial and Generation Z audiences, particularly using visuals. We found that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vS_4AGUPLGscZo5yVB9juxYm919ejdT4049xk8lA7IQbaQdf5eA5wsufZaOFfL-N-L1DLbdh9z_XTbK/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">explainers using GIFs were the most engaging on social media\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (compared to a short video or a simple image). Furthermore, infographics can help convey complex information and provide explanations of how or why a strategy works (which appears to be more persuasive than emphasizing the strategy is supported by scientific consensus).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>References\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kahan, D. M., (2017). ‘Ordinary Science Intelligence’: a science-comprehension measure for study of risk and science communication, with notes on evolution and climate change. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Journal of Risk Research, 20\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(8), 995-1016. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kahan, D. M., Landrum, A. R., Carpenter, K., Helft, L., & Jamieson, K, H. (2017). Science Curiosity and Political Information Processing. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advances in Political Psychology, 38\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(S1), 179-199.\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/popfs.12396\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://doi.org/10.1111/popfs.12396\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Weisberg, D. S., Landrum, A. R., Metz, S. E., Weisberg, M. (2018). No Missing Link: Knowledge predicts acceptance of evolution in the United States. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">BioScience\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">68\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 212-222.\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix161\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googleapps domain=\"docs\" dir=\"presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQYTjhqJZZxDFChZATp1QZYgYtFw7l43e-sHWfIifDjgnaNFinwXCIzTg7wjauTURVyOVHpc5LnZoMu/embed\" query=\"start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000\" width=\"960\" height=\"569\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-16044 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recently, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cracking the Code team \u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> researchers from Texas Tech and media professionals from KQED \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> published our \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/about/16059/germ-knowledge-reporting-during-infodemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on public understanding of germs (viruses and bacteria). Among other findings, this study highlighted that younger audiences \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Generation Z and millennials \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">—\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are more likely to hold misperceptions about viruses and bacteria, or “germs.” Why are we interested in people’s understanding of germs? We are concerned about public rejection of CDC guidelines for preventing (or at least slowing) transmission of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease (COVID-19), such as masking and vaccination. And, in some cases, less knowledge predicts this kind of rejection. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The “Knowledge Deficit Hypothesis” is a theory in science communication that presumes that lack of domain-specific, or even general science, knowledge is to blame for public rejection of science and science-based policy recommendations. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, the link between knowledge and acceptance often exists only for groups for which the information does not conflict with their identities and/or cultural values. Take evolution, for example: the link between knowledge and acceptance exists for all but the most religious individuals, whose belief system includes the idea that humans were created in their current form (Weisberg et al., 2018). And for climate change, the relationship between knowledge and acceptance breaks down when looking at the data by political ideology. While a strong positive relationship between knowledge and acceptance of anthropogenic climate change exists among liberal Democrats, more science knowledge predicts greater rejection of anthropogenic climate change among conservative Republicans (Kahan, 2017).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like for climate change, information surrounding COVID-19 is highly polarized along political party lines. Would greater knowledge about science or about germs (viruses and bacteria) predict agreement with the recommendations from the CDC to slow the transmission of COVID-19?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using our data collected from the first germ knowledge survey, we created two questionnaires related to germ knowledge: (1) a general understanding that some exposure to germs is normal and can even be a good thing (i.e., the germ knowledge questionnaire) and (2) the belief that germs have human characteristics such as sentience and agency (i.e., the germ anthropomorphism questionnaire). \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In a second survey, we validated these two dimensions of germ knowledge and examined their relationships with other participant characteristics the Cracking the Code team have been using in our NSF-funded research: the science curiosity scale (Kahan et al., 2017) and the ordinary science intelligence scale (Kahan, 2017).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The results from this second survey are available in the \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQYTjhqJZZxDFChZATp1QZYgYtFw7l43e-sHWfIifDjgnaNFinwXCIzTg7wjauTURVyOVHpc5LnZoMu/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">attached slide deck\u003c/a>, but here are the main takeaways.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Having more knowledge about germs is related to having greater ordinary science intelligence scores. Anthropomorphizing germs is related to greater science curiosity scores, but lower ordinary science intelligence scores.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like with our first survey, we find that younger audiences (Generation Z and Millennials) know less about germs than older audiences and are more likely to anthropomorphize them.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When people who vote Democrat have more knowledge about germs, they are also more likely to agree with CDC guidelines that masking prevents transmission of COVID-19 and they are more likely to intend to get vaccinated. However, this is not true of Republicans.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What does this mean for the media? Media organizations could help increase young adults’ understanding of germs through the creation and dissemination of explainers that target some of the key misunderstandings among this audience. By helping increase understanding, media organizations may be helping to increase the public’s compliance with evidence-based COVID-19 mitigation strategies, at least among those who vote Democrat. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indeed, different audiences respond differently to the same information. This is why the knowledge deficit hypothesis is not fully accurate. While providing explainers to help young adults better understand germs may increase compliance among liberal, Democratic-voting audiences, this strategy is not likely to work for more conservative, Republican-voting ones. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our prior research also has provided support for strategies for reaching Millennial and Generation Z audiences, particularly using visuals. We found that \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vS_4AGUPLGscZo5yVB9juxYm919ejdT4049xk8lA7IQbaQdf5eA5wsufZaOFfL-N-L1DLbdh9z_XTbK/pub?start=false&loop=false&delayms=3000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">explainers using GIFs were the most engaging on social media\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (compared to a short video or a simple image). Furthermore, infographics can help convey complex information and provide explanations of how or why a strategy works (which appears to be more persuasive than emphasizing the strategy is supported by scientific consensus).\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>References\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kahan, D. M., (2017). ‘Ordinary Science Intelligence’: a science-comprehension measure for study of risk and science communication, with notes on evolution and climate change. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Journal of Risk Research, 20\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(8), 995-1016. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kahan, D. M., Landrum, A. R., Carpenter, K., Helft, L., & Jamieson, K, H. (2017). Science Curiosity and Political Information Processing. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advances in Political Psychology, 38\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(S1), 179-199.\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/popfs.12396\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://doi.org/10.1111/popfs.12396\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Weisberg, D. S., Landrum, A. R., Metz, S. E., Weisberg, M. (2018). No Missing Link: Knowledge predicts acceptance of evolution in the United States. \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">BioScience\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">68\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3), 212-222.\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix161\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQYTjhqJZZxDFChZATp1QZYgYtFw7l43e-sHWfIifDjgnaNFinwXCIzTg7wjauTURVyOVHpc5LnZoMu/embed?embedded=true'\n title='https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/e/2PACX-1vQYTjhqJZZxDFChZATp1QZYgYtFw7l43e-sHWfIifDjgnaNFinwXCIzTg7wjauTURVyOVHpc5LnZoMu/embed'\n width='960'\n height='569'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-16044 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Germ Knowledge: Reporting During an Infodemic",
"title": "Germ Knowledge: Reporting During an Infodemic",
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"content": "\u003cp>COVID-19 was not the only pandemic sweeping the globe during the last year: the rapid spread of the coronavirus was accompanied, aided and abetted by an “infodemic” of misinformation. Among the falsehoods leaping from host to host were rumors that a malaria drug, hydroxychloroquine, is an effective treatment or even preventive medication for COVID (it isn’t), and that the vaccines alter individuals’ DNA (they don’t), cause female infertility (nope), or enable powerful elites to covertly insert tracking microchips into unwitting citizens (not a chance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the voluminous facts and fictions floating around, researchers are keen to find out just how widespread outdated, misinformed, and/or conspiratorial beliefs are among the American public. They also hope to learn how such beliefs may be related to what we know and understand about viruses, bacteria and vaccinations. To that end, from the end of January to the beginning of February 2021, researchers conducted a survey of 3,006 Americans on the pandemic, and their answers revealed some significant knowledge gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many participants attributed an agency to pathogens they don’t possess, with 60% of respondents erroneously believing that germs have the ability to move to places that make it easier to infect people. Likewise, nearly 63% incorrectly believe that viruses are able to reproduce outside a living host. Despite more than a year’s worth of news stories concerning the ongoing corona\u003cem>virus \u003c/em>pandemic, 40% of respondents said they believe COVID-19 is caused by bacteria, rather than a virus. Broken down by age, 49% of generation Z participants correctly said COVID-19 is caused by a virus, while 54% of millennials answered the question correctly, as did 62% of generation Xers, 67% of baby boomers, and 66% of the silent generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering those results, it’s a public health concern though perhaps not a surprise, that many people did not possess accurate information about treatment of viral infections, with about 52% incorrectly reporting that antibiotics definitely or likely could be used to treat viruses, with 23% saying antibiotics are effective at treating COVID-19. Individuals belonging to older generations were more likely to answer this question correctly: More than 60% of the silent generation knew the right answer, whereas only 35% of those from generation Z did. The public was split when it came to hydroxychloroquine, with 43% believing it is likely or definitely an effective treatment and/or preventative for COVID-19. Other debunked prophylactic measures and conditions that the public was confused about include hot air hand dryers (22% thought them effective) and warm weather (21% did not identify the idea as definitely or likely false).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a more positive note, most respondents indicated they intended to receive a COVID-19 vaccination when it became available. (The survey was conducted before vaccinations were widely available), with 63% reporting they were likely or very likely to get vaccinated. Intentions varied along political and racial lines. Among self-described liberals, 79% reported they were likely to receive a COVID-19 vaccination, as did 62% of moderates, and 55% of conservatives. Meanwhile, 64% of whites, 56% of African Americans, and 53% of Hispanics indicated they were likely to receive a vaccine when it became available to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most respondents, 87%, understood the concept of herd or community immunity, in which the more citizens who are vaccinated against a disease, the less likely it is for other community members to be exposed to it.. Almost one-third, 31%) of participants espoused the debunked idea that vaccines can cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some key findings :\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> There are misperceptions about germs. \u003c/strong>A substantial number of people responding, 60%, said they believe germs can move to places that make it easier for them to infect people, and a similar number, 63%, said they believe viruses can reproduce outside a living host, beliefs that are incorrect. While strep throat is a bacterial infection, 68% of respondents erroneously thought it’s caused by a virus, and 40% incorrectly said COVID-19 (which stands for Corona\u003cem>virus \u003c/em>Disease 2019) is caused by bacteria. The knowledge that COVID-19 is caused by a virus increased with the age of respondents: 49% of gen Z, 54% of millennials, 62% of gen X, 67% of baby boomers, and 66% of silent generation participants answered the question correctly. The misperception that antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections is common: 52% of participants said they believe that’s likely or definitely true. Again, correct answers to this question were more common among older generations than younger ones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> There are misperceptions about COVID-19. \u003c/strong>While the misperception about COVID-19 being caused by bacteria was the most common, other erroneous ideas abound: 43% of participants incorrectly believed it is likely or definitely true that hydroxychloroquine is an effective preventative and/or treatment for COVID-19, while 23% considered antibiotics to be an effective preventative, and 22% said they believe the same of hot air hand dryers. While 87% agreed that wearing masks is an effective means of limiting the spread of COVID-19 and 80% knew masks were effective in protecting the wearer, sharp differences existed between political ideologies, with 29% of conservatives and 19% of moderates saying masks are ineffective at limiting spread to others, and 28% of conservatives and 19% of moderates saying they are ineffective at protecting the wearer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> There are misperceptions about vaccinations—and not just those for the coronavirus. \u003c/strong>Overall, 63% of participants reported that they intended to get vaccinated against COVID-19, and 4.6% had already been vaccinated at the time of the survey. Intentions varied by political ideology and race 40% of conservatives and 34% of moderates said they were unlikely to receive the shot, while only 16% of liberal respondents said the same. Among African Americans and Hispanics 42% and 41%, respectively, said they were unlikely to get vaccinated, higher than the 31% of white participants. Dishearteningly, nearly a third, or 31%, of participants espoused the long-debunked claim that vaccines can cause autism. This misperception was more common among younger participants—39% of millennials, 34% of gen Xers, and 32% of gen Zers believed in the mythological vaccine-autism link compared to 22% of baby boomers and 16% of the silent generation.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Even at the time of this survey, administered 10 months into the widely covered, COVID-19 pandemic, misperceptions were prevalent and, from a public health perspective, pernicious. Some that may be among the most important to address are the still circulating ideas that hydroxychloroquine is an effective preventative and/or treatment for COVID-19 (a view held by 43% of respondents), and that COVID-19 is caused by bacteria (which young people, in particular, were more likely to believe). These two fallacies are particularly important to correct, as they pertain to understandings about the treatment and nature of the pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine has not been shown to either treat or prevent COVID-19, and viral infections should be treated differently than bacterial ones; antibiotics, for instance, are only effective against the latter. On the plus side, there’s no shortage of material for science communicators to disseminate to the public — but how to get it to sink in, when 10 months of perpetual media coverage didn’t manage it, remains a puzzler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about the survey design and the full report, called “Germ Knowledge: Reporting During an Infodemic” \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NZICMuemnUGL786aAyQsp_rcpSrieDjW/view\">here\u003c/a> and below. To learn more about the \u003cem>Cracking the Code\u003c/em> project visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\">kqed.org/crackingthecode\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googleapps domain=\"drive\" dir=\"file/d/1NZICMuemnUGL786aAyQsp_rcpSrieDjW/preview\" query=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-16044 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Specific reasons for why people believe what they believe are still a mystery, but it’s clear that false beliefs can be driven by the kind of overload of information that occurred during the coronavirus pandemic.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>COVID-19 was not the only pandemic sweeping the globe during the last year: the rapid spread of the coronavirus was accompanied, aided and abetted by an “infodemic” of misinformation. Among the falsehoods leaping from host to host were rumors that a malaria drug, hydroxychloroquine, is an effective treatment or even preventive medication for COVID (it isn’t), and that the vaccines alter individuals’ DNA (they don’t), cause female infertility (nope), or enable powerful elites to covertly insert tracking microchips into unwitting citizens (not a chance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the voluminous facts and fictions floating around, researchers are keen to find out just how widespread outdated, misinformed, and/or conspiratorial beliefs are among the American public. They also hope to learn how such beliefs may be related to what we know and understand about viruses, bacteria and vaccinations. To that end, from the end of January to the beginning of February 2021, researchers conducted a survey of 3,006 Americans on the pandemic, and their answers revealed some significant knowledge gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many participants attributed an agency to pathogens they don’t possess, with 60% of respondents erroneously believing that germs have the ability to move to places that make it easier to infect people. Likewise, nearly 63% incorrectly believe that viruses are able to reproduce outside a living host. Despite more than a year’s worth of news stories concerning the ongoing corona\u003cem>virus \u003c/em>pandemic, 40% of respondents said they believe COVID-19 is caused by bacteria, rather than a virus. Broken down by age, 49% of generation Z participants correctly said COVID-19 is caused by a virus, while 54% of millennials answered the question correctly, as did 62% of generation Xers, 67% of baby boomers, and 66% of the silent generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering those results, it’s a public health concern though perhaps not a surprise, that many people did not possess accurate information about treatment of viral infections, with about 52% incorrectly reporting that antibiotics definitely or likely could be used to treat viruses, with 23% saying antibiotics are effective at treating COVID-19. Individuals belonging to older generations were more likely to answer this question correctly: More than 60% of the silent generation knew the right answer, whereas only 35% of those from generation Z did. The public was split when it came to hydroxychloroquine, with 43% believing it is likely or definitely an effective treatment and/or preventative for COVID-19. Other debunked prophylactic measures and conditions that the public was confused about include hot air hand dryers (22% thought them effective) and warm weather (21% did not identify the idea as definitely or likely false).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a more positive note, most respondents indicated they intended to receive a COVID-19 vaccination when it became available. (The survey was conducted before vaccinations were widely available), with 63% reporting they were likely or very likely to get vaccinated. Intentions varied along political and racial lines. Among self-described liberals, 79% reported they were likely to receive a COVID-19 vaccination, as did 62% of moderates, and 55% of conservatives. Meanwhile, 64% of whites, 56% of African Americans, and 53% of Hispanics indicated they were likely to receive a vaccine when it became available to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most respondents, 87%, understood the concept of herd or community immunity, in which the more citizens who are vaccinated against a disease, the less likely it is for other community members to be exposed to it.. Almost one-third, 31%) of participants espoused the debunked idea that vaccines can cause autism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some key findings :\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> There are misperceptions about germs. \u003c/strong>A substantial number of people responding, 60%, said they believe germs can move to places that make it easier for them to infect people, and a similar number, 63%, said they believe viruses can reproduce outside a living host, beliefs that are incorrect. While strep throat is a bacterial infection, 68% of respondents erroneously thought it’s caused by a virus, and 40% incorrectly said COVID-19 (which stands for Corona\u003cem>virus \u003c/em>Disease 2019) is caused by bacteria. The knowledge that COVID-19 is caused by a virus increased with the age of respondents: 49% of gen Z, 54% of millennials, 62% of gen X, 67% of baby boomers, and 66% of silent generation participants answered the question correctly. The misperception that antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections is common: 52% of participants said they believe that’s likely or definitely true. Again, correct answers to this question were more common among older generations than younger ones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> There are misperceptions about COVID-19. \u003c/strong>While the misperception about COVID-19 being caused by bacteria was the most common, other erroneous ideas abound: 43% of participants incorrectly believed it is likely or definitely true that hydroxychloroquine is an effective preventative and/or treatment for COVID-19, while 23% considered antibiotics to be an effective preventative, and 22% said they believe the same of hot air hand dryers. While 87% agreed that wearing masks is an effective means of limiting the spread of COVID-19 and 80% knew masks were effective in protecting the wearer, sharp differences existed between political ideologies, with 29% of conservatives and 19% of moderates saying masks are ineffective at limiting spread to others, and 28% of conservatives and 19% of moderates saying they are ineffective at protecting the wearer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> There are misperceptions about vaccinations—and not just those for the coronavirus. \u003c/strong>Overall, 63% of participants reported that they intended to get vaccinated against COVID-19, and 4.6% had already been vaccinated at the time of the survey. Intentions varied by political ideology and race 40% of conservatives and 34% of moderates said they were unlikely to receive the shot, while only 16% of liberal respondents said the same. Among African Americans and Hispanics 42% and 41%, respectively, said they were unlikely to get vaccinated, higher than the 31% of white participants. Dishearteningly, nearly a third, or 31%, of participants espoused the long-debunked claim that vaccines can cause autism. This misperception was more common among younger participants—39% of millennials, 34% of gen Xers, and 32% of gen Zers believed in the mythological vaccine-autism link compared to 22% of baby boomers and 16% of the silent generation.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Even at the time of this survey, administered 10 months into the widely covered, COVID-19 pandemic, misperceptions were prevalent and, from a public health perspective, pernicious. Some that may be among the most important to address are the still circulating ideas that hydroxychloroquine is an effective preventative and/or treatment for COVID-19 (a view held by 43% of respondents), and that COVID-19 is caused by bacteria (which young people, in particular, were more likely to believe). These two fallacies are particularly important to correct, as they pertain to understandings about the treatment and nature of the pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine has not been shown to either treat or prevent COVID-19, and viral infections should be treated differently than bacterial ones; antibiotics, for instance, are only effective against the latter. On the plus side, there’s no shortage of material for science communicators to disseminate to the public — but how to get it to sink in, when 10 months of perpetual media coverage didn’t manage it, remains a puzzler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read more about the survey design and the full report, called “Germ Knowledge: Reporting During an Infodemic” \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NZICMuemnUGL786aAyQsp_rcpSrieDjW/view\">here\u003c/a> and below. To learn more about the \u003cem>Cracking the Code\u003c/em> project visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\">kqed.org/crackingthecode\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NZICMuemnUGL786aAyQsp_rcpSrieDjW/preview?embedded=true'\n title='https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NZICMuemnUGL786aAyQsp_rcpSrieDjW/preview'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-16044 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "COVID-19 Misinformation On Twitter During The Pandemic",
"title": "COVID-19 Misinformation On Twitter During The Pandemic",
"headTitle": "Cracking the Code | About KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’ve read about how everyday people are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972169/why-so-many-people-believe-trump-really-won-the-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">susceptible to conspiracy theories\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and how a demonstrably false idea like the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1951190/flat-earth-believers-actually-love-science-they-just-like-conspiracies-more\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth being flat can gain traction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Specific reasons for why people believe what they believe are still a mystery, but it’s clear that false beliefs can be driven by the kind of overload of information that occurred during the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Around 7 in 10 Americans use social media for entertainment, connection with others, finding news, and sharing personal stories and information, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">according to Pew research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Although social media platforms have taken measures to limit the amount of incorrect information published on their platforms, an “infodemic” of erroneous COVID-19 information has made social media a major spreader of misinformation about the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early months of the pandemic, the KQED Science team and researchers at Texas Tech University wanted to better understand major misinformation narratives related to COVID-19 discussed online in the San Francisco Bay Area, and how they compared to the United States as a whole. We were specifically interested in sentiment around the vaccine and whether gaps in knowledge existed that could be addressed in KQED content creation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Social Media Research Method\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One key analysis we undertook concerned the conversation on social media, mainly Twitter, around COVID. KQED worked with the researchers and analysts at social media listening platform Brandwatch to answer five main questions: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What is the volume of conversation among different audiences over time and on different online platforms around specific key narratives?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are the engagement metrics of news articles on COVID-19 disinformation narratives?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are the volumes of mentions per narrative in the San Francisco Bay Area versus the entire U.S.?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What is the total reach/impressions of narratives in San Francisco versus the U.S.? \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What is the sentiment expressed toward vaccines?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To find the answers, we captured Twitter conversations in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the U.S. between March 1 and Oct. 20, 2020. In the initial stages of this research, Brandwatch identified the top 10 misinformation topics around COVID-19. These falsehoods included:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pandemic was caused by 5G technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drinking bleach, methanol, or ethanol could cure COVID, posited after former President Donald Trump \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/apr/24/context-what-donald-trump-said-about-disinfectant-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">suggested\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that injecting a disinfectant into people’s bodies might eradicate the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pandemic is a hoax.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus was created in a lab, as seen in the conspiracy theory film “Plandemic,” a possibility that was dismissed by most scientists at the time but is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/26/biden-orders-us-intelligence-to-intensify-investigation-into-covid-19-origins.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">now being considered by U.S. intelligence agencies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide poisoning.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 is only as dangerous as the seasonal flu.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tracking devices were added to the vaccine.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus originated in “bat soup.”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Packages from overseas can spread the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Garlic and other foods can help kill the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From these, our KQED Science team narrowed down the list to focus on misinformation about masks, vaccines, virus origins, and comparisons between the coronavirus and the flu. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Demographics\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overall COVID-19 discussion on Twitter was 40% female and 60% male within the San Francisco Bay Area. In comparison, the national average was 5% higher for females and 5% lower for males. Twitter derives demographic information from users that self-identify in their Twitter bios. From this information, Twitter can also determine professions and interests. The top professions engaging in San Francisco Bay Area COVID conversations were executives, scientists/researchers, and teachers/professors. Top interests were business, technology, and family and parenting. The conversations drew many expert voices, most of whom attempted to dispel myths and raise awareness around scientific facts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-16038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-800x366.png\" alt=\"COVID-19 Conversations on Twitter\" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-1020x466.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-768x351.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image.png 1337w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Key Findings\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydroxychloroquine\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was the topic that sparked the most misinformation spread online (nearly 19,000 posts locally) and was one of the more politicized subjects. Most of the misinformed conversation was fueled by President Trump, who advocated for the drug to be used for COVID-19 recovery, contrary to scientific evidence. Debate between health care professionals also occurred online, with varying opinions about the drug’s efficacy for the virus’s treatment. Harvey Risch, an epidemiology professor at Yale University, penned an opinion piece in Newsweek in July 2020 advocating for the drug’s use in treatment, fueling the online debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like hydroxychloroquine, \u003c/span>\u003cb>ingesting bleach\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or other household detergents became a conversation after Trump suggested injecting disinfectants as a potential cure at an April 2020 White House press conference. The conversation around this topic mostly involved voices urging the public not to take Trump’s idea seriously. Critics shared the dangerous consequences for anyone who did so and also posted news articles from around the country citing incidents of Americans actually ingesting bleach and other cleansers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19’s \u003c/span>\u003cb>similarities to the influenza virus \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">also stirred controversy online and fueled misinformation (nearly 2,000 posts locally). Those who were skeptical about the seriousness of the coronavirus compared death rates and other data points with those for the flu as evidence that the two viruses were similar. They also pointed to Ebola virus and swine flu outbreaks, which eventually dissipated. Experts also entered the discussion to raise awareness of why the novel coronavirus couldn’t be compared to other viruses, citing different symptoms, infection rates and transmission paths.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus's bat-related \u003c/span>\u003cb>origins, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">specifically the idea that transmission to humans had occurred through “bat soup,” was the topic that involved the most conspiracy theories, sparking racially insensitive discussions and misinformation. The main conspiracy theory shared was that an employee from the Wuhan lab spread the virus to a nearby animal market. Asian culture, cuisine, and general health were questioned and criticized as a result. Multiple experts and advocates entered the discussion to try to address the racism and dispel the myths. Scientists also shared the dangers of this narrative’s rhetoric by using examples from the past, as occurred during the Spanish flu pandemic and West Nile virus outbreaks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, misinformation around \u003c/span>\u003cb>mask exemption cards \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">became a topic of heated debate. Multiple experts and advocates were quick to debunk fake mask exemption cards after various news sources highlighted cards that were unofficial. Per the cards’ instructions, which had no legal weight, cardholders could forgo wearing a mask for health or other personal reasons in stores and other public areas. Those that disseminated the misinformation often shared that only sick people needed to wear masks to prevent the spread of COVID. Conspiracy theorists also shared misinformation that face masks were ineffective. Dr. Anthony Fauci was the person mentioned most frequently within this topic, and he was often criticized for stating at the beginning of the pandemic that the public didn’t need to wear masks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Vaccine sentiment\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just over 8% of the Bay Area vaccine discussion was positive in sentiment, the same as the national average, before the vaccine were in use. However, San Francisco’s negative discussion about a COVID-19 vaccine was less than the nation’s (23% in San Francisco, 31% for the U.S.). When looking at specific emotions, conspiracy theories and other misinformation about vaccines drove a lot of “sad” and “disgust” perceptions among San Francisco residents, with most sharing their disapproval of misinformation being shared. However, it also drove expressions of “joy” in higher numbers than the nation as a whole. These residents were mostly hopeful that a vaccine would help end the pandemic. Sentiment is based upon emotive language used within the post and is detected by automatic keyword-based searches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Reflections\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sheer number of conversations disseminating misinformation about the virus in 2020 was disheartening but not surprising. It’s refreshing, at least, to see some on Twitter come together to help dispel myths that emerged. This “infodemic” on social media makes it even more important for news organizations to report evidence-based information during a health crisis. We continue to be motivated and inspired to create content that is informative, accurate, timely, and reliable in order to fill knowledge gaps in our communities about the virus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the full report \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MjYL3Z2nr03_lnIVx6fVB7W1NGD0MYbi/view\">here\u003c/a> and attached below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googleapps domain=\"drive\" dir=\"file/d/1MjYL3Z2nr03_lnIVx6fVB7W1NGD0MYbi/preview\" query=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-16044 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"446\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For more KQED coverage on the coronavirus, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">see here\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Specific reasons for why people believe what they believe are still a mystery, but it’s clear that false beliefs can be driven by the kind of overload of information that occurred during the coronavirus pandemic.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’ve read about how everyday people are \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1972169/why-so-many-people-believe-trump-really-won-the-election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">susceptible to conspiracy theories\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and how a demonstrably false idea like the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1951190/flat-earth-believers-actually-love-science-they-just-like-conspiracies-more\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth being flat can gain traction\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Specific reasons for why people believe what they believe are still a mystery, but it’s clear that false beliefs can be driven by the kind of overload of information that occurred during the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Around 7 in 10 Americans use social media for entertainment, connection with others, finding news, and sharing personal stories and information, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">according to Pew research\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Although social media platforms have taken measures to limit the amount of incorrect information published on their platforms, an “infodemic” of erroneous COVID-19 information has made social media a major spreader of misinformation about the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the early months of the pandemic, the KQED Science team and researchers at Texas Tech University wanted to better understand major misinformation narratives related to COVID-19 discussed online in the San Francisco Bay Area, and how they compared to the United States as a whole. We were specifically interested in sentiment around the vaccine and whether gaps in knowledge existed that could be addressed in KQED content creation.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Social Media Research Method\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One key analysis we undertook concerned the conversation on social media, mainly Twitter, around COVID. KQED worked with the researchers and analysts at social media listening platform Brandwatch to answer five main questions: \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What is the volume of conversation among different audiences over time and on different online platforms around specific key narratives?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are the engagement metrics of news articles on COVID-19 disinformation narratives?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are the volumes of mentions per narrative in the San Francisco Bay Area versus the entire U.S.?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What is the total reach/impressions of narratives in San Francisco versus the U.S.? \u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What is the sentiment expressed toward vaccines?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To find the answers, we captured Twitter conversations in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the U.S. between March 1 and Oct. 20, 2020. In the initial stages of this research, Brandwatch identified the top 10 misinformation topics around COVID-19. These falsehoods included:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pandemic was caused by 5G technology.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drinking bleach, methanol, or ethanol could cure COVID, posited after former President Donald Trump \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/apr/24/context-what-donald-trump-said-about-disinfectant-/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">suggested\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that injecting a disinfectant into people’s bodies might eradicate the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The pandemic is a hoax.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus was created in a lab, as seen in the conspiracy theory film “Plandemic,” a possibility that was dismissed by most scientists at the time but is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/26/biden-orders-us-intelligence-to-intensify-investigation-into-covid-19-origins.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">now being considered by U.S. intelligence agencies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wearing face masks can cause carbon dioxide poisoning.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19 is only as dangerous as the seasonal flu.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tracking devices were added to the vaccine.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus originated in “bat soup.”\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Packages from overseas can spread the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Garlic and other foods can help kill the virus.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">From these, our KQED Science team narrowed down the list to focus on misinformation about masks, vaccines, virus origins, and comparisons between the coronavirus and the flu. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Demographics\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overall COVID-19 discussion on Twitter was 40% female and 60% male within the San Francisco Bay Area. In comparison, the national average was 5% higher for females and 5% lower for males. Twitter derives demographic information from users that self-identify in their Twitter bios. From this information, Twitter can also determine professions and interests. The top professions engaging in San Francisco Bay Area COVID conversations were executives, scientists/researchers, and teachers/professors. Top interests were business, technology, and family and parenting. The conversations drew many expert voices, most of whom attempted to dispel myths and raise awareness around scientific facts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-16038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-800x366.png\" alt=\"COVID-19 Conversations on Twitter\" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-800x366.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-1020x466.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-160x73.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image-768x351.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/demographic-image.png 1337w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Key Findings\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hydroxychloroquine\u003c/strong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was the topic that sparked the most misinformation spread online (nearly 19,000 posts locally) and was one of the more politicized subjects. Most of the misinformed conversation was fueled by President Trump, who advocated for the drug to be used for COVID-19 recovery, contrary to scientific evidence. Debate between health care professionals also occurred online, with varying opinions about the drug’s efficacy for the virus’s treatment. Harvey Risch, an epidemiology professor at Yale University, penned an opinion piece in Newsweek in July 2020 advocating for the drug’s use in treatment, fueling the online debate.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like hydroxychloroquine, \u003c/span>\u003cb>ingesting bleach\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> or other household detergents became a conversation after Trump suggested injecting disinfectants as a potential cure at an April 2020 White House press conference. The conversation around this topic mostly involved voices urging the public not to take Trump’s idea seriously. Critics shared the dangerous consequences for anyone who did so and also posted news articles from around the country citing incidents of Americans actually ingesting bleach and other cleansers.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">COVID-19’s \u003c/span>\u003cb>similarities to the influenza virus \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">also stirred controversy online and fueled misinformation (nearly 2,000 posts locally). Those who were skeptical about the seriousness of the coronavirus compared death rates and other data points with those for the flu as evidence that the two viruses were similar. They also pointed to Ebola virus and swine flu outbreaks, which eventually dissipated. Experts also entered the discussion to raise awareness of why the novel coronavirus couldn’t be compared to other viruses, citing different symptoms, infection rates and transmission paths.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The virus's bat-related \u003c/span>\u003cb>origins, \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">specifically the idea that transmission to humans had occurred through “bat soup,” was the topic that involved the most conspiracy theories, sparking racially insensitive discussions and misinformation. The main conspiracy theory shared was that an employee from the Wuhan lab spread the virus to a nearby animal market. Asian culture, cuisine, and general health were questioned and criticized as a result. Multiple experts and advocates entered the discussion to try to address the racism and dispel the myths. Scientists also shared the dangers of this narrative’s rhetoric by using examples from the past, as occurred during the Spanish flu pandemic and West Nile virus outbreaks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, misinformation around \u003c/span>\u003cb>mask exemption cards \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">became a topic of heated debate. Multiple experts and advocates were quick to debunk fake mask exemption cards after various news sources highlighted cards that were unofficial. Per the cards’ instructions, which had no legal weight, cardholders could forgo wearing a mask for health or other personal reasons in stores and other public areas. Those that disseminated the misinformation often shared that only sick people needed to wear masks to prevent the spread of COVID. Conspiracy theorists also shared misinformation that face masks were ineffective. Dr. Anthony Fauci was the person mentioned most frequently within this topic, and he was often criticized for stating at the beginning of the pandemic that the public didn’t need to wear masks.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Vaccine sentiment\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just over 8% of the Bay Area vaccine discussion was positive in sentiment, the same as the national average, before the vaccine were in use. However, San Francisco’s negative discussion about a COVID-19 vaccine was less than the nation’s (23% in San Francisco, 31% for the U.S.). When looking at specific emotions, conspiracy theories and other misinformation about vaccines drove a lot of “sad” and “disgust” perceptions among San Francisco residents, with most sharing their disapproval of misinformation being shared. However, it also drove expressions of “joy” in higher numbers than the nation as a whole. These residents were mostly hopeful that a vaccine would help end the pandemic. Sentiment is based upon emotive language used within the post and is detected by automatic keyword-based searches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch5>\u003cb>Reflections\u003c/b>\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sheer number of conversations disseminating misinformation about the virus in 2020 was disheartening but not surprising. It’s refreshing, at least, to see some on Twitter come together to help dispel myths that emerged. This “infodemic” on social media makes it even more important for news organizations to report evidence-based information during a health crisis. We continue to be motivated and inspired to create content that is informative, accurate, timely, and reliable in order to fill knowledge gaps in our communities about the virus. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the full report \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MjYL3Z2nr03_lnIVx6fVB7W1NGD0MYbi/view\">here\u003c/a> and attached below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MjYL3Z2nr03_lnIVx6fVB7W1NGD0MYbi/preview?embedded=true'\n title='https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MjYL3Z2nr03_lnIVx6fVB7W1NGD0MYbi/preview'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-16044 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"446\" height=\"94\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For more KQED coverage on the coronavirus, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">see here\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For some it seemed like common sense. For others, it felt like government overreach and a restriction of freedom. In 2020, as the waves of a global pandemic broke on the shores of the United States and political discord raged within, mask-wearing for preventing the spread of COVID-19 became a polarized, hot-button topic. Although the effectiveness of face masks as a means of limiting transmission of the deadly virus became scientifically clear, political factions under the then-administration quickly took up sides – pro- or anti-mask. Former President Donald Trump repeatedly downplayed the seriousness of the virus and his supporters took offense to laws and mandates requiring mask-wearing and social distancing. Doctors and medical scientists scrambled to find ways to communicate to the public that the disease was serious and that mask-wearing was necessary not just to protect the wearer, but perhaps more importantly, to protect others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This political polarization and resistance to established science was not new to science communicators – not even by a long shot. A cartoon began to circulate social media in which two medical researchers were having a conversation in a hallway next to two climate scientists. The medical researchers were saying, “As long as we just provide the facts to the American people …” The climate scientists are laughing hysterically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate communicators, and science communicators working on a variety of subjects that have become politically charged, have been searching for decades now for ways to break through the polarization of public climate change concern. What if some of the communication techniques studied for climate change could be used to communicate with the public about the effectiveness and importance of wearing masks? What if they could even increase public support for mask-wearing policies? As part of the NSF-funded \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/about/program/cracking-the-code\">Cracking the Code project\u003c/a>, researchers from Texas Tech University, Eckerd College, and Bucknell University attempted to do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers wanted to examine two specific techniques that have recently received a great deal of attention in the science communication community: consensus messaging and informative images, or, “\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1075547014555997?casa_token=oXmZwkGA34AAAAAA%3A6jyTlv9_OjUWcOpy0XGDtvhlpzRYr7wcYSaTebmBnwhrR5cIH3_G8Axyo26HusuBJc8E90_DvqgZ\">in\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1075547014555997?casa_token=oXmZwkGA34AAAAAA%3A6jyTlv9_OjUWcOpy0XGDtvhlpzRYr7wcYSaTebmBnwhrR5cIH3_G8Axyo26HusuBJc8E90_DvqgZ\">fographics\u003c/a>.” Consensus messaging is essentially telling people that scientists are generally in agreement that something is true. In the case of climate change, researchers show survey takers a simple statistic – 97% of climate scientists agree that climate change is caused by human activity. \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118489&version=meter+at+null&module=meter-Links&pgtype=Blogs&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=meter-links-click&te=1&nl=debatable&emc=edit_db_20200714\">Some research\u003c/a> has suggested that this is effective in helping people understand the severity of the issue and making them more concerned. Because this technique has not worked universally across different studies and topics, our researchers wanted to see if it would work for COVID-19 mask-wearing. This was a bit tricky, however, because we don’t have a simple statistic in this case. Instead, the researchers crafted a message stating that there is a “strong scientific consensus” that COVID-19 is dangerous and that mask-wearing slows transmission of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the second technique, researchers used \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-figures-data\">a graphic\u003c/a> from the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> that depicts how masks prevent the wearer from spreading the virus to others. A nationally representative sample of 2,871 participants took the survey and were randomly served up different combinations of control messages, consensus messages, and the image. This study design, called a “modified Solomon group design,” split the sample so that some participants were contacted ahead of the full survey to gauge their concern and mask-wearing support before they saw the communication materials. Participants were asked about their support for different mask-wearing policies as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey results were interesting for a number of reasons. They helped us to better understand effective communication for mask-wearing, but they also showed us that the consensus messaging that some researchers have found works for climate change, didn’t appear to change public acceptance of mask-wearing or policies associated with masks. Here is a summary of the survey’s key findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Presenting participants with a consensus message did not significantly influence their beliefs. \u003c/strong>Reading a scientific consensus message had no significant effects on participants’ perceptions of consensus, their beliefs about the effectiveness of mask-wearing for preventing the transmission of the disease, their risk perceptions of COVID-19 or their support for policies related to mask-wearing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> The presence of an infographic depicting how masks help to prevent the spread of COVID-19 did, in some circumstances, influence participants’ beliefs.\u003c/strong> Participants who saw the explanatory infographic were more likely to agree that there is a scientific consensus that mask-wearing is an effective strategy for preventing the transmission of COVID-19, regardless of whether a consensus message was also present. This same finding held true for participants’ beliefs that masks prevent the wearer from contracting or spreading the disease. Participants receiving the image paired with the consensus message were more likely to support a policy that required employees in service industries to wear masks at work. These findings did not hold true, however, for the other two policy questions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Political party was the strongest predictor of participants’ beliefs about COVID-19 risks, mask-wearing, and policy support. \u003c/strong>Political party preference is the strongest predictor of perceived consensus, beliefs about the effectiveness of mask wearing, risk assessment of COVID-19, and policy support in both between-subjects and within-subject comparisons. Between-subjects tests showed that compared to Republicans, Democrats were more likely to perceive a scientific consensus that COVID-19 is more severe than the flu and that mask wearing is effective, are more likely to see the disease as risky, are \u003cem>less\u003c/em> likely to see mask-wearing as risky and are more supportive of all three the mask-wearing policies across all conditions. Importantly, however, exposure to the image seemed to affect Republican participants.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can read more about the survey design and the full report, called “Mask Messaging for COVID-19: Examining the Effectiveness of a Scientific Consensus Message versus an Explanatory Infographic” \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eHYYcLfaPrTgPmL3bGISOFDdGTdCq9_e/view?usp=sharing\">here\u003c/a> and below. To learn more about the \u003cem>Cracking the Code\u003c/em> project visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\">kqed.org/crackingthecode\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googleapps domain=\"drive\" dir=\"file/d/1eHYYcLfaPrTgPmL3bGISOFDdGTdCq9_e/preview\" query=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-16044 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For some it seemed like common sense. For others, it felt like government overreach and a restriction of freedom. In 2020, as the waves of a global pandemic broke on the shores of the United States and political discord raged within, mask-wearing for preventing the spread of COVID-19 became a polarized, hot-button topic. Although the effectiveness of face masks as a means of limiting transmission of the deadly virus became scientifically clear, political factions under the then-administration quickly took up sides – pro- or anti-mask. Former President Donald Trump repeatedly downplayed the seriousness of the virus and his supporters took offense to laws and mandates requiring mask-wearing and social distancing. Doctors and medical scientists scrambled to find ways to communicate to the public that the disease was serious and that mask-wearing was necessary not just to protect the wearer, but perhaps more importantly, to protect others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This political polarization and resistance to established science was not new to science communicators – not even by a long shot. A cartoon began to circulate social media in which two medical researchers were having a conversation in a hallway next to two climate scientists. The medical researchers were saying, “As long as we just provide the facts to the American people …” The climate scientists are laughing hysterically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate communicators, and science communicators working on a variety of subjects that have become politically charged, have been searching for decades now for ways to break through the polarization of public climate change concern. What if some of the communication techniques studied for climate change could be used to communicate with the public about the effectiveness and importance of wearing masks? What if they could even increase public support for mask-wearing policies? As part of the NSF-funded \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/about/program/cracking-the-code\">Cracking the Code project\u003c/a>, researchers from Texas Tech University, Eckerd College, and Bucknell University attempted to do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers wanted to examine two specific techniques that have recently received a great deal of attention in the science communication community: consensus messaging and informative images, or, “\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1075547014555997?casa_token=oXmZwkGA34AAAAAA%3A6jyTlv9_OjUWcOpy0XGDtvhlpzRYr7wcYSaTebmBnwhrR5cIH3_G8Axyo26HusuBJc8E90_DvqgZ\">in\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1075547014555997?casa_token=oXmZwkGA34AAAAAA%3A6jyTlv9_OjUWcOpy0XGDtvhlpzRYr7wcYSaTebmBnwhrR5cIH3_G8Axyo26HusuBJc8E90_DvqgZ\">fographics\u003c/a>.” Consensus messaging is essentially telling people that scientists are generally in agreement that something is true. In the case of climate change, researchers show survey takers a simple statistic – 97% of climate scientists agree that climate change is caused by human activity. \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118489&version=meter+at+null&module=meter-Links&pgtype=Blogs&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=meter-links-click&te=1&nl=debatable&emc=edit_db_20200714\">Some research\u003c/a> has suggested that this is effective in helping people understand the severity of the issue and making them more concerned. Because this technique has not worked universally across different studies and topics, our researchers wanted to see if it would work for COVID-19 mask-wearing. This was a bit tricky, however, because we don’t have a simple statistic in this case. Instead, the researchers crafted a message stating that there is a “strong scientific consensus” that COVID-19 is dangerous and that mask-wearing slows transmission of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the second technique, researchers used \u003ca href=\"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6498/1422/tab-figures-data\">a graphic\u003c/a> from the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> that depicts how masks prevent the wearer from spreading the virus to others. A nationally representative sample of 2,871 participants took the survey and were randomly served up different combinations of control messages, consensus messages, and the image. This study design, called a “modified Solomon group design,” split the sample so that some participants were contacted ahead of the full survey to gauge their concern and mask-wearing support before they saw the communication materials. Participants were asked about their support for different mask-wearing policies as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey results were interesting for a number of reasons. They helped us to better understand effective communication for mask-wearing, but they also showed us that the consensus messaging that some researchers have found works for climate change, didn’t appear to change public acceptance of mask-wearing or policies associated with masks. Here is a summary of the survey’s key findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Presenting participants with a consensus message did not significantly influence their beliefs. \u003c/strong>Reading a scientific consensus message had no significant effects on participants’ perceptions of consensus, their beliefs about the effectiveness of mask-wearing for preventing the transmission of the disease, their risk perceptions of COVID-19 or their support for policies related to mask-wearing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> The presence of an infographic depicting how masks help to prevent the spread of COVID-19 did, in some circumstances, influence participants’ beliefs.\u003c/strong> Participants who saw the explanatory infographic were more likely to agree that there is a scientific consensus that mask-wearing is an effective strategy for preventing the transmission of COVID-19, regardless of whether a consensus message was also present. This same finding held true for participants’ beliefs that masks prevent the wearer from contracting or spreading the disease. Participants receiving the image paired with the consensus message were more likely to support a policy that required employees in service industries to wear masks at work. These findings did not hold true, however, for the other two policy questions.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong> Political party was the strongest predictor of participants’ beliefs about COVID-19 risks, mask-wearing, and policy support. \u003c/strong>Political party preference is the strongest predictor of perceived consensus, beliefs about the effectiveness of mask wearing, risk assessment of COVID-19, and policy support in both between-subjects and within-subject comparisons. Between-subjects tests showed that compared to Republicans, Democrats were more likely to perceive a scientific consensus that COVID-19 is more severe than the flu and that mask wearing is effective, are more likely to see the disease as risky, are \u003cem>less\u003c/em> likely to see mask-wearing as risky and are more supportive of all three the mask-wearing policies across all conditions. Importantly, however, exposure to the image seemed to affect Republican participants.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>You can read more about the survey design and the full report, called “Mask Messaging for COVID-19: Examining the Effectiveness of a Scientific Consensus Message versus an Explanatory Infographic” \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eHYYcLfaPrTgPmL3bGISOFDdGTdCq9_e/view?usp=sharing\">here\u003c/a> and below. To learn more about the \u003cem>Cracking the Code\u003c/em> project visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/crackingthecode\">kqed.org/crackingthecode\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eHYYcLfaPrTgPmL3bGISOFDdGTdCq9_e/preview?embedded=true'\n title='https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eHYYcLfaPrTgPmL3bGISOFDdGTdCq9_e/preview'\n width='640'\n height='480'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-16044 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-800x169.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-1020x215.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-160x34.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714-768x162.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/19/2021/07/kqed-nsf-ttu-only-logo-e1627668398714.png 1133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" />\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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