You Decide

Sources

Special Thanks

• Professor William B. Allen, Department of Political Science, Michigan State University
• Sara Jackson, Constance Baker Motley Fellow, Equal Justice Society

Government

National Center for Education Statistics

 

U.S. Bureau of Justice,

Office of Justice Program, Bureau of Justice Statistics

U.S. Census,

“Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007”

U.S. Department of Defense,

“Career Progression of Minority and Women Officers”

U.S. Military,

Air Force Personnel Center, Air Force Personnel Statistics

U.S. Supreme Court:

• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
• Adarand Constructors Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995)
• Gratz et al. v. Bollinger et al. (slip opinion), 529 U.S. (2003) and related amicus briefs
• Grutter v. Bollinger et al. (slip opinion), 539 U.S. (2003) and related amicus briefs
• Parents Involved in Community Schools vs. Seattle School District No. 1, No. 05-908 (2007)

Articles and Background

Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan,

“Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination,” American Economic Review (2004).

Blau, Francine D., and Anne E. Winkler,

“Does Affirmative Action Work?” Regional Review 14, no. 3 (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston: 2005).

Carter, Stephen,

“Affirmative Distraction,” the New York Times (July 6, 2008).

College Board,

Research Report No. 2008-4, Differential Validity and Prediction of the SAT.

Crenshaw, Kimberlé W.,

“Framing Affirmative Action,” Michigan Law Review (2007).

Dale, Charles,

“Federal Affirmative Action Law: A Brief History,” Congressional Research Service: Report for Congress (September 13, 2005).

Dey, Judy Goldberg, and Catherine Hill,

“Behind the Pay Gap,” AAUW Educational Foundation (April 2007).

Diversity Inc.,

“The History of Affirmative Action Policies,” (January 17, 2004).

Gryphon, Marie,

“The Affirmative Action Myth,” Policy Analysis No. 540, Cato Institute (April 6, 2005).

“Head to Head: Debating Affirmative Action,”

Now (PBS) (August 29, 2008).

Isaacs, Julia B., Isabel V. Sawhill and Ron Haskins,

“Getting Ahead or Losing Ground: Economic Mobility in America,” Brookings Institution (2008).

Kahlenberg, Richard,

“Class-Based Affirmative Action,” The Boston Globe (January 19, 1999).

Kingsbury, Alex,

“Get In, Show Up, Drop Out: Trying to Learn Why So Many College Students Fail to Graduate,” U.S. News and World Report (November 20, 2005).

Korry, Elaine,

“Black Student Enrollment at UCLA Plunges,” NPR (July 24, 2006).

Morris, Monique, et al.,

“Free to Compete? Measuring the Impact of Proposition 209 on Minority Business Enterprises,” Discrimination Research Center (2006).

National Center for Fair and Open Testing,

“The SAT: Questions and Answers” (August 2007).

Orfield, Gary, and Chungmei Lee,

“Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation and the Need for New Integration Strategies,” Civil Rights Project (August 2007).

Pager, Devah, and Bruce Western,

“Race at Work: Realities of Race and Criminal Record in the New York City Job Market,” New York City Commission on Human Rights (2006).

Paterson, Eva, et al.,

“The Id, the Ego and Equal Protection in the 21st Century: Building Upon Charles Lawrence’s Vision to Mount a Contemporary Challenge to the Intent Doctrine,” Chicago Law Review (May 2008).

Peske, Heather G., and Kati Haycock,

“Teaching Inequality: How Poor and Minority Students Are Shortchanged on Teacher Quality,” Education Trust (July 2008).

Pew Center for the People and the Press,

“Conflicted Views of Affirmative Action” (May 2003).

Pew Research Center,

“Optimism About Black Progress Declines: Blacks See Growing Values Gap Between Poor and Middle Class” (November 2007).

Reich, Robert,

“Time for Low-Income Affirmative Action,” Marketplace, American Public Media: August 27, 2008).

Sander, Richard,

“A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools,” Stanford Law Review (2004).

Schemo, Diana Jean,

“300 Groups File Briefs to Support the University of Michigan in an Affirmative Action Case,” the New York Times (February 18, 2003).

Williams, Carol J.,

“Does Affirmative Action Help or Hurt African American Law Students?” Los Angeles Times (September 8, 2008).

More Information

ACLU

http://www.aclu.org/racialjustice/aa/index.html

African American Policy Forum

http://aapf.org

American Association for Affirmative Action

http://www.affirmativeaction.org

American Civil Rights Institute

http://www.acri.org

Center for Equal Opportunity

http://www.ceousa.org

Equal Justice Society

http://www.equaljusticesociety.org

NAACP

http://www.naacp.org

Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs

http://www.dol.gov/esa/ofccp/regs/compliance/aa.htm

Race, Gender and Affirmative Action: Resource Page for Teaching and Study

http://www-personal.umich.edu/~eandersn/biblio.htm

Toward a Fair Michigan

http://towardafairmichigan.org

The Urban Institute

http://www.urban.org

Image Sources

Step 1 image montage:

• Ladders photo from iStockPhoto file #4084132, by mevans

Step 2 image montage:

• African American man photo from iStockPhoto file #3321200, by simonmcconico
• Caucasian woman photo from iStockPhoto file #1692464, by Cybermama

Step 3 image montage:

• Running track photo from iStockPhoto file #7093352, by carterdayne
• Running track photo from iStockPhoto file #3493665, by llhoward

Step 4 image montage:

• Hands photo from iStockPhoto file #6355874, by Vardhan

Credits

• Researched and written by Jori Lewis
• Produced and edited by Meghan Laslocky
• Designed by Rick Elizaga and Eric Westby
• Created by KQED Interactive
• In memory of Sean Fagan