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His reporting has aired on NPR, WBUR, KQED, KCRW, and Radio France International.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/664191b201534ba59461c42afe3cb731?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"GeorgeLavender","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"George Lavender | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/664191b201534ba59461c42afe3cb731?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/664191b201534ba59461c42afe3cb731?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/glavender"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"lowdown_25493":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_25493","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"25493","score":null,"sort":[1486017553000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1486017553,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"What You Need to Know about the Supreme Court and Its Latest Nominee","title":"What You Need to Know about the Supreme Court and Its Latest Nominee","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/dZFctv9efPQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With his characteristic showmanship on full display, President Trump waited for prime time on Jan. 31 to reveal Judge Neil Gorsuch as his nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing so, Trump fulfilled a key campaign promise to nominate a staunch conservative to the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Gorsuch, 49, would replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia, a conservative icon who died unexpectedly in February after three decades on the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scalia's seat has been empty for nearly a year now, the result of a controversial and unprecedented move by Senate Republican leaders to block President Obama's nominee, Judge Merrick Garland. Republicans argued that a nominee shouldn't be considered during an election year and blocked Garland from receiving so much as a hearing. Since then, the court has operated as an eight-member body (with any 4-4 ties upholding decisions made in the lower appeals courts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gorsuch currently serves on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit, in Denver, and closely resembles Scalia in both political ideology and judicial philosophy. Like Scalia -- who adamantly opposed gay marriage, abortion, affirmative action, gun control and government regulation -- he is deeply conservative and known for his \"originalist\" perspective on the Constitution as a “dead” document to be interpreted the way the Founders originally intended when they drafted it more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Gorsuch would be the youngest justice on the high court and would be expected to once again give it a conservative majority .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>Two random facts: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>1. If Gorsuch gets the gig, he'll be working alongside his former boss, Justice Anthony Kennedy, whom he clerked for. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>2. At Harvard Law School, Gorsuch was classmates with a guy by the name of Barack Obama.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-supreme-court-gorsuch-234471\" target=\"_blank\">As a federal judge\u003c/a>, Gorsuch was a staunch defender of religious liberty and consistently wary of federal regulations. It's expected that his decisions on Supreme Court cases will be ideologically consistent with those made by Scalia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\"They really are incredibly similar in their approaches,\" Tom Goldstein, publisher of SCOTUSblog, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/02/01/512906634/scotusblog-co-founder-gorsuch-to-have-immediate-impact-on-court\" target=\"_blank\">recently told NPR\u003c/a>. \"Gorsuch does seem almost to have modeled himself on Scalia across one area after another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a good chance that he will find himself in the awkward position of having to rule on the legality of one or more controversial executive actions made by the man who appointed him. Trump's recent executive order to temporarily block refugees from entering the United States and ban travel from seven Muslim-majority countries has already provoked a storm of litigation and is likely to be the first (of potentially many) of the president's actions to be challenged in the high court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>So what happens now?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In a standard confirmation process, the president’s nominee must first testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee. If given the green light, the nominee is considered by the full Senate, where a 60-vote threshold is required to overcome a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/a-confirmation-battle-brews-in-the-senate/515298/\" target=\"_blank\">filibuster\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things in Washington right now are anything but standard. The current relationship between Democrats and Republicans is pretty toxic, with Democrats still seething over the treatment of Garland, Obama's nominee, who Republicans stonewalled for nearly a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So some kind of showdown is pretty inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still unclear, though, what Democrats will do and how much leverage they have. Although in the minority, there are enough of them in the Senate (48 Democrats; 52 Republicans) to block the 60-vote supermajority needed to confirm a Supreme Court justice. If that were to happen, though, Republicans could strike back and try to invoke the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/21/politics/nuclear-option-explainer/\">\"nuclear option,\"\u003c/a> a funky maneuver that scraps the existing rules and requires only a simple majority of 51 votes to confirm the nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: It might take a while and it's not going to be pretty, but Gorsuch is pretty likely to be confirmed as the next U.S. Supreme Court justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, despite Scalia's deeply conservative views, he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate in 1986, after being nominated by President Ronald Reagan. But the nominating process today is far more politically divisive than it used to be. In fact, until now, the Senate had never in its entire history taken longer than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/13/us/how-long-does-it-take-to-confirm-a-supreme-court-nominee.html\" target=\"_blank\">125 days\u003c/a> to vote on a nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is this particular nomination such a big deal?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The judiciary is intended to be a nonpartisan branch of government, but reality suggests otherwise; the Supreme Court is sharply divided along partisan lines. Of the eight justices on the court today, four lean pretty consistently to the right (John Roberts, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas and, to a slightly less predictable extent, Anthony Kennedy), and the other four, pretty consistently to the left (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer). Scalia was a reliable vote for conservative causes, one of the five justices who tipped the balance of the court to the right. Gorsuch is expected to stay the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, on the other hand, would have likely shifted the balance back to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, we’re talking about a lifetime appointment. It means that a young nominee like Gorsuch is likely to serve on the court for quite a long time, influencing domestic affairs for generations, long after Trump leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising the stakes even more, several justices on the court are getting up there in years and probably won't be around for too much longer. Justice Kennedy is 80 and Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is 83. That means another appointment -- or set of appointments -- is likely to happen fairly soon (although how soon is anyone's guess), a move that could significantly alter the current makeup of the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Do presidents always pick nominees who share their politics?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-e1486054825344.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21270\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-21270 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS.png\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>Usually (wouldn’t you?). There are, however, some notable exceptions, including justices who have shifted positions during their time on the court, much to the chagrin of the presidents who appointed them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Dwight Eisenhower, for instance, once referred to his appointment of Chief Justice Earl Warren as “the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made.\" Likewise, Justice David Souter was far more left-leaning on the bench than ever anticipated by President George H. W. Bush, who appointed him in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Is the court's political divide all that unusual?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>To some extent, yes. Although most judges aren't elected or considered \"politicians,\" you'd be hard pressed to find a judge whose legal decisions aren't influenced by his or her political beliefs. As such, there have always been partisan divides on the Supreme Court. But in recent years, the political polarization has intensified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2432111\">William and Mary Law School study\u003c/a> found that since 1990 there has been a “dramatic increase in the ideological gap between Democratic and Republican appointees.” As a result, it notes, “presidential elections will matter more to Court decision-making than they ever have in this nation’s history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divide extends to the justice’s law clerks, who play a crucial role in both selecting the cases the court chooses to hear and influencing the rulings their bosses make. Justices have historically sought clerks who, to some extent, reflect a range of political views. But as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/politics/07clerks.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> reported in 2010: “These days the more conservative justices are much more likely than were their predecessors to hire clerks who worked for judges appointed by Republicans. And the more liberal justices are more likely than in the past to hire from judges appointed by Democrats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/8C0weq6CzqM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who can be a Supreme Court justice?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Anyone! The Constitution doesn’t actually spell out any guidelines on age or education level (although you wouldn’t know it looking at the resumes of the current justices, all of whom attended law school at either Harvard or Yale). Nominees don't need to have judicial experience. Heck, they don't even need law degrees. And unlike the presidency, there is no requirement to be a “natural-born” citizen. In fact, foreign-born justices have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/faq_justices.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">appointed six times\u003c/a> throughout the court’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even former presidents can be on the court: President William Howard Taft was appointed chief justice in 1921, nearly a decade after his presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe a Justice Obama or a Justice Trump someday? I wouldn't hold your breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many cases does the court hear each year, and how does it decide which ones to take?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Again, much of the work is done by law clerks. Each term, they pour through upward of 8,000 requests, called a petition for a writ of certiorari (or a \"cert. petition\"). These are brought by the petitioners, who have already exhausted all appeals in federal and state courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except on very rare occasions, the court considers only cases that have gone up the federal judicial system food chain: usually starting in a district court and then going to an appellate court. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, the final step on the legal ladder. Its decision is law, one that can't be appealed to any other court. (For a more thorough procedural overview, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/reference/educational-resources/supreme-court-procedure/\" target=\"_blank\">SCOTUS Blog\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clerks recommend which appeals their justices should consider or overlook, and the justices then vote. Four of nine justices have to agree to take a case and hear oral arguments. This is called “granting certiorari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a tiny percentage of those thousands of appeals actually see the light of day. The court now accepts about 80 cases a term, hearing oral arguments between October and April. In that respect, the court's less publicized decisions to NOT a hear a case are often as consequential (in that it upholds the decision of the lower court).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petitioner and respondent usually appear in court for an hour-long session, during which they're pelted with questions from the nine justices (although Justice Clarence Thomas very rarely utters a word).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices then meet privately to vote on the decision. Unless the decision is unanimous, a justice from either side is selected to write the majority and dissenting opinions. Later in the term, the court announces -- or hands down -- its decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/7sualy8OiKk\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"25493 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=25493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/02/01/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-supreme-court-and-its-newest-nominee/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1742,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":33},"modified":1490031178,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"What You Need to Know about the Supreme Court and Its Latest Nominee | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What You Need to Know about the Supreme Court and Its Latest Nominee","datePublished":"2017-02-01T22:39:13-08:00","dateModified":"2017-03-20T10:32:58-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-you-need-to-know-about-the-supreme-court-and-its-newest-nominee","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/25493/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-supreme-court-and-its-newest-nominee","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/dZFctv9efPQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/dZFctv9efPQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>With his characteristic showmanship on full display, President Trump waited for prime time on Jan. 31 to reveal Judge Neil Gorsuch as his nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing so, Trump fulfilled a key campaign promise to nominate a staunch conservative to the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If confirmed, Gorsuch, 49, would replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia, a conservative icon who died unexpectedly in February after three decades on the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scalia's seat has been empty for nearly a year now, the result of a controversial and unprecedented move by Senate Republican leaders to block President Obama's nominee, Judge Merrick Garland. Republicans argued that a nominee shouldn't be considered during an election year and blocked Garland from receiving so much as a hearing. Since then, the court has operated as an eight-member body (with any 4-4 ties upholding decisions made in the lower appeals courts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gorsuch currently serves on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit, in Denver, and closely resembles Scalia in both political ideology and judicial philosophy. Like Scalia -- who adamantly opposed gay marriage, abortion, affirmative action, gun control and government regulation -- he is deeply conservative and known for his \"originalist\" perspective on the Constitution as a “dead” document to be interpreted the way the Founders originally intended when they drafted it more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">Gorsuch would be the youngest justice on the high court and would be expected to once again give it a conservative majority .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>Two random facts: \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>1. If Gorsuch gets the gig, he'll be working alongside his former boss, Justice Anthony Kennedy, whom he clerked for. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003cem>2. At Harvard Law School, Gorsuch was classmates with a guy by the name of Barack Obama.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-supreme-court-gorsuch-234471\" target=\"_blank\">As a federal judge\u003c/a>, Gorsuch was a staunch defender of religious liberty and consistently wary of federal regulations. It's expected that his decisions on Supreme Court cases will be ideologically consistent with those made by Scalia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"story-body-text story-content\">\"They really are incredibly similar in their approaches,\" Tom Goldstein, publisher of SCOTUSblog, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/02/01/512906634/scotusblog-co-founder-gorsuch-to-have-immediate-impact-on-court\" target=\"_blank\">recently told NPR\u003c/a>. \"Gorsuch does seem almost to have modeled himself on Scalia across one area after another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a good chance that he will find himself in the awkward position of having to rule on the legality of one or more controversial executive actions made by the man who appointed him. Trump's recent executive order to temporarily block refugees from entering the United States and ban travel from seven Muslim-majority countries has already provoked a storm of litigation and is likely to be the first (of potentially many) of the president's actions to be challenged in the high court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>So what happens now?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In a standard confirmation process, the president’s nominee must first testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee. If given the green light, the nominee is considered by the full Senate, where a 60-vote threshold is required to overcome a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/a-confirmation-battle-brews-in-the-senate/515298/\" target=\"_blank\">filibuster\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But things in Washington right now are anything but standard. The current relationship between Democrats and Republicans is pretty toxic, with Democrats still seething over the treatment of Garland, Obama's nominee, who Republicans stonewalled for nearly a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So some kind of showdown is pretty inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still unclear, though, what Democrats will do and how much leverage they have. Although in the minority, there are enough of them in the Senate (48 Democrats; 52 Republicans) to block the 60-vote supermajority needed to confirm a Supreme Court justice. If that were to happen, though, Republicans could strike back and try to invoke the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/21/politics/nuclear-option-explainer/\">\"nuclear option,\"\u003c/a> a funky maneuver that scraps the existing rules and requires only a simple majority of 51 votes to confirm the nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: It might take a while and it's not going to be pretty, but Gorsuch is pretty likely to be confirmed as the next U.S. Supreme Court justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, despite Scalia's deeply conservative views, he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate in 1986, after being nominated by President Ronald Reagan. But the nominating process today is far more politically divisive than it used to be. In fact, until now, the Senate had never in its entire history taken longer than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/13/us/how-long-does-it-take-to-confirm-a-supreme-court-nominee.html\" target=\"_blank\">125 days\u003c/a> to vote on a nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is this particular nomination such a big deal?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The judiciary is intended to be a nonpartisan branch of government, but reality suggests otherwise; the Supreme Court is sharply divided along partisan lines. Of the eight justices on the court today, four lean pretty consistently to the right (John Roberts, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas and, to a slightly less predictable extent, Anthony Kennedy), and the other four, pretty consistently to the left (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer). Scalia was a reliable vote for conservative causes, one of the five justices who tipped the balance of the court to the right. Gorsuch is expected to stay the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garland, on the other hand, would have likely shifted the balance back to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, we’re talking about a lifetime appointment. It means that a young nominee like Gorsuch is likely to serve on the court for quite a long time, influencing domestic affairs for generations, long after Trump leaves office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising the stakes even more, several justices on the court are getting up there in years and probably won't be around for too much longer. Justice Kennedy is 80 and Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg is 83. That means another appointment -- or set of appointments -- is likely to happen fairly soon (although how soon is anyone's guess), a move that could significantly alter the current makeup of the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Do presidents always pick nominees who share their politics?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-e1486054825344.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21270\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-21270 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS.png\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003c/a>Usually (wouldn’t you?). There are, however, some notable exceptions, including justices who have shifted positions during their time on the court, much to the chagrin of the presidents who appointed them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Dwight Eisenhower, for instance, once referred to his appointment of Chief Justice Earl Warren as “the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made.\" Likewise, Justice David Souter was far more left-leaning on the bench than ever anticipated by President George H. W. Bush, who appointed him in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Is the court's political divide all that unusual?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>To some extent, yes. Although most judges aren't elected or considered \"politicians,\" you'd be hard pressed to find a judge whose legal decisions aren't influenced by his or her political beliefs. As such, there have always been partisan divides on the Supreme Court. But in recent years, the political polarization has intensified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2432111\">William and Mary Law School study\u003c/a> found that since 1990 there has been a “dramatic increase in the ideological gap between Democratic and Republican appointees.” As a result, it notes, “presidential elections will matter more to Court decision-making than they ever have in this nation’s history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divide extends to the justice’s law clerks, who play a crucial role in both selecting the cases the court chooses to hear and influencing the rulings their bosses make. Justices have historically sought clerks who, to some extent, reflect a range of political views. But as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/politics/07clerks.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> reported in 2010: “These days the more conservative justices are much more likely than were their predecessors to hire clerks who worked for judges appointed by Republicans. And the more liberal justices are more likely than in the past to hire from judges appointed by Democrats.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/8C0weq6CzqM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/8C0weq6CzqM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Who can be a Supreme Court justice?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Anyone! The Constitution doesn’t actually spell out any guidelines on age or education level (although you wouldn’t know it looking at the resumes of the current justices, all of whom attended law school at either Harvard or Yale). Nominees don't need to have judicial experience. Heck, they don't even need law degrees. And unlike the presidency, there is no requirement to be a “natural-born” citizen. In fact, foreign-born justices have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/faq_justices.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">appointed six times\u003c/a> throughout the court’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even former presidents can be on the court: President William Howard Taft was appointed chief justice in 1921, nearly a decade after his presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe a Justice Obama or a Justice Trump someday? I wouldn't hold your breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many cases does the court hear each year, and how does it decide which ones to take?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Again, much of the work is done by law clerks. Each term, they pour through upward of 8,000 requests, called a petition for a writ of certiorari (or a \"cert. petition\"). These are brought by the petitioners, who have already exhausted all appeals in federal and state courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except on very rare occasions, the court considers only cases that have gone up the federal judicial system food chain: usually starting in a district court and then going to an appellate court. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, the final step on the legal ladder. Its decision is law, one that can't be appealed to any other court. (For a more thorough procedural overview, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/reference/educational-resources/supreme-court-procedure/\" target=\"_blank\">SCOTUS Blog\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clerks recommend which appeals their justices should consider or overlook, and the justices then vote. Four of nine justices have to agree to take a case and hear oral arguments. This is called “granting certiorari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a tiny percentage of those thousands of appeals actually see the light of day. The court now accepts about 80 cases a term, hearing oral arguments between October and April. In that respect, the court's less publicized decisions to NOT a hear a case are often as consequential (in that it upholds the decision of the lower court).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petitioner and respondent usually appear in court for an hour-long session, during which they're pelted with questions from the nine justices (although Justice Clarence Thomas very rarely utters a word).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices then meet privately to vote on the decision. Unless the decision is unanimous, a justice from either side is selected to write the majority and dissenting opinions. Later in the term, the court announces -- or hands down -- its decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7sualy8OiKk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7sualy8OiKk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/25493/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-supreme-court-and-its-newest-nominee","authors":["8669","1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2590"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2589","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_25504","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_18666":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_18666","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"18666","score":null,"sort":[1466812817000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1466812817,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago","title":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>Sunday marks a year since the Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->In a bitterly divided 5-to-4 decision, the court on June 26, 2015 ruled that same-sex couples deserved equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. \" Justice Anthony Kennedy, the swing vote, wrote for \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the majority\u003c/a>. \"They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them this right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the court's ruling, same-sex marriage was still outlawed in 13 states. And prior to 2004, no states allowed it. Massachusetts took the first step, allowing the first legal gay marriages to proceed that May. And while other states were initially slow to follow suit, a sea change of public opinion and laws swept the nation over the course of the next decade, resulting in a rapid expansion of gay marriage rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much like other major civil rights victories, the struggle doesn't end just because the law has changed. Today, just two weeks after 49 people were gunned down in a gay nightclub in Orlando, LGBT rights and protections remain far from guaranteed in many regions throughout the nation. As the Atlantic's \u003ca href=\"http://www.citylab.com/politics/2016/06/mapping-the-rise-of-anti-lgbt-legislation-on-the-first-anniversary-of-nationwide-marriage-equality/488642/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CityLab site\u003c/a> notes, there's been a surge over the last year in state and local legislation discriminating against the LGBT community, from anti-transgender “bathroom bills” to religious freedom legislation that would sanction discrimination and limit access to health and adoption services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, a multimedia collage from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8823655/gay-marriage-legal-scotus-obergefell-v-hodges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vox\u003c/a> and a same-sex marriage map of the world, of which the U.S. is the newest member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"650\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/i2crZ4_xgKg\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?q=select+col0%3E%3E1+from+1EqJ165zEk3btj_ywleVenA7w_ljW00o104RhruDa&viz=MAP&h=false&lat=21.60204433407396&lng=-6.767578125&t=1&z=2&l=col0%3E%3E1&y=2&tmplt=2&hml=KML\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"18666 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=18666","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/06/24/how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":290,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/i2crZ4_xgKg","https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz"],"paragraphCount":8},"modified":1498505938,"excerpt":"A mighty wave: Same-sex marriage's rapid spread across the country. ","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"A mighty wave: Same-sex marriage's rapid spread across the country. ","title":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago","datePublished":"2016-06-24T17:00:17-07:00","dateModified":"2017-06-26T12:38:58-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/18666/how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sunday marks a year since the Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->In a bitterly divided 5-to-4 decision, the court on June 26, 2015 ruled that same-sex couples deserved equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. \" Justice Anthony Kennedy, the swing vote, wrote for \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the majority\u003c/a>. \"They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them this right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the court's ruling, same-sex marriage was still outlawed in 13 states. And prior to 2004, no states allowed it. Massachusetts took the first step, allowing the first legal gay marriages to proceed that May. And while other states were initially slow to follow suit, a sea change of public opinion and laws swept the nation over the course of the next decade, resulting in a rapid expansion of gay marriage rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much like other major civil rights victories, the struggle doesn't end just because the law has changed. Today, just two weeks after 49 people were gunned down in a gay nightclub in Orlando, LGBT rights and protections remain far from guaranteed in many regions throughout the nation. As the Atlantic's \u003ca href=\"http://www.citylab.com/politics/2016/06/mapping-the-rise-of-anti-lgbt-legislation-on-the-first-anniversary-of-nationwide-marriage-equality/488642/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CityLab site\u003c/a> notes, there's been a surge over the last year in state and local legislation discriminating against the LGBT community, from anti-transgender “bathroom bills” to religious freedom legislation that would sanction discrimination and limit access to health and adoption services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, a multimedia collage from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8823655/gay-marriage-legal-scotus-obergefell-v-hodges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vox\u003c/a> and a same-sex marriage map of the world, of which the U.S. is the newest member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"650\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/i2crZ4_xgKg\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?q=select+col0%3E%3E1+from+1EqJ165zEk3btj_ywleVenA7w_ljW00o104RhruDa&viz=MAP&h=false&lat=21.60204433407396&lng=-6.767578125&t=1&z=2&l=col0%3E%3E1&y=2&tmplt=2&hml=KML\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/18666/how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2365","lowdown_2356"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_83","lowdown_84","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_18699","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_21041":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_21041","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"21041","score":null,"sort":[1457661493000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1457661493,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"EXPLAINER: How the Supreme Court Works and Why Picking A New Justice Is Such A Battle","title":"EXPLAINER: How the Supreme Court Works and Why Picking A New Justice Is Such A Battle","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21152\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-21152 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.png\" alt=\"1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.png 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-400x267.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-768x512.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-1180x786.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-960x640.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>UPDATE (March 16)\u003c/strong>: President Obama on Wednesday announced his decision to nominate \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/16/470643431/-i-ve-made-my-decision-on-supreme-court-nominee-president-obama-says\" target=\"_blank\">Merrick Garland\u003c/a>, a centrist appeals court judge, originally from Chicago, as the nation’s 113th Supreme Court justice.\u003c/em>\u003c!--more-->The unexpected death in February of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia leaves open a coveted seat on the 9-member High Court, upping the ante of an already high stakes presidential race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">What happens now?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier2\">Can Senate Republicans really block the nomination?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier4\">Why is this particular nomination such a big deal?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier5\">Do presidents always pick nominees who share their politics?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier6\">Is this court’s political divide all that unusual?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier7\">What are the big cases left in this term, and how do they get decided with only eight justices?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier8\">Who can be a Supreme Court justice?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier9\">How many cases does the court hear each year, and how does it decide which ones to take?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Scalia was the longest serving member of the current court, and one of its staunchest conservatives. Known throughout his 30-year tenure for colorfully crafted opinions and biting dissents, Scalia consistently reinforced his unique read of the Constitution as a “dead” document meant to be interpreted the way the Founders originally conceived it more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As celebrated by the right-wing establishment as he was scorned by the left, Scalia remained adamantly opposed to gay marriage, abortion rights, affirmative action, gun control and government regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the court is split between four Republican and four Democratic appointees. President Obama's nominee, if appointed, could potentially shift the court's political balance from right to left. And that’s a prospect that Senate Republicans are hell-bent on blocking.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What happens now?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It's the president's \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii\" target=\"_blank\">constitutional responsibility\u003c/a> to nominate a new justice to fill an open seat, and Obama quickly made clear his intention to do so. On March 16, he announced the nomination of Merrick Garland, a centrist appeals court judge, who now faces a daunting Senate confirmation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \"normal\" confirmation process, the president’s nominee testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which decides whether to give the go-ahead for the vote to proceed to the full Senate. If the Senate votes affirmatively, the president can formally appoint the nominee to the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, Scalia was unanimously confirmed by the Senate after his nomination in 1986. But the nominating process is now far more politically fraught, especially with a Democratic president and Republican controlled Congress. And this being an election year, and Obama’s final stint in office, Senate Republicans argue that such a consequential decision should be made by the next president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American people should have a voice in the selection of their next Supreme Court Justice,” Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky) \u003ca href=\"http://%E2%80%9CThe%20American%20people%20should%20have%20a%20voice%20in%20the%20selection%20of%20their%20next%20Supreme%20Court%20Justice\" target=\"_blank\">told reporters\u003c/a> soon after news broke of Scalia’s death. “Therefore, this vacancy should not be filled until we have a new president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell and Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) have since \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/mcconnell-grassley-rally-conservative-groups-for-supreme-court-fight-220162\" target=\"_blank\">refused to hold\u003c/a> any hearings or a vote for Obama's nominee.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier2\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Can they really do that?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Technically, yes. The Constitution dictates that Supreme Court nominees must be confirmed by the Senate. And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/23/us/politics/document-Senate-SCOTUS-Letter.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent letter\u003c/a> from Republican members of the Senate Judiciary Committee makes an effort to justify their intent to block Obama's nominee: “Not since 1932 has the Senate confirmed in a presidential election year a Supreme Court nominee to a vacancy arising in that year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, thwarting the nomination process until Obama leaves office, nearly a year from now, would also be unprecedented. The Senate has never taken \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/13/us/how-long-does-it-take-to-confirm-a-supreme-court-nominee.html\" target=\"_blank\">more than 125 days\u003c/a> to vote on a nominee, and the average length of time from nomination to confirmation vote is 25 days.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier4\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is this particular nomination such a big deal?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although the judiciary is intended to be a non-partisan branch of government, the reality is otherwise. The Supreme Court is sharply divided along partisan lines. Of the eight remaining justices, four lean pretty consistently to the right (John Roberts, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas and, to a slightly less predictable extent, Anthony Kennedy), and the other four, pretty consistently to the left (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer). Scalia was a reliable vote for conservative causes, one of the five justices who tipped the balance of the court to the right. Obama’s nominee could presumably shift the balance back to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, we’re talking about a lifetime appointment here. That's some serious job security, and it means that whoever gets the Supreme Court gig will likely be there for quite some time - until he or she decides to retire or, well, dies. Say Obama nominates a 50-year-old to the court: if appointed, that justice may well remain for the next 30 or 40 years, impacting national affairs long after Obama is out of the limelight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/4CAtUs-PI4c \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier5\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Do presidents always pick nominees who share their politics?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Usually (wouldn’t you?). There are, however, some notable exceptions, including justices who have shifted positions during their time on the court, much to the chagrin of the presidents they were appointed by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Dwight Eisenhower, for instance, once referred to his appointment of Chief Justice Earl Warren as “the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made.\"\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier6\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>So is this court's political divide all that unusual?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>To some extent, yes. Although most judges aren't elected or considered \"politicians,\" you'd be hard pressed to find a judge whose legal decisions aren't influenced by his or her political beliefs. As such, there have always been partisan divides on the Supreme Court. But in recent years, this political polarization has intensified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2432111\">William and Mary Law School study\u003c/a> found that since 1990 there has been a “dramatic increase in the ideological gap between Democratic and Republican appointees.” As a result, it notes, “presidential elections will matter more to Court decision-making than they ever have in this nation’s history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-e1457657882278.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21270\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-21270\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-e1457657882278.png\" alt=\"SCOTUS\" width=\"957\" height=\"638\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divide extends to the justice’s law clerks, who play a crucial role in both selecting the cases the court chooses to hear and influencing the justices in their rulings. Justices have historically sought clerks who, to some extent, reflect a range of political views. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/politics/07clerks.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> reported in 2010: “These days the more conservative justices are much more likely than were their predecessors to hire clerks who worked for judges appointed by Republicans. And the more liberal justices are more likely than in the past to hire from judges appointed by Democrats.”\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier7\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are the big cases this term, and how do they get decided with only eight justices?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Last week, the court heard a major case on the legality of a restrictive Texas abortion law, a decision that's expected to be closely divided. If it comes down to a 4-4 split, the Texas law remains in effect. The court will also hear controversial cases on affirmative action, labor unions and the legality of Obama’s executive order that shields some undocumented immigrants from deportation. (See the complete list of cases\u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/terms/ot2015/\" target=\"_blank\"> here.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court will continues to hear its scheduled docket of cases. If there is a 4-to-4 vote on any decision, then the the lower court’s ruling stands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with only eight justices on hand, some of these cases likely won't be decided as originally anticipated. In late February, for instance, the Dow Chemical company, which had banked on Scalia's support, quickly decided to \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/the-changing-Court-brings-an-end-to-a-major-case/\">settle a case\u003c/a> it was scheduled to argue before the court, fearing a likely 4-4 split (which would default to the lower court's decision against the company).\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier8\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who can be a Supreme Court justice?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Anyone! The Constitution doesn’t actually spell out any guidelines on age or education-level (although you wouldn’t know it looking at the resumes of the current justices, all of whom attended law school at either Harvard or Yale). Nominees don't need to have judicial experience. Heck, they don't even need law degrees. And unlike the presidency, there is no requirement to be a “natural-born” citizen. In fact, foreign-born justices have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/faq_justices.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">appointed six times\u003c/a> throughout the court’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even former president's can be on the court: President William Howard Taft was appointed Chief Justice in 1921, nearly a decade after his presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe a Justice Obama someday? I wouldn't hold your breath.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier9\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many cases does the court hear each year, and how does it decide which ones to take?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Again, much of the work is done by law clerks. Each term, they pour through upwards of 8,000 requests, called a petition for a writ of certiorari (or a \"cert. petition\"). These are brought by the petitioners, who have already exhausted all appeals in federal and state courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except in very rare occasions, the court only considers cases that have gone up the judicial system food chain. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, the final step on the legal ladder. It's decision is law, one that can't be appealed to any other court. (For a more throughout procedural overview, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/reference/educational-resources/supreme-court-procedure/\" target=\"_blank\">SCOTUS Blog\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clerks recommend which appeals their justices should consider or overlook, and the justices then vote. Four of nine justices have to agree to take a case and hear oral arguments. This is called “granting ceriorari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a tiny percentage of those thousands of appeals actually see the light of day. The court now accepts about 80 cases a term, hearing oral arguments between October and April. In that respect, the court's less publicized decision to NOT a hear a case is often quite consequential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petitioner and respondent usually appear in court for an hour-long session, during which they're pelted with questions from the nine justices (although Justice Clarence Thomas very rarely utters a word).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices then meet privately to vote on the decision. Unless the decision is unanimous, a justice from either side is selected to write the majority and dissenting opinions. Later in the term, the court announces -- or “hands down” -- its decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/7sualy8OiKk\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"21041 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=21041","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/03/10/the-supreme-court-explained/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1771,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":35},"modified":1458169282,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"UPDATE (March 16): President Obama on Wednesday announced his decision to nominate Merrick Garland, a centrist appeals court judge, originally from Chicago, as the nation’s 113th Supreme Court justice.","title":"EXPLAINER: How the Supreme Court Works and Why Picking A New Justice Is Such A Battle | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"EXPLAINER: How the Supreme Court Works and Why Picking A New Justice Is Such A Battle","datePublished":"2016-03-10T17:58:13-08:00","dateModified":"2016-03-16T16:01:22-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-supreme-court-explained","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/21041/the-supreme-court-explained","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21152\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-21152 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.png\" alt=\"1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.png 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-400x267.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-800x533.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-768x512.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-1180x786.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/1280px-Supreme_Court_US_2010-960x640.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>UPDATE (March 16)\u003c/strong>: President Obama on Wednesday announced his decision to nominate \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/16/470643431/-i-ve-made-my-decision-on-supreme-court-nominee-president-obama-says\" target=\"_blank\">Merrick Garland\u003c/a>, a centrist appeals court judge, originally from Chicago, as the nation’s 113th Supreme Court justice.\u003c/em>\u003c!--more-->The unexpected death in February of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia leaves open a coveted seat on the 9-member High Court, upping the ante of an already high stakes presidential race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier1\">What happens now?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier2\">Can Senate Republicans really block the nomination?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier4\">Why is this particular nomination such a big deal?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier5\">Do presidents always pick nominees who share their politics?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier6\">Is this court’s political divide all that unusual?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier7\">What are the big cases left in this term, and how do they get decided with only eight justices?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier8\">Who can be a Supreme Court justice?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"#unique-identifier9\">How many cases does the court hear each year, and how does it decide which ones to take?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Scalia was the longest serving member of the current court, and one of its staunchest conservatives. Known throughout his 30-year tenure for colorfully crafted opinions and biting dissents, Scalia consistently reinforced his unique read of the Constitution as a “dead” document meant to be interpreted the way the Founders originally conceived it more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As celebrated by the right-wing establishment as he was scorned by the left, Scalia remained adamantly opposed to gay marriage, abortion rights, affirmative action, gun control and government regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the court is split between four Republican and four Democratic appointees. President Obama's nominee, if appointed, could potentially shift the court's political balance from right to left. And that’s a prospect that Senate Republicans are hell-bent on blocking.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier1\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What happens now?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It's the president's \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii\" target=\"_blank\">constitutional responsibility\u003c/a> to nominate a new justice to fill an open seat, and Obama quickly made clear his intention to do so. On March 16, he announced the nomination of Merrick Garland, a centrist appeals court judge, who now faces a daunting Senate confirmation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \"normal\" confirmation process, the president’s nominee testifies before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which decides whether to give the go-ahead for the vote to proceed to the full Senate. If the Senate votes affirmatively, the president can formally appoint the nominee to the court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, Scalia was unanimously confirmed by the Senate after his nomination in 1986. But the nominating process is now far more politically fraught, especially with a Democratic president and Republican controlled Congress. And this being an election year, and Obama’s final stint in office, Senate Republicans argue that such a consequential decision should be made by the next president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American people should have a voice in the selection of their next Supreme Court Justice,” Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky) \u003ca href=\"http://%E2%80%9CThe%20American%20people%20should%20have%20a%20voice%20in%20the%20selection%20of%20their%20next%20Supreme%20Court%20Justice\" target=\"_blank\">told reporters\u003c/a> soon after news broke of Scalia’s death. “Therefore, this vacancy should not be filled until we have a new president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McConnell and Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) have since \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/mcconnell-grassley-rally-conservative-groups-for-supreme-court-fight-220162\" target=\"_blank\">refused to hold\u003c/a> any hearings or a vote for Obama's nominee.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier2\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Can they really do that?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Technically, yes. The Constitution dictates that Supreme Court nominees must be confirmed by the Senate. And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/23/us/politics/document-Senate-SCOTUS-Letter.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent letter\u003c/a> from Republican members of the Senate Judiciary Committee makes an effort to justify their intent to block Obama's nominee: “Not since 1932 has the Senate confirmed in a presidential election year a Supreme Court nominee to a vacancy arising in that year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, thwarting the nomination process until Obama leaves office, nearly a year from now, would also be unprecedented. The Senate has never taken \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/02/13/us/how-long-does-it-take-to-confirm-a-supreme-court-nominee.html\" target=\"_blank\">more than 125 days\u003c/a> to vote on a nominee, and the average length of time from nomination to confirmation vote is 25 days.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier4\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is this particular nomination such a big deal?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although the judiciary is intended to be a non-partisan branch of government, the reality is otherwise. The Supreme Court is sharply divided along partisan lines. Of the eight remaining justices, four lean pretty consistently to the right (John Roberts, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas and, to a slightly less predictable extent, Anthony Kennedy), and the other four, pretty consistently to the left (Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor and Stephen Breyer). Scalia was a reliable vote for conservative causes, one of the five justices who tipped the balance of the court to the right. Obama’s nominee could presumably shift the balance back to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, we’re talking about a lifetime appointment here. That's some serious job security, and it means that whoever gets the Supreme Court gig will likely be there for quite some time - until he or she decides to retire or, well, dies. Say Obama nominates a 50-year-old to the court: if appointed, that justice may well remain for the next 30 or 40 years, impacting national affairs long after Obama is out of the limelight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/4CAtUs-PI4c \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier5\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Do presidents always pick nominees who share their politics?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Usually (wouldn’t you?). There are, however, some notable exceptions, including justices who have shifted positions during their time on the court, much to the chagrin of the presidents they were appointed by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Dwight Eisenhower, for instance, once referred to his appointment of Chief Justice Earl Warren as “the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made.\"\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier6\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>So is this court's political divide all that unusual?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>To some extent, yes. Although most judges aren't elected or considered \"politicians,\" you'd be hard pressed to find a judge whose legal decisions aren't influenced by his or her political beliefs. As such, there have always been partisan divides on the Supreme Court. But in recent years, this political polarization has intensified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2432111\">William and Mary Law School study\u003c/a> found that since 1990 there has been a “dramatic increase in the ideological gap between Democratic and Republican appointees.” As a result, it notes, “presidential elections will matter more to Court decision-making than they ever have in this nation’s history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-e1457657882278.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21270\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-21270\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/03/SCOTUS-e1457657882278.png\" alt=\"SCOTUS\" width=\"957\" height=\"638\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divide extends to the justice’s law clerks, who play a crucial role in both selecting the cases the court chooses to hear and influencing the justices in their rulings. Justices have historically sought clerks who, to some extent, reflect a range of political views. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/politics/07clerks.html?pagewanted=all\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> reported in 2010: “These days the more conservative justices are much more likely than were their predecessors to hire clerks who worked for judges appointed by Republicans. And the more liberal justices are more likely than in the past to hire from judges appointed by Democrats.”\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier7\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What are the big cases this term, and how do they get decided with only eight justices?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Last week, the court heard a major case on the legality of a restrictive Texas abortion law, a decision that's expected to be closely divided. If it comes down to a 4-4 split, the Texas law remains in effect. The court will also hear controversial cases on affirmative action, labor unions and the legality of Obama’s executive order that shields some undocumented immigrants from deportation. (See the complete list of cases\u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/terms/ot2015/\" target=\"_blank\"> here.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court will continues to hear its scheduled docket of cases. If there is a 4-to-4 vote on any decision, then the the lower court’s ruling stands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with only eight justices on hand, some of these cases likely won't be decided as originally anticipated. In late February, for instance, the Dow Chemical company, which had banked on Scalia's support, quickly decided to \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/2016/02/the-changing-Court-brings-an-end-to-a-major-case/\">settle a case\u003c/a> it was scheduled to argue before the court, fearing a likely 4-4 split (which would default to the lower court's decision against the company).\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier8\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Who can be a Supreme Court justice?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Anyone! The Constitution doesn’t actually spell out any guidelines on age or education-level (although you wouldn’t know it looking at the resumes of the current justices, all of whom attended law school at either Harvard or Yale). Nominees don't need to have judicial experience. Heck, they don't even need law degrees. And unlike the presidency, there is no requirement to be a “natural-born” citizen. In fact, foreign-born justices have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/faq_justices.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">appointed six times\u003c/a> throughout the court’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even former president's can be on the court: President William Howard Taft was appointed Chief Justice in 1921, nearly a decade after his presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe a Justice Obama someday? I wouldn't hold your breath.\u003ca name=\"unique-identifier9\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How many cases does the court hear each year, and how does it decide which ones to take?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Again, much of the work is done by law clerks. Each term, they pour through upwards of 8,000 requests, called a petition for a writ of certiorari (or a \"cert. petition\"). These are brought by the petitioners, who have already exhausted all appeals in federal and state courts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except in very rare occasions, the court only considers cases that have gone up the judicial system food chain. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, the final step on the legal ladder. It's decision is law, one that can't be appealed to any other court. (For a more throughout procedural overview, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scotusblog.com/reference/educational-resources/supreme-court-procedure/\" target=\"_blank\">SCOTUS Blog\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clerks recommend which appeals their justices should consider or overlook, and the justices then vote. Four of nine justices have to agree to take a case and hear oral arguments. This is called “granting ceriorari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a tiny percentage of those thousands of appeals actually see the light of day. The court now accepts about 80 cases a term, hearing oral arguments between October and April. In that respect, the court's less publicized decision to NOT a hear a case is often quite consequential.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The petitioner and respondent usually appear in court for an hour-long session, during which they're pelted with questions from the nine justices (although Justice Clarence Thomas very rarely utters a word).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The justices then meet privately to vote on the decision. Unless the decision is unanimous, a justice from either side is selected to write the majority and dissenting opinions. Later in the term, the court announces -- or “hands down” -- its decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/7sualy8OiKk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/7sualy8OiKk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/21041/the-supreme-court-explained","authors":["8669"],"categories":["lowdown_1","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_21152","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_13543":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_13543","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"13543","score":null,"sort":[1404302427000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1404302427,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"The Rise and Fall of America's Labor Unions","title":"The Rise and Fall of America's Labor Unions","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>The Supreme Court this week dealt a blow to the nation's struggling labor unions. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2014/06/30/327104012/supreme-court-deals-a-blow-to-public-employee-unions\" target=\"_blank\">5-4 decision\u003c/a> along partisan lines, the court ruled that some government workers who decline membership in the unions that represent them can't be forced to pay collective bargaining fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over 11 percent of the U.S. workforce belongs to a union today, the lowest rate in more than 70 years. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/infographic-82573\" width=\"600\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a far cry from the boom in organized labor that began during World War II with a surge in manufacturing and industrial growth. By 1945, more than 26 percent of the nation's civilian wage and salary workers were members of unions, nearly quadruple the rate from the previous decade. The spike led to higher wages in a range of industries, fueling America's burgeoning middle class. Through the 1950s and '60s membership rates continued to climb, reaching a peak of nearly 27 percent by 1953, according the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/data/#employment\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003c/a>. (The BLS differentiates the rate of union membership from that of union representation, which is always slightly higher; by the mid-1950s roughly 35 percent of workers were represented by unions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the economy sputtered in the 1970s, these rates began to steadily decline. Much of this drop has occurred in the private sector, where fewer than 7 percent of workers now belong to unions, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BLS\u003c/a> reports. That's less than five times the public sector's membership rate, which still hovers above 35 percent. But that too has been on the wane, and is likely to decline further as a result of the court's decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/The-Life-and-Death-of-American-Labor-Unions\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"13543 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=13543","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/07/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":284,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["//e.infogr.am/infographic-82573","//e.infogr.am/The-Life-and-Death-of-American-Labor-Unions"],"paragraphCount":8},"modified":1472770121,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"The Supreme Court this week dealt a blow to the nation's struggling labor unions. In a 5-4 decision along partisan lines, the court ruled that some government workers who decline membership in the unions that represent them can't be forced to pay collective bargaining fees. Just over 11 percent of the U.S. workforce belongs to","title":"The Rise and Fall of America's Labor Unions | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Rise and Fall of America's Labor Unions","datePublished":"2014-07-02T05:00:27-07:00","dateModified":"2016-09-01T15:48:41-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/13543/the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Supreme Court this week dealt a blow to the nation's struggling labor unions. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2014/06/30/327104012/supreme-court-deals-a-blow-to-public-employee-unions\" target=\"_blank\">5-4 decision\u003c/a> along partisan lines, the court ruled that some government workers who decline membership in the unions that represent them can't be forced to pay collective bargaining fees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just over 11 percent of the U.S. workforce belongs to a union today, the lowest rate in more than 70 years. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/infographic-82573\" width=\"600\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a far cry from the boom in organized labor that began during World War II with a surge in manufacturing and industrial growth. By 1945, more than 26 percent of the nation's civilian wage and salary workers were members of unions, nearly quadruple the rate from the previous decade. The spike led to higher wages in a range of industries, fueling America's burgeoning middle class. Through the 1950s and '60s membership rates continued to climb, reaching a peak of nearly 27 percent by 1953, according the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/data/#employment\" target=\"_blank\">Bureau of Labor Statistics\u003c/a>. (The BLS differentiates the rate of union membership from that of union representation, which is always slightly higher; by the mid-1950s roughly 35 percent of workers were represented by unions.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the economy sputtered in the 1970s, these rates began to steadily decline. Much of this drop has occurred in the private sector, where fewer than 7 percent of workers now belong to unions, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">BLS\u003c/a> reports. That's less than five times the public sector's membership rate, which still hovers above 35 percent. But that too has been on the wane, and is likely to decline further as a result of the court's decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe style=\"border: none\" src=\"//e.infogr.am/The-Life-and-Death-of-American-Labor-Unions\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/13543/the-rise-and-fall-of-americas-labor-unions","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_256","lowdown_435","lowdown_457"],"tags":["lowdown_109","lowdown_143","lowdown_46"],"featImg":"lowdown_13556","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_12313":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_12313","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"12313","score":null,"sort":[1396664702000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1396664702,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"Explained: The Latest Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Spending Limits","title":"Explained: The Latest Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Spending Limits","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/SCOTUS-Decision.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-12325\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/SCOTUS-Decision-300x300.png\" alt=\"SCOTUS Decision\" width=\"244\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>The Supreme Court on Wednesday removed a 40-year-old cap on the total amount of cash individuals can contribute to political candidates and party committees. The latest in a string of rulings chipping away at longstanding campaign finance limits, the court's 5-to-4 decision in \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">McCutcheon v. Federal Elections Commission\u003c/a> is expected to let new flood of money pour into America's already cash-saturated political process.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>What the decision actually does\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It removes the cap on the combined amount of cash that any one person can directly give to candidates running for federal office, or to political party committees.\u003c!--more-->Although the court maintained the existing cap of $5,200 as the most any donor can directly give to a single candidate, it got rid of the limits on combined contributions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until now, an individual donor could give no more than $48,600 in combined contributions to candidates, and no more than $74,600 in combined contributions to local and national party committees. Combined, $123,200 was the maximum amount a single contributor could give in a two year period. Now there is no limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/04/02/what-mccutcheon-means-in-1-infographic/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-12327\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/Screen-shot-2014-04-04-at-4.30.58-PM-e1396654360808-150x150.png\" alt=\"Screen shot 2014-04-04 at 4.30.58 PM\" width=\"114\" height=\"114\">\u003c/a>To put that in perspective, let's say a single donor were to give $5,200 to every single House and Senate candidate from one political party in an election with 468 House and Senate seats up for grabs. The total contribution would be $2,433,600. If you've got the money to burn, there's nothing stopping you anymore. A nice infographic in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/04/02/what-mccutcheon-means-in-1-infographic/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post \u003c/a>illustrates the new formulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What was the logic behind the court's ruling?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The five justices in the majority are the usual suspects: the same conservative side of the bench responsible for striking down at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/02/us/politics/supreme-court-ruling-campaign-finance.html\" target=\"_blank\">five other campaign finance restrictions\u003c/a> over the last eight years, including the landmark Citizens United decision in 2010. In so doing, the court has succeeded in chipping away at many of the election spending reforms from the 1970s that came about in the wake of the Watergate scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/Screen-shot-2014-04-04-at-4.52.31-PM.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-12330 \" style=\"border: 0px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/Screen-shot-2014-04-04-at-4.52.31-PM-640x143.png\" alt=\"Courtesy of the NY Times\" width=\"600\" height=\"130\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/02/us/politics/supreme-court-ruling-campaign-finance.html\" target=\"_blank\">Courtesy of the NY Times\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like in previous cases, the \u003cem>McCutcheon\u003c/em> ruling was rooted in the majority's strongly held conviction that political money is a form of speech protected under the First Amendment, and that the government should have only a limited role in regulating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">majority\u003c/a>, Chief Justice John Roberts said that the existing contribution limits violated the First Amendment. While noting that some level of government regulation of campaign finance is necessary to prevent and root out corruption, he argued that placing aggregate limits on campaign contributions ultimately stifles constitutionally protected political speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"There is no right more basic in our democracy than the right to participate in electing our political leaders ... The government may no more restrict how many candidates or causes a donor may support than it may tell a newspaper how many candidates it may endorse ... We do not doubt the compelling nature of the “collective” interest in preventing corruption in the electoral process. We permit Congress to pursue that interest only so long as it does not unnecessarily infringe an individual’s right to freedom of speech.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003ch4>How did the dissent respond?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Not cheerfully. In his fervent dissenting opinion, Justice Stephen Breyer argued that the decision directly increases the power and influence of the wealthy elite while muffling the voices of the greater public. Removing spending limits, he said, invites corruption and further encourages a big money, pay-to-play political process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In reality, as the history of campaign finance reform shows and as our earlier cases on the subject have recognized, the anticorruption interest that drives Congress to regulate campaign contributions is a far broader, more important interest than the plurality acknowledges. It is an interest in maintaining the integrity of our public governmental institutions. And it is an interest rooted in the Constitution and in the First Amendment itself ... Where enough money calls the tune, the general public will not be heard. Insofar as corruption cuts the link between political thought and political action, a free marketplace of political ideas loses its point.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003ch4> How did the case originate, and who is this McCutcheon guy?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The case was jointly brought by plaintiffs Shaun McCutcheon, a wealthy conservative Alabama businessman, and the Republican National Committee. McCutcheon had contributed $33,000 to 16 candidates running for federal office in the 2012 election. He said he wanted to give $1,776 each to 12 more candidates, but was prevented from doing so because of the existing spending cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2012, a federal district court dismissed the suit on the grounds that the aggregate spending limits adequately withstood First Amendment scrutiny and that the government may justify such regulation as as a means of preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly thereafter, the plaintiffs filed their appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the difference between this and Citizens United?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Citizens United v. FEC\u003c/em>, the landmark 2010 ruling\u003cem>, \u003c/em> struck down limits on independent political spending by corporations and unions. It allowed them to make undisclosed contributions of unlimited amounts of money to “independent expenditure” organizations that work on behalf of candidates but do not directly coordinate with them. A subsequent lower court decision allowed individuals to donate unlimited sums to these super PACs as well. The ruling, however, didn't address caps on direct contributions to candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, \u003cem>McCutcheon\u003c/em> does not apply at all to corporations or unions, and it still requires full donor disclosure. And while the decision gives individual donors the green light to make unlimited aggregate contributions to campaigns or parties, it still limits the amount that can be given to any one campaign or party. But unlike \u003cem>Citizens United\u003c/em>, the new flow of money allowed by this decision will be controlled directly by candidates and parties.\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"12313 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=12313","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/04/04/making-sense-of-the-supreme-courts-decision-to-scrap-campaign-spending-limits/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":987,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":17},"modified":1433977198,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"The Supreme Court on Wednesday removed a 40-year-old cap on the total amount of cash individuals can contribute to political candidates and party committees. The latest in a string of rulings chipping away at longstanding campaign finance limits, the court's 5-to-4 decision in McCutcheon v. Federal Elections Commission is expected to let new flood of","title":"Explained: The Latest Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Spending Limits | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Explained: The Latest Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Spending Limits","datePublished":"2014-04-04T19:25:02-07:00","dateModified":"2015-06-10T15:59:58-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"making-sense-of-the-supreme-courts-decision-to-scrap-campaign-spending-limits","status":"publish","customPermalink":"2014/04/03/what-the-supreme-courts-does/","path":"/lowdown/12313/making-sense-of-the-supreme-courts-decision-to-scrap-campaign-spending-limits","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/SCOTUS-Decision.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-12325\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/SCOTUS-Decision-300x300.png\" alt=\"SCOTUS Decision\" width=\"244\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>The Supreme Court on Wednesday removed a 40-year-old cap on the total amount of cash individuals can contribute to political candidates and party committees. The latest in a string of rulings chipping away at longstanding campaign finance limits, the court's 5-to-4 decision in \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">McCutcheon v. Federal Elections Commission\u003c/a> is expected to let new flood of money pour into America's already cash-saturated political process.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>What the decision actually does\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It removes the cap on the combined amount of cash that any one person can directly give to candidates running for federal office, or to political party committees.\u003c!--more-->Although the court maintained the existing cap of $5,200 as the most any donor can directly give to a single candidate, it got rid of the limits on combined contributions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until now, an individual donor could give no more than $48,600 in combined contributions to candidates, and no more than $74,600 in combined contributions to local and national party committees. Combined, $123,200 was the maximum amount a single contributor could give in a two year period. Now there is no limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/04/02/what-mccutcheon-means-in-1-infographic/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-12327\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/Screen-shot-2014-04-04-at-4.30.58-PM-e1396654360808-150x150.png\" alt=\"Screen shot 2014-04-04 at 4.30.58 PM\" width=\"114\" height=\"114\">\u003c/a>To put that in perspective, let's say a single donor were to give $5,200 to every single House and Senate candidate from one political party in an election with 468 House and Senate seats up for grabs. The total contribution would be $2,433,600. If you've got the money to burn, there's nothing stopping you anymore. A nice infographic in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/04/02/what-mccutcheon-means-in-1-infographic/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post \u003c/a>illustrates the new formulas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What was the logic behind the court's ruling?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The five justices in the majority are the usual suspects: the same conservative side of the bench responsible for striking down at least \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/02/us/politics/supreme-court-ruling-campaign-finance.html\" target=\"_blank\">five other campaign finance restrictions\u003c/a> over the last eight years, including the landmark Citizens United decision in 2010. In so doing, the court has succeeded in chipping away at many of the election spending reforms from the 1970s that came about in the wake of the Watergate scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12330\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/Screen-shot-2014-04-04-at-4.52.31-PM.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-12330 \" style=\"border: 0px\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2014/04/Screen-shot-2014-04-04-at-4.52.31-PM-640x143.png\" alt=\"Courtesy of the NY Times\" width=\"600\" height=\"130\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/02/us/politics/supreme-court-ruling-campaign-finance.html\" target=\"_blank\">Courtesy of the NY Times\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like in previous cases, the \u003cem>McCutcheon\u003c/em> ruling was rooted in the majority's strongly held conviction that political money is a form of speech protected under the First Amendment, and that the government should have only a limited role in regulating it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-536_e1pf.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">majority\u003c/a>, Chief Justice John Roberts said that the existing contribution limits violated the First Amendment. While noting that some level of government regulation of campaign finance is necessary to prevent and root out corruption, he argued that placing aggregate limits on campaign contributions ultimately stifles constitutionally protected political speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"There is no right more basic in our democracy than the right to participate in electing our political leaders ... The government may no more restrict how many candidates or causes a donor may support than it may tell a newspaper how many candidates it may endorse ... We do not doubt the compelling nature of the “collective” interest in preventing corruption in the electoral process. We permit Congress to pursue that interest only so long as it does not unnecessarily infringe an individual’s right to freedom of speech.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003ch4>How did the dissent respond?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Not cheerfully. In his fervent dissenting opinion, Justice Stephen Breyer argued that the decision directly increases the power and influence of the wealthy elite while muffling the voices of the greater public. Removing spending limits, he said, invites corruption and further encourages a big money, pay-to-play political process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"In reality, as the history of campaign finance reform shows and as our earlier cases on the subject have recognized, the anticorruption interest that drives Congress to regulate campaign contributions is a far broader, more important interest than the plurality acknowledges. It is an interest in maintaining the integrity of our public governmental institutions. And it is an interest rooted in the Constitution and in the First Amendment itself ... Where enough money calls the tune, the general public will not be heard. Insofar as corruption cuts the link between political thought and political action, a free marketplace of political ideas loses its point.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003ch4> How did the case originate, and who is this McCutcheon guy?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The case was jointly brought by plaintiffs Shaun McCutcheon, a wealthy conservative Alabama businessman, and the Republican National Committee. McCutcheon had contributed $33,000 to 16 candidates running for federal office in the 2012 election. He said he wanted to give $1,776 each to 12 more candidates, but was prevented from doing so because of the existing spending cap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2012, a federal district court dismissed the suit on the grounds that the aggregate spending limits adequately withstood First Amendment scrutiny and that the government may justify such regulation as as a means of preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shortly thereafter, the plaintiffs filed their appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the difference between this and Citizens United?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Citizens United v. FEC\u003c/em>, the landmark 2010 ruling\u003cem>, \u003c/em> struck down limits on independent political spending by corporations and unions. It allowed them to make undisclosed contributions of unlimited amounts of money to “independent expenditure” organizations that work on behalf of candidates but do not directly coordinate with them. A subsequent lower court decision allowed individuals to donate unlimited sums to these super PACs as well. The ruling, however, didn't address caps on direct contributions to candidates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, \u003cem>McCutcheon\u003c/em> does not apply at all to corporations or unions, and it still requires full donor disclosure. And while the decision gives individual donors the green light to make unlimited aggregate contributions to campaigns or parties, it still limits the amount that can be given to any one campaign or party. But unlike \u003cem>Citizens United\u003c/em>, the new flow of money allowed by this decision will be controlled directly by candidates and parties.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/12313/making-sense-of-the-supreme-courts-decision-to-scrap-campaign-spending-limits","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2393","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_484","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_8287","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_2763":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_2763","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"2763","score":null,"sort":[1380647735000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1380647735,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"Explaining Insurance Exchanges and Other Sexy Healthcare Lingo","title":"Explaining Insurance Exchanges and Other Sexy Healthcare Lingo","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>I'm going to go out on a limb here in suggesting that the nitty gritty of the Affordable Care Act may not be the most exciting topic of conversation. But now, even as the government settles into shutdown mode, state insurance exchanges across the country are opening their virtual doors for business, offering a healthcare marketplace to the million of uninsured Americans. The \u003ca href=\"http://rwjf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \u003c/a>produced this series of short animated explainers on some of the central components of the law and the programs it establishes. These are concepts that get thrown around a lot in the news but are pretty hard to grasp. So take a look (and just maybe, you'll be the hit of the cocktail party). Also, check out KQED's comprehensive interactive \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">Obamacare guide\u003c/a> to explore the topic in greater depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Health Insurance Exchanges\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPII5N_-E1g]\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Medicaid Expansion\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGEU0a75tiw]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Cost Sharing\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHwoVvxsAZ0]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Insurance Market Reforms\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVhGdtSkzZA?list=PLqF-bKPCi6CpWq4jSXljjw_HOHhFp75Vl]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","disqusIdentifier":"2763 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=2763","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/10/01/health-insurance-exchange/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":188,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":7},"modified":1389135173,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"I'm going to go out on a limb here in suggesting that the nitty gritty of the Affordable Care Act may not be the most exciting topic of conversation. But now, even as the government settles into shutdown mode, state insurance exchanges across the country are opening their virtual doors for business, offering a healthcare","title":"Explaining Insurance Exchanges and Other Sexy Healthcare Lingo | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Explaining Insurance Exchanges and Other Sexy Healthcare Lingo","datePublished":"2013-10-01T10:15:35-07:00","dateModified":"2014-01-07T14:52:53-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"health-insurance-exchange","status":"publish","WpOldSlug":"health-insurance-exchanges-medicaid-expansion-and-other-good-conversation-starters-for-a-first-date","path":"/lowdown/2763/health-insurance-exchange","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I'm going to go out on a limb here in suggesting that the nitty gritty of the Affordable Care Act may not be the most exciting topic of conversation. But now, even as the government settles into shutdown mode, state insurance exchanges across the country are opening their virtual doors for business, offering a healthcare marketplace to the million of uninsured Americans. The \u003ca href=\"http://rwjf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation \u003c/a>produced this series of short animated explainers on some of the central components of the law and the programs it establishes. These are concepts that get thrown around a lot in the news but are pretty hard to grasp. So take a look (and just maybe, you'll be the hit of the cocktail party). Also, check out KQED's comprehensive interactive \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/health/obamacare/obamacare-guide.jsp\" target=\"_blank\">Obamacare guide\u003c/a> to explore the topic in greater depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Health Insurance Exchanges\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QPII5N_-E1g'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QPII5N_-E1g'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Medicaid Expansion\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGEU0a75tiw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGEU0a75tiw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Cost Sharing\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WHwoVvxsAZ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WHwoVvxsAZ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Insurance Market Reforms\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bVhGdtSkzZA?list=PLqF-bKPCi6CpWq4jSXljjw_HOHhFp75Vl'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bVhGdtSkzZA?list=PLqF-bKPCi6CpWq4jSXljjw_HOHhFp75Vl'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/2763/health-insurance-exchange","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245"],"tags":["lowdown_145","lowdown_144","lowdown_143","lowdown_265"],"featImg":"lowdown_9708","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_8258":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_8258","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"8258","score":null,"sort":[1372075230000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1372075230,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"How California's Prop. 8 Clawed its Way Up to the Supreme Court","title":"How California's Prop. 8 Clawed its Way Up to the Supreme Court","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>How did the Proposition 8 case go all the way from California to the U.S. Supreme Court? Scroll through this interactive to trace the path. Use the arrows to advance, and zoom in to blow-up text size and images. It can also be viewed in full screen mode (click on bottom left button).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://prezi.com/embed/us0hfjmiccdb/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=0&autohide_ctrls=0&features=undefined&disabled_features=undefined\" height=\"500\" width=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","disqusIdentifier":"8258 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=8258","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/06/24/how-californias-prop-8-clawed-its-way-to-the-supreme-court/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":57,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["http://prezi.com/embed/us0hfjmiccdb/"],"paragraphCount":4},"modified":1433978392,"excerpt":"Prezi visualization explaining how Prop 8 made its way to the US Supreme Court","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Prezi visualization explaining how Prop 8 made its way to the US Supreme Court","title":"How California's Prop. 8 Clawed its Way Up to the Supreme Court | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How California's Prop. 8 Clawed its Way Up to the Supreme Court","datePublished":"2013-06-24T05:00:30-07:00","dateModified":"2015-06-10T16:19:52-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-californias-prop-8-clawed-its-way-to-the-supreme-court","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/8258/how-californias-prop-8-clawed-its-way-to-the-supreme-court","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How did the Proposition 8 case go all the way from California to the U.S. Supreme Court? Scroll through this interactive to trace the path. Use the arrows to advance, and zoom in to blow-up text size and images. It can also be viewed in full screen mode (click on bottom left button).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://prezi.com/embed/us0hfjmiccdb/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=0&autohide_ctrls=0&features=undefined&disabled_features=undefined\" height=\"500\" width=\"650\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/8258/how-californias-prop-8-clawed-its-way-to-the-supreme-court","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2356"],"tags":["lowdown_332","lowdown_84","lowdown_143","lowdown_448"],"featImg":"lowdown_1023","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_8286":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_8286","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"8286","score":null,"sort":[1371819612000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1371819612,"format":"aside","title":"Abigail Fisher's Fight with Affirmative Action [Includes Interactive Timeline]","headTitle":"Abigail Fisher’s Fight with Affirmative Action [Includes Interactive Timeline] | KQED","content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update July 24:\u003c/strong> The Supreme Court sent a challenge to the University of Texas’ affirmative action admissions process \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/16/192372066/supreme-court-sends-affirmative-action-case-back-to-lower-court\">back to a lower court\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The compromise ruling throws out the decision by the New Orleans-based 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the Texas admission plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the court, said the appeals court did not test the Texas plan under the most exacting level of judicial review. He said such a test is required by the court’s 2003 decision upholding affirmative action in higher education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the lone dissenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week the U.S. Supreme Court is expected to announce its decision on the constitutionality of race-based admissions policies at public universities. It will be the latest ruling in a long history of challenges to various affirmative action efforts. Specifically, the court will determine whether the goal of greater racial diversity on campus justifies preferential treatment for minority applicants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abigail Fisher, a white honors student who was rejected from the University of Texas in 2008, didn’t think so. She sued the school, claiming that its race-conscious admissions policy unfairly favored black and Hispanic applicants over whites and Asians. She said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“There were people in my class with lower grades who weren’t in all the activities I was in who were being accepted into UT, and the only difference between us was the color of our skin… For an institution of higher learning to act this way makes no sense to me.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The case came before the Supreme Court last October. The court’s upcoming ruling could have broad implications for universities and employers around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through the timeline below for a history of game-changing events in the evolution of affirmative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(\u003ca href=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdHAwdjlTcV90UU9GYWZSWHBUaEwtREE&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" target=\"_blank\">Best viewed in full screen mode\u003c/a>) \u003ca href=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdHAwdjlTcV90UU9GYWZSWHBUaEwtREE&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"wide\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdHAwdjlTcV90UU9GYWZSWHBUaEwtREE&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":316,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["http://embed.verite.co/timeline/"],"paragraphCount":12},"modified":1433978820,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Update July 24: The Supreme Court sent a challenge to the University of Texas’ affirmative action admissions process back to a lower court. The compromise ruling throws out the decision by the New Orleans-based 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the Texas admission plan. Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the court, said the","title":"Abigail Fisher's Fight with Affirmative Action [Includes Interactive Timeline] | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Abigail Fisher's Fight with Affirmative Action [Includes Interactive Timeline]","datePublished":"2013-06-21T06:00:12-07:00","dateModified":"2015-06-10T16:27:00-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"what-is-the-future-of-affirmative-action","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/8286/what-is-the-future-of-affirmative-action","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update July 24:\u003c/strong> The Supreme Court sent a challenge to the University of Texas’ affirmative action admissions process \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/06/16/192372066/supreme-court-sends-affirmative-action-case-back-to-lower-court\">back to a lower court\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The compromise ruling throws out the decision by the New Orleans-based 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which upheld the Texas admission plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the court, said the appeals court did not test the Texas plan under the most exacting level of judicial review. He said such a test is required by the court’s 2003 decision upholding affirmative action in higher education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the lone dissenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next week the U.S. Supreme Court is expected to announce its decision on the constitutionality of race-based admissions policies at public universities. It will be the latest ruling in a long history of challenges to various affirmative action efforts. Specifically, the court will determine whether the goal of greater racial diversity on campus justifies preferential treatment for minority applicants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abigail Fisher, a white honors student who was rejected from the University of Texas in 2008, didn’t think so. She sued the school, claiming that its race-conscious admissions policy unfairly favored black and Hispanic applicants over whites and Asians. She said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“There were people in my class with lower grades who weren’t in all the activities I was in who were being accepted into UT, and the only difference between us was the color of our skin… For an institution of higher learning to act this way makes no sense to me.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The case came before the Supreme Court last October. The court’s upcoming ruling could have broad implications for universities and employers around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scroll through the timeline below for a history of game-changing events in the evolution of affirmative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(\u003ca href=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdHAwdjlTcV90UU9GYWZSWHBUaEwtREE&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" target=\"_blank\">Best viewed in full screen mode\u003c/a>) \u003ca href=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdHAwdjlTcV90UU9GYWZSWHBUaEwtREE&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"wide\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://embed.verite.co/timeline/?source=0Ark5K5szJsMSdHAwdjlTcV90UU9GYWZSWHBUaEwtREE&font=Bevan-PotanoSans&maptype=toner&lang=en&height=650\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/8286/what-is-the-future-of-affirmative-action","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2375","lowdown_243"],"tags":["lowdown_194","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_8291","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_7153":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_7153","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"7153","score":null,"sort":[1364017358000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1364017358,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"How Did Prop. 8 Get to the Supreme Court? Tracking the Winding Path of Justice","title":"How Did Prop. 8 Get to the Supreme Court? Tracking the Winding Path of Justice","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://prezi.com/embed/us0hfjmiccdb/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0&features=undefined&disabled_features=undefined\" height=\"500\" width=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: the presentation is best viewed in full-screen mode; use the arrows to advance and zoom in/out on any text or image\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 26, the U.S. Supreme Court hears oral arguments on the constitutionality of Proposition 8, California's same-sex marriage ban. Since voters approved the measure in 2008, there has been a dizzying string of state and federal court cases and appeals (and that, of course, doesn't include the many years of political wrangling over the issue before Prop. 8 passed). Now the decision is in the hands of the High Court's nine justices. But how did it go all the way from a California ballot measure to a Supreme Court case that could have a huge national impact? This presentation walks you through the many steps of the multi-tiered justice system that Prop. 8 had to pass through on its way to the highest court in the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the presentation is a diagram by the NY Times illustrating the various outcomes of the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","disqusIdentifier":"7153 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=7153","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2013/03/22/how-did-prop-8-reach-the-supreme-court/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":177,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["http://prezi.com/embed/us0hfjmiccdb/"],"paragraphCount":7},"modified":1432330938,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Note: the presentation is best viewed in full-screen mode; use the arrows to advance and zoom in/out on any text or image","title":"How Did Prop. 8 Get to the Supreme Court? Tracking the Winding Path of Justice | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Did Prop. 8 Get to the Supreme Court? Tracking the Winding Path of Justice","datePublished":"2013-03-22T22:42:38-07:00","dateModified":"2015-05-22T14:42:18-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-did-prop-8-reach-the-supreme-court","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/7153/how-did-prop-8-reach-the-supreme-court","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://prezi.com/embed/us0hfjmiccdb/?bgcolor=ffffff&lock_to_path=0&autoplay=no&autohide_ctrls=0&features=undefined&disabled_features=undefined\" height=\"500\" width=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: the presentation is best viewed in full-screen mode; use the arrows to advance and zoom in/out on any text or image\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On March 26, the U.S. Supreme Court hears oral arguments on the constitutionality of Proposition 8, California's same-sex marriage ban. Since voters approved the measure in 2008, there has been a dizzying string of state and federal court cases and appeals (and that, of course, doesn't include the many years of political wrangling over the issue before Prop. 8 passed). Now the decision is in the hands of the High Court's nine justices. But how did it go all the way from a California ballot measure to a Supreme Court case that could have a huge national impact? This presentation walks you through the many steps of the multi-tiered justice system that Prop. 8 had to pass through on its way to the highest court in the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the presentation is a diagram by the NY Times illustrating the various outcomes of the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/7153/how-did-prop-8-reach-the-supreme-court","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_2379","lowdown_2356","lowdown_243"],"tags":["lowdown_332","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_18030","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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