Methane concentrations revealing a plume in Mars' northern
hemisphere during its summer season. Credit: NASAMethane on Mars? Really? What does that mean?

We've known about the existence of methane gas on Mars for several years now, from independent observations.  Further observations have led to the detection of "plumes" or clouds of methane gas apparently emanating from specific locations on Mars.  One plume is estimated to contain 19,000 metric tons of the stuff.

Why is this exciting news? If you know anything about the source of most of Earth's atmospheric methane gas, you already know the answer:  possible life.  Not, I should say, necessarily life on Mars, but maybe a strong piece of evidence in that direction.

On Earth, methane (CH₄) is produced by living organisms—mostly by the activity of microbes, but some by the digestive processes in larger organisms (yes, like humans, and cows).  Methane is the major constituent of natural gas, which fuels gas powered ovens and heaters in homes, as well as natural gas power plants.  Methane is also produced by decaying organic matter—that's where "swamp gas" comes from.

On Mars, methane gas cannot exist for long in the atmosphere; it is relatively quickly broken down by solar radiation.  So, the methane detected in Mars' atmosphere must be replenished by something, continually.

So the big question right now is, where is the methane coming from? Under the surface of Mars, almost certainly.  By biological processes—life—underground? Could be.  By non-biological means? Could be, too; methane can be produced through inorganic chemical processes.  We don't know yet.  The next step in finding out more will be the Mars Science Laboratory, a large rover scheduled to be launched to Mars sometime in the near future.

In one form or another, humans have been trying to see, or find, life on Mars for a long time.  Percival Lowell squinted at Mars' small, blurry disk through his 24-inch telescope in Flagstaff, and perceived markings he saw to be vast canal complexes, ostensibly built by a desert Martian civilization thirsty for water harvested from their planet's polar ice caps. This led to much of the science fiction relating to life on Mars in the 20^th Century.

Earth-bound telescopes noted seasonal changes in Mars' color and brightness, and some attributed this to possible seasonal growth of Martian vegetation—though it was later found that these variations were the effects of seasonal planet-wide dust storms.

The Viking landers' primary mission in the 1970's was to search for life.  They didn't find any by scratching around Mars' surface and testing the soils there.

The 1990's saw the controversy over microscopic structures in meteorites found on Earth but determined to have originated on Mars.  Some argued that these structures were fossils of Martian microbes that lived on Mars long ago.  Whether these findings were in fact fossils and not just geologic structures was never conclusive.

The determination that liquid water once flowed on the surface of Mars, and still exists under its surface at least as ice, is pretty much scientific fact today.  Evidence of past liquid flows have been imaged and mapped from space, and the Phoenix lander found water ice in the north polar regions last year.  And there's the rover Opportunity that has confirmed gray hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water.

It's almost certain that there are no Martian cows grazing the rusty desert plains out there.  But there seems to be a lot of evidence for the possibility that something is going on below Mars' surface—perhaps the presence of liquid water, perhaps the presence of some form of life.  We don't know yet, but it sure feels like we're onto something here….

The Truckee River Canyon. Credit: Michael Conner.

Natural capital isn't something we hear about very often, and it certainly isn't a new idea. Aldo Leopold and other conservationists recognized the role that natural ecosystems play in our lives as early as the 1940's. But understanding and measuring that role hasn't been easy. That's where the Natural Capital Project comes in.

The project focuses on ecosystem services - the natural processes that ecosystems provide and humans benefit from. Those include how forests filter our drinking water, how wetlands provide protection from storm surges, and how bees and other pollinators support our agricultural industry. While these services may not be the first thing you think of when it comes to nature, researchers are discovering that they're vital to human health and decision makers are starting to factor that it.

A few examples:

In the 1990's, New York City's water quality dropped below EPA standards. The obvious option was to built a new water filtration plant - with a hefty price tag: $6-8 billion for construction and $300 million in yearly operating expenses. Instead, the city decided to invest in the natural processes that help keep water clean. That meant looking upstream to the Catskills watershed where intact ecosystems could help filter the water. The city bought land upstream and improved sewer treatment plants - all at a much lower price: $1-1.5 billion.

In China, the Yangtze River Basin experienced devastating floods in 1998. Many believed the vast deforestation of the surrounding area had been the major cause, since it had eliminated the natural buffer that existed. Since then, the Chinese Government has adopted a system of ecosystem payments - giving subsidies to farmers to plant trees and preserve forested areas.  All in all, their program in budgeted in the billions.

The Natural Capital project has created an online tool known as InVEST that's freely available to the public. It allows users to map ecosystem services in any landscape. The project's co-found Gretchen Daily is hopeful that the tool will make it much easier for natural capital to be part of land use decision-making - especially in countries where development pressures are strong. "It's stunning to see how rapidly things are changing globally. We're losing trillions of dollars of value in natural capital in the form of rain forests and other key natural assets" Daily said. The project is already working with the government of Colombia to use InVEST and to improve their resource permitting process. You can read more about where else they're working here.

Listen to the Putting a Price on Nature radio report online.

Amy Gotliffe talks to the Snare Removal Team at the Budongo
Snare Removal Project. The Oakland Zoo has supported them
since 1991.When you think of a zoo, what comes to mind? Animals in habitats? Children? Goat petting? Have you ever thought of zoos as supporters of wildlife conservation in the field?

It is time you did.

Zoos are actually one of the biggest supporters of field conservation for habitats and animals. In fact, as I write this on my laptop, I am looking around a giant conference room jammed with people from all over the world, representing zoological institutions, conservation organizations, NGOS, donor organizations and superstar field biologists. The bi-annual ZACC Conference (Zoos Committing to Conservation) is a  way for zoos to connect with, partner with and support the wild cousins of their captive population. As we wait for the final speaker to present, the room is buzzing with inspired ideas and concrete plan-making.

Zoos and aquariums support conservation in a variety of ways, big and small. They raise and donate financial support, send medical, educational and operational supplies to projects, raise awareness through lectures, classes and publications, donate expertise by sending vets and other staff to project sites and sell indigenous wares in their gift shops. They band together with other zoos in their ecosystem to work on local conservation issues, breed and release species and provide medical attention to local wildlife. They also exercise their most valuable resource, education.

There are many admirable conservation organizations around the world, but zoos have a unique advantage: they welcome 175 million people through their gates each year. These families or individuals, on a nice, affordable day out, can be exposed to conservation messages at a variety of levels. In fact, zoos were ranked among the top most trusted messengers of wildlife conservation.

Awed by a view of an African elephant walking an expansive habitat, moved by the gaze of a chimpanzee studying their expression, amazed by the magnificent coat of a tiger playing in water, a person cannot help but be opened by these individual beings. In this open state of mind, an encounter with a docent, teacher, presentation or educational signage about conservation issues and solutions, can lead a visitor down a path from knowledge and compassion to action.

The last presentation of the afternoon, a rhino project, has just spoken and has ended by thanking the zoos of the audience, stating that much of their funding comes from the generosity and care of zoos. This has been the closing sentiments of most presenters. As we have reached a critical time in the history of conserving wildlife, now is the time for all of us to care and take action. It is fortunate that most zoos do just that.

The Oakland Zoo is proud of our commitment to support local, national and international field conservation. Check www.oaklandzoo.org for more information.

Photo Credit: Jessica LavinOn January 20th, over two million people congregated in one place. There were no arrests, people talked to strangers with no heed of creed or religion, and there was an overwhelming sense of joy complete with outbursts of singing and dancing. When President Obama got up and spoke, all two million people went silent and his voice rang loud and clear down the course of the National Mall.

I have never experienced anything like it and as I look back I know that being on the mall will be one of the truest moments in my life. Is this what happens when over two million people focus on the present moment and meditate on positive transformation and change?

The psychology of the inauguration fascinated me; more so because my experience of mob dynamics came from working at San Quentin State Prison where I have seen the Herd Effect in human populations. I brought walkie-talkies and set an emergency plan with the three other people coming with me just in case of violence. I expected if there were problems that the psychology of the Herd Effect would come into play.

The Herd effect describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction. Evolutionary biologists have noted in animals fleeing a predator, individual animals will band and run in a tightly packed group to insure their own self-seeking protection. By doing so the group becomes a unified front and collective action becomes paramount over individual need.

There are numerous case studies in sociology and psychology about the Herd Effect in humans. The Los Angeles riots of 1992 exemplified how the Herd Effect often results in mob violence. The security precautions at the inauguration, complete with snipers on the top of the museums, made me all too aware that the threat of violence had not been overlooked in the massive size of the crowd.

However, the event as packed and uncomfortable as it was, remained peaceful. Without the catalyst of fear, people looked out for each other and strangers burst out in the same songs. I left feeling empowered and intuitively in tune with my surroundings and fellow Americans. Although I had prepared for the possibility violence, I left with a bigger question: is there a positive counterpart to the Herd Effect? What happens when you have a collective body in a small area experiencing something positive and uplifting? Nothing came up in my research about this type of phenomena.

I would be curious to note if there exists any case studies about the effects of joy felt by millions in one area and what the side effects were in comparison. Perhaps this day and the actions of the crowd will be fodder for further study.

President Obama with Chief Justice John Roberts, after taking
the oath of office a second time. Source: whitehouse.govWe didn’t want to be alone celebrating the inauguration of Barak Obama, so my wife Michele and I went to the Lesher Auditorium in Walnut Creek to watch it live on CSpan on a big screen with about 600 of our neighbors. Some joy must be shared.

Add to our joy as a regular citizens that of our tribe–scientists and other seekers of the truth in its many forms. It’s time we came out of the shadows. Here is some of the reason for our joy, in the form of excerpts from President Obama's inauguration speech.

"We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age… "

"Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends–hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism– these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths."

Our success depends on curiosity! Say amen! I say amen!

We have a world leader now who believes that moral clarity and the continual pursuit of truth are inseparable.

I could talk about the proposed economic recovery package and the billions of dollars that will weatherize 1-million homes a year; or the billions that will go to renewable energy research and development; or the millions of jobs that will be created in a new, more sustainable economy. But I want to take a moment to pat us on the back.

One of the values taught me in theology classes, which comes straight from the Bible, is the value of a faithful remnant. Some might know of the story of Abraham and God discussing the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah, and how God was hot to destroy the cities but Abraham talked God into relenting if only ten good people could be found there. There is the non-biblical story of the rainmaker who came to a town in the midst of drought, and by living a simple, quiet, decent life, brought rain. I don’t think God is into democracy. God won’t wait for 51% of us to get it right. It only takes a few. So to the relative few who continued to pursue goodness, beauty and truth in the last 8 years, I say congratulations. We kept the faith; we ran the race; we won. Way to go. There will be lots of hard work and setbacks ahead, of course. But for now, let’s celebrate.

Dave Feliz calls it "the bird highway in the sky."

Feliz works for California Department of Fish and Game, as area manager for the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, and he's talking about the Pacific Flyway.

Millions of migratory birds travel the same route every year, called the Pacific Flyway, stretching from the north slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska down to the tip of South America. An important stopover for all of those birds on the Flyway is the Central Valley, and the Yolo wildlife area in particular. Traveling south in the winter, it's the first large area for landing that’s not frozen. The Sacramento Delta, flat and wet and full of reeds, provides lots of food and shelter. And so do the thousands of acres of rice fields in the Central Valley.

The Yolo Bypass area is actually a flood-control zone, a mix of native vegetation and stubble from harvested rice fields. So it serves many uses, and has many "stakeholders" working together – farmers, county engineers, wildlife biologists, state and local governments.

And another, more unexpected stakeholder: children. Over the past 10 years, says Robin Kulakow, executive director of the Yolo Basin Foundation, more than 30,000 grade-school students have toured the levees and ponds of the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area.

Peak migration season is now. It started in November and lasts till the spring rains come, usually in March. Migratory birds are at the wildlife area year-round, because so many types of birds migrate at different times of year, to different locales. And whichever birds migrate south for the winter, those same birds migrate north after the winter. But right now, through March, is the best time to view the waterfowl and migratory birds at Yolo, wildlife experts say.

Migrating birds can be hazards for aircraft. Listen to the Birds vs. Planes radio report online. You can also check out photos from the story below, or see the full set on flickr.com.

When I think of an amateur biologist, I imagine a bird watcher. Or perhaps someone investigating a stream or counting fish. What I don't think of is people tinkering with life in their garages. And yet some folks are doing just that.

The AP ran a story the other day about people working with DNA in their garages (or apartments). For example, a woman in San Francisco is trying to engineer yogurt bacteria that will glow green in the presence of melamine. This is the chemical that was found in baby formula and pet food from China.

The idea would be that you (or some governmental agency) could check your yogurt with a UV light before you ate it. If it glowed green, then the yogurt was contaminated with melamine.

These glowing bacteria could help a lot of people avoid melamine poisoning (as long as people could get past the fact that they'd be eating a GMO!). But do we really want people doing this kind of biology at home?

Of course this sort of thing would be very difficult to stop. People can go to science fair project sites and get all the information they need to jury rig a lot of the equipment to do these kinds of experiments. They can also search the web or take a class at their local community college and learn most everything they need to know.

In fact, the technology to do this kind of stuff is so straightforward that we do something similar here at The Tech. We let visitors put a gene in bacteria that causes the bacteria to glow green only in the presence of a special sugar called arabinose.

So unless we put up massive resources to shut down these labs (a "War on Amateur Labs"), people are going to be able to do this stuff if they want to. To me, the two big questions are:

• Will anything useful come out of these labs?
• Will something dangerous be released onto an unsuspecting public?

Odds are that nothing too useful will come out of these labs. Sure the melamine bacterium could be useful (it is actually very similar to the outlawed glowing goldfish designed to detect pollutants in the water). But it would be very hard to bring to market. Two potential problems are getting people to eat a GMO and proving to the FDA that it is safe.

One good thing that might come out of this sort of thing is to make biology more accessible and maybe more exciting too. People might think of and do projects for fun that, as a necessary part of accomplishing their goal, will increase their understanding of molecular biology. In other words, they might be more willing to learn this stuff for something fun they thought of.

I can imagine some dangers too. What if someone decides to come up with an anthrax vaccine and makes a dangerous bug that gets loose? Or who knows what else?

There probably isn't a big risk in something like this happening but biology is different than coming up with a new computer program or light bulb in your garage. Biology uses live things that can make copies of themselves and spread pretty far pretty quickly. Traditional labs have controls in place to keep these sorts of things from happening. These unregulated labs may or may not be that careful.

A group in Boston that promotes do-it-yourself biology:

http://diybio.org/

How to make some molecular biology lab equipment at home http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/

Soon after Barack Obama is sworn in as President next week, he is expected to reverse George Bush’s executive order limiting embryonic stem cell research. Scientists say their research has been stifled by restricting them to existing stem cell lines. The resulting boom in this cutting-edge medical technology will benefit California's research institutes in a big way.

Researchers call stem cell technology a "revolution" in medicine, along the lines of the development of antibiotics in the 1940s, or the manufacturing of insulin and other therapies from recombinant DNA breakthroughs.

But why do stem cells offer such promise?

Robert Klein, chair of the governing board for the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (the state stem-cell agency created by Proposition 71), says that the recombinant DNA revolution in the 1970s saved the life of his son, and that the potential for saving lives is even greater with stem cell work.

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Stem cell technology has only existed for a decade. And despite the Presidential ban on use of new lines of embryonic stem cells, the advances in research have happened quickly. And, according to Deepak Srivastava, Director of Cardiovascular Research at the UCSF Gladstone Institute, the many possible applications of stem cell work will be seen in the short term (over the next few years) and long term (regeneration of damaged organs could happen in 7 to 10 years, he says).

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Dr. Srivastava says, in the case of one of his patients, five-month-old Ryder Ortiz, stem cell technology could have been a godsend. And it might still BE a godsend, he adds. Ryder was born without a left ventricle, the heart chamber that shoots blood into the body. With stem cell technology, it may become possible to grow a new ventricle, and that would’ve been a huge boon to the infant Ryder.

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But here's the thing: Doctors jerry-rigged Ryder's circulatory system, and it's a process that works – until the patient hits his teen years. In many cases, that’s when the re-worked circulatory system fails. Now, if Dr. Srivastava's estimate is correct, and the technology develops in the next 7 to 10 years, that will be just in time for Ryder Ortiz, who will be inching nearer to adolescence at that time.

Listen to the New Life for Embryonic Stem Cell Research radio report online.

Mark your calendars for March 16 through 28. Don't ask why, yet. Now, read on….

Composite image showing centers of urban light emission
Credit: NASAWant a chance to do some "citizen" science, contribute to an international investigation, and have some fun to boot? An opportunity is coming up in March: Globe At Night. All you need is your eyes….

The problem is summed up in two words: light pollution. A good deal of light produced by human civilization–streetlights, porch lights, shopping malls, security lighting, night time work lights, store fronts, parking lot lights, billboards, neon signs, the list is lengthy–shines or reflects upward into the atmosphere, there scattering off of suspended particles, like dust grains, water droplets, ice crystals and the like.

The scattered light shines back down from the sky, and we see it as a dull nocturnal glow, sometime faint, and sometimes quite pronounced. The amount of scattering particles in the air has an effect on the brightness of the night sky, but the root of the matter is the amount of light sources whose light escapes upward. The closer you are to the heart of an urban area, the more light pollution you will be subjected to.

So what? What's so harmful about that sky glow? Sometimes it can even look kind of pretty….

Well, the fact is, if you've never seen a clear night sky far from sources of major light pollution, you may not appreciate what you're missing: the sight of a clear and dark night sky in which you can literally see thousands of stars. And if you have seen a pristinely dark night sky before, think about the fact that, in 2008, half the population of the Earth was living in cities, many of whom may never have been out of their urban worlds, and for whom the night sky is naturally a dull version of day with a handful of washed out stars above.

There are also effects of light pollution on wildlife that include disturbance of day/night sleep cycles, less cover of darkness from predators, and even effects on plant life.

Globe At Night is a program that's been going on for a few years now whose aim is to measure and monitor the varying levels of light pollution around the world by using individual people as the instruments of measurement.

And it's pretty simple to participate in. The idea is that the brighter the light pollution is in any given location, the few stars you can see. The faintest stars quickly become drowned out in the sky glow, leaving only the brighter ones for your eyes to pick out. All you have to do is go outside on one or more nights in the last half of March, find the constellation Orion (which is pretty easy to find, even in a city), and count the number of stars you see there. Then, report your count through the Globe At Night website, where you'll also be able to see the observations of everyone else around the world, as well as find full instructions for participating.

Now, calendars marked? Know where Orion is? Have a sweater handy? You're all set….

Photo Credit: Evolve2009.orgThe first movie I ever remember watching was the immortal "Inherit the Wind" about the famous 1925 Scopes monkey trial. The defendant, John Scopes, was science teacher in Tennessee who intentionally violated the Butler Act which forbade the teaching of evolution in schools. I couldn't have been more than 6, my brother forced me to watch the movie because "evolution" was so important. Now, I was 6…the only things important things in my life were candy & Bugs Bunny.

I vividly remember the biting sarcasm of Darrow, as he deftly examined William Jennings Bryan on the Bible. There were so many great scenes defending science and moreover, bringing the dialogue of science & religion into public view. Many consider the trial as the turning point in the debate between creation and evolution. 84 years later, the debate rages on with controversies still ongoing in Delaware and Kansas.

On January 22^nd, there will be a staged re-enactment of the legendary trial that brought the debate to the forefront. The play will feature content based entirely on the transcripts of the trial (minus the blistering heat from the trial). Good ol' Ed Asner (of Mary Tyler Moore Show fame) will be starring.

The play is sponsored by Evolve2009, a city-wide celebration of Charles Darwin's accomplishments and impact on science & society. It also happens to be his 200^th birthday and the 150^th anniversary of the publication of the "Origin of Species". Evolve2009 is putting on many events throughout the next month ranging from lectures to tours with an evolution perspective.

The play is being held at the Jewish Community Center of San Francisco, January 22^nd @ 8PM. Tickets: JCCSF Members $45.00 | Public $50.00 | Student $30.00. For more info, check out the event website.