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He previously produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/lowdown\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>, KQED’s multimedia news education blog. Matthew's written for numerous Bay Area publications, including the Oakland Tribune and San Francisco Chronicle. He also taught journalism classes at Fremont High School in East Oakland.\r\n\r\nEmail: mgreen@kqed.org; Twitter: @MGreenKQED","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twitter":"MGreenKQED","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"lowdown","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"elections","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Matthew Green | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/matthewgreen"},"jessengebretson":{"type":"authors","id":"8628","meta":{"index":"authors_1716337520","id":"8628","found":true},"name":"Jess Engebretson","firstName":"Jess","lastName":"Engebretson","slug":"jessengebretson","email":"jess.engebretson@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Jess Engebretson is a radio producer from Virginia.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/82da81d5865f1a046c91ee925e616266?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Jess Engebretson | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/82da81d5865f1a046c91ee925e616266?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/82da81d5865f1a046c91ee925e616266?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/jessengebretson"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"lowdown_24674":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24674","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"24674","score":null,"sort":[1493840417000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1493840417,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"The Honest Truth about Fake News ... and How Not to Fall for It (with Lesson Plan)","title":"The Honest Truth about Fake News ... and How Not to Fall for It (with Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nDid you hear that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president?\u003cbr>\nOr that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">Hillary Clinton sold weapons to ISIS\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Fake-news-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: How to Fight Fake News (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Crazy, right?\u003cbr>\nAnd … 100 percent false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you were one of the millions of people drawn to a bogus headline in your Facebook feed -- or other social media platform of choice -- and found yourself reading an article on what seemed like a legitimate news site (something like, say, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">The Political Insider\u003c/a>, which “reported” the Clinton-ISIS story), then why wouldn’t you believe it? I mean, people you supposedly trust shared it with you and it ranked high in the Google search. How could it be made-up information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of “fake news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Digital deception\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It comes as little surprise that the web is chock full of commercial click-bait hoaxes: get-rich-quick schemes, free Caribbean cruises, erectile dysfunction treatments ... you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it turns out, the internet is also teeming with bogus information sites that masquerade as real news. And in the run-up to the 2016 election, many of these hoax news posts spread like wildfire. [Snopes, a fact-checking site, maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/\">a comprehensive and growing list of fake news outlets\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump's contempt for \"the mainstream media,\" an industry he uniformly dismisses as a corrupt, lying \"bunch of phony lowlifes,\" has further obscured the boundaries between fact and fiction. So, too, has his use of Twitter to widely disseminate unsubstantiated allegations and, on numerous occasions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/statements/byruling/false/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downright falsehoods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even President Obama weighed in (while still president), assailing the rapid accumulation of fake news as a \"dust cloud of nonsense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are not serious about facts, if we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, than we have problems,\" he said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/barack-obama-fake-news-facebook-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent press conference\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news, real profit, serious consequences\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.de3beM1nN#.kikAXPpjm\">BuzzFeed News\u003c/a> analysis of election-related web articles published in the three months before Election Day found that the 20 most popular fake news stories generated significantly more engagement on Facebook (shares, reactions, comments) than did the top 20 real news stories from major news outlets like the Washington Post and New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, the more engagement, the more ad revenue; a major financial incentive for unethical folks with overactive imaginations to whip up ever more outlandish, attention-grabbing conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the analysis, the majority of the most popular and prolific purveyors of fake news -- websites like \u003ca href=\"http://endingthefed.com/\">Ending the Fed\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.infowars.com\">InfoWars\u003c/a> -- are either full-on hoax sites or “hyperpartisan” right-wing platforms that creatively obscure the truth (a handful of left-wing sites were also in the mix).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?attachment_id=24721\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg\" alt=\"sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg 625w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homepage of \"Ending the Fed,\" a \"hyperpartisan\" right-wing website chock full of fake news stories.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strangely, BuzzFeed also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo\">more than 100 U.S. politics websites\u003c/a> run out of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, usually authored by web-savvy, entrepreneurial young people -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.uoNgBO3Qr#.llVwaxWvM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including teenagers\u003c/a> -- trying to make a fast buck by creatively duping American media consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One recent notably viral fake news headline espoused an utterly baseless conspiracy theory that a Washington, D.C. family-friendly pizza place was actually a front for a child sex ring run by Hillary Clinton's campaign manager. Michael Flynn, Jr., son of retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn -- Trump's pick for national security adviser, and a Clinton-related conspiracy theorist himself -- further promoted the story, while serving on Trump's transition team, by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=805611056009768960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharing it\u003c/a> with his thousands of Twitter followers. The younger Flynn has since been removed from the transition team due to his aggressive trolling habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bogus rumor, which became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/05/how-pizzagate-went-fake-news-real-problem-dc-busin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizzagate\u003c/a>, had some serious ramifications when a man armed with an assault rifle \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.da23f8cb9a1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered the restaurant\u003c/a> on Sunday, Dec. 4 and fired several shots in what he later told police was an attempt to \"self-investigate\" the claim (there were no reported injuries).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, you really can't make this stuff up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what degree the overall proliferation of fake news affected the election results remains unclear. But it almost certainly did have some impact, particularly on undecided voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initially deflecting criticism that his company bore some level of responsibility for the dramatic spread of political misinformation, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271\">published a post\u003c/a> (on Facebook, of course) less than a week after the election, stating: “We have already launched work enabling our community to flag hoaxes and fake news, and there is more we can do here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, both Google and Facebook \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM\">announced\u003c/a> new efforts to prevent identifiable fake news sites from using their respective advertising networks to generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news is nothing new\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fake news \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/fake-news-media-facebook-214459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has long had a presence in\u003c/a> America's media landscape: Since the colonial period, various news outlets have played fast and loose with the truth for commercial or political gain. A particularly notorious era of journalistic misinformation emerged in the 1890s when competing newspapers owned by rival media titans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought mercilessly for the attention of readers by liberally embellishing stories to sell more papers, a style that became known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">yellow journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the sheer volume of information at our fingertips (and thumbs) today, and the ease with which we can inadvertently spread falsehoods with the simple click of a \"share\" button, puts us in uncharted territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Impressionable young minds\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Young people are among the most vulnerable and impressionable consumers of this kind of misinformation, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf\">recently released study \u003c/a>by Stanford’s History Education Group. Researchers collected nearly 8,000 responses from middle school, high school and college students -- aka \"digital natives\" -- around the country who were asked to evaluate online information presented in tweets, comments and articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Overall, young people’s ability to reason about the information on the Internet can be summed up in one word: \u003cem>bleak\u003c/em>,\" the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our 'digital natives' may be able to flit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were consistently \"shocked\" by the number of students who couldn’t effectively evaluate the credibility of the information they were presented with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UYc-hd1QSwA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 80 percent of middle schoolers in the study believed that “native ads” resembling articles were actually real news stories, even though they were labeled “sponsored content.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school students were asked to evaluate a post from a popular image-sharing site featuring a picture of unusually formed daisies and titled \"Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects.\" Despite the complete lack of attribution or evidence, most students accepted the picture at face value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"imgur-embed-pub\" lang=\"en\" data-id=\"a/BZWWx\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//imgur.com/BZWWx\">Fukushima Nuclear Flowers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact,\" Sam Wineburg, a history and education professor at Stanford University, and the lead author of the study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503129818/study-finds-students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR\u003c/a> in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the high school students in the study also couldn't tell the difference between real and fake news sources in their Facebook feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most college students in the study didn't suspect any kind of bias in a tweet from a left-leaning activist group that cited a public opinion survey on gun ownership and background checks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>New polling shows the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NRA\">@NRA\u003c/a> is out of touch with gun owners and their own members \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\">https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NRAfail?src=hash\">#NRAfail\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/y4K4r5EcYX\">pic.twitter.com/y4K4r5EcYX\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— MoveOn.org (@MoveOn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MoveOn/status/666772893846675456\">November 18, 2015\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It's incumbent on educators, the study authors note, to show students how to be more discerning about the information they consume. In other words, how to identify fact from fiction and not to be a sucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only way we can deal with these kinds of issues are through educational programs and recognizing that the kinds of things that we worry about, the ability to determine what is reliable and not reliable, that is the new basic skill in our society,” said Wineburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along those lines, WNYC's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/otm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Media\u003c/a> made this nifty cheat sheet, which combined with an array of excellent, non-partisan political \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact-check sites\u003c/a>, provide the necessary tools to weed out the fake and focus on what's really going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\" alt=\"otm_consumer_handbook_fakenewsedition_800\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/otm/#file=/audio/json/684562/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"24674 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24674","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/05/03/the-honest-truth-about-fake-news-with-lesson-plan/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1454,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/otm/#file=/audio/json/684562/&share=1"],"paragraphCount":42},"modified":1523491920,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"The Honest Truth about Fake News ... and How Not to Fall for It (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Honest Truth about Fake News ... and How Not to Fall for It (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2017-05-03T12:40:17-07:00","dateModified":"2018-04-11T17:12:00-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-honest-truth-about-fake-news-with-lesson-plan","status":"publish","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/dNmwvntMF5A","path":"/lowdown/24674/the-honest-truth-about-fake-news-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nDid you hear that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump for president?\u003cbr>\nOr that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">Hillary Clinton sold weapons to ISIS\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Fake-news-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: How to Fight Fake News (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Crazy, right?\u003cbr>\nAnd … 100 percent false.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you were one of the millions of people drawn to a bogus headline in your Facebook feed -- or other social media platform of choice -- and found yourself reading an article on what seemed like a legitimate news site (something like, say, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/http:/www.thepoliticalinsider.com/wikileaks-confirms-hillary-sold-weapons-isis-drops-another-bombshell-breaking-news/\">The Political Insider\u003c/a>, which “reported” the Clinton-ISIS story), then why wouldn’t you believe it? I mean, people you supposedly trust shared it with you and it ranked high in the Google search. How could it be made-up information?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Welcome to the world of “fake news.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Digital deception\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>It comes as little surprise that the web is chock full of commercial click-bait hoaxes: get-rich-quick schemes, free Caribbean cruises, erectile dysfunction treatments ... you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it turns out, the internet is also teeming with bogus information sites that masquerade as real news. And in the run-up to the 2016 election, many of these hoax news posts spread like wildfire. [Snopes, a fact-checking site, maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.snopes.com/2016/01/14/fake-news-sites/\">a comprehensive and growing list of fake news outlets\u003c/a>.]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump's contempt for \"the mainstream media,\" an industry he uniformly dismisses as a corrupt, lying \"bunch of phony lowlifes,\" has further obscured the boundaries between fact and fiction. So, too, has his use of Twitter to widely disseminate unsubstantiated allegations and, on numerous occasions, \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/statements/byruling/false/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">downright falsehoods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even President Obama weighed in (while still president), assailing the rapid accumulation of fake news as a \"dust cloud of nonsense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are not serious about facts, if we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, than we have problems,\" he said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/17/barack-obama-fake-news-facebook-social-media\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent press conference\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news, real profit, serious consequences\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>In fact, a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook?utm_term=.de3beM1nN#.kikAXPpjm\">BuzzFeed News\u003c/a> analysis of election-related web articles published in the three months before Election Day found that the 20 most popular fake news stories generated significantly more engagement on Facebook (shares, reactions, comments) than did the top 20 real news stories from major news outlets like the Washington Post and New York Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, the more engagement, the more ad revenue; a major financial incentive for unethical folks with overactive imaginations to whip up ever more outlandish, attention-grabbing conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the analysis, the majority of the most popular and prolific purveyors of fake news -- websites like \u003ca href=\"http://endingthefed.com/\">Ending the Fed\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.infowars.com\">InfoWars\u003c/a> -- are either full-on hoax sites or “hyperpartisan” right-wing platforms that creatively obscure the truth (a handful of left-wing sites were also in the mix).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24721\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?attachment_id=24721\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-24721\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg\" alt=\"sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3.jpg 625w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/sub-buzz-23811-1479240316-3-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homepage of \"Ending the Fed,\" a \"hyperpartisan\" right-wing website chock full of fake news stories.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strangely, BuzzFeed also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo\">more than 100 U.S. politics websites\u003c/a> run out of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, usually authored by web-savvy, entrepreneurial young people -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/how-macedonia-became-a-global-hub-for-pro-trump-misinfo?utm_term=.uoNgBO3Qr#.llVwaxWvM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">including teenagers\u003c/a> -- trying to make a fast buck by creatively duping American media consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One recent notably viral fake news headline espoused an utterly baseless conspiracy theory that a Washington, D.C. family-friendly pizza place was actually a front for a child sex ring run by Hillary Clinton's campaign manager. Michael Flynn, Jr., son of retired U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn -- Trump's pick for national security adviser, and a Clinton-related conspiracy theorist himself -- further promoted the story, while serving on Trump's transition team, by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?in_reply_to=805611056009768960\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sharing it\u003c/a> with his thousands of Twitter followers. The younger Flynn has since been removed from the transition team due to his aggressive trolling habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the bogus rumor, which became known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2016/dec/05/how-pizzagate-went-fake-news-real-problem-dc-busin/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pizzagate\u003c/a>, had some serious ramifications when a man armed with an assault rifle \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/12/04/d-c-police-respond-to-report-of-a-man-with-a-gun-at-comet-ping-pong-restaurant/?utm_term=.da23f8cb9a1d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entered the restaurant\u003c/a> on Sunday, Dec. 4 and fired several shots in what he later told police was an attempt to \"self-investigate\" the claim (there were no reported injuries).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no, you really can't make this stuff up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To what degree the overall proliferation of fake news affected the election results remains unclear. But it almost certainly did have some impact, particularly on undecided voters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After initially deflecting criticism that his company bore some level of responsibility for the dramatic spread of political misinformation, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10103253901916271\">published a post\u003c/a> (on Facebook, of course) less than a week after the election, stating: “We have already launched work enabling our community to flag hoaxes and fake news, and there is more we can do here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, both Google and Facebook \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising-idUSKBN1392MM\">announced\u003c/a> new efforts to prevent identifiable fake news sites from using their respective advertising networks to generate revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Fake news is nothing new\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Fake news \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/11/fake-news-media-facebook-214459\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has long had a presence in\u003c/a> America's media landscape: Since the colonial period, various news outlets have played fast and loose with the truth for commercial or political gain. A particularly notorious era of journalistic misinformation emerged in the 1890s when competing newspapers owned by rival media titans William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fought mercilessly for the attention of readers by liberally embellishing stories to sell more papers, a style that became known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">yellow journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the sheer volume of information at our fingertips (and thumbs) today, and the ease with which we can inadvertently spread falsehoods with the simple click of a \"share\" button, puts us in uncharted territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Impressionable young minds\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Young people are among the most vulnerable and impressionable consumers of this kind of misinformation, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://sheg.stanford.edu/upload/V3LessonPlans/Executive%20Summary%2011.21.16.pdf\">recently released study \u003c/a>by Stanford’s History Education Group. Researchers collected nearly 8,000 responses from middle school, high school and college students -- aka \"digital natives\" -- around the country who were asked to evaluate online information presented in tweets, comments and articles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Overall, young people’s ability to reason about the information on the Internet can be summed up in one word: \u003cem>bleak\u003c/em>,\" the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our 'digital natives' may be able to flit between Facebook and Twitter while simultaneously uploading a selfie to Instagram and texting a friend. But when it comes to evaluating information that flows through social media channels, they are easily duped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers were consistently \"shocked\" by the number of students who couldn’t effectively evaluate the credibility of the information they were presented with.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UYc-hd1QSwA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UYc-hd1QSwA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 80 percent of middle schoolers in the study believed that “native ads” resembling articles were actually real news stories, even though they were labeled “sponsored content.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High school students were asked to evaluate a post from a popular image-sharing site featuring a picture of unusually formed daisies and titled \"Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects.\" Despite the complete lack of attribution or evidence, most students accepted the picture at face value.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"imgur-embed-pub\" lang=\"en\" data-id=\"a/BZWWx\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//imgur.com/BZWWx\">Fukushima Nuclear Flowers\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//s.imgur.com/min/embed.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact,\" Sam Wineburg, a history and education professor at Stanford University, and the lead author of the study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/23/503129818/study-finds-students-have-dismaying-inability-to-tell-fake-news-from-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR\u003c/a> in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the high school students in the study also couldn't tell the difference between real and fake news sources in their Facebook feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, most college students in the study didn't suspect any kind of bias in a tweet from a left-leaning activist group that cited a public opinion survey on gun ownership and background checks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>New polling shows the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NRA\">@NRA\u003c/a> is out of touch with gun owners and their own members \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\">https://t.co/wm6weuaCbd\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/NRAfail?src=hash\">#NRAfail\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://t.co/y4K4r5EcYX\">pic.twitter.com/y4K4r5EcYX\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— MoveOn.org (@MoveOn) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MoveOn/status/666772893846675456\">November 18, 2015\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It's incumbent on educators, the study authors note, to show students how to be more discerning about the information they consume. In other words, how to identify fact from fiction and not to be a sucker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But the only way we can deal with these kinds of issues are through educational programs and recognizing that the kinds of things that we worry about, the ability to determine what is reliable and not reliable, that is the new basic skill in our society,” said Wineburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along those lines, WNYC's \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/shows/otm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On the Media\u003c/a> made this nifty cheat sheet, which combined with an array of excellent, non-partisan political \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailydot.com/layer8/best-fact-checking-websites/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fact-check sites\u003c/a>, provide the necessary tools to weed out the fake and focus on what's really going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-24720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png\" alt=\"otm_consumer_handbook_fakenewsedition_800\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-160x160.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-768x768.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-240x240.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-375x375.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-520x520.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-50x50.png 50w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-64x64.png 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-96x96.png 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-128x128.png 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/OTM_Consumer_Handbook_FakeNewsEdition_800-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/otm/#file=/audio/json/684562/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24674/the-honest-truth-about-fake-news-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2577","lowdown_2337"],"featImg":"lowdown_24732","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_26109":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_26109","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"26109","score":null,"sort":[1488521953000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1488521953,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"Yes, We've Done It Too: A History of U.S. Meddling in Other Countries' Elections","title":"Yes, We've Done It Too: A History of U.S. Meddling in Other Countries' Elections","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With headlines like these, who needs spy novels!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revelations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election have come as a shock to many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the plot keeps getting thicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, Attorney General Jeff Sessions \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/us/politics/jeff-sessions-russia-trump-investigation-democrats.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recused himself\u003c/a> from involvement in any Russian election meddling investigations. The announcement comes after reports surfaced that he met twice with the Russian ambassador before the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this political drama got us wondering: How unusual is foreign election interference? As it turns out, not unusual at all. Russia/USSR has been tinkering with other countries' elections for decades -- and so has the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cmu.edu/ips/people/post-doctoral-fellows/dov-levin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dov Levin\u003c/a>, a political scientist at Carnegie-Mellon University, has found over a hundred examples of U.S. and/or Russian interference in other countries' elections from 1946 to 2000. About 30 percent of these interventions were Russian; the other 70 percent were organized by the U.S. In the slideshow below, we've put together a few of the American examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A note before we get started: This slideshow focuses specifically on U.S. interference in foreign elections. So it doesn't include some of the more egregious instances of U.S. meddling -- such as the 1953 coup against Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, or the 1961 assassination of Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. We do mention the U.S.-backed coup against Salvador Allende -- but within the context of U.S. interference in Chile's elections, which preceded the coup by almost a decade. So as you click through, bear in mind that election meddling is just one of the many ways that the U.S. has intervened in other countries' politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1cssrFLkx8zU_U2nqavXC6j3TTNU5sbXWvoH5ipaB8h4&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650\" width=\"1100\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"26109 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=26109","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/03/02/a-history-of-u-s-meddling-in-foreign-elections/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":287,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html"],"paragraphCount":10},"modified":1510864163,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"Yes, We've Done It Too: A History of U.S. Meddling in Other Countries' Elections | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Yes, We've Done It Too: A History of U.S. Meddling in Other Countries' Elections","datePublished":"2017-03-02T22:19:13-08:00","dateModified":"2017-11-16T12:29:23-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-history-of-u-s-meddling-in-foreign-elections","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/26109/a-history-of-u-s-meddling-in-foreign-elections","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With headlines like these, who needs spy novels!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revelations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election have come as a shock to many Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the plot keeps getting thicker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, Attorney General Jeff Sessions \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/us/politics/jeff-sessions-russia-trump-investigation-democrats.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recused himself\u003c/a> from involvement in any Russian election meddling investigations. The announcement comes after reports surfaced that he met twice with the Russian ambassador before the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this political drama got us wondering: How unusual is foreign election interference? As it turns out, not unusual at all. Russia/USSR has been tinkering with other countries' elections for decades -- and so has the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cmu.edu/ips/people/post-doctoral-fellows/dov-levin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dov Levin\u003c/a>, a political scientist at Carnegie-Mellon University, has found over a hundred examples of U.S. and/or Russian interference in other countries' elections from 1946 to 2000. About 30 percent of these interventions were Russian; the other 70 percent were organized by the U.S. In the slideshow below, we've put together a few of the American examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A note before we get started: This slideshow focuses specifically on U.S. interference in foreign elections. So it doesn't include some of the more egregious instances of U.S. meddling -- such as the 1953 coup against Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, or the 1961 assassination of Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. We do mention the U.S.-backed coup against Salvador Allende -- but within the context of U.S. interference in Chile's elections, which preceded the coup by almost a decade. So as you click through, bear in mind that election meddling is just one of the many ways that the U.S. has intervened in other countries' politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1cssrFLkx8zU_U2nqavXC6j3TTNU5sbXWvoH5ipaB8h4&font=Default&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650\" width=\"1100\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/26109/a-history-of-u-s-meddling-in-foreign-elections","authors":["8628"],"categories":["lowdown_1","lowdown_2391","lowdown_2397"],"tags":["lowdown_2596","lowdown_2337"],"featImg":"lowdown_26119","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_25908":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_25908","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"25908","score":null,"sort":[1487922557000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1487922557,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"What's the Deal with All These Raucous Town Hall Meetings?","title":"What's the Deal with All These Raucous Town Hall Meetings?","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> Toby Smith won't be able to vote for another decade, but that didn't stop the 7-year-old from speaking his mind at a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/22/politics/boy-toby-question-tom-cotton-town-hall-trnd/index.html?sr=twCNN022317boy-toby-question-tom-cotton-town-hall-trnd1219PMVODtopLink&linkId=34798181\" target=\"_blank\">town hall meeting\u003c/a> in Arkansas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captured in a video that's since gone viral, Smith doesn't mince words, telling Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.) that he likes Mexicans and thinks there are much better things to spend money on than a border wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Donald Trump makes Mexicans not important to people who are in Arkansas who like Mexicans, like me, my grandma,\" said Smith, as the audience cheered raucously. \"And he is deleting all the parks and PBS Kids just to make a wall, and he shouldn't do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(OK, not entirely accurate, but come on, the kid's only seven!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/DUly77ZckSw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, 11-year-old Hannah Bradshaw stood up at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865673055/Chaffetz-faces-harsh-criticism-during-packed-town-hall.html\" target=\"_blank\">town hall\u003c/a> in suburban Salt Lake City, asking U.S. Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT): \"What are you doing to help protect our water and air for our generations and my kids' generations?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/PO-ZYMd-xfk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway: town halls with elected leaders can be a pretty solid way to get your voice heard, even if you're still years away from stepping foot inside a polling booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At both town halls, Chaffetz and Cotton were drowned out by angry crowds booing loudly and chanting \"Do your job!\" It's a scene that's played out in Republican town halls around the country this month, as angry constituents concerned about efforts to repeal Obamacare and other Trump administration proposals, have packed into high school auditoriums and community centers to give their representatives an earful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the U.S. Congress and Senate have been on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/congression-i-work-schedule.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">recess\u003c/a> this week, and as is customary during legislative breaks, many members return to their home districts and hold town halls with constituents. But this time around, for Republicans especially, the reception has been less than cordial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaffetz, for his part, doubted that many of the people in attendance actually lived in his district, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/22/politics/kfile-chaffetz-bullied/\" target=\"_blank\">claiming\u003c/a> (without evidence) that many were outsiders who had come to \"bully and intimidate\" him. And President Trump was quick to dismiss the various scenes of upheaval as political stagecraft and not a real reflection of public opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The so-called angry crowds in home districts of some Republicans are actually, in numerous cases, planned out by liberal activists. Sad!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/834181712783560705\">February 21, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump might be correct in his charge that liberal activists have instigated and organized many of these unruly town halls, but that doesn't diminish the potential influence the events could have in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, they're strikingly reminiscent of town halls held just eight years ago, in the summer after President Obama's historic election victory. That's when conservative activists, livid at the prospect of national health reform and government mandated insurance, shouted down their Democratic representatives. Many Democratic leaders initially \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0215/Tea-party-reversed-How-GOP-town-halls-look-from-the-inside\" target=\"_blank\">overlooked the unrest\u003c/a>, dismissing the protestors as paid stooges and extreme outliers. Then-Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) infamously called the demonstrations \"AstroTurf,\" as opposed to any kind of real grassroots effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the well-orchestrated protests gave rise to the Tea Party, whose conservative fervor helped topple Democratic leadership in the House in the 2010 midterm elections and led to a Republican takeover of the Senate four years later. Democrats have yet to recover: today they remain the minority party in both houses as they scramble to resist the sweeping agenda of a new Republican president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an age of arm-chair activism, online petitions, and social media echo chambers, the longstanding American tradition of the town hall meeting still remains an opportunity for good, old-fashioned civic engagement, a direct forum for constituents to look their elected officials in the eye and voice concerns loudly and clearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that most legislators, have fairly minimal job security. Unlike senators, who serve six-year terms, members of the House face re-election every two years. So except for representatives in consistently safe, reliable districts (like much of the San Francisco Bay Area), most are -- or at least, should be -- constantly measuring the pulse of their constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"https://townhallproject.com\" target=\"_blank\"> Town Hall Project\u003c/a>, a progressive volunteer group, lists Republican and Democratic congressional town hall meetings across the country, compiled through crowd-sourced submissions. On the site, the group notes that \"there is no better way to influence your representatives than in-person conversations ... You have more power than you think.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're not sure who represents you in Congress, \u003ca href=\"http://www.house.gov/htbin/findrep\" target=\"_blank\">find out here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://townhallproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25897 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2017-02-23 at 2.10.14 PM\" width=\"1106\" height=\"652\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM.png 1106w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-160x94.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-800x472.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-768x453.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-1020x601.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-960x566.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-240x141.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-375x221.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-520x307.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1106px) 100vw, 1106px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"25908 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=25908","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/02/23/whats-so-important-about-town-hall-meetings/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":777,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":21},"modified":1488065795,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"What's the Deal with All These Raucous Town Hall Meetings? | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What's the Deal with All These Raucous Town Hall Meetings?","datePublished":"2017-02-23T23:49:17-08:00","dateModified":"2017-02-25T15:36:35-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-so-important-about-town-hall-meetings","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/25908/whats-so-important-about-town-hall-meetings","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> Toby Smith won't be able to vote for another decade, but that didn't stop the 7-year-old from speaking his mind at a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/22/politics/boy-toby-question-tom-cotton-town-hall-trnd/index.html?sr=twCNN022317boy-toby-question-tom-cotton-town-hall-trnd1219PMVODtopLink&linkId=34798181\" target=\"_blank\">town hall meeting\u003c/a> in Arkansas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Captured in a video that's since gone viral, Smith doesn't mince words, telling Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.) that he likes Mexicans and thinks there are much better things to spend money on than a border wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Donald Trump makes Mexicans not important to people who are in Arkansas who like Mexicans, like me, my grandma,\" said Smith, as the audience cheered raucously. \"And he is deleting all the parks and PBS Kids just to make a wall, and he shouldn't do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(OK, not entirely accurate, but come on, the kid's only seven!)\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DUly77ZckSw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DUly77ZckSw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, 11-year-old Hannah Bradshaw stood up at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865673055/Chaffetz-faces-harsh-criticism-during-packed-town-hall.html\" target=\"_blank\">town hall\u003c/a> in suburban Salt Lake City, asking U.S. Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-UT): \"What are you doing to help protect our water and air for our generations and my kids' generations?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/PO-ZYMd-xfk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/PO-ZYMd-xfk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The takeaway: town halls with elected leaders can be a pretty solid way to get your voice heard, even if you're still years away from stepping foot inside a polling booth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At both town halls, Chaffetz and Cotton were drowned out by angry crowds booing loudly and chanting \"Do your job!\" It's a scene that's played out in Republican town halls around the country this month, as angry constituents concerned about efforts to repeal Obamacare and other Trump administration proposals, have packed into high school auditoriums and community centers to give their representatives an earful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the U.S. Congress and Senate have been on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/congression-i-work-schedule.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">recess\u003c/a> this week, and as is customary during legislative breaks, many members return to their home districts and hold town halls with constituents. But this time around, for Republicans especially, the reception has been less than cordial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaffetz, for his part, doubted that many of the people in attendance actually lived in his district, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/22/politics/kfile-chaffetz-bullied/\" target=\"_blank\">claiming\u003c/a> (without evidence) that many were outsiders who had come to \"bully and intimidate\" him. And President Trump was quick to dismiss the various scenes of upheaval as political stagecraft and not a real reflection of public opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The so-called angry crowds in home districts of some Republicans are actually, in numerous cases, planned out by liberal activists. Sad!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/834181712783560705\">February 21, 2017\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump might be correct in his charge that liberal activists have instigated and organized many of these unruly town halls, but that doesn't diminish the potential influence the events could have in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, they're strikingly reminiscent of town halls held just eight years ago, in the summer after President Obama's historic election victory. That's when conservative activists, livid at the prospect of national health reform and government mandated insurance, shouted down their Democratic representatives. Many Democratic leaders initially \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2017/0215/Tea-party-reversed-How-GOP-town-halls-look-from-the-inside\" target=\"_blank\">overlooked the unrest\u003c/a>, dismissing the protestors as paid stooges and extreme outliers. Then-Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) infamously called the demonstrations \"AstroTurf,\" as opposed to any kind of real grassroots effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the well-orchestrated protests gave rise to the Tea Party, whose conservative fervor helped topple Democratic leadership in the House in the 2010 midterm elections and led to a Republican takeover of the Senate four years later. Democrats have yet to recover: today they remain the minority party in both houses as they scramble to resist the sweeping agenda of a new Republican president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an age of arm-chair activism, online petitions, and social media echo chambers, the longstanding American tradition of the town hall meeting still remains an opportunity for good, old-fashioned civic engagement, a direct forum for constituents to look their elected officials in the eye and voice concerns loudly and clearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keep in mind that most legislators, have fairly minimal job security. Unlike senators, who serve six-year terms, members of the House face re-election every two years. So except for representatives in consistently safe, reliable districts (like much of the San Francisco Bay Area), most are -- or at least, should be -- constantly measuring the pulse of their constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"https://townhallproject.com\" target=\"_blank\"> Town Hall Project\u003c/a>, a progressive volunteer group, lists Republican and Democratic congressional town hall meetings across the country, compiled through crowd-sourced submissions. On the site, the group notes that \"there is no better way to influence your representatives than in-person conversations ... You have more power than you think.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're not sure who represents you in Congress, \u003ca href=\"http://www.house.gov/htbin/findrep\" target=\"_blank\">find out here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://townhallproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-25897 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2017-02-23 at 2.10.14 PM\" width=\"1106\" height=\"652\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM.png 1106w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-160x94.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-800x472.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-768x453.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-1020x601.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-960x566.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-240x141.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-375x221.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/02/Screen-Shot-2017-02-23-at-2.10.14-PM-520x307.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1106px) 100vw, 1106px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/25908/whats-so-important-about-town-hall-meetings","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_1","lowdown_2392","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2594"],"featImg":"lowdown_25905","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24439":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24439","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"24439","score":null,"sort":[1482026457000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1482026457,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)","title":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/UvzARzuxvbM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/Z9v9PEng7Xo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"24439 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24439","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/12/17/is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":2667,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1"],"paragraphCount":53},"modified":1482303846,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How the Electoral College Could -- But Won't -- Stop Trump from Becoming President (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-12-17T18:00:57-08:00","dateModified":"2016-12-20T23:04:06-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/24439/is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Electoral-college-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Debating the Electoral College (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">The real presidential election happens on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">No foolin'!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's when 538 members of the Electoral College meet in their respective state capitols to cast votes for the next president. It's these folks, not the presidential candidates, who we actually voted for on Election Day; they're the ones charged with representing the lot of us in picking the next president. The winner is then officially declared during a joint session of Congress on January 6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During most election years, this process is little more than a blip on the radar, a largely symbolic event that receives little public attention. Typically, the electors merely reaffirm the will of the voters and make the results official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the 2016 Election has been anything but typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To start, President-elect Donald Trump didn't win the popular vote; nearly 3 million more people voted for his opponent Hillary Clinton. Trump was also an unusually controversial and divisive candidate, whose fiery, racially-infused campaign rhetoric emboldened white nationalists and other hate groups. Critics label him a dangerous trickster with no government experience and deep financial conflicts of interest who poses a serious threat to America's democratic institutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add to this, the flurry of recent headlines pointing to further evidence that Russia did indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/clinton-blames-putins-personal-grudge-against-her-for-election-interference/2016/12/16/12f36250-c3be-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.d290f248b12b\" target=\"_blank\">interfere in the election\u003c/a>, in part to help Donald Trump win the White House, a longstanding allegation now supported by both the CIA and FBI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As such, opponents are waging a last-ditch effort to block Trump's election, imploring electors to vote their conscience and choose someone -- anyone -- other than him. For weeks, electors have been besieged by emails, phone calls and even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/12/14/celebrities_led_by_martin_sheen_beg_republican_electors_not_to_vote_for_trump.html\" target=\"_blank\">celebrity video plea\u003c/a>. But for that to happen, at least 37 electors in states that Trump won would have to abandon their party's nominee, denying him the requisite 270 electoral votes he needs to win the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Republican elector in Texas has already publicly announced \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/07/politics/texas-elector-says-he-still-wont-vote-trump/\" target=\"_blank\">his decision \u003c/a>to not support Trump. And electors in three states have gone to court for the authority to vote as they please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the prospect of that many electors turning their backs on Trump is highly unlikely. But constitutionally, it remains possible. And that's giving Trump's opponents enough hope to keep fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some background ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a> from Donald Trump on the eve of the 2012 election after it was predicted that President Obama would win the electoral vote despite possibly losing the popular vote to Mitt Romney (which he didn't).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also tweeted: \"We can't let this happen. We should march on Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally divided!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/266038556504494082\">November 7, 2012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" async=\"\" charset=\"utf-8\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what a difference four years can make. Trump has since had a dramatic change of heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\u003cp>The Electoral College is actually genius in that it brings all states, including the smaller ones, into play. Campaigning is much different!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/798521053551140864\">November 15, 2016\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After all, he has the Electoral College to thank for his unexpected victory, one of the biggest political upsets in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump won the race despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by what will likely be more than 2 million votes, after all the returns are counted, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times estimate\u003c/a>. As of Tuesday, Clinton was ahead by \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/22/503052632/two-weeks-after-election-day-california-continues-counting-ballots\" target=\"_blank\">almost 1.75 million votes\u003c/a>, with at least 2 million ballots still to be counted in Democrat-heavy California. That makes Trump the unlikely beneficiary of a confounding election process that, as a candidate, he consistently claimed was \"rigged\" against him.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UvzARzuxvbM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>Electoral math\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>So how, in the most famous democracy in the world, where everyone's vote is considered equal and the majority supposedly rules, is the loser of the national popular vote able to win the presidency?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line, Trump might not have gotten the most votes, but he won them in the places that counted most -- albeit, by razor-thin margins. At the end of the day, Trump prevailed in most of the large, crucial battleground states, including Florida, Pennsylvania and Ohio, all of which went for Obama in the last two presidential elections. It’s no coincidence that the candidates spent an inordinate amount of time on the campaign trail in this handful of “swing states,” which ultimately decided the election. So, at the end of the day, regardless of how many more popular votes Clinton received, she won only 232 electoral votes to Trump’s 306 (assuming Michigan, which still hasn’t finalized its vote count, goes his way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is only the fifth time that the winner of the presidential election has lost the popular vote, but it’s also the second in less than 20 years: The last time, of course, was the hotly contested 2000 election, which Al Gore narrowly lost to George W. Bush despite winning more popular votes. And as happened then, the outcome of the 2016 contest has again renewed a chorus of demands to reform or flat-out eliminate a system that critics consider outdated and squarely undemocratic.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Some democracy, but not too much\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The electoral process is all based on a set of rules drawn up more than 200 years ago by the founding fathers, a group of brilliant, wealthy white men who sought to create a system of government that reflected the will of the people ... but only up to a point. Give the voters (who at that point were limited to other wealthy white men) decision-making power, but keep that power in check in case they don't choose wisely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Z9v9PEng7Xo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In other words, the framers were pretty apprehensive about the idea of a direct democracy; the people should have power but not too much power. In the Constitution, they laid out a system of representative democracy, in which the people don’t make the big decisions themselves, but rather vote for qualified representatives to decide for them. As it is with Congress and the Senate, it's also the rationale behind the Electoral College, the system we still use to elect the president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the breakout Broadway star and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton wrote in \"\u003ca href=\"http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp\">The Federalist Papers: No. 68\u003c/a>,\" the purpose of the Electoral College is to preserve “the sense of the people,” while also ensuring that a president is chosen “by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station, and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He continues: “The process of election affords a moral certainty, that the office of President will never fall to the lot of any man who is not in an eminent degree endowed with the requisite qualifications. Talents for low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single State; but it will require other talents, and a different kind of merit, to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole Union, or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of President of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Vestige of slavery\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Some constitutional scholars note that slavery was also a major impetus for the creation of the Electoral College and the method of legislative apportionment. When the Constitution was drafted in 1787, a large majority of the nation’s fledgling citizenry lived in northern cities like Philadelphia and Boston, dwarfing the white population of the agrarian South. To give the South more influence, James Madison and other influential slave-holding members of the Constitutional Convention advocated for counting slaves, who made up an \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6gbQHxb_P0QC&lpg=RA3-PA358&dq=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&pg=RA3-PA358#v=onepage&q=three-fifths%20compromise%20%2240%20percent%22&f=falsehttp://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/the-constitution-and-slavery\" target=\"_blank\">estimated 40 percent\u003c/a> of the South’s population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Michael Klarman, a Harvard Law School professor, explains in \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Framers-Coup-Making-United-Constitution/dp/019994203X\" target=\"_blank\">The Framer’s Coup\u003c/a>,\" the framers “rejected direct election of the president mostly because they distrusted the people and because Southern slaves would not count in a direct vote.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the famously reached compromise, the framers determined that each slave would be counted as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/electoral-college-has-been-divisive-day-one-180961171/\" target=\"_blank\">three-fifths\u003c/a> of a person, a major power grab for Southern states, which were guaranteed much stronger national influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klarman concludes: “The malapportionment in the Electoral College, which never had a very good justification, continues to exert influence today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>A brief electoral refresher\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>OK, so if you happened to snooze through high school government class, here’s a quick and dirty Electoral College refresher (for a more detailed explainer on the process, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/13/what-is-the-electoral-college-and-is-it-time-to-get-rid-of-it/\" target=\"_blank\">this earlier piece\u003c/a>):\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Americans go to the polls to “elect” a president, they’re not actually voting for the president, but rather a particular \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">slate of electors\u003c/a>, a somewhat random assortment of state party insiders, donors, and in some cases, fringe activists who have pledged to support the candidate from their party who wins the most votes in that state. The magic number is 270: Get that many electoral votes and you’re in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of electors in each state is based on the size of its congressional delegation (U.S. senators and representatives), which in turn is based on the state’s population. However, this has become a point of contention. Because every state, no matter how small, is guaranteed at least three electors (based on a minimum of two senators and one representative), a vote in sparsely populated states like Wyoming or North Dakota is technically worth more than a vote in crowded states like California or New York. (\u003ca href=\"https://thenib.com/the-electoral-college-isn-t-working-here-s-how-it-might-die\" target=\"_blank\">This cartoon\u003c/a> by Andy Warner nicely illustrates the concept).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electors then meet in their respective states 41 days after the general election (this year, it will be on Dec. 19), where they cast a ballot for the president and a second for vice president. As expressed by Hamilton, the founders envisioned the Electoral College consisting of statewide groups of deliberative bodies who would carefully consider the wisdom of the people’s choice, but be willing and empowered to change course if they deemed that choice foolhardy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In modern-day elections, however, this process has largely become a formality. Unlike Hamilton's vision, the electors who represent us today are all but anonymous; even the most informed voters would likely be hard-pressed to know who their state electors are. (If you are curious about this, check out Politico's interesting guide to \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/magazine/thepeoplewhopickthepresident/2016\" target=\"_blank\">The People Who Pick the President\u003c/a>\".) In fact, it can be argued that much of today's system bears little resemblance to the way the founders envisioned it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In every state except for Maine and Nebraska, the candidate who wins the most votes (that is, a plurality) is supposed to receive all of that state’s electoral votes, regardless of how narrow the victory. It’s a winner-take-all system, which means that candidates may win some states by wide margins (as did Donald Trump in most Southern states like Tennessee and Alabama) and others by very slim ones (as he did in Florida, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). And that’s what made it possible for Trump to win the Electoral College but lose the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Defenders of the Electoral College argue that it forces candidates to pay attention to a wider swath of the country rather than focusing exclusively on densely populated urban centers. Advocates also say that the electoral system keeps presidential elections efficient, preventing the massive task of having to conduct a national recount in a close race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/takeaway/#file=/audio/json/680147/&share=1\" width=\"100%\" height=\"130\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003ch4>Calls for reform\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>But in the wake of this election, a growing chorus of discontented citizens are pushing against the status quo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/electoral-college-electors-electoral-college-make-hillary-clinton-president-on-december-19\" target=\"_blank\">online petition\u003c/a> has already gathered more than 4.5 million signatures since the election. It urges electors from some of the states Trump won to cast their electoral votes for Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Trump is unfit to serve,” the petition states. “Secretary Clinton WON THE POPULAR VOTE and should be President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although electors in some states are required to take a pledge to support their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominees – and some states can even replace or fine so-called faithless electors up to $1,000 for not voting for in line, there is no actual “Constitutional provision or Federal law that requires Electors to vote according to the results of the popular vote in their states,” according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/electors.html\" target=\"_blank\">National Archives and Records Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been a total of 157 faithless electors in U.S. history, according to the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.fairvote.org/faithless_electors\">FairVote\u003c/a> (which notes that 71 of those votes were changed because the original candidate died before the votes were cast). None has ever been prosecuted for failing to vote as pledged. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/could-electoral-college-elect-clinton/\">more than 20 states\u003c/a> have no state law or required pledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So technically, this could happen. But don’t hold your breath. At least 38 Republican electors would need to switch party allegiances to give Clinton the necessary 270 votes. You probably have a better chance of winning the Powerball lottery than seeing that happen. And even if there were enough Republican defectors to deny Trump the necessary 270 votes, they almost certainly would vote for another Republican candidate over Clinton. On the incredibly slight off-chance that neither candidate won 270 votes, the election would be decided by the Republican-controlled Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the growing cadre of Electoral College critics (who are mostly Democrats), many are calling for changes to future elections. They include outgoing Sen. Barbara Boxer (D-California) who last week introduced \"Hail Mary\" legislation to eliminate the Electoral College altogether in favor of the popular vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the only office in the land where you can get more votes and still lose the presidency,\" she said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.boxer.senate.gov/?p=release&id=3355http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/11/opinion/clintons-substantial-popular-vote-win.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">a press release\u003c/a>. \"The Electoral College is an outdated, undemocratic system that does not reflect our modern society, and it needs to change immediately. Every American should be guaranteed that their vote counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation calls for amending the Constitution, which would require a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate, and ratification by three-fourths of the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not likely to happen anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such discontent with the system is nothing new. There have been more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html\" target=\"_blank\">700 proposed constitutional amendments\u003c/a> to either “reform or eliminate” the Electoral College in the last 200 years. Obviously, none have been successful. But some have come close: In 1969, an \u003ca href=\"https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal70-1291702\" target=\"_blank\">amendment \u003c/a>to abolish was endorsed by President Richard Nixon, and passed overwhelmingly in the House (338 to 70), but was ultimately filibustered and killed in the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>State's take action\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most realistic hopes for reformers is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalpopularvote.com/\">National Popular Vote Interstate Compact\u003c/a>, an agreement among states to give all their respective electoral votes to whichever presidential candidate wins the national popular vote. Since 2006, when the agreement was drafted, 10 mostly Democratic states and the District of Columbia have joined, amounting to 165 electoral votes. Legislation is also pending in Michigan and Pennsylvania (which would add another 36 votes). The agreement, though, would only take effect when enough states sign on to amount to 270 electoral votes, guaranteeing that the winner of the popular vote would also win the election.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24439/is-it-time-for-the-u-s-to-graduate-from-the-electoral-college-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2398","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_173","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2575"],"featImg":"lowdown_24893","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24605":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24605","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"24605","score":null,"sort":[1480492194000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1480492194,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"The Power of Executive Action: What Trump Can Actually Do in His First 100 Days (with Lesson Plan)","title":"The Power of Executive Action: What Trump Can Actually Do in His First 100 Days (with Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Executive-Action-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Trump and executive action (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With ambitious plans for his first 100 days in office, President-elect Trump has shown full determination to grab the helm from President Obama and steer the country on a very different course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, the Republican candidate promised to undo major pieces of the Obama administration’s domestic and foreign policy achievements, from repealing most of Obamacare and scrapping recent gun control rules to undoing major immigration reforms and building a new wall on the border with Mexico. He reiterated these intentions in his \u003ca href=\"https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/_landings/contract/O-TRU-102316-Contractv02.pdf\">Contract with the American Voter\u003c/a>, a plan released in October charting the first 100 days of his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what can Trump actually do with the stroke of a pen, and where might Congress -- or the Constitution -- stand in his way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama was recently asked in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/11/28/obama-reckons-with-a-trump-presidency\" target=\"_blank\">interview with the New Yorker magazine\u003c/a> if he thought his accomplishments over the last eight years would be out the window with Trump in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that the possibility of everything being out the window exists,\" he said. \"But, as a practical matter, what I’ve been saying to people, including my own staff, is that the federal government is an aircraft carrier, it’s not a speedboat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama, however, does have good reason to be mightily concerned about his legacy. For one, Trump will be working with a Republican-controlled House and Senate whose leadership is generally in step with many of his goals and eager to overturn laws like the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and scrap any number of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, some of Obama's most notable achievements were made through executive action, many of which Trump will have the power to undo almost immediately after taking office.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Executive orders and actions explained\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The president heads the executive branch of government, and as such, is technically supposed to be enforcing laws, not making them. As we all \"learned\" (or were supposed to learn) in high school government class, that's the role of the legislative branch. The president \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have the authority to veto legislation passed by Congress (the veto can be overridden with a two-thirds vote in both houses). However, he lacks the power to repeal laws that have already been enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are some other legal options in the presidential bag of tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the power of executive action comes into play. The president can take these actions to create new rules that often have the full force of law and don't require congressional approval. And that includes the power to quickly reverse executive actions taken by a previous administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Executive action\" is a general term referring to a broad range of presidential directives, some of which have more legal heft than others. These include technical-sounding things like executive orders, memorandums, proclamations, and proposals. (To clarify, executive orders are a type of executive action, and they shouldn't be referred to interchangeably.) If you want to get more into the nitty-gritty, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/stroke.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Congressional Research Service \u003c/a>provides a good explanation of the differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every president, from George Washington to Obama, has used executive power, collectively issuing more than 13,000 executive actions according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/28/executive-orders-what-they-are-and-how-they-work.html\" target=\"_blank\"> one count\u003c/a>. The text of every executive order from 1937 through August 2016 can be found \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/disposition.html\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most consequential and controversial executive actions in history include President Abraham Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeus corpus and the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War, President Franklin Roosevelt's order that led to the Japanese-American internment camps during World War II and President Harry Truman's 1948 order to integrate the armed forces. Incidentally, Roosevelt issued far more executive actions than any other president in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/d17bb6e8-701c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489\" width=\"650\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Obama's endangered actions\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 2014, Obama has relied frequently on executive power to bypass a Republican-controlled Congress that was determined to stymie his agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama told reporters in January 2014: “We are not just going to be waiting for legislation. I’ve got a pen and I’ve got a phone, and I can use that pen to sign executive orders and take executive actions and administrative actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His actions (most of which were not actually executive orders, but rather memorandums and proclamations) have had sweeping impact (see the \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions\" target=\"_blank\">full list of his presidential actions here\u003c/a>). They include a 2012 measure to protect hundreds of thousands of undocumented children from deportation (\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>), as well as a 2014 expansion of this action meant to protect millions more young people and parents. This later order was later halted by a federal court, ruling the expansion unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama also single-handedly ordered a dramatic reduction in the nation's carbon emissions (an action known as the Clean Power Plan, that also remains tied up in federal court), placed limits on various forms of student-loan payments and tightened gun sale regulations. In December 2014, he even \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba\u003c/a>. All without consent from Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of Obama's executive actions argue that it is a blatant overreach of his power and an unconstitutional attempt to bypass the legislative branch. Former House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) twice sued the administration, accusing the president of using a \"king-like authority at the expense of the American people and their elected legislators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/JUDSeb2zHQ0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while executive action is a powerful tool, it can also result in a fragile, potentially short-lived outcome. Unlike laws enacted by Congress, these actions can be wiped away, literally overnight, by a successor with opposing views (enter President Trump). What one president enacts, another can undo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Obama took office in 2009, for instance, he immediately \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99830240\" target=\"_blank\">restored federal funding\u003c/a> for international groups that perform abortions. His Republican predecessor, George W. Bush, had taken that funding away, which had earlier been brought back by Bill Clinton, a Democrat, after it had been first withheld by Ronald Reagan, a Republican. Ah partisanship!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his October \"contract,\" Trump pledged to \"cancel every unconstitutional executive action, memorandum and order issued by President Obama.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a complete list of Trump's major priorities during his first days as president, see this excellent New York Times graphic: \"\u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/2fiaVRs\" target=\"_blank\">How Hard (or Easy) It Will Be for Trump to Fulfill His 100-Day Plan\u003c/a>\" as well as this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/01/24/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\">Lowdown interactive post\u003c/a> tracking nine major issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times notes, Trump will instantly have tremendous leverage to upend many of Obama's accomplishments with the stroke of a pen. Some of his predecessor's major executive actions are on the chopping block, including DACA. Trump has also vowed to, among other things, immediately get rid of Obama's gun control actions, declare China a currency manipulator and withdraw the U.S. from both the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal and the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of Trump's pledges, however, are as simple or easy to push through as he's made them seem. Many of the president-elect's proposed changes will likely be subject to lengthy bureaucratic hurdles, constitutional legal challenges and, in some cases, congressional approval. Thia includes his promise to scrap Obama's environmental rules, which could get entangled in a lengthy bureaucratic and legal process (unless Congress took it on directly).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump also pledged to \"begin removing the more than 2 to 3 million criminal illegal immigrants.\" Carrying out these deportations quickly, the Times notes, would likely violate due process and require additional funding from Congress. It's also unclear if Trump would have the authority to \"cancel all funding to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>,\" as he's threatened to do, without congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there are the pledges Trump has made that require congressional approval. These include repealing and replacing Obamacare (an actual law, not an executive order), funding the construction of a wall along the border with Mexico and making sweeping tax cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And pushing all that and more through Congress \"within the first 100 days,\" even with a supportive Republican Congress, will be a tremendous undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"24605 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24605","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/29/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1380,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/d17bb6e8-701c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489"],"paragraphCount":32},"modified":1485879064,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"The Power of Executive Action: What Trump Can Actually Do in His First 100 Days (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Power of Executive Action: What Trump Can Actually Do in His First 100 Days (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-11-29T23:49:54-08:00","dateModified":"2017-01-31T08:11:04-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/24605/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Executive-Action-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Trump and executive action (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>With ambitious plans for his first 100 days in office, President-elect Trump has shown full determination to grab the helm from President Obama and steer the country on a very different course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, the Republican candidate promised to undo major pieces of the Obama administration’s domestic and foreign policy achievements, from repealing most of Obamacare and scrapping recent gun control rules to undoing major immigration reforms and building a new wall on the border with Mexico. He reiterated these intentions in his \u003ca href=\"https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/_landings/contract/O-TRU-102316-Contractv02.pdf\">Contract with the American Voter\u003c/a>, a plan released in October charting the first 100 days of his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what can Trump actually do with the stroke of a pen, and where might Congress -- or the Constitution -- stand in his way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama was recently asked in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/11/28/obama-reckons-with-a-trump-presidency\" target=\"_blank\">interview with the New Yorker magazine\u003c/a> if he thought his accomplishments over the last eight years would be out the window with Trump in the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think that the possibility of everything being out the window exists,\" he said. \"But, as a practical matter, what I’ve been saying to people, including my own staff, is that the federal government is an aircraft carrier, it’s not a speedboat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama, however, does have good reason to be mightily concerned about his legacy. For one, Trump will be working with a Republican-controlled House and Senate whose leadership is generally in step with many of his goals and eager to overturn laws like the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and scrap any number of environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, some of Obama's most notable achievements were made through executive action, many of which Trump will have the power to undo almost immediately after taking office.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Executive orders and actions explained\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The president heads the executive branch of government, and as such, is technically supposed to be enforcing laws, not making them. As we all \"learned\" (or were supposed to learn) in high school government class, that's the role of the legislative branch. The president \u003cem>does\u003c/em> have the authority to veto legislation passed by Congress (the veto can be overridden with a two-thirds vote in both houses). However, he lacks the power to repeal laws that have already been enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are some other legal options in the presidential bag of tricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the power of executive action comes into play. The president can take these actions to create new rules that often have the full force of law and don't require congressional approval. And that includes the power to quickly reverse executive actions taken by a previous administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Executive action\" is a general term referring to a broad range of presidential directives, some of which have more legal heft than others. These include technical-sounding things like executive orders, memorandums, proclamations, and proposals. (To clarify, executive orders are a type of executive action, and they shouldn't be referred to interchangeably.) If you want to get more into the nitty-gritty, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/stroke.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Congressional Research Service \u003c/a>provides a good explanation of the differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every president, from George Washington to Obama, has used executive power, collectively issuing more than 13,000 executive actions according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/28/executive-orders-what-they-are-and-how-they-work.html\" target=\"_blank\"> one count\u003c/a>. The text of every executive order from 1937 through August 2016 can be found \u003ca href=\"http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/disposition.html\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most consequential and controversial executive actions in history include President Abraham Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeus corpus and the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War, President Franklin Roosevelt's order that led to the Japanese-American internment camps during World War II and President Harry Truman's 1948 order to integrate the armed forces. Incidentally, Roosevelt issued far more executive actions than any other president in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/d17bb6e8-701c-11e4-a2c2-478179fd0489\" width=\"650\" height=\"375\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Obama's endangered actions\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Since 2014, Obama has relied frequently on executive power to bypass a Republican-controlled Congress that was determined to stymie his agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama told reporters in January 2014: “We are not just going to be waiting for legislation. I’ve got a pen and I’ve got a phone, and I can use that pen to sign executive orders and take executive actions and administrative actions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His actions (most of which were not actually executive orders, but rather memorandums and proclamations) have had sweeping impact (see the \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions\" target=\"_blank\">full list of his presidential actions here\u003c/a>). They include a 2012 measure to protect hundreds of thousands of undocumented children from deportation (\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>), as well as a 2014 expansion of this action meant to protect millions more young people and parents. This later order was later halted by a federal court, ruling the expansion unconstitutional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama also single-handedly ordered a dramatic reduction in the nation's carbon emissions (an action known as the Clean Power Plan, that also remains tied up in federal court), placed limits on various forms of student-loan payments and tightened gun sale regulations. In December 2014, he even \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/12/17/fact-sheet-charting-new-course-cuba\" target=\"_blank\">re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba\u003c/a>. All without consent from Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of Obama's executive actions argue that it is a blatant overreach of his power and an unconstitutional attempt to bypass the legislative branch. Former House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) twice sued the administration, accusing the president of using a \"king-like authority at the expense of the American people and their elected legislators.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/JUDSeb2zHQ0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/JUDSeb2zHQ0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But while executive action is a powerful tool, it can also result in a fragile, potentially short-lived outcome. Unlike laws enacted by Congress, these actions can be wiped away, literally overnight, by a successor with opposing views (enter President Trump). What one president enacts, another can undo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Obama took office in 2009, for instance, he immediately \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99830240\" target=\"_blank\">restored federal funding\u003c/a> for international groups that perform abortions. His Republican predecessor, George W. Bush, had taken that funding away, which had earlier been brought back by Bill Clinton, a Democrat, after it had been first withheld by Ronald Reagan, a Republican. Ah partisanship!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his October \"contract,\" Trump pledged to \"cancel every unconstitutional executive action, memorandum and order issued by President Obama.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a complete list of Trump's major priorities during his first days as president, see this excellent New York Times graphic: \"\u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/2fiaVRs\" target=\"_blank\">How Hard (or Easy) It Will Be for Trump to Fulfill His 100-Day Plan\u003c/a>\" as well as this \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/01/24/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\">Lowdown interactive post\u003c/a> tracking nine major issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times notes, Trump will instantly have tremendous leverage to upend many of Obama's accomplishments with the stroke of a pen. Some of his predecessor's major executive actions are on the chopping block, including DACA. Trump has also vowed to, among other things, immediately get rid of Obama's gun control actions, declare China a currency manipulator and withdraw the U.S. from both the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal and the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of Trump's pledges, however, are as simple or easy to push through as he's made them seem. Many of the president-elect's proposed changes will likely be subject to lengthy bureaucratic hurdles, constitutional legal challenges and, in some cases, congressional approval. Thia includes his promise to scrap Obama's environmental rules, which could get entangled in a lengthy bureaucratic and legal process (unless Congress took it on directly).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump also pledged to \"begin removing the more than 2 to 3 million criminal illegal immigrants.\" Carrying out these deportations quickly, the Times notes, would likely violate due process and require additional funding from Congress. It's also unclear if Trump would have the authority to \"cancel all funding to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>,\" as he's threatened to do, without congressional approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there are the pledges Trump has made that require congressional approval. These include repealing and replacing Obamacare (an actual law, not an executive order), funding the construction of a wall along the border with Mexico and making sweeping tax cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And pushing all that and more through Congress \"within the first 100 days,\" even with a supportive Republican Congress, will be a tremendous undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24605/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2576","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2555"],"featImg":"lowdown_24651","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24448":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24448","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"24448","score":null,"sort":[1479234322000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1479234322,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election (with Lesson Plan)","title":"How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election (with Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably less support from young voters (18-29) than Barack Obama did in 2008 and 2012, particularly in the crucial battleground states she lost to Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to an analysis of 2016 exit poll data by \u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE)\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan research organization at Tufts University. (And yes, we acknowledge the irony of putting faith in any kind of polling data after the monumental failure of most pre-election polls in predicting the winner this year. More on that in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the number of eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 29 (whom we'll refer to as \"millennials,\" although millennials also include people in their early-to-mid-30s) cast ballots in this election. That rate falls well below the estimated general voter turnout rate of roughly 58 percent. About 55 percent of those millennial voters supported Clinton, as compared to the 60 percent who supported Obama in 2012, according to CIRCLE's analysis. Conversely, youth support from Republicans remained relatively constant: Trump got about 37 percent of the youth vote, roughly equivalent to what Mitt Romney received in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/b47abcec-83f7-4260-a874-6c5ae2412499?src=embed\" title=\"2016 voter turnout\" width=\"600\" height=\"672\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's clear that Clinton did not maintain the same level of enthusiasm among young people that Obama did in 2008 and 2012. That gap in millennial support this year is evident in the increase in support for third-party candidates (from 3 percent nationally in 2012 to 8 percent this year) and potentially lower voter turnout, particularly in swing states. Although millennials nationwide still favored Democrats by 18 points, that margin of support was 5 percentage points lower than in 2012, and more than 20 points lower in some of the swing states that Obama won and Clinton lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/14/501727488/millennials-just-didnt-love-hillary-clinton-the-way-they-loved-barack-obama\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24479\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png\" alt=\"screen-shot-2016-11-15-at-8-08-43-am\" width=\"782\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png 782w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-160x129.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-768x620.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-240x194.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-375x303.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-520x420.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIRCLE's analysis of the national exit poll data also suggests that levels of racial and ethnic diversity among the youth electorate were consistent with the previous two presidential elections: overall, millennial voters are more diverse than the rest of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/c03c5638-451e-48fe-b790-0e6287ea6b85?src=embed\" title=\"Young voter diversity\" width=\"600\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, however, there appears to have been a higher percentage of youth with at least some college education. Additionally, in contrast to recent elections, young white men made up a larger proportion of the white youth electorate than young white women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/more-young-white-men-more-college-grads-among-2016-youth-electorate/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24493\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg\" alt=\"circle_edu\" width=\"874\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg 874w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-160x119.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-800x595.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-768x571.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-240x178.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-375x279.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-520x387.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A brief note on exit polls:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exit polls are surveys given to a sample of voters across the country after they leave their polling places. A sample of people who vote early and absentee/by mail (who now make up about 35-40 percent of the electorate) are surveyed by phone, and included in the general poll results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">The official national exit poll is conducted by\u003ca href=\"http://www.edisonresearch.com/election-polling/\"> Edison Research\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan polling firm that has conducted exit polls for the National Election Pool (a consortium of ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox and The Associated Press) since 2003. In addition to surveying about 16,000 early/absentee voters by phone, the firm said it interviewed roughly 85,000 voters on Election Day at nearly 1,000 polling places in 28 states. And like any poll, there is some margin of error (in other words, take it with a grain of salt). \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/02/just-how-does-the-general-election-exit-poll-work-anyway/\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> to learn more about the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">CIRCLE also included the following disclaimer about its analysis of exit polling data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"No national official count of voters by age is immediately available after an election. Therefore, any statistic on youth voter turnout is an estimate based on survey data. Like any survey, the National Exit Poll uses methods that may introduce sampling bias. In past years, our estimates of youth turnout from the National Exit Poll (shown above) have produced a trend that very closely tracks the turnout trend in the Census Current Population Survey (CPS), which is the other major source for estimating youth turnout once it is released in the Spring. These estimates diverged slightly in 2012, although both showed a decrease.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"24448 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24448","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/15/how-millennials-voted-in-the-2016-presidential-election/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":706,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["//e.infogr.am/b47abcec-83f7-4260-a874-6c5ae2412499","//e.infogr.am/c03c5638-451e-48fe-b790-0e6287ea6b85"],"paragraphCount":17},"modified":1490296533,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Millennials Voted in the 2016 Presidential Election (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-11-15T10:25:22-08:00","dateModified":"2017-03-23T12:15:33-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-millennials-voted-in-the-2016-presidential-election","status":"publish","customPermalink":"2016/11/14/how-millennials-voted/","path":"/lowdown/24448/how-millennials-voted-in-the-2016-presidential-election","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Voter-turnout-lesson-plan_final-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Voter Turnout (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Of the estimated 24 million people under 30 who voted in the 2016 presidential election, a large majority supported Hillary Clinton. But Clinton received notably less support from young voters (18-29) than Barack Obama did in 2008 and 2012, particularly in the crucial battleground states she lost to Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's according to an analysis of 2016 exit poll data by \u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/\" target=\"_blank\">the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE)\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan research organization at Tufts University. (And yes, we acknowledge the irony of putting faith in any kind of polling data after the monumental failure of most pre-election polls in predicting the winner this year. More on that in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half the number of eligible voters between the ages of 18 and 29 (whom we'll refer to as \"millennials,\" although millennials also include people in their early-to-mid-30s) cast ballots in this election. That rate falls well below the estimated general voter turnout rate of roughly 58 percent. About 55 percent of those millennial voters supported Clinton, as compared to the 60 percent who supported Obama in 2012, according to CIRCLE's analysis. Conversely, youth support from Republicans remained relatively constant: Trump got about 37 percent of the youth vote, roughly equivalent to what Mitt Romney received in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/b47abcec-83f7-4260-a874-6c5ae2412499?src=embed\" title=\"2016 voter turnout\" width=\"600\" height=\"672\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's clear that Clinton did not maintain the same level of enthusiasm among young people that Obama did in 2008 and 2012. That gap in millennial support this year is evident in the increase in support for third-party candidates (from 3 percent nationally in 2012 to 8 percent this year) and potentially lower voter turnout, particularly in swing states. Although millennials nationwide still favored Democrats by 18 points, that margin of support was 5 percentage points lower than in 2012, and more than 20 points lower in some of the swing states that Obama won and Clinton lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/14/501727488/millennials-just-didnt-love-hillary-clinton-the-way-they-loved-barack-obama\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24479\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png\" alt=\"screen-shot-2016-11-15-at-8-08-43-am\" width=\"782\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM.png 782w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-160x129.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-768x620.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-240x194.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-375x303.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Screen-Shot-2016-11-15-at-8.08.43-AM-520x420.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CIRCLE's analysis of the national exit poll data also suggests that levels of racial and ethnic diversity among the youth electorate were consistent with the previous two presidential elections: overall, millennial voters are more diverse than the rest of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"//e.infogr.am/c03c5638-451e-48fe-b790-0e6287ea6b85?src=embed\" title=\"Young voter diversity\" width=\"600\" height=\"617\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, however, there appears to have been a higher percentage of youth with at least some college education. Additionally, in contrast to recent elections, young white men made up a larger proportion of the white youth electorate than young white women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://civicyouth.org/more-young-white-men-more-college-grads-among-2016-youth-electorate/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24493\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg\" alt=\"circle_edu\" width=\"874\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu.jpeg 874w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-160x119.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-800x595.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-768x571.jpeg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-240x178.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-375x279.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/CIRCLE_Edu-520x387.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A brief note on exit polls:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exit polls are surveys given to a sample of voters across the country after they leave their polling places. A sample of people who vote early and absentee/by mail (who now make up about 35-40 percent of the electorate) are surveyed by phone, and included in the general poll results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">The official national exit poll is conducted by\u003ca href=\"http://www.edisonresearch.com/election-polling/\"> Edison Research\u003c/a>, a nonpartisan polling firm that has conducted exit polls for the National Election Pool (a consortium of ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, Fox and The Associated Press) since 2003. In addition to surveying about 16,000 early/absentee voters by phone, the firm said it interviewed roughly 85,000 voters on Election Day at nearly 1,000 polling places in 28 states. And like any poll, there is some margin of error (in other words, take it with a grain of salt). \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/02/just-how-does-the-general-election-exit-poll-work-anyway/\" target=\"_blank\">Click here\u003c/a> to learn more about the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"selectionShareable\">CIRCLE also included the following disclaimer about its analysis of exit polling data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"No national official count of voters by age is immediately available after an election. Therefore, any statistic on youth voter turnout is an estimate based on survey data. Like any survey, the National Exit Poll uses methods that may introduce sampling bias. In past years, our estimates of youth turnout from the National Exit Poll (shown above) have produced a trend that very closely tracks the turnout trend in the Census Current Population Survey (CPS), which is the other major source for estimating youth turnout once it is released in the Spring. These estimates diverged slightly in 2012, although both showed a decrease.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24448/how-millennials-voted-in-the-2016-presidential-election","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2574","lowdown_2530"],"featImg":"lowdown_22161","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24072":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24072","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"24072","score":null,"sort":[1478586901000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1478586901,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"How Accurate Is Political Polling? (with Lesson Plan)","title":"How Accurate Is Political Polling? (with Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYi6Ibf3e0o\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"24072 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24072","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/07/video-how-accurate-are-election-polls-with-lesson-plan/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":801,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":18},"modified":1643754673,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"It’s here. It’s finally here. Teach with the Lowdown Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection here. Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF) When it comes down to it, Election Day is the ultimate political poll — the definitive survey — when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to","title":"How Accurate Is Political Polling? (with Lesson Plan) - The Lowdown","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Accurate Is Political Polling? (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-11-07T22:35:01-08:00","dateModified":"2022-02-01T14:31:13-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"video-how-accurate-are-election-polls-with-lesson-plan","status":"publish","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","path":"/lowdown/24072/video-how-accurate-are-election-polls-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's here. It's finally here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/11/Polling-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lesson Plan: Political Polling (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>When it comes down to it, Election Day is the \u003cem>ultimate\u003c/em> political poll -- the definitive survey -- when millions of campaign-weary Americans finally get to cast their ballots and (hopefully) lay to rest this bitter, exhaustive presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the results filter in, it's also a good moment to consider the accuracy and influence of that massive tsunami of polling data that we've been inundated with for the last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls generally refer to surveys of public opinions and forecasts of election results. And since the 1990s, when major news organization began conducting their own polls, the polling business has been booming. Today it's a billion-dollar industry with an army of polling firms cranking out thousands of surveys each year. Political candidates and elected officials also now typically commission their own polls to gauge approval ratings and messaging impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't always like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern polling was pioneered in the 1930s by George Gallup, a statistician who began conducting surveys using a statistical model he called \"quota sampling\" to predict election outcomes and measure public opinion. As Harvard historian Jill Lepore explains in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Yorker article\u003c/a>, the relatively small group of respondents that Gallup selected to randomly sample for each pollreflected a mini-electorate, demographically proportionate and representative of the larger voting population (same percentages of men, women, black, white, young, old, conservative, liberal, etc.). Lepore says that Gallup believed polling was essential to democracy as a tool to gauge the will of the people. And for decades, Gallup's organization, and a small group of others, were among the only firms producing these kinds of polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lepore notes that back then, the response rate among those surveyed was remarkably high, at roughly 90 percent. Today, however, the average poll response rate is in the single digits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the biggest factors at play, she says, is the widespread adoption of mobile phones and the move away from landlines. The majority of polls are still conducted by phone. And because federal law prevents auto-dialing to cell phones, it's become significantly harder and costlier to reach the adequate number respondents necessary to generate a representative sample of the electorate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, a growing number of polls are conducted through websites and social media platforms. These are usually opt-in polls, in which site visitors actively choose to participate (as opposed to being randomly called on), and are generally considered less reliable Those who choose to respond to online polls are rarely representative of the larger electorate, and so results can be biased and misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can think of a \"sample\" as a small model of the larger population. The goal in sampling is to use that smaller subset to represent the larger whole. Random sampling simply means that each member of the larger population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Generally (although not always), the larger the sample size, the more accurate the poll. The average poll has a sample size of 1000 adults, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pollingreport.com/ncpp.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Council on Public Polls\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gYi6Ibf3e0o'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Most polls also include a margin or error, a +/- figure that's a measure of the pollster's confidence that the sample accurately represents the whole population. The larger that margin of error, the less accurate the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's electorate is also more diverse than ever before, and many polls don't reach the sample populations that reflect this diversity, especially if there are language barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, it's important to remember that pollsters with specific agendas can easily manipulate how they conduct polls in order to produce outcomes favorable to their interests (a conservative polling firm typically produces results that skew conservative, and vice versa for a liberal polling firm). Doing so can make candidates or issues appear more popular than they actually are, and ultimately influence voter decisions. Which is why, as a consumer of polling data, it's so important to pay attention to who conducted the poll, why they conducted it, how they conducted it and what questions they asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncpp.org/files/20%20Questions%203rd%20edition_Web%20ver_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">20 questions a journalist should ask about poll results\u003c/a>,\" published by the NCPP, is a good guide for helping to decide if a poll is worth its weight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data news site \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FiveThirtyEight \u003c/a>continuously updates its election predictions by aggregating hundreds of poll results. Each poll is weighted based on a rating system that considers the pollster's methodology and track record. Check out its rankings of some of the major polling firms \u003ca href=\"http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/pollster-ratings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24072/video-how-accurate-are-election-polls-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2392","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2572"],"featImg":"lowdown_24406","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_11897":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_11897","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"11897","score":null,"sort":[1478296806000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1478296806,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"MAP: States Where Convicted Felons Can't Vote","title":"MAP: States Where Convicted Felons Can't Vote","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week's presidential election because of felon disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can't vote because of a current or previous felony conviction, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/6-million-lost-voters-state-level-estimates-felony-disenfranchisement-2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent analysis\u003c/a> by the Sentencing Project, a criminal justice reform group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of this population is not currently incarcerated. In fact, convicted felons in prison and jail today represent less than 25 percent of the disenfranchised population, according to the report. The vast majority are out of prison and living back in their communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of this total disenfranchised population lives in 12 mostly conservative states with the most stringent restrictions. In nine of these states, voting rights are routinely denied to convicted felons who have completed their post-sentence supervision (probation or parole).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Florida, a major swing state, more than 10 percent of the voting age population is disenfranchised. Felon voting rights are only restored through a governor's executive action or a court order. Similar rules apply in Alabama, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi and Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This map shows state felon disenfranchisement rates and related voting restrictions. Note that for the most restrictive states, voting can only be reinstated through the governor's pardon or a court order. Arizona and Nevada offer exceptions for first-time offenders convicted of less serious crimes. And in Wyoming, rights are restored for non-violent felon upon completion of their sentences. A complete description of current rules is listed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/felon-voting-rights.aspx#1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe title=\"Felon Disenfranchisement by State\n\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Mn69z\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Mn69z/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has among the world's most restrictive felon disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These state prohibitions disproportionately affect African-Americans, particularly black men: one of every 13 African-Americans of voting age -- more than 7 percent nationally -- is disenfranchised, according to Sentencing Project's analysis. In some of the strictest states, more than 20 percent of the African American population is disenfranchised, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, Maine and Vermont, both overwhelmingly white, are the only two states without any felon voting restrictions; even inmates can vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fundamentally it’s a question of democracy and how we define who can participate,” said Marc Mauer, executive director of the Sentencing Project. \"When people are convicted of felonies, they should receive the appropriate punishment, but we don't normally take away their fundamental rights of citizenship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Convicted felons, he notes, even those who are still incarcerated, retain many of their individual rights, including the ability to get married and divorced and to buy and sell property. The First Amendment right to free speech is also mostly preserved for felons (an inmate can write a letter-to-the-editor, for instance), with limitations generally only having to do with to security-related concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of felon disenfranchisement laws defend their constitutionality and argue that it's ultimately for individual states to determine. Some insist that committing a serious crime indicates a strong lack of moral character and trustworthiness, which they say is ample justification for denying the right to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://felonvoting.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here\u003c/a> to read a selection of pro and con arguments on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the growth of the disenfranchised population, several states have started to re-examine their policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly recently, the Maryland legislature moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voting-rights-restoration-efforts-maryland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">automatically restore voting rights\u003c/a> to felons after their release from prison. The change, which went into effect in March, impacts an estimated 40,000 people who will be able to participate in the upcoming national election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe, a Democrat, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginias-mcauliffe-to-announce-restoration-of-voting-rights-to-13000-felons/2016/08/20/590b43ee-6652-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issued an executive order\u003c/a> restoring voting rights to more than 200,000 felons who had completed their sentences. The move, however, was struck down in July by the state Supreme Court, which ruled that the governor had overstepped his authority by restoring rights all at once rather than on a case by case basis. In response, McAuliffe announced that his administration would individually process applications for 13,000 felons so could have the opportunity to vote in November.\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"11897 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=11897","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/04/map-felon-voter-disenfranchisement-by-the-numbers/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":693,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Mn69z/1/"],"paragraphCount":19},"modified":1603930177,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week’s presidential election because of felon disenfranchisement laws. That’s about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can’t vote because of a current or previous felony conviction, according","title":"MAP: States Where Convicted Felons Can’t Vote - The Lowdown","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"MAP: States Where Convicted Felons Can't Vote","datePublished":"2016-11-04T15:00:06-07:00","dateModified":"2020-10-28T17:09:37-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"map-felon-voter-disenfranchisement-by-the-numbers","status":"publish","customPermalink":"2014/02/26/felon-voting/","path":"/lowdown/11897/map-felon-voter-disenfranchisement-by-the-numbers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Roughly 6.1 million voting-age American citizens who have been convicted of crimes are restricted from voting in next week's presidential election because of felon disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's about 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting-age population – 1 of every 40 adults – that can't vote because of a current or previous felony conviction, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/6-million-lost-voters-state-level-estimates-felony-disenfranchisement-2016/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recent analysis\u003c/a> by the Sentencing Project, a criminal justice reform group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of this population is not currently incarcerated. In fact, convicted felons in prison and jail today represent less than 25 percent of the disenfranchised population, according to the report. The vast majority are out of prison and living back in their communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of this total disenfranchised population lives in 12 mostly conservative states with the most stringent restrictions. In nine of these states, voting rights are routinely denied to convicted felons who have completed their post-sentence supervision (probation or parole).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Florida, a major swing state, more than 10 percent of the voting age population is disenfranchised. Felon voting rights are only restored through a governor's executive action or a court order. Similar rules apply in Alabama, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi and Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This map shows state felon disenfranchisement rates and related voting restrictions. Note that for the most restrictive states, voting can only be reinstated through the governor's pardon or a court order. Arizona and Nevada offer exceptions for first-time offenders convicted of less serious crimes. And in Wyoming, rights are restored for non-violent felon upon completion of their sentences. A complete description of current rules is listed \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/felon-voting-rights.aspx#1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe title=\"Felon Disenfranchisement by State\n\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-Mn69z\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/Mn69z/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"590\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The United States has among the world's most restrictive felon disenfranchisement laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These state prohibitions disproportionately affect African-Americans, particularly black men: one of every 13 African-Americans of voting age -- more than 7 percent nationally -- is disenfranchised, according to Sentencing Project's analysis. In some of the strictest states, more than 20 percent of the African American population is disenfranchised, the report found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, Maine and Vermont, both overwhelmingly white, are the only two states without any felon voting restrictions; even inmates can vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fundamentally it’s a question of democracy and how we define who can participate,” said Marc Mauer, executive director of the Sentencing Project. \"When people are convicted of felonies, they should receive the appropriate punishment, but we don't normally take away their fundamental rights of citizenship.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Convicted felons, he notes, even those who are still incarcerated, retain many of their individual rights, including the ability to get married and divorced and to buy and sell property. The First Amendment right to free speech is also mostly preserved for felons (an inmate can write a letter-to-the-editor, for instance), with limitations generally only having to do with to security-related concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of felon disenfranchisement laws defend their constitutionality and argue that it's ultimately for individual states to determine. Some insist that committing a serious crime indicates a strong lack of moral character and trustworthiness, which they say is ample justification for denying the right to vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://felonvoting.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Click here\u003c/a> to read a selection of pro and con arguments on the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the growth of the disenfranchised population, several states have started to re-examine their policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly recently, the Maryland legislature moved to \u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voting-rights-restoration-efforts-maryland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">automatically restore voting rights\u003c/a> to felons after their release from prison. The change, which went into effect in March, impacts an estimated 40,000 people who will be able to participate in the upcoming national election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe, a Democrat, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginias-mcauliffe-to-announce-restoration-of-voting-rights-to-13000-felons/2016/08/20/590b43ee-6652-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">issued an executive order\u003c/a> restoring voting rights to more than 200,000 felons who had completed their sentences. The move, however, was struck down in July by the state Supreme Court, which ruled that the governor had overstepped his authority by restoring rights all at once rather than on a case by case basis. In response, McAuliffe announced that his administration would individually process applications for 13,000 felons so could have the opportunity to vote in November.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/11897/map-felon-voter-disenfranchisement-by-the-numbers","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_391","lowdown_242","lowdown_2391","lowdown_2372","lowdown_466"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_474","lowdown_218"],"featImg":"lowdown_943","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_24332":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_24332","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"24332","score":null,"sort":[1477965965000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1477965965,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"Should California Raise Tobacco Taxes? (Includes Lesson Plan)","title":"Should California Raise Tobacco Taxes? (Includes Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what voters decide next week, smoking in California could soon become a much pricier habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Tobacco-Tax-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Tobacco Taxes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2019/info/proposition-56\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 56\u003c/a>, one of 17 statewide measures on the ballot this November, would increase the state's tobacco tax by $2 per pack, a huge leap from the current rate of 87 cents. The new $2.87 tax would also be levied on other tobacco products, including e-cigarettes (which now are taxed at a much lower rate than regular cigarettes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Proposition 56 succeeds, the new tax would take effect April 1, 2017. It's expected to generate $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion in its first year, according to analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=56&year=2016\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>. While some of this new revenue is earmarked for smoking prevention and cessation programs, the majority of it will go to Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance program for low-income residents, which covers roughly one in three Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Opposition\">The No on 56\u003c/a> campaign has out-raised supporters by roughly 2-1, with most of the $71 million war chest funded by two of the nation's largest cigarette manufactures: \u003ca title=\"Philip Morris USA\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Philip_Morris_USA\">Philip Morris USA\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company\">R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co\u003c/a>., and their affiliates . The biggest donor to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeson56.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 56\u003c/a> is billionaire \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tom Steyer\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Tom_Steyer\">Tom Steyer\u003c/a>, who has contributed more than $11 million. The latest \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Polls\">polls\u003c/a> show support for Proposition 56 at around 60 percent, with \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Democratic Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Democratic_Party\">California's Democratic Party\u003c/a> backing it and the state's\u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Republican Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Republican_Party\"> Republican Party\u003c/a> opposing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 56 say the higher tax will raise millions of dollars for crucial state smoking prevention programs and health care services, while helping to potentially encourage smokers to quit and actively discouraging young people from taking up smoking in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents claim that the hike would be regressive -- disproportionately hurting low-income smokers. They also argue that the measure is a tax grab by health insurance companies, labor unions and hospitals, with just a fraction of the revenue going to actual smoking prevention programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's tobacco tax compare to other states?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California's current cigarette excise tax (a tax levied on specific commodities) is pretty low compared to most other states - 35 out of 50, to be precise. The average state tobacco tax is $1.65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/ea712400-a15f-11e6-9fa1-0e233c30368f/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In fact, California's tobacco tax hasn't been raised since 1998; a [contextly_sidebar id=\"XxmEDmEESVj09Uc8HJCgVWAA56J7A2Sk\"]2012 proposition to increase it by $1 per pack failed by less than 1 percent of the vote. Opponents of the measure put up close to $47 million to defeat it, nearly four times what supporters spent. The current proposed increase would make California's tobacco tax among the highest in the nation (although still far short of New York's, which stands alone at $4.35 per pack).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smokers in the U.S. also pay a federal excise tax of about $1 a pack on top of state taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2016, the California legislature \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-smoking-bills-20160504-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">voted to raise\u003c/a> the state's smoking age from 18 to 21, the second state in the nation to do so (after Hawaii). The new rules went into effect in June. The legislature also moved to restrict the use of electronic cigarettes in certain public places, including school grounds and hospitals and restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's smoking rate measure up?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Despite its low taxes, California actually has the second-lowest smoking rate in the country: just north of 12 percent of adults. Compare that to the national rate of nearly 20 percent or one in five (the smoking rate among California's youth is slightly higher than it is among adults, but still far below the national average). The state's adult smoking rate has declined consistently over the last two decades, sparing more than 1 million lives and $86 billion, according to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, California's smoking rate reached a record low of 11.9 percent (it has risen slightly since then), down from almost 26 percent in 1984. The most significant decrease occurred among adults ages 25 to 44. But while California's current smoking rate is significantly lower than in many other parts of the country, there still are roughly 4.5 million adult smokers statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is California's smoking rate so comparatively low?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">There's obviously no single answer, but a number of policy measures have received a lot of credit. California has long been a trendsetter in local and state government smoking reduction efforts. In 1995 it placed a statewide ban on smoking in restaurants and workplaces, the first state to do so. Three years later, the ban was extended to bars. California has also spearheaded significant smoking prevention and education efforts, particularly geared toward youth. A 25-cent cigarette tax in 1998 created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Tobacco Control Program\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the first of its kind in the nation, charged with leading aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history of tobacco taxes in California?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>1959: The state's first tobacco tax was passed by the Legislature. It added 10 cents to the cost of a pack of cigarettes. The revenue went straight into the general fund.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1988: Voters approved Proposition 99, which added an additional 25-cent tax to fund tobacco prevention, education and research programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1993: A 2-cent tax enacted by the Legislature created a fund for breast cancer research.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1998: Voters approved Proposition 10, adding a 50-cent tax to fund early child development programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Last year, total state revenues from taxes on tobacco products were just over $900 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\" alt=\"smokingratechartadults20101\" width=\"1449\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png 1449w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-160x87.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-800x435.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-768x418.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1020x555.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1180x642.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-960x522.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-240x131.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-375x204.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-520x283.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1449px) 100vw, 1449px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Does raising taxes on tobacco products actually reduce smoking?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2227 size-full\" title=\"youthsmoking\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\" width=\"364\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png 364w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking-320x208.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Department of Public Health\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yes, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/mmwrnews/2012/0329.html#1\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. \"Increasing the price of cigarettes is one of the most reliable and effective ways to reduce smoking and prevent youth initiation,\" the agency reported in it Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on March 29, 2012. The report added: \"The evidence indicates that further increases in cigarette excise taxes would continue to reduce the demand for cigarettes, thereby preventing youth initiation, reducing cigarette consumption, and decreasing the prevalence of smoking, particularly among youth and young adults. States can reduce cigarette use even further by investing excise tax revenue in tobacco prevention and control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some economists, however, argue that high cigarette taxes can do more harm than good, drawing smokers to buy cigarettes in nearby states with significantly lower taxes and resulting in lost tax revenue for California. High costs, it's been noted, could also encourage a black market in cigarette sales, as has become common practice in \u003ca href=\"http://observer.com/2011/11/22/the-war-on-cigarette-taxation-and-why-the-city-is-losing/\" target=\"_blank\">New York City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"24332 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=24332","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/10/31/is-it-time-for-california-to-raise-its-tobacco-tax-includes-lesson-plan/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1133,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/ea712400-a15f-11e6-9fa1-0e233c30368f/embed_map"],"paragraphCount":20},"modified":1478291867,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"Should California Raise Tobacco Taxes? (Includes Lesson Plan) | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Should California Raise Tobacco Taxes? (Includes Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2016-10-31T19:06:05-07:00","dateModified":"2016-11-04T13:37:47-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-it-time-for-california-to-raise-its-tobacco-tax-includes-lesson-plan","status":"publish","customPermalink":"2016/10/31/prop-29-should-smoking-in-california-be-more-expensive-2/","path":"/lowdown/24332/is-it-time-for-california-to-raise-its-tobacco-tax-includes-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on what voters decide next week, smoking in California could soon become a much pricier habit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/Tobacco-Tax-Lesson-Plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Lesson Plan: Tobacco Taxes (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://elections.kqed.org/measure/2019/info/proposition-56\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition 56\u003c/a>, one of 17 statewide measures on the ballot this November, would increase the state's tobacco tax by $2 per pack, a huge leap from the current rate of 87 cents. The new $2.87 tax would also be levied on other tobacco products, including e-cigarettes (which now are taxed at a much lower rate than regular cigarettes).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Proposition 56 succeeds, the new tax would take effect April 1, 2017. It's expected to generate $1.2 billion to $1.6 billion in its first year, according to analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=56&year=2016\" target=\"_blank\">Legislative Analyst's Office\u003c/a>. While some of this new revenue is earmarked for smoking prevention and cessation programs, the majority of it will go to Medi-Cal, the state's health insurance program for low-income residents, which covers roughly one in three Californians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Opposition\">The No on 56\u003c/a> campaign has out-raised supporters by roughly 2-1, with most of the $71 million war chest funded by two of the nation's largest cigarette manufactures: \u003ca title=\"Philip Morris USA\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Philip_Morris_USA\">Philip Morris USA\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company\">R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co\u003c/a>., and their affiliates . The biggest donor to \u003ca href=\"http://www.yeson56.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Yes on 56\u003c/a> is billionaire \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Tom Steyer\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/Tom_Steyer\">Tom Steyer\u003c/a>, who has contributed more than $11 million. The latest \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_56,_Tobacco_Tax_Increase_%282016%29#Polls\">polls\u003c/a> show support for Proposition 56 at around 60 percent, with \u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Democratic Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Democratic_Party\">California's Democratic Party\u003c/a> backing it and the state's\u003ca class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"California Republican Party\" href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/California_Republican_Party\"> Republican Party\u003c/a> opposing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of Proposition 56 say the higher tax will raise millions of dollars for crucial state smoking prevention programs and health care services, while helping to potentially encourage smokers to quit and actively discouraging young people from taking up smoking in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents claim that the hike would be regressive -- disproportionately hurting low-income smokers. They also argue that the measure is a tax grab by health insurance companies, labor unions and hospitals, with just a fraction of the revenue going to actual smoking prevention programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's tobacco tax compare to other states?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>California's current cigarette excise tax (a tax levied on specific commodities) is pretty low compared to most other states - 35 out of 50, to be precise. The average state tobacco tax is $1.65.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\">\u003ciframe src=\"https://mgreen.carto.com/viz/ea712400-a15f-11e6-9fa1-0e233c30368f/embed_map\" width=\"100%\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In fact, California's tobacco tax hasn't been raised since 1998; a \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>2012 proposition to increase it by $1 per pack failed by less than 1 percent of the vote. Opponents of the measure put up close to $47 million to defeat it, nearly four times what supporters spent. The current proposed increase would make California's tobacco tax among the highest in the nation (although still far short of New York's, which stands alone at $4.35 per pack).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smokers in the U.S. also pay a federal excise tax of about $1 a pack on top of state taxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2016, the California legislature \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-jerry-brown-smoking-bills-20160504-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">voted to raise\u003c/a> the state's smoking age from 18 to 21, the second state in the nation to do so (after Hawaii). The new rules went into effect in June. The legislature also moved to restrict the use of electronic cigarettes in certain public places, including school grounds and hospitals and restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>How does California's smoking rate measure up?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Despite its low taxes, California actually has the second-lowest smoking rate in the country: just north of 12 percent of adults. Compare that to the national rate of nearly 20 percent or one in five (the smoking rate among California's youth is slightly higher than it is among adults, but still far below the national average). The state's adult smoking rate has declined consistently over the last two decades, sparing more than 1 million lives and $86 billion, according to state health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, California's smoking rate reached a record low of 11.9 percent (it has risen slightly since then), down from almost 26 percent in 1984. The most significant decrease occurred among adults ages 25 to 44. But while California's current smoking rate is significantly lower than in many other parts of the country, there still are roughly 4.5 million adult smokers statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Why is California's smoking rate so comparatively low?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">There's obviously no single answer, but a number of policy measures have received a lot of credit. California has long been a trendsetter in local and state government smoking reduction efforts. In 1995 it placed a statewide ban on smoking in restaurants and workplaces, the first state to do so. Three years later, the ban was extended to bars. California has also spearheaded significant smoking prevention and education efforts, particularly geared toward youth. A 25-cent cigarette tax in 1998 created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/tobacco/pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California Tobacco Control Program\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>the first of its kind in the nation, charged with leading aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's the history of tobacco taxes in California?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>1959: The state's first tobacco tax was passed by the Legislature. It added 10 cents to the cost of a pack of cigarettes. The revenue went straight into the general fund.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1988: Voters approved Proposition 99, which added an additional 25-cent tax to fund tobacco prevention, education and research programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1993: A 2-cent tax enacted by the Legislature created a fund for breast cancer research.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1998: Voters approved Proposition 10, adding a 50-cent tax to fund early child development programs.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Last year, total state revenues from taxes on tobacco products were just over $900 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-24372\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png\" alt=\"smokingratechartadults20101\" width=\"1449\" height=\"788\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101.png 1449w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-160x87.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-800x435.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-768x418.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1020x555.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-1180x642.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-960x522.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-240x131.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-375x204.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/10/SmokingRateChartAdults20101-520x283.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1449px) 100vw, 1449px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>Does raising taxes on tobacco products actually reduce smoking?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-2227 size-full\" title=\"youthsmoking\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png\" width=\"364\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking.png 364w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2012/05/youthsmoking-320x208.png 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: California Department of Public Health\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yes, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/mmwrnews/2012/0329.html#1\" target=\"_blank\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. \"Increasing the price of cigarettes is one of the most reliable and effective ways to reduce smoking and prevent youth initiation,\" the agency reported in it Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on March 29, 2012. The report added: \"The evidence indicates that further increases in cigarette excise taxes would continue to reduce the demand for cigarettes, thereby preventing youth initiation, reducing cigarette consumption, and decreasing the prevalence of smoking, particularly among youth and young adults. States can reduce cigarette use even further by investing excise tax revenue in tobacco prevention and control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some economists, however, argue that high cigarette taxes can do more harm than good, drawing smokers to buy cigarettes in nearby states with significantly lower taxes and resulting in lost tax revenue for California. High costs, it's been noted, could also encourage a black market in cigarette sales, as has become common practice in \u003ca href=\"http://observer.com/2011/11/22/the-war-on-cigarette-taxation-and-why-the-city-is-losing/\" target=\"_blank\">New York City\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/24332/is-it-time-for-california-to-raise-its-tobacco-tax-includes-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2409","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2391"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2571","lowdown_121","lowdown_120"],"featImg":"lowdown_24350","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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