QUEST Community Science Blog

What does our use of bottled water say about us? View our 2-minute TV short “Future History: Plastic Water Bottles” to take a look from the perspective of an anthropologist from the distant future, and the take our poll below:

Josh Rosen is Series Producer for QUEST on KQED Television.

Artist concept of a geyser erupting on Enceladus.
Credit: David Seal.Back when I was young…okay, a previous generation might have ended that sentence with, “…I’d walk forty miles through the snow to get to school…” But I’m not exaggerating when I say, when I was young we knew next to nothing about faraway places in the Solar System…such as the moons of Saturn.

A layer of the veil around Saturn’s moons was removed when Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 made flybys of Saturn in the ’70s and ’80s. The Saturnian moons, it appeared, were not the lumps of rock and dust that Earth’s own Moon is made of, but objects containing no small amount of water ice. Not terribly surprising, considering the low temperatures of the outer solar system where ice-rich comets roam.

Visions of frozen alien landscapes, replete with icicles and ice cliffs and ice fields and ice ice ice! were conjured in my imagination, and in artist depictions of majestic ringed Saturn seen from moons like Rhea or Dione or Enceladus.

Four years ago, Saturn’s first permanent visitor from Earth–the Cassini spacecraft–arrived there, and since has been making extreme closeup examinations of Saturn, its rings, and its increasingly wondrous and beautiful moons. Cassini is almost literally ripping apart veil after veil of our ignorance of these little worlds.

Far from a contingent of enormous but simple snow cone balls, Cassini has shown us that some of Saturn’s moons are apparently alive with liquid motion. First, there were the surface “lakes” and “seas” on Titan, probably made of extremely cold liquid hydrocarbons like methane and ethane–the stuff that spouts out of the gas range in your kitchen. Lakes and seas and rolling waves of liquid natural gas are fine and dandy for an imagined shoreline scene–but take a dip in those “waters” and an actual water-based creature like you would freeze solid in seconds. Scenic, but not inviting for a swim…

But recent observations by Cassini have shown that Titan’s frigid unearthly lakes and Enceladus’ snowball exterior may just be additional veils that are now being lifted.

In March, Cassini flew within 30 miles of the surface of Enceladus and right through a plume of material venting into space from the moon’s interior—an enormous “geyser.” Earlier observations had sensed the presence of water in the plume, giving rise to speculation that liquid water in some form might exist beneath Enceladus’ surface—perhaps chambers of liquid heated by tidal stressing of the interior.

When Cassini flew through the plume, its chemical sensors “sniffed” more than just water in the stream, but a good deal of organic molecules as well…not unlike material found in comets, stuff left over from the formation of the Solar System that may have been the building blocks of life on Earth.

The other “water find” was that of a possible liquid ocean under the crust of Titan–similar perhaps to the deep liquid water ocean believed to exist under the surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Unexpected “drift” in the locations of landmarks on Titan’s surface is what suggests a liquid ocean–water with perhaps some ammonia–that the frozen crust may be floating on.

With all the liquid water and organic chemistry being revealed in the Saturn system (and elsewhere in the outer solar system), our imaginations can shift from the older standards of envisioning otherworldly landscapes of sculpted ice or even seascapes of liquid hydrocarbon lapping on shores of water ice sand, to something a little more, shall we say, “lively…”?

Benjamin Burress is a staff astronomer at The Chabot Space & Science Center in Oakland, CA.

A sample of switchgrass at Sandia National
LaboratoriesIt doesn’t need to be said that there’s a heated debate about how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with actions that lessen our society’s carbon footprint. Biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel are one option. They’re touted as being carbon neutral because the CO2 they emit comes from crops which had previously sequestered them in the atmosphere. In contrast, petroleum produces CO2 emissions that had previously been buried deep in the earth’s crust, adding to the other green house gases in the environment. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy - citing research by the Argonne National Laboratory – states that ethanol derived from corn emits 25% less greenhouse gas emissions than petroleum and that the savings with cellulosic ethanol, made from a feedstock like switchgrass, are much higher, in effect producing no additional greenhouse gases.

So when QUEST decided to move forward on producing a story about biofuels, I welcomed the opportunity to assist Series Producer Josh Rosen in its crafting. Being QUEST, we weren’t content to merely renumerate the different kinds of biofuels and how cellulosic ethanol is more efficient than corn-based ethanol. Instead, our story focuses on the pioneering work being done by researchers affiliated with the Joint BioEnergy Initiative (JBEI), a multi-billion dollar research initiative based in Emeryville, as they look beyond ethanol to the next generation of biofuels. So not only is JBEI looking at various feedstocks like switchgrass, rice, poplar and innovative ways to “deconstruct” the cellulosic material, it also attempts to synthesize fuels that work more efficiently in America’s automotive fleet, still overwhelmingly reliant on gasoline.

But even top researchers at JBEI like Jay Keasling and Blake Simmons caution that this next generation of biofuels won’t be coming online for years. Moreover, new research suggests that the net production cycle of biofuels, from the clear-cutting of trees to grow the crops to their transport to markets far away, may yield as many or more emissions as the use of petroleum-based fuel. A recent Op-Ed piece in the San Francisco Chronicle by UC Berkeley Alex Farrell cites the reason for this as primarily one of production– the way we clear land for growing biofuels, as well as our emphasis on the use of food-based crops like corn and soybean, which aren’t terribly efficient sources of ethanol to begin with.

Tad Patzek, also at UC Berkeley, has been an ardent critic of the carbon-neutral reputation of biofuels, garnering controversy for conducting studies that some other researchers have criticized for their calculations of emissions arising from biofuel production. (See Patzek’s co-authored article on page 19 of the March 2007 edition of Energy Tribune). Earlier this year, a study by researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute suggests that biofuels are not created equal, as those made from U.S. corn, Malaysian palm oil and Brazilian soy yield more emissions than their petroleum-based counterparts, given the environmental damage they reap when grown for fuel. The study cites recycled cooking oil and biofuel made from grassy and woody cellulosic material as being more intelligent choices for cutting down on emissions.

And so the debate continues, struggling to keep pace with the technological progress made by scientists toiling away in their quest to find the holy grail of an efficient, cheap and environmentally-friendly biofuel.

Watch the “Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol” TV Story online, as well as find additional links and resources.

Sheraz Sadiq is an Associate Producer for QUEST on KQED Television.

Scientist Alex Gash prepares the “frozen smoke.”
I’ve always loved cooking shows. There’s something so satisfying about watching an expert gather, wash, peel, macerate, combine and assemble ingredients. And because of the magic of television, we get the whole enchilada neatly packaged within a half hour program. Everything’s perfectly cooked, presented and served. And I don’t have to do the dishes.

So when I conceived this Aerogel segment, I had a cooking show in mind. I imagined the mad scientist, standing at his bench in requisite white lab coat and safety glasses, Bunsen burner bubbling away. And the big reveal at the end, pulling a perfectly-formed cylinder of Aerogel from the supercritical extractor. Well, it turns out that the process of making Aerogel isn’t terribly visual. Essentially, there’s a lot of clear liquid being added to clear liquid. Which becomes clear gel. Then it’s put into a machine and it comes out Aerogel.

So, it’s a good thing that our chemist, Alex Gash, was a rock star. He was such a good sport, saying the same thing over and over in just slightly different ways without a single complaint. And even though he works with Aerogel (Sol Gel chemistry) every day, it still seemed like he was pretty excited about it.

So, while it’s not exactly a cooking show, we hope that our little segment piques your interest to find out more about how Aerogel is made as well as its really interesting applications. Maybe you can even print out the recipe and make it at home.

Watch the “QUEST Lab: Aerogel” TV Story online, as well as find additional links and resources.


Amy Miller is a Coordinating Producer for television on QUEST.

If Chicago has deep dish pizza and Boston has cream pie, San Francisco has sourdough bread. And just like the pizza and pie, San Francisco sourdough just isn’t the same outside its hometown.

But that’s because only San Francisco is home to a certain bacterium that bears its name– Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis.

Of course bread uses another microbe– the yeast that turns sugar into the air bubbles that lighten the loaf. For sourdough, though, local bacteria then add their secret ingredient. They eat up the yeast’s waste and turn it into acid, making the bread San Francisco sour.

The bacteria also make the dough inhospitable for other microbes, keeping all that doughy goodness for the yeast and itself. The yeast and bacteria make such great partners because the yeast can’t eat the sugar maltose, which the bacteria absolutely need.

San Franciscans have been noshing on this local concoction since at least the Gold Rush. Boudin Bakery first baked buns in 1849. Some bakeries even claim to have a “starter”– the bit of dough that contains yeast and bacteria– that’s over a century old. They pinch off a piece of starter for every new loaf, and care for the dough with regular feedings of flour and water.

If you’ve got a favorite brand, chances are it’s because of the unique mix of yeast and bacteria from that bakery. Other towns’ sourdough will taste a little bit different because their bacteria aren’t the San Francisco kind.

Want to whip up a loaf unique to your backyard? The Exploratorium has a recipe to make your own starter that will pick up local yeast and bacteria. Or if you prefer that authentic San Francisco flavor, buy the original.

For more on Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, check out the Berkeley Science Review.

Amber Dance is the Quest Intern and a science communication student at UC Santa Cruz.

Last night, I watched a reality dating show with a seemingly wacky way of finding true love. The male searching for love sniffed the armpits of potential females. He either turned away in disgust or became quite aroused by the wafts of underarm aroma. What is so comical is that a new dating service relies on a more sterile but ultimately similar approach. Scientific Match, which opened last December, provides dating services based on both personality and DNA compatibility. Clients send in a cheek swab of DNA to be matched up with a potential mate who has dissimilar DNA.

Attraction based on dissimilar DNA was first studied in 1995 by Claus Wedekind. The study is referred to as the “Sweaty T-Shirt Experiment.” In the study, women were given t-shirts recently worn by men. The men in the study were not allowed to wear any cologne or scent that would mask their natural scent. The women were then asked to rate how “sexy” the t-shirts smelled to them. Correlation was found between how good the shirts smelled to the women and how dissimilar their immune DNA was to the man in question. Following this approach, Scientific Match matches clients based on chemistry, specifically making sure six immune genes of each male and female do not match.

But why would it be advantageous to be attracted to someone with dissimilar DNA? Scientifically speaking, it increases the robustness of the species by providing genetic diversity in a gene pool. Diversity enables survival in intense bouts of environmental and infectious selection. There is more of a chance that an individual will have the adaptation to survive and propagate in the population and pass on the advantageous trait. Similar DNA creates a bottleneck in the gene pool because similar genes are passed down rather than diversified - this is the case with inbreeding.

However, basing attraction on chemistry has its drawbacks. Women who are on birth control are turned away from Scientific Match because findings have reported that they are attracted to men with similar immune system genes. Birth controls works by tricking the body in believing it is pregnant. Studies have shown this also changes the indication of genes making women more attracted to family members than potential mates. This behavior has been seen in other mammals and is thought to be a way of protecting a pregnant member of the family and its offspring from harm.

If you meet the qualifications for Scientific Match, you might just find the love of your life for a whopping price tag of a $1,995. That or you can try the more wacky approach of smelling someone’s armpits! Either way, companies such as these denote advances in technology. DNA sequencing and comparative genomics have become cutting edge science and they are infiltrating our everyday life. Genetic testing is not only in the dating arena. Swab and send testing kits are being used for other projects such as National Geographic’s Genographic Project and 23andMe. Both use DNA to uncover deep roots of family trees by using comparative DNA.

Cat Aboudara is the Special Projects Manager at California Academy of Sciences and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.

America might be on the pinnacle of a great change–namely having the first black President of the United States. The democratic primary race is still competitive between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. I was just in Washington, DC, over the President’s Day weekend and it was truly inspiring to see the support for Mr. Obama amongst people who before were apathetic to the political system. One friend felt that for the first time she was “not just voting for the lesser of two evils.” Yet, inspiring change is not uncommon in African American history. In continuance of the Famous African American Scientists blog in January, below are three more noteworthy and prominent African American pioneers in science and technology. Although their names might not be famous, their work continues to mold the way we live our lives today.

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams (1856 – 1931)
Physician
Williams was born in Pennsylvania. He helped support his family after his father died when he was nine. At first, he worked as a shoemaker’s apprentice. Then as a teenager, he learned to cut hair and became a barber. While working as a barber, he met Dr. Henry Palmer, who later became the Surgeon General of Wisconsin. Dr. Palmer took Daniel on as a medical apprentice; and helped him gain acceptance to medical school. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams graduated with his medical degree in 1883. Disillusioned with the second-class care for African Americans, he founded the Provident Hospital in Chicago in 1891, the first African American-owned hospital in the United States. He made history at Provident Hospital by performing the first successful open heart surgery in 1893. His patient James Cornish, injured from a knife wound, fully recovered and lived for another twenty years.

Percy L. Julian (1899 – 1975)
Chemist
Alabama-born Julian held a bachelor’s degree from DePauw University. He was unable to procure a chemistry Ph.D. from Harvard University because of discrimination, and left after receiving a master’s degree. He later received a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna in 1931. He became a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He gained over 130 chemical patents in his lifetime. The most notable patent was for the production of cortisone. For his contributions to medicine, he became the fist African American chemist inducted in the National Academy of Sciences.

Elijah McCoy (1844 – 1929)
Inventor
The son of escaped slaves from Kentucky, McCoy was born in Canada and educated in Scotland. Settling in Detroit, Michigan, he invented a lubricator for steam engines. It was patented in 1872. Lubricators were a boon for railroads. Trains could run faster with less need to stop for lubrication and maintenance, thus improving profit lines. McCoy improved on the lubricator design over his lifetime as well as amassing over 50 other patents. Lacking the revenue to manufacture his own lubricators, he sold the patents to employers until 1920 when he was able to open Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company. It is still disputed today if the phrase “The real McCoy” was derived to compare McCoy lubricators to generic and inferior copies.

Cat Aboudara is the Special Projects Manager at California Academy of Sciences and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.

latitude: 37.7734, longitude: -122.454

Concern over global warming and rising gas prices has just about everyone, including presidential candidates, touting biofuels. Taking the energy from plants to make a gasoline alternative that can run our cars has great promise. But there are challenges to meeting the nation’s goal to replace 20 per cent of the nations annual gasoline consumption with renewable fuels by 2017. Today’s radio report is on the next generation of biofuels being developed right here in the Bay Area.

The biofuels we look at in this piece are primarily cellulose-based. Some of the researchers we talked with called the products they are designing, biopetrol because they are trying to mimic, synthetically, what petroleum does. The San Carlos start up, LS9, is making a biopetrol product: http://www.ls9.com. The hope of these researchers is to use plant matter, or biomass, to make a cellulosic biofuel that can be used in the existing petroleum infrastructure without needing to change pipelines, pumps at stations or gas tanks.

There are a number of California companies and research institutions working on developing advanced biofuels. The big, new academic center for research is the Joint Bio Energy Institute out of Emeryville http://jbei.lbl.gov/.

As you will hear in this story, some are tinkering with microbes, others are trying to improve on current feedstocks.

Biofuels don’t have to come from traditional plants in the ground but can come from converting algae or trash into biodiesel. While that is not the focus of this story, we hope to take it up in the coming months.

Algae: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/chevron_backs_solazyme.php

Trash to gas: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/06/the_ecocomplex.php

You may listen to the “Designer Biofuels” radio report online, as well as find additional links and resources.

Andrea Kissack is Senior Editor for QUEST at KQED Public Radio.

View our original YPOQ pilot
featuring photographer Russ MorrisDo you love photographing Science, Environment and Nature in Northern California? Would you like to collaborate on a 2-minute QUEST TV short about your photography for an audience of over 100,000 viewers?

We’re launching a call for submissions for our new series of TV shorts, “YPOQ: Your Photos on QUEST.” These are broadcast alongside our feature stories. Our pilot YPOQ broadcast in Season 1 featured local photographer Russ Morris.

We’re looking for more than stunning nature photography. We seek to collaborate with a local photographer who is inspired by science, environment and nature in Northern California, and uses innovative approaches to express their unique vision of our region.

Key Dates

Submissions due: February 27th, 2008
Selection announcenment: March 3rd, 2008.
TV Broadcast : May 20, 2008.

Although we can only broadcast one photographer’s work on the air on May 20, we also plan to feature selected submissions here on the KQED QUEST Community Science Blog.

We are running this call through Flickr, a website for sharing photos and much more. It’s free to join and participate. See our discussion topic on Flickr for details!

Craig Rosa is the Interactive Producer for QUEST.

Diversity of thought has always been a cornerstone of science; however, diversity amongst scientists has often gone unnoticed. Martin Luther King’s birthday was just celebrated in remembrance of his leadership in the African American community. However, he is not the only pioneer who has brought about great and lasting change. Below are just two examples of the great scientists and innovators in the African American community who have graced the history of science for the betterment of mankind.

George Washington Carver: (1864-1943)
Agricultural Chemist and Innovator

On the epitaph on the grave of George Washington Carver it reads, “He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world.”

Through his work as an agricultural chemist, Dr. George Washington Carver changed the agriculture of the South by discovering three hundred uses for peanuts and hundreds more uses for soybeans, pecans and sweet potatoes. From the peanut Dr. Carver created meal, instant and dry coffee, bleach, tar remover, wood filler, metal polish, paper, ink, shaving cream, rubbing oil, linoleum, synthetic rubber, and plastics. From the soybean he obtained flour, breakfast food, and milk. He also significantly boosted the agricultural economy by formulating the crop rotation method, which revolutionized agricultural practice. He educated the farmers to alternate the soil-depleting cotton crops with soil-enriching crops such as peanuts, peas, soybeans, sweet potato, and pecans. He did not profit from these discoveries but freely gave them for the benefit of mankind, and it was said he turned down a $100,000 salary in order to continue his agricultural work. Rising from slavery in Diamond, Missouri, Doctor Carver struggled to gain an education and used it to give back to the land. Dr. Carver died in 1943 and was buried next to Booker T. Washington at Tuskegee Institute where he worked as the Director of Agriculture. On July 17, 1960 the George Washington Carver National Monument was dedicated at Dr. Carver’s birth site. This was the first U.S. federal monument dedicated to an African-American.

Matthew Henson

Matthew Alexander Henson (1866-1955)
Arctic Explorer

“As I stood at the top of the world and thought of the hundreds of men who had lost their lives in the effort to reach it, I felt profoundly grateful that I, as the personal attendant of the commander, had the honor of representing my race in the historic achievement.”

Matthew Henson was the first man to reach the geographic North Pole with long time colleague and explorer Robert Peary. Henson was born of poor parents in Charles County, Maryland. His parents died at the age of twelve and he was then shipped off to be a cabin boy on a merchant ship. He educated himself on the sea and became a skilled navigator. Henson met Commander Robert Peary in 1888 and joined him on an expedition to Nicaragua. Peary was impressed with Henson’s seamanship and recruited him as a colleague. For years they made many trips together, including Arctic voyages in which Henson developed trading with the Eskimos by learning their language, building sleds and training dog teams. In 1909, Peary led his eighth attempt to reach the North Pole and selected Henson to be one of the team of six who would make the final run to the Pole. Peary became ill before reaching the summit and sent Henson ahead as a scout. Later, when measurements were taken, it was discovered that Henson, during his scouting had been the first mortal to walk on the top of the world. Although it was Peary who got most of the acclaim for the exploration, it was Henson who made the first historic steps. On November 28, 2000, the National Geographic Society recognized those steps and awarded the Hubbard Medal to Matthew A. Henson posthumously.

Cat Aboudara is the Special Projects Manager at California Academy of Sciences and works in the public programs division. The Academy is a wonderful fit for her because of her curiosity about the natural world and her experience in working with native California wildlife.

latitude: 37.769, longitude:-122.467