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","description":null,"title":"9/11","credit":"REUTERS/Sara K. Schwittek","status":"inherit","fetchFailed":false,"isLoading":false}},"audioPlayerReducer":{"postId":"stream_live"},"authorsReducer":{"matthewgreen":{"type":"authors","id":"1263","meta":{"index":"authors_1716337520","id":"1263","found":true},"name":"Matthew Green","firstName":"Matthew","lastName":"Green","slug":"matthewgreen","email":"mgreen@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["news"],"title":"KQED Contributor","bio":"Matthew Green is a digital media producer for KQED News. He previously produced \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/lowdown\">The Lowdown\u003c/a>, KQED’s multimedia news education blog. Matthew's written for numerous Bay Area publications, including the Oakland Tribune and San Francisco Chronicle. He also taught journalism classes at Fremont High School in East Oakland.\r\n\r\nEmail: mgreen@kqed.org; Twitter: @MGreenKQED","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twitter":"MGreenKQED","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"lowdown","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"education","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"forum","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"elections","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"liveblog","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Matthew Green | KQED","description":"KQED Contributor","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3bf498d1267ca02c8494f33d8cfc575e?s=600&d=mm&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/matthewgreen"},"limiaolovett":{"type":"authors","id":"8618","meta":{"index":"authors_1716337520","id":"8618","found":true},"name":"Li Miao Lovett","firstName":"Li Miao","lastName":"Lovett","slug":"limiaolovett","email":"miaolovett@msn.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Li Miao Lovett is an award-winning writer who has contributed to the San Francisco Chronicle, KQED, New America Media, PRI, High Country News, Earth Island Journal, and National Radio Project's \"Making Contact.\" Her debut novel, \u003cem>In the Lap of the Gods\u003c/em>, portrays the lives of farmers and migrants displaced by China’s Three Gorges Dam.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5b8033fed5885fffb81f8b55fd43267a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"lowdown","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Li Miao Lovett | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5b8033fed5885fffb81f8b55fd43267a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5b8033fed5885fffb81f8b55fd43267a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/limiaolovett"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"lowdown_16782":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_16782","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"16782","score":null,"sort":[1522364432000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1522364432,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"March Madness and the Money: Should College Athletes Get Paid?","title":"March Madness and the Money: Should College Athletes Get Paid?","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-men/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">68 men's teams\u003c/a> that entered the NCAA's March Madness basketball tournament, only four remain. The Final Four games take place Saturday in San Antonio, with Michigan (#3) vs. Loyola-Chicago (#11) followed by Villanova (#1) vs. Kansas (#1); the winners battle it out for the championship on Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-women/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">women's semifinals\u003c/a>, on Friday in Columbus, OH, will be packed with all number one seeds: Louisville vs. Mississippi State followed by Notre Dame vs. Connecticut. The championship game is scheduled for Sunday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you weren't aware, college basketball is pretty popular. Nearly 17 million TV viewers tuned in for last year's men's Final Four games,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2017-04-02/2017-ncaa-final-four-second-most-watched-19-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> according to the NCAA\u003c/a>, and that's not including the millions who watched online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're talking serious national obsession here: millions of high stakes office pools, major couch and bar time and suspiciously long lunch breaks, all to witness talented young blood battling it out for intercollegiate glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, of course, means there's also a huge amount of money being made. But the players at the center of it all, banging it out on the court, don't get a dime of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College athletes are considered \"amateurs\" by the NCAA. That means they're prohibited from collecting any kind of monetary compensation (including sponsorship money), even though the tournament they play in has become big business, generating multi-million dollar profits for the NCAA and many of the coaches and schools involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As profits grow each year, a growing contingent of former players and advocates are calling on the NCAA to start allowing student athletes earn their fair share. The league, they say, is exploiting students by profiting from their skill and celebrity status without providing appropriate compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, many big-name schools provide few guarantees for student athletes, many of whom practice upwards of 60 hours a week and risk losing scholarships if they get injured and can't play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2015 survey\u003c/a> found that just over 1 percent of all men's college basketball players actually get drafted by the NBA, even though about three-quarters of Division I players said they believed playing professionally was at least “somewhat likely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the NCAA remains adamant in its stance against student athletes receiving direct financial compensation, insisting that paying players would corrupt the very spirit and nature of intercollegiate sports. The organization emphasizes that the robust scholarships most top student athletes receive, that typically cover tuition and some living expenses, provide access to a top-notch education at some of the best schools in the country, not to mention the opportunity to play on nationally-recognized teams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the NCAA notes that profits from men's basketball and football -- the big intercollegiate revenue generators -- help fund less lucrative sports (because someone's gotta pay for the squash team, right?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation, however, almost changed dramatically in 2014, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/11/federal-judge-ncaa-violates-antitrust-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal judge \u003c/a>ruled that the NCAA’s policy of barring payment to college athletes violated antitrust laws. Former UCLA basketball star Ed O’Bannon, now a car salesman in Las Vegas, was the lead plaintiff in the class-action lawsuit. Years after graduating, he discovered that his avatar had been included in a popular college basketball video game, which he had never consented to, and for which he received no royalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ruled that athletes in top men’s football and basketball programs should be allowed to receive at least $5,000 per year in licensing revenues (essentially, back-pay), which they could collect at the end of their college sports careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCAA appealed the decision to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which agreed that the amateurism rules did violate antitrust laws. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2015/09/30/ed-obannon-ncaa-lawsuit-appeals-court-ruling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in its ruling\u003c/a>, the court fell short of requiring schools to compensate student athletes beyond paying the cost of attendance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>By the numbers:\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$0\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">Amount of compensation college players are allowed to receive (excluding the value of academic scholarships).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$24.2 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Profits made in 2014 by the Louisville Cardinals, NCAA basketball's top-earning team for that year. The team that year generated about $40 million in revenue. The University of Arizona Wildcats ranked second most profitable, with $17.7 million in earnings (based on $27.5 million in revenue). However, about a third of the 68 teams in men's tournament said they made no profit, including five in 2015 that actually reported losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/tournament/2015/story/_/id/12495302/many-ncaa-tournament-did-not-turn-profit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ESPN\u003c/a> analysis of U.S. Department of Ed \u003ca href=\"http://ope.ed.gov/athletics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equity in Athletics\u003c/a> data\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.8 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Amount CBS and Turner Sports paid the NCAA for the rights to broadcast the March Madness tournament for a 14-year period ending in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/2010-04-21/cbs-sports-turner-broadcasting-ncaa-reach-14-year-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NCAA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$9.6 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Salary of Duke Blue Devils head coach Mike Kryzyzewski in 2014 (it's gone down since then). That year, he was NCAA's top-earning basketball coach and one of roughly 35 coaches who make over a $1 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://sports.usatoday.com/ncaa/salaries/mens-basketball/coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USA Today\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$1.24 billion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Estimated TV ad spending during the 2016 March Madness tournament, a record-setting amount. That makes the tournament one of the most valuable franchises in televised sports, second only to NFL as the most lucrative post-season playoff franchise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kantarmedia.com/us/newsroom/press-releases/march-madness-tv-ads-have-generated-8-billion-in-revenue-since-2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kantar Media\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.4 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The American Gaming Association's estimate of the amount that will be wagered on the tournament in 2017, including cash from the estimated 70 million office brackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.americangaming.org/newsroom/press-releases/americans-to-bet-2-billion-on-70-million-march-madness-brackets-this-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gaming Association\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1.2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The percentage of of men's Division I basketball players who make it to the NBA, a sharp contrast from the roughly 75 percent who say they expect to play professionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Higher Ed\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the issue, check out the PBS Frontline's 2011 investigation, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/money-and-march-madness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Money and March Madness.\u003c/a>\"\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"16782 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=16782","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2018/03/29/six-figures-on-the-mad-money-of-march-madness/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":983,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":30},"modified":1522368829,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"","title":"March Madness and the Money: Should College Athletes Get Paid? | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"March Madness and the Money: Should College Athletes Get Paid?","datePublished":"2018-03-29T16:00:32-07:00","dateModified":"2018-03-29T17:13:49-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"six-figures-on-the-mad-money-of-march-madness","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/16782/six-figures-on-the-mad-money-of-march-madness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the original \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-men/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">68 men's teams\u003c/a> that entered the NCAA's March Madness basketball tournament, only four remain. The Final Four games take place Saturday in San Antonio, with Michigan (#3) vs. Loyola-Chicago (#11) followed by Villanova (#1) vs. Kansas (#1); the winners battle it out for the championship on Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/interactive-bracket/basketball-women/d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">women's semifinals\u003c/a>, on Friday in Columbus, OH, will be packed with all number one seeds: Louisville vs. Mississippi State followed by Notre Dame vs. Connecticut. The championship game is scheduled for Sunday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case you weren't aware, college basketball is pretty popular. Nearly 17 million TV viewers tuned in for last year's men's Final Four games,\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2017-04-02/2017-ncaa-final-four-second-most-watched-19-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> according to the NCAA\u003c/a>, and that's not including the millions who watched online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're talking serious national obsession here: millions of high stakes office pools, major couch and bar time and suspiciously long lunch breaks, all to witness talented young blood battling it out for intercollegiate glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, of course, means there's also a huge amount of money being made. But the players at the center of it all, banging it out on the court, don't get a dime of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>College athletes are considered \"amateurs\" by the NCAA. That means they're prohibited from collecting any kind of monetary compensation (including sponsorship money), even though the tournament they play in has become big business, generating multi-million dollar profits for the NCAA and many of the coaches and schools involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As profits grow each year, a growing contingent of former players and advocates are calling on the NCAA to start allowing student athletes earn their fair share. The league, they say, is exploiting students by profiting from their skill and celebrity status without providing appropriate compensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, many big-name schools provide few guarantees for student athletes, many of whom practice upwards of 60 hours a week and risk losing scholarships if they get injured and can't play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A 2015 survey\u003c/a> found that just over 1 percent of all men's college basketball players actually get drafted by the NBA, even though about three-quarters of Division I players said they believed playing professionally was at least “somewhat likely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the NCAA remains adamant in its stance against student athletes receiving direct financial compensation, insisting that paying players would corrupt the very spirit and nature of intercollegiate sports. The organization emphasizes that the robust scholarships most top student athletes receive, that typically cover tuition and some living expenses, provide access to a top-notch education at some of the best schools in the country, not to mention the opportunity to play on nationally-recognized teams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the NCAA notes that profits from men's basketball and football -- the big intercollegiate revenue generators -- help fund less lucrative sports (because someone's gotta pay for the squash team, right?).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation, however, almost changed dramatically in 2014, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/11/federal-judge-ncaa-violates-antitrust-law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">federal judge \u003c/a>ruled that the NCAA’s policy of barring payment to college athletes violated antitrust laws. Former UCLA basketball star Ed O’Bannon, now a car salesman in Las Vegas, was the lead plaintiff in the class-action lawsuit. Years after graduating, he discovered that his avatar had been included in a popular college basketball video game, which he had never consented to, and for which he received no royalties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ruled that athletes in top men’s football and basketball programs should be allowed to receive at least $5,000 per year in licensing revenues (essentially, back-pay), which they could collect at the end of their college sports careers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NCAA appealed the decision to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, which agreed that the amateurism rules did violate antitrust laws. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2015/09/30/ed-obannon-ncaa-lawsuit-appeals-court-ruling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in its ruling\u003c/a>, the court fell short of requiring schools to compensate student athletes beyond paying the cost of attendance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>By the numbers:\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$0\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\">Amount of compensation college players are allowed to receive (excluding the value of academic scholarships).\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$24.2 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Profits made in 2014 by the Louisville Cardinals, NCAA basketball's top-earning team for that year. The team that year generated about $40 million in revenue. The University of Arizona Wildcats ranked second most profitable, with $17.7 million in earnings (based on $27.5 million in revenue). However, about a third of the 68 teams in men's tournament said they made no profit, including five in 2015 that actually reported losses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/tournament/2015/story/_/id/12495302/many-ncaa-tournament-did-not-turn-profit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ESPN\u003c/a> analysis of U.S. Department of Ed \u003ca href=\"http://ope.ed.gov/athletics/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equity in Athletics\u003c/a> data\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.8 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Amount CBS and Turner Sports paid the NCAA for the rights to broadcast the March Madness tournament for a 14-year period ending in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/2010-04-21/cbs-sports-turner-broadcasting-ncaa-reach-14-year-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NCAA\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$9.6 million \u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Salary of Duke Blue Devils head coach Mike Kryzyzewski in 2014 (it's gone down since then). That year, he was NCAA's top-earning basketball coach and one of roughly 35 coaches who make over a $1 million a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://sports.usatoday.com/ncaa/salaries/mens-basketball/coach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USA Today\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$1.24 billion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>Estimated TV ad spending during the 2016 March Madness tournament, a record-setting amount. That makes the tournament one of the most valuable franchises in televised sports, second only to NFL as the most lucrative post-season playoff franchise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.kantarmedia.com/us/newsroom/press-releases/march-madness-tv-ads-have-generated-8-billion-in-revenue-since-2006\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kantar Media\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$10.4 billion\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The American Gaming Association's estimate of the amount that will be wagered on the tournament in 2017, including cash from the estimated 70 million office brackets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.americangaming.org/newsroom/press-releases/americans-to-bet-2-billion-on-70-million-march-madness-brackets-this-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Gaming Association\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1.2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp>The percentage of of men's Division I basketball players who make it to the NBA, a sharp contrast from the roughly 75 percent who say they expect to play professionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/01/27/college-athletes-greatly-overestimate-their-chances-playing-professionally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Inside Higher Ed\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the issue, check out the PBS Frontline's 2011 investigation, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/money-and-march-madness/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Money and March Madness.\u003c/a>\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/16782/six-figures-on-the-mad-money-of-march-madness","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_391","lowdown_2375","lowdown_2365"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_593"],"featImg":"lowdown_26420","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_14066":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_14066","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"14066","score":null,"sort":[1504893632000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911","title":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan)","publishDate":1504893632,"format":"image","headTitle":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"content":"\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 10, 2024\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously last year, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS0qENVESv0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in dramatic changes in our nation's attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1726007754,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1927},"headData":{"title":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","description":"America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in dramatic changes in our nation's attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2017-09-08T11:00:32-07:00","dateModified":"2024-09-10T15:35:54-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"customPermalink":"2014/09/10/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911/","templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/lowdown/14066/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Your students are too young to have lived through the 9/11 attack, but that doesn’t mean it hasn’t impacted their lives. The \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/teachers/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\">Perspectives Youth Media Challenge\u003c/a> offers them a chance to tell their stories. Maybe they have a parent, older sibling or cousin who served in Afghanistan. Maybe they have seen anti-Muslim sentiment in their own communities. Invite them to share how 9/11 has affected their lives with the Perspectives Challenge. (Preview the \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://learn.kqed.org/challenges/curriculum/perspectives/?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=lowdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">curriculum here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 10, 2024\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-three years ago, the United States wasn’t officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn’t even exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And — perhaps hardest to believe — we didn’t have to take off our shoes to go through airport security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror — prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks — resulted in a dramatic change in our nation’s attitudes and concerns about safety, vigilance and privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a>, prioritizing national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cb>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large;\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300;\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/b>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our entire lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/09/Sept-11-lesson-plan-2017-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lasting impacts of 9/11 lesson plan (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>These changes continue to have ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations helped foment rebellions and ongoing warfare throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are four of the many dramatic impacts — nationwide and in California — resulting from the events of that one tragic day.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>I. ‘Forever Wars’\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda — the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks — and remove the Taliban government harboring it. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (none were ever found). The invasion was a key part of America’s newly launched War on Terror, under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in Afghanistan — which just ended calamitously last year, with the Taliban reclaiming control of the country — was the longest war in American history.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zS0qENVESv0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. But the U.S. soon after resumed intermittent air strikes following the emergence of the Islamic State extremist group, which sprouted from the chaos of war and terrorized the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2002, the Bush Administration also opened the Guantanamo Bay detention center in Cuba, where it began sending suspected enemy combatants. Held indefinitely, prisoners were denied access to trials or legal representation, and were subject to brutal interrogation techniques. There were more than 650 foreign inmates at the facility by 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have long pushed to shut down the Guantanamo facility, calling it a gross violation of basic human rights and a stain on America’s image abroad. And although early in his first term, Obama vowed to close it — and significantly reduced the population\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/guantanamo/detainees?mcubz=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> \u003c/a>— he failed to completely shut it down. Former President Donald Trump was intent on keeping it open, and even sought, unsuccessfully, to refill it. Today, Guantanamo has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/us/guantanamo-bay-detainees.html?mcubz=1\">fewer than 40 prisoners\u003c/a>, but still remains operational.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies skyrocketed: Homeland Security’s discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the start of post-9/11 U.S. military operations, some 7,000 American troops have been killed in Afghanistan and Iraq, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.defense.gov/casualty.pdf\">the latest figures\u003c/a> from the U.S. Department of Defense. That marks just a tiny fraction of total casualties in the two conflicts, which have claimed the lives of \u003ca href=\"https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/direct-war-death-toll-2001-801000\">hundreds of thousands\u003c/a> of Iraqi and Afghan civilians, as well as contractors, journalists, allied troops and opposition fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, more than 52,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan and Iraq have been wounded in action over the last 20 years. And many more have returned home physically intact but suffering from severe long-term mental health issues, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and psychological ailments linked to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thousands of veterans of the two conflicts have taken their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of this year, 776 men and women from across the state have been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2001, accounting for 11% of total U.S. casualties — more than any other state — according to an\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> LA Times database\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Times reports, “Nearly 20% of California’s war dead were old enough to die for their country but too young to buy a drink. They left behind 453 children.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of the 13 U.S. troops killed In the \u003ca class=\"link\" href=\"https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-08-26/us-troops-killed-afghanistan-airport-bombing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aug. 26 suicide bombing\u003c/a> at the Kabul airport gate were Marines from California. Occurring just days before the official end of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, the attack also killed dozens of Afghan civilians — one of the deadliest bombings in the almost two decades since the U.S.-led invasion.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and Deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Customs Service — both formerly part of the Department of Justice — were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations; they have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Department of Homeland Security’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009 – 2010), deportations hit a record high: nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported during that period were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail — even if not ultimately convicted of a crime — by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous instances of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2014, when Obama announced plans to phase out the program, ICE had established Secure Communities partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown — then California’s Attorney General — agreed to implement the Secure Communities. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America’s immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28% of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>III. The Friendly-ish Skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It’s all par for the course when you fly these days. But not so long ago, it wasn’t unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were rare, liquids were allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now primarily overseen by the massive \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screenings at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country (although, private contractors still operate at some airports). It marks the single largest federal start-up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to refer to watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, while sometimes infringing on privacy rights and, in many instances, increasing scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>IV. Big surveillance\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government oversight, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents that were leaked in 2013 by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossal surveillance state that’s seeped into the lives of millions of ordinary Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus — armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 — was brought to light when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a “black budget” report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and in doing so, had violated privacy laws thousands of times per year.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/14066/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_509","lowdown_2362","lowdown_2399","lowdown_457","lowdown_2365","lowdown_2359","lowdown_2397"],"tags":["lowdown_168","lowdown_2337","lowdown_524"],"featImg":"lowdown_23785","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_25219":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_25219","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"25219","score":null,"sort":[1485806432000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1485806432,"format":"quote","disqusTitle":"Trump's First 100 Days: What He Wants to Do; What He Can Do (with Lesson Plan)","title":"Trump's First 100 Days: What He Wants to Do; What He Can Do (with Lesson Plan)","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last updated Thursday, Feb. 9\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Trump-100-Days-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Trump's First 100 Days (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The recent changes to the official White House website speak volumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The morning of President Trump’s inauguration, the \u003ca href=\"http://The%20morning%20of%20President%20Trump%E2%80%99s%20inauguration,%20multiple%20pages%20outlining%20official%20policy%20and%20priorities%20on%20the%20White%20House%20website%20were%20removed%20or%20replaced%20with%20new%20text.%20Those%20pages%20include%20information%20about%20LGBT%20rights,%20civil%20rights,%20law%20enforcement%20and%20climate%20change.%20It%E2%80%99s%20not%20unusual%20for%20an%20incoming%20administration%20to%20change%20material%20on%20the%20Whitehouse.gov%20site.%20But%20it%E2%80%99s%20also%20a%20window%20into%20the%20new%20president%E2%80%99s%20priorities%20and%20how%20he%20might%20frame%20various%20solutions%20to%20the%20nation%E2%80%99s%20problems.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pages \u003c/a>on Whitehouse.gov outlining the president's official policy stances on civil rights, immigration and health care all vanished into cyberspace. So, too, did the page on combating \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-record/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a>. In fact, there's no longer a single mention of \"climate change\" on the entire site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sweeping website edits are indicative of a seismic shift away from Obama administration policies, and they provide some insight into what Trump is likely to push for in his first 100 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first 100 days of a new administration have been the symbolic time frame for new administrations to set clear policy agendas. Traditionally, presidents have come to office on a wave of public goodwill, which makes it easier to quickly start fulfilling campaign promises. Trump, however, lost the popular vote and enters the White House with the lowest public approval ratings in recent history. Nevertheless, his administration has wasted no time in beginning to plow through an ambitious set of priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/29/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RELATED: Executive actions explained\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, President Donald Trump vowed to undo major parts of the Obama administration’s domestic and foreign policy actions, from repealing most of Obamacare and scrapping recent gun control rules to undoing immigration reforms and eliminating various environmental regulations. He reiterated these intentions in his \u003ca href=\"https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/_landings/contract/O-TRU-102316-Contractv02.pdf\">Contract with the American Voter\u003c/a>, a plan released in October charting the first 100 days of his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that Trump is in the White House, he has tremendous leverage to quickly fulfill many of these campaign promises. Some he can\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/21/us/politics/what-trump-wants-to-do-in-his-first-100-days-and-how-difficult-each-will-be.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> put in place immediately\u003c/a> through executive action, with the mere stroke of a pen. For priorities that involve spending measures or the repeal of already enacted legislation, he needs support from Congress. And fortunately for him, both houses are controlled by Republicans eager to confirm his Cabinet nominees, support his agenda and approve his soon-to-be announced Supreme Court pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click the issues in this interactive to learn more about some of the major policy issues on the table, and how Trump can shape them in his first 100 days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what young people think about these and other key issues, check out the\u003ca href=\"https://letters2president.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Letters to the Next President\u003c/a> archive.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"unique-identifier1\" href=\"#yellow\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"Issues\">\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"text-align: center\">The Issues\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#National%20Defense\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23334 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/nationalsecurity.png\" alt=\"nationaldefense\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Money\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/economy-1.png\" alt=\"money\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Immigration\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Immigration1.png\" alt=\"Immigration\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Abortion\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-25258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/womensrights-1.png\" alt=\"womensrights\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/womensrights-1.png 220w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/womensrights-1-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Health%20Care\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23330\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Healthcare1.png\" alt=\"Healthcare\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Climate%20Change\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-25297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/environment_energy.png\" alt=\"Climate Change\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Criminal%20Justice\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/CriminalJustice1.png\" alt=\"CriminalJustice\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Gun%20Control\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23329\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/GunControl1.png\" alt=\"GunControl\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Higher%20Education\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23331\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/HigherEducation1.png\" alt=\"Higher Education\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Gun Control\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23240\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23240\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gunshow.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Source: Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gunshow.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gunshow-400x171.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Houston_Gun_Show_at_the_George_R._Brown_Convention_Center.jpg\"> Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>GUN CONTROL\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The number of U.S. gun deaths has fallen considerably since peaking in the mid-1990s. But it still remains far higher than in any other wealthy nation in the world, as does the rate of \u003ca href=\"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/6.Firearms.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> gun ownership.\u003c/a> And while mass shootings make up only a small percentage of total U.S. gun deaths, they occur with alarming frequency, including a June 2016 rampage at an Orlando nightclub that killed 49 people, the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Democratic efforts to enact stricter gun control regulations, congressional Republicans have repeatedly blocked any new legislation. There is, however, strong public support for gun control measures. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/cnn-gun-poll/\">2016 CNN poll\u003c/a>, 92 percent of respondents said they supported expanded background checks, and 85 percent said they want the “no-fly” purchasing ban. Nevertheless, the political influence of gun rights groups, like the National Rifle Association -- which endorsed Trump -- remains huge, effectively killing almost all efforts for stricter gun laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump called gun bans \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/second-amendment-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> “a total failure.”\u003c/a> He says he's opposed to any expansion of background checks and wants concealed carry permits to be allowed in all 50 states. He's also pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/02/politics/donald-trump-obama-guns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> “un-sign”\u003c/a> President Obama's executive actions on guns he enacted after the December 2015 San Bernardino mass shooting -- in lieu of congressional action -- that marginally expand background checks and help to crack down on illegal online gun sales. Trump has also advocated for eliminating gun-free zones in schools and on military bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On his campaign website, Trump stated that an important way to fight crime is to “empower law-abiding gun owners to defend themselves.” He's also claimed that America’s failed mental health system, not gun legislation, is the real culprit behind the mass shooting dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gundata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"345\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2016/images/06/20/cnn_orc_poll_june_20.pdf\"> CNN/ORC poll (survey conducted June, 2016)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/6.Firearms.pdf\"> UNODC & Small Arms Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Abortion\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23242\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/plannedparenthood.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Flickr/Charlotte Cooper\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/plannedparenthood.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/plannedparenthood-400x171.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/cecooper/5479766813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr/Charlotte Cooper\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>WOMEN'S RIGHTS\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 40 years since the Supreme Court's landmark \u003ci>Roe v. Wade\u003c/i> decision protecting a woman’s right to have an abortion. But Americans are still deeply divided on the issue. In recent years, various \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-wont-revive-arizonas-strict-abortion-rules/2014/01/13/33feee68-7c60-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conservative states\u003c/a> in the South and Midwest have enacted laws aimed at restricting access to abortion facilities and services. However, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/us/supreme-court-texas-abortion.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> major ruling \u003c/a> in June 2016, the Supreme Court struck down a Texas law that placed steep restrictions on abortion providers, a major victory for abortion rights advocates. In its 5-3 decision, the court found the state’s laws placed an “undue burden” on women seeking abortions, violating their constitutional rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23226\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated.png\" alt=\"Sources: Pew Research Center (survey conducted March, 2016) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abortion Surveillance Reports. *Based on legally induced abortions reported to the CDC.\" width=\"796\" height=\"327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated.png 796w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated-400x164.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated-768x315.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/27/5-facts-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Center (survey conducted March, 2016)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/data_stats/abortion.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abortion Surveillance Reports.\u003c/a> *Based on legally induced abortions reported to the CDC.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prior to running for office, Trump described himself as “very pro-choice.” However, as a candidate, he adopted the anti-abortion stance of the Republican Party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his first week in office, just days after massive women's marches took place around the world, Trump signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/01/23/trump-reverses-abortion-related-policy-to-ban-funding-to-international-health-groups/?utm_term=.f2c063cddee0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive action\u003c/a> blocking any foreign aid or federal funding for international organizations that provide or \"promote\" abortions. The ban had previously been put in place by President George W. Bush and removed by President Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is also pledging to make more permanent changes to federal abortion laws by appointing pro-life judges, most notably to the Supreme Court, who could further weaken abortion restrictions. He has, however, strayed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Republican platform\u003c/a> in arguing that abortion laws should contain exceptions for rape and incest when the life of the mother is at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/17/planned-parenthood-allies-ready-battle-over-government-funding/96463008/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal funding for Planned Parenthood\u003c/a>, a national reproductive health organization that provides low-cost abortions and birth control, may also be on the chopping block as part of the Republicans' effort to repeal Obamacare. Vice President Mike Pence, a vocal anti-abortion advocate, has previously pushed for de-funding the organization. And as governor of Indiana, Pence signed into law \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/24/politics/mike-pence-indiana-disability-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> broad restrictions\u003c/a> for women seeking abortions and for the medical facilities providing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Immigration\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/borderwall.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Border_Mexico_USA.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>IMMIGRATION\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Immigration policy was one of the most contentious issues in the 2016 election, and a cornerstone of Trump's campaign. The United States has long been a top destination for foreigners, attracting roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 20 percent\u003c/a> of the world’s immigrant population. The more than 41 million immigrants who live here make up about 13 percent of the nation’s total population. Just over \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/19/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11 million\u003c/a> of them are undocumented; living here without legal status . This population has actually slightly decreased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most Americans believe it's unrealistic to deport every undocumented immigrant, many support tighter immigration restrictions. Only about a third, though, are in favor of building a U.S.-Mexican border wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/15/americans-views-of-immigrants-marked-by-widening-partisan-generational-divides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Pew Research poll\u003c/a>, 75 percent of respondents said that undocumented immigrants who meet certain requirements should be allowed to stay in the U.S. legally, and a majority (59 percent) say immigrants strengthen the country through their hard work and talent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All legislative efforts to enact comprehensive immigration reform have stalled in Congress in recent years. In lieu of legislation, the Obama administration took a series of executive actions protecting undocumented young people and their parents, who meet certain conditions, from being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June 2016, however, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/06/22/us/who-is-affected-by-supreme-court-decision-on-immigration.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Supreme Court\u003c/a> upheld a lower court’s decision overturning several of these executive actions that would have provided protection to nearly 5 million undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, a record \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2.5 million people\u003c/a> were deported during Obama's presidency, more than any other administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/immigrationdata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"345\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/15/americans-views-of-immigrants-marked-by-widening-partisan-generational-divides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Center (survey conducted March, 2016 )\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Migration Policy Institute (based on 1970-2000 decennial Census data\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tough talk on immigration has been a signature part of the Trump campaign since day one, and as president he now has broad powers to influence policy. At a press conference announcing his run for president last year, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-a-presidential-bid/#annotations:7472552\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> infamously said\u003c/a>: “When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best ... They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, he repeatedly promised to eliminate \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/24/news/economy/daca-undocumented-immigrants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>, one of Obama's surviving executive actions, which he can now fulfill on his own without congressional approval. \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DACA\u003c/a> currently protects about 750,000 undocumented young people -- known as the DREAMers -- from deportation, allowing them to obtain driver's licenses, enroll in college and get jobs. Those who voluntarily registered with the government in order to participate in the program would become vulnerable to deportation if Trump follows through on his threat to get rid of it. As of his first week in office, it was still not clear if he would take action on this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although as a candidate, Trump initially pledged to deport all 11 million undocumented residents, he's since scaled back that threat, and now says the focus will primarily be on immigrants with criminal records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among his most provocative talking points on the campaign trail was the promise to build a U.S.-Mexico border wall, with Mexico footing the estimated $10 billion bill. He also threatened to defund so-called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>, those jurisdictions around the country that are generally unwilling to assist with local federal immigration enforcement efforts (including, interestingly, Washington, D.C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 25, in his first week in office, Trump addressed both of these issues, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/25/politics/donald-trump-build-wall-immigration-executive-orders/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing a set of executive orders\u003c/a> calling for the construction of the border wall (which would still require congressional approval to pay for most of it) as well as beefing up border patrol and immigration enforcement. The following day, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto abruptly cancelled his planned meeting with Trump, a move that further heightened tensions and prompted Trump's press secretary to \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/mexican-president-cancels-visit-to-washington-as-tensions-with-trump-administration-intensify/2017/01/26/ececc3da-e3d9-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html?utm_term=.e667a788ed2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announce\u003c/a> that the wall would be funded through a a 20-percent tax imposed on all imports from Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The orders also expand the criteria of undocumented immigrants who could be targets for deportation. And it threatens to cut off federal grant funding from sanctuary cities who don't comply with enforcement efforts, a move that, if enforced, will \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/dec/01/bill-de-blasio/new-york-city-mayor-says-president-cant-defund-san/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likely result in major legal challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A nation without borders is not a nation, and today the United States of America gets back control of its borders,\" Trump signed upon signing the orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-statement-on-preventing-muslim-immigration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">initially called\u003c/a> for a “total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States.\" Closer to the election, he marginally softened his stance, instead proposing a temporary ban on refugees entering the United States, particularly those from Muslim countries with terrorist activity, who he insisted should be subject to \"extreme vetting.\" He also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/12/21/trump-on-the-future-of-proposed-muslim-ban-registry-you-know-my-plans/?utm_term=.68d2477aa04a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed creating a registry\u003c/a> of Muslims living in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Trumps_Ban.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-25457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Trumps_Ban.png\" alt=\"Trumps_Ban\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\">\u003c/a>In keeping with his promise, Trump issued a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/25/us/politics/trump-refugee-plan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial executive order\u003c/a> on Jan. 27 aimed at “protecting the nation from foreign terrorist entry into the United States.” It imposes several sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/politics/refugee-muslim-executive-order-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">immigration-related measures\u003c/a>, including a 90-day ban on entry from seven \"terror-prone\" majority-Muslim countries: Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Somalia, Sudan, Libya and Syria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the order suspends admission of all refugees into the United States for 120 days to allow for a thorough \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/20/us/why-it-takes-two-years-for-syrian-refugees-to-apply-to-enter-the-united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">review of the screening process\u003c/a>. After that period, refugee entry can then resume, but only for countries that satisfy U.S. security requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order caps the total number of admissions at 50,000 for the 2017 fiscal year, less than half the number admitted by Obama the previous year. Just since October -- the start of the 2017 fiscal year -- nearly 30,000 refugees have already entered the United States, leaving just over 20,000 refugee admission spots available for the next eight months. It also orders Homeland Security to prioritize refugee applications for people from religious minority groups, who in many of the Muslim-majority countries under consideration, are predominantly Christian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also suspends all Syrian refugees from entering the country until the administration determines that their admission would be “consistent with the national interest,\" a dramatic departure from Obama's resettlement program that admitted 10,000 Syrian refugees in the 2016 fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington State and Minnesota quickly filed suit, challenging the legality of Trump's order. On Feb. 3, a U.S. district judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/us-judge-temporarily-blocks-trumps-travel-ban-nationwide/2017/02/03/e4888a4a-ea6d-11e6-903d-9b11ed7d8d2a_story.html?pushid=breaking-news_1486181330&tid=notifi_push_breaking-news&utm_term=.34acdf9a7f9a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">temporarily blocked\u003c/a> the seven-nation ban, allowing travelers with valid visas to resume entering the country. The ruling was immediately appealed by the administration but quickly upheld by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/09/us/politics/appeals-court-trump-travel-ban.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news\">unanimous decision\u003c/a> announced on Thursday, Feb. 9. The case will likely make its way to U.S. Supreme Court soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per the court's ruling, the United States will, for now, continue admitting new refugees, but many fewer than before. Under President Obama it was on pace to resettle 110,000 refugees in fiscal year 2017 (October 2016 - September 2017). Trump's recent actions, however, reduce the yearly refugee cap to 50,000, a part of the executive order that has not been challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Criminal Justice\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/prisoncell.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Alcatraz_prison_cell_(pfnatic).JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>CRIMINAL JUSTICE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2016.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2.3 million\u003c/a> people are currently behind bars, roughly 716 for every 100,000 people, the result of decades of harsh sentencing policies and steep penalties for nonviolent drug offenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans and Latinos make up a disproportionate percentage of inmates. Because of the system’s astronomical costs, prison reform is actually one of the few issues where Republicans and Democrats have found some common ground. Although strategies differ, both parties agree that it’s necessary to end mass incarceration and reduce the severity of sentences for low-level, nonviolent offenders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of recent high-profile police shootings and the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, both parties have also been forced to confront issues on policing and race, although they've responded very differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/prisondata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"359\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2012/03/30/pew_nationalsurveyresearchpaper_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prison Policy Initiative: \"Public Opinion on Sentencing & Corrections Policy in America\" (March 2012)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> World Prison Brief - Institute for Criminal Policy Research (2013)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump hasn’t released any formal positions on criminal justice and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11737264/donald-trump-criminal-justice-republican-president\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> yet to clearly outline\u003c/a> how he’d specifically address the issue, but he's long pledged to be \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-restore-law-order-week-police-involved/story?id=40429817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tough on crime\u003c/a> and \"restore law and order,\" priorities supported by Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-Ala), his nominee for attorney general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump frequently makes the claim that crime has been rapidly increasing, reaching near-crisis levels. He's referred to America's inner cities as \"war zones.\" And although the U.S. murder rate and overall violent crime rate \u003cem>did\u003c/em> rise between 2014 and 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-releases-2015-crime-statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the FBI\u003c/a>, those rates are still significantly lower than they were in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has expressed strong support for law enforcement, promising to defend them and claiming that \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/trump-police-are-mistreated-misunderstood-617933379521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> police are far too often\u003c/a> “mistreated and misunderstood.” He's made clear that he fully intends to reverse course from Obama's Justice Department, which conducted \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/08/26/policing-the-police-u-s-police-departments-investigated-by-the-feds-interactive-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">numerous investigations\u003c/a> of discriminatory practices in some of the nation's largest police departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also shown support for private prisons, and will likely \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/04/508048666/will-the-private-prison-business-see-a-trump-bump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reverse a recent decision\u003c/a> made by Obama's Justice Department to phase out their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Money\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/bills.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Money_Cash.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>ECONOMY AND TRADE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump inherits an economy in much better shape than the one Obama took on eight years ago. It's been slowly but consistently rebounding from the depths of the 2008 recession, with rising home prices, prolonged job growth and unemployment dipping below 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, with the continuing loss of manufacturing jobs, wages have remained stagnant for millions of Americans, a factor that’s contributed to a shrinking middle class and growing gap between rich and poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/wealthdata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/182987/americans-continue-say-wealth-distribution-unfair.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallup Poll Series (survey conducted April, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> United States Department of Labor (2012)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, Trump successfully keyed into the economic frustration many working-class Americans continue to feel, promising populist reforms to bring back manufacturing jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of his \u003ci>America First \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/bringing-back-jobs-and-growth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">economic plan,\u003c/a> he's pledged to shrink government and roll back regulations (which he says cost the U.S. more than $2 trillion in 2015, an unsubstantiated claim). In his first week, he also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/01/23/trump-freezes-federal-hiring/?utm_term=.ec1932b80379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive action\u003c/a> initiating a hiring freeze on all federal employees (except the military).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a meeting with business leaders during his first week, he pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511341779/president-trump-to-cut-regulations-by-75-percent-how-real-is-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make America more business-friendly\u003c/a> by cutting regulations by 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're gonna be cutting regulation massively,\" he said. \"The problem with the regulation that we have right now is that you can't do anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 30, \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-regulations-idUSKBN15E1QU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump signed an executive order\u003c/a> to do just that, requiring federal agencies to cut two existing regulations for every new rule introduced, and setting an annual cap on the cost of new regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, he signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/03/presidential-executive-order-core-principles-regulating-united-states\">two directives\u003c/a> ordering the rollback of key Obama-era financial regulations, including a plan to weaken the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which placed restrictions on Wall Street banks after the 2008 financial meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also called for dramatically simplifying the tax code to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/13/501739277/who-benefits-from-donald-trumps-tax-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three-income-tier plan \u003c/a>(there are currently seven tiers), a move that would significantly lower tax rates for top income earners. He insists that the plan would reduce taxes for everyone (\u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000924-an-analysis-of-donald-trumps-revised-tax-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a claim that's been disputed\u003c/a>) and help create 25 million new American jobs in the next decade, with 4 percent annual economic growth. In the coming months, his administration will draft a tax plan and federal budget (with lots of program cuts) for Congress to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has long been outspoken on trade policy, promising protectionist policies that increase tariffs on large trading partners like China and Mexico, and penalizing American industries that move their factories overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, he called for withdrawing from the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/07/29/the-trans-pacific-partnership-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trans-Pacific Partnership\u003c/a>, a 12-nation trade agreement negotiated by the Obama administration,that he once \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/28/politics/donald-trump-special-interests-rape-our-country/\">attacked\u003c/a> as “another disaster done and pushed by special interests who want to rape our country.\" In his first week in office, Trump made good on this promise, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/01/23/okay-the-trans-pacific-partnership-is-dead-what-was-it/?utm_term=.4392203d8b5c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issuing an executive action\u003c/a> withdrawing from the deal and effectively it dead in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/trade-deals-working-all-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">promised to renegotiate\u003c/a> the North American Free Trade Agreement and establish terms more favorable to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, he's called for a bill to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects over 10 years. \u003cspan class=\"fact-checked\">\"We will build new roads and highways and bridges and airports and tunnels and railways all across our wonderful nation,\" he pledged during his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/20/510629447/watch-live-president-trumps-inauguration-ceremony\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inauguration address\u003c/a>. But the d\u003c/span>etails on where that money will come from and how it will be spent have been vague, aside from his plan to generate public-private partnerships and encourage private investment through generous tax credits. Infrastructure projects are actually among the few priorities that Trump and congressional Democrats agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the campaign, Trump advocated strongly against raising the federal minimum wage, but has since \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/08/03/a-guide-to-all-of-donald-trumps-flip-flops-on-the-minimum-wage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> shifted his position\u003c/a>. More recently, he has suggested it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/27/politics/donald-trump-minimum-wage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> should be increased\u003c/a> to \"at least $10,\" but thinks it’s an issue best left to the states, not the federal government, to decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"National Defense\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/military.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Helicopter_Extraction-Tal_Afar_Iraq.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>NATIONAL DEFENSE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In reaction to the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS) and recent attacks at home and abroad, global terrorism remains a major concern. A majority of Americans continue to approve of U.S. military campaigns against ISIS in Iraq and Syria, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2016/05/05/4-u-s-military-action-against-isis-policy-toward-terrorism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Pew Research poll\u003c/a>, although there’s wide disagreement on whether to deploy more American troops on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same poll, however, about 70 percent of respondents said the next president should focus more on domestic policy than foreign policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/militarydata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"326\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2016/05/05/4-u-s-military-action-against-isis-policy-toward-terrorism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Pew Research poll (survey conducted April, 2016)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Stockholm International Peace Research Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In his inauguration address, Trump said: \"We will reinforce old alliances and form new ones and unite the civilized world against radical Islamic terrorism, which we will eradicate completely from the face of the earth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the specifics of how he intends to destroy the Islamic State and other terrorist groups is still largely unclear. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/07/12/trump_were_not_closing_gitmo_were_going_to_fill_it_up.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign rally in July\u003c/a>, Trump called for increasing attacks against terrorists, sending more of them to U.S. military prisons like \u003cspan class=\"st\">Guantanamo\u003c/span> (which Obama tried to close) and expanding the use of forceful interrogation methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, Trump was outspoken in his opposition to President Obama‘s defense and foreign policy strategies, arguing that they were far too lenient with known enemies, hurt U.S. relations with allies and made America weaker. “Our foreign policy is a complete and total disaster,” he said in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-foreign-policy-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> April speech\u003c/a>. “No vision, no purpose, no direction, no strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/28/us/politics/transcript-trump-foreign-policy.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign speech last June,\u003c/a> Trump described his foreign policy plan as replacing “chaos with peace.” He's taken a more isolationist stance, repeatedly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/15/world/europe/donald-trump-nato.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criticizing the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO)\u003c/a>, arguing that America needs to focus on defending its own border rather than borders of others countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-foreign-policy-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Trump says\u003c/a> that although “war and aggression will not be my first instinct,” the U.S. should invest heavily to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/making-our-military-strong-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"rebuild\" its military\u003c/a>, ensuring America's continued position as the world's foremost superpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within his first week in office, the Trump administration also \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/25/us/politics/document-Trump-draft-executive-order-on-detention-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produced a draft executive order\u003c/a> (although not yet finalized or signed) that would lift a series of detainee restrictions imposed by Obama. Trump's order includes reauthorizing the use of CIA secret prisons, sending new detainees to the Guantánamo Bay prison (which Obama tried to close) and removing certain restrictions on how detainees can be treated and interrogated, a move underscoring his insistence that \"torture works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Climate Change\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/environment.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Sheringham_Shoal_Wind_Farm_2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama was unable to push through any domestic climate change legislation during his presidency, but his administration has continued to try to make the United States a global leader in curbing carbon emissions -- even as it remains one of the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html#.VmDMZb8sBoE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest carbon emitters\u003c/a>. At the United Nations climate change conference in Paris last December, the administration pledged a 32 percent reduction in the nation’s carbon emissions by 2030 (from 2005 levels) – a proposal that faces staunch opposition from Republican leaders in Congress and is also being challenged in federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although renewable energy use is growing, America remains deeply \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reliant on fossil fuels\u003c/a>. Coal, natural gas and oil still comprise about two-thirds of our total energy generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposals to increase alternative energy production and reduce emissions are often perceived as a threat to the economy and jobs, particularly in regions where fossil fuel production remains the backbone of the local economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/key-data-points/environment-energy-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> strong majority\u003c/a> of Americans (71 percent, according to a 2015 poll) agree that “the country should do whatever it takes to protect the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/environmentdata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/key-data-points/environment-energy-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Report (January, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/models/timeseries.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Energy Information Administration (2014)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite broad scientific consensus, Trump still disputes the notion that climate change is caused by human activity. As a candidate he called global warming a “hoax” and a “pseudoscience” invented by America’s global competitors to \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stifle U.S. economic growth\u003c/a>. As spelled out in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>America First Energy Plan\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, he’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-energy-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pledged\u003c/a> to cut environmental regulations, rescind President Obama’s Clean Power Plan intended to significantly reduce carbon emissions, increase coal mining and domestic oil and gas drilling, and overhaul what he's called the “totalitarian” Environmental Protection Agency (a move he's shown a willingness to follow through on with his pick of staunch EPA critic and climate skeptic \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4635162/scott-pruitt-science-denial/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a> to head the agency).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still unclear if the administration will pull out of the Paris climate deal; Trump says he has an open mind about it and his Secretary of State pick Rex Tillerson has \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expressed support for it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration's \"American First Energy Plan\" calls for \"eliminating harmful and unnecessary\" environmental regulations to open the door for increased domestic oil, gas and coal production.In an early commitment to this plan, Trump in his first week issued executive actions to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/us/politics/keystone-dakota-pipeline-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">revive construction\u003c/a> of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access oil pipelines, two highly controversial projects that were halted by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Health Care\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/drugs.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit:\u003ca href=\"https://www.stockmonkeys.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StockMonkeys.com\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>HEALTH CARE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although the Affordable Care Act -- or Obamacare as it’s known -- was signed into law in 2010 and survived two major Supreme Court challenges, it’s still among the most hotly contested partisan issues in American politics. Since it went into effect in 2014, some 7 million more Americans now have some form of health coverage, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/insur201508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> estimates\u003c/a>. The fundamental disagreement, though, still rests on whether the government can or should require its citizens to have health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/healthcaredata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"322\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/04/opinions-on-obamacare-remain-divided-along-party-lines-as-supreme-court-hears-new-challenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Report (January, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://kff.org/global-indicator/health-expenditure-per-capita/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Kaiser Family Foundation (2012)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like much of the Republican establishment, Trump is staunchly \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opposed to Obamacare\u003c/a>, and has long pledged to overturn it. On his campaign site, he called the law, “an incredible economic burden” that’s resulted in “less competition and fewer choices.” He says he aims to restore “free market principles” by allowing people to deduct health insurance payments from their tax returns, and removing barriers to entry for legal drug providers to lower prescription costs. Trump also claims that providing health care to undocumented immigrants costs billions annually and that mass deportation would\" relieve healthcare cost pressure on state and local governments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In line with the Republican establishment, Trump is pushing to \"repeal and replace\" Obamacare (which would have to be done through Congress). More than 20 million people are insured through Obamacare, and Trump and other Republican leaders have pledged to come up with a replacement that allows them all to retain their coverage. The details of what that replacement would be, though, are still very unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Trump's first day in office, he signed his \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/upshot/what-does-the-order-against-the-health-law-actually-do.html\">first executive order\u003c/a>in an effort to chip away at Obamacare by directing federal officials to use all their authority to “provide greater flexibility to states” on the health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week before his inauguration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-vows-insurance-for-everybody-in-obamacare-replacement-plan/2017/01/15/5f2b1e18-db5d-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_trump-interview-822pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&utm_term=.41419af8226d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump claimed\u003c/a> he was close to completing his plan to replace Obamacare, which he says will provide \"insurance for everybody\" and reduce costs by forcing drug companies to negotiate directly with the government. The plan also \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/politics/conway-obamacare-replacement-medicaid-block-grants/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposes converting federal funds\u003c/a> for Medicaid into block grants to states, altering how millions of low-income people receive their health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Higher Education\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/graduation.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit:\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/whatcouldgowrong/4608963722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Flickr/John Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>HIGHER EDUCATION\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Amid the skyrocketing cost of private and public universities, student debt has reached historic highs. More Americans than ever before are attending college. That’s generally considered a good thing, but about \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2014/09/10/pf/college/student-loans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 40 million\u003c/a> of them -- up from 29 million in 2008 -- are currently paying off student loans. On average, borrowers are carrying $29,000 in loans (up from $23,000 in 2008). That amounts to roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/upshot/new-data-gives-clearer-picture-of-student-debt.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$1.2 trillion\u003c/a> in student debt, three times what it was 10 years ago. According to recent data from the U.S. Department of Education, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/about-7-million-americans-havent-paid-federal-student-loans-in-at-least-a-year-1440175645\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7 million Americans\u003c/a> in the past year defaulted (failed to make a payment for over a year) on their federal student loans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/collegedata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"322\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/182441/americans-say-higher-education-not-affordable.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Gallup Poll (April, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-and-room-and-board-over-time-1975-76-2015-16-selected-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> College Board (2015)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has said \u003ca href=\"https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2016/05/17/what-college-students-should-expect-from-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-and-bernie-sanders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">very little\u003c/a> regarding college affordability. He’s acknowledged the rising cost of higher education and said that he wants to help people struggling with student loan debt, but has offered little in the way of specific proposals. His education secretary nominee, Betsy DeVos, also revealed very little\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/01/18/what-we-learned-about-betsy-devoss-higher-education-positions-not-much/?utm_term=.9a1d6a6f105a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> during her Senate confirmation hearings\u003c/a> on how she'd manage an agency that oversees thousands of colleges and universities and trillions of dollars of federal educational loans and grants .\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"25219 https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=25219","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/01/30/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":4936,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":94},"modified":1544570857,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Last updated Thursday, Feb. 9","title":"Trump's First 100 Days: What He Wants to Do; What He Can Do (with Lesson Plan) | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Trump's First 100 Days: What He Wants to Do; What He Can Do (with Lesson Plan)","datePublished":"2017-01-30T12:00:32-08:00","dateModified":"2018-12-11T15:27:37-08:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan","status":"publish","customPermalink":"2017/01/24/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan/","path":"/lowdown/25219/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Last updated Thursday, Feb. 9\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cdiv>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: x-large\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #993300\">Teach with the Lowdown\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-22868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg\" width=\"340\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-400x143.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-800x286.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680-768x274.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/07/hands-e1469568663680.jpg 957w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\">Suggestions for nonfiction analysis, writing/discussion prompts and multimedia projects. Browse our lesson plan collection \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/category/lesson-plans-and-guides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Trump-100-Days-lesson-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lesson Plan: Trump's First 100 Days (PDF)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The recent changes to the official White House website speak volumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The morning of President Trump’s inauguration, the \u003ca href=\"http://The%20morning%20of%20President%20Trump%E2%80%99s%20inauguration,%20multiple%20pages%20outlining%20official%20policy%20and%20priorities%20on%20the%20White%20House%20website%20were%20removed%20or%20replaced%20with%20new%20text.%20Those%20pages%20include%20information%20about%20LGBT%20rights,%20civil%20rights,%20law%20enforcement%20and%20climate%20change.%20It%E2%80%99s%20not%20unusual%20for%20an%20incoming%20administration%20to%20change%20material%20on%20the%20Whitehouse.gov%20site.%20But%20it%E2%80%99s%20also%20a%20window%20into%20the%20new%20president%E2%80%99s%20priorities%20and%20how%20he%20might%20frame%20various%20solutions%20to%20the%20nation%E2%80%99s%20problems.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pages \u003c/a>on Whitehouse.gov outlining the president's official policy stances on civil rights, immigration and health care all vanished into cyberspace. So, too, did the page on combating \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-record/climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change\u003c/a>. In fact, there's no longer a single mention of \"climate change\" on the entire site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sweeping website edits are indicative of a seismic shift away from Obama administration policies, and they provide some insight into what Trump is likely to push for in his first 100 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first 100 days of a new administration have been the symbolic time frame for new administrations to set clear policy agendas. Traditionally, presidents have come to office on a wave of public goodwill, which makes it easier to quickly start fulfilling campaign promises. Trump, however, lost the popular vote and enters the White House with the lowest public approval ratings in recent history. Nevertheless, his administration has wasted no time in beginning to plow through an ambitious set of priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/11/29/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RELATED: Executive actions explained\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, President Donald Trump vowed to undo major parts of the Obama administration’s domestic and foreign policy actions, from repealing most of Obamacare and scrapping recent gun control rules to undoing immigration reforms and eliminating various environmental regulations. He reiterated these intentions in his \u003ca href=\"https://assets.donaldjtrump.com/_landings/contract/O-TRU-102316-Contractv02.pdf\">Contract with the American Voter\u003c/a>, a plan released in October charting the first 100 days of his administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that Trump is in the White House, he has tremendous leverage to quickly fulfill many of these campaign promises. Some he can\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/21/us/politics/what-trump-wants-to-do-in-his-first-100-days-and-how-difficult-each-will-be.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> put in place immediately\u003c/a> through executive action, with the mere stroke of a pen. For priorities that involve spending measures or the repeal of already enacted legislation, he needs support from Congress. And fortunately for him, both houses are controlled by Republicans eager to confirm his Cabinet nominees, support his agenda and approve his soon-to-be announced Supreme Court pick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Click the issues in this interactive to learn more about some of the major policy issues on the table, and how Trump can shape them in his first 100 days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what young people think about these and other key issues, check out the\u003ca href=\"https://letters2president.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Letters to the Next President\u003c/a> archive.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca id=\"unique-identifier1\" href=\"#yellow\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"Issues\">\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"text-align: center\">The Issues\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#National%20Defense\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23334 alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/nationalsecurity.png\" alt=\"nationaldefense\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Money\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full alignright\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/economy-1.png\" alt=\"money\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Immigration\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23332\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Immigration1.png\" alt=\"Immigration\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Abortion\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-25258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/womensrights-1.png\" alt=\"womensrights\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/womensrights-1.png 220w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/womensrights-1-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Health%20Care\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23330\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Healthcare1.png\" alt=\"Healthcare\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Climate%20Change\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-25297\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/environment_energy.png\" alt=\"Climate Change\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Criminal%20Justice\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/CriminalJustice1.png\" alt=\"CriminalJustice\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Gun%20Control\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23329\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/GunControl1.png\" alt=\"GunControl\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"specialhover\" href=\"#Higher%20Education\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-23331\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/HigherEducation1.png\" alt=\"Higher Education\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Gun Control\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23240\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23240\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gunshow.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Source: Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gunshow.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gunshow-400x171.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Houston_Gun_Show_at_the_George_R._Brown_Convention_Center.jpg\"> Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Wikipedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>GUN CONTROL\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The number of U.S. gun deaths has fallen considerably since peaking in the mid-1990s. But it still remains far higher than in any other wealthy nation in the world, as does the rate of \u003ca href=\"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/6.Firearms.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> gun ownership.\u003c/a> And while mass shootings make up only a small percentage of total U.S. gun deaths, they occur with alarming frequency, including a June 2016 rampage at an Orlando nightclub that killed 49 people, the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Democratic efforts to enact stricter gun control regulations, congressional Republicans have repeatedly blocked any new legislation. There is, however, strong public support for gun control measures. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/cnn-gun-poll/\">2016 CNN poll\u003c/a>, 92 percent of respondents said they supported expanded background checks, and 85 percent said they want the “no-fly” purchasing ban. Nevertheless, the political influence of gun rights groups, like the National Rifle Association -- which endorsed Trump -- remains huge, effectively killing almost all efforts for stricter gun laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, Trump called gun bans \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/second-amendment-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> “a total failure.”\u003c/a> He says he's opposed to any expansion of background checks and wants concealed carry permits to be allowed in all 50 states. He's also pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/02/politics/donald-trump-obama-guns/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> “un-sign”\u003c/a> President Obama's executive actions on guns he enacted after the December 2015 San Bernardino mass shooting -- in lieu of congressional action -- that marginally expand background checks and help to crack down on illegal online gun sales. Trump has also advocated for eliminating gun-free zones in schools and on military bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On his campaign website, Trump stated that an important way to fight crime is to “empower law-abiding gun owners to defend themselves.” He's also claimed that America’s failed mental health system, not gun legislation, is the real culprit behind the mass shooting dilemma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/gundata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"345\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2016/images/06/20/cnn_orc_poll_june_20.pdf\"> CNN/ORC poll (survey conducted June, 2016)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tocta/6.Firearms.pdf\"> UNODC & Small Arms Survey\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Abortion\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23242\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/plannedparenthood.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Flickr/Charlotte Cooper\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/plannedparenthood.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/plannedparenthood-400x171.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/cecooper/5479766813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr/Charlotte Cooper\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>WOMEN'S RIGHTS\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 40 years since the Supreme Court's landmark \u003ci>Roe v. Wade\u003c/i> decision protecting a woman’s right to have an abortion. But Americans are still deeply divided on the issue. In recent years, various \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-wont-revive-arizonas-strict-abortion-rules/2014/01/13/33feee68-7c60-11e3-95c6-0a7aa80874bc_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> conservative states\u003c/a> in the South and Midwest have enacted laws aimed at restricting access to abortion facilities and services. However, in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/28/us/supreme-court-texas-abortion.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> major ruling \u003c/a> in June 2016, the Supreme Court struck down a Texas law that placed steep restrictions on abortion providers, a major victory for abortion rights advocates. In its 5-3 decision, the court found the state’s laws placed an “undue burden” on women seeking abortions, violating their constitutional rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23226\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-23226\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated.png\" alt=\"Sources: Pew Research Center (survey conducted March, 2016) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abortion Surveillance Reports. *Based on legally induced abortions reported to the CDC.\" width=\"796\" height=\"327\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated.png 796w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated-400x164.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/abortiondata_updated-768x315.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 796px) 100vw, 796px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/27/5-facts-about-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Center (survey conducted March, 2016)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/data_stats/abortion.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Abortion Surveillance Reports.\u003c/a> *Based on legally induced abortions reported to the CDC.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prior to running for office, Trump described himself as “very pro-choice.” However, as a candidate, he adopted the anti-abortion stance of the Republican Party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his first week in office, just days after massive women's marches took place around the world, Trump signed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/01/23/trump-reverses-abortion-related-policy-to-ban-funding-to-international-health-groups/?utm_term=.f2c063cddee0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive action\u003c/a> blocking any foreign aid or federal funding for international organizations that provide or \"promote\" abortions. The ban had previously been put in place by President George W. Bush and removed by President Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump is also pledging to make more permanent changes to federal abortion laws by appointing pro-life judges, most notably to the Supreme Court, who could further weaken abortion restrictions. He has, however, strayed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Republican platform\u003c/a> in arguing that abortion laws should contain exceptions for rape and incest when the life of the mother is at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/17/planned-parenthood-allies-ready-battle-over-government-funding/96463008/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Federal funding for Planned Parenthood\u003c/a>, a national reproductive health organization that provides low-cost abortions and birth control, may also be on the chopping block as part of the Republicans' effort to repeal Obamacare. Vice President Mike Pence, a vocal anti-abortion advocate, has previously pushed for de-funding the organization. And as governor of Indiana, Pence signed into law \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/24/politics/mike-pence-indiana-disability-abortion/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> broad restrictions\u003c/a> for women seeking abortions and for the medical facilities providing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Immigration\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/borderwall.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Border_Mexico_USA.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>IMMIGRATION\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Immigration policy was one of the most contentious issues in the 2016 election, and a cornerstone of Trump's campaign. The United States has long been a top destination for foreigners, attracting roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 20 percent\u003c/a> of the world’s immigrant population. The more than 41 million immigrants who live here make up about 13 percent of the nation’s total population. Just over \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/11/19/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">11 million\u003c/a> of them are undocumented; living here without legal status . This population has actually slightly decreased in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most Americans believe it's unrealistic to deport every undocumented immigrant, many support tighter immigration restrictions. Only about a third, though, are in favor of building a U.S.-Mexican border wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/15/americans-views-of-immigrants-marked-by-widening-partisan-generational-divides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Pew Research poll\u003c/a>, 75 percent of respondents said that undocumented immigrants who meet certain requirements should be allowed to stay in the U.S. legally, and a majority (59 percent) say immigrants strengthen the country through their hard work and talent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All legislative efforts to enact comprehensive immigration reform have stalled in Congress in recent years. In lieu of legislation, the Obama administration took a series of executive actions protecting undocumented young people and their parents, who meet certain conditions, from being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June 2016, however, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/06/22/us/who-is-affected-by-supreme-court-decision-on-immigration.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Supreme Court\u003c/a> upheld a lower court’s decision overturning several of these executive actions that would have provided protection to nearly 5 million undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, a record \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2.5 million people\u003c/a> were deported during Obama's presidency, more than any other administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/immigrationdata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"345\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/15/americans-views-of-immigrants-marked-by-widening-partisan-generational-divides/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Center (survey conducted March, 2016 )\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Migration Policy Institute (based on 1970-2000 decennial Census data\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Tough talk on immigration has been a signature part of the Trump campaign since day one, and as president he now has broad powers to influence policy. At a press conference announcing his run for president last year, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/06/16/full-text-donald-trump-announces-a-presidential-bid/#annotations:7472552\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> infamously said\u003c/a>: “When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best ... They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, he repeatedly promised to eliminate \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/24/news/economy/daca-undocumented-immigrants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>, one of Obama's surviving executive actions, which he can now fulfill on his own without congressional approval. \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DACA\u003c/a> currently protects about 750,000 undocumented young people -- known as the DREAMers -- from deportation, allowing them to obtain driver's licenses, enroll in college and get jobs. Those who voluntarily registered with the government in order to participate in the program would become vulnerable to deportation if Trump follows through on his threat to get rid of it. As of his first week in office, it was still not clear if he would take action on this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although as a candidate, Trump initially pledged to deport all 11 million undocumented residents, he's since scaled back that threat, and now says the focus will primarily be on immigrants with criminal records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among his most provocative talking points on the campaign trail was the promise to build a U.S.-Mexico border wall, with Mexico footing the estimated $10 billion bill. He also threatened to defund so-called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/07/10/explainer-what-are-sanctuary-cities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sanctuary cities\u003c/a>, those jurisdictions around the country that are generally unwilling to assist with local federal immigration enforcement efforts (including, interestingly, Washington, D.C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 25, in his first week in office, Trump addressed both of these issues, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/25/politics/donald-trump-build-wall-immigration-executive-orders/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signing a set of executive orders\u003c/a> calling for the construction of the border wall (which would still require congressional approval to pay for most of it) as well as beefing up border patrol and immigration enforcement. The following day, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto abruptly cancelled his planned meeting with Trump, a move that further heightened tensions and prompted Trump's press secretary to \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/mexican-president-cancels-visit-to-washington-as-tensions-with-trump-administration-intensify/2017/01/26/ececc3da-e3d9-11e6-a419-eefe8eff0835_story.html?utm_term=.e667a788ed2c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announce\u003c/a> that the wall would be funded through a a 20-percent tax imposed on all imports from Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The orders also expand the criteria of undocumented immigrants who could be targets for deportation. And it threatens to cut off federal grant funding from sanctuary cities who don't comply with enforcement efforts, a move that, if enforced, will \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/dec/01/bill-de-blasio/new-york-city-mayor-says-president-cant-defund-san/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">likely result in major legal challenges\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A nation without borders is not a nation, and today the United States of America gets back control of its borders,\" Trump signed upon signing the orders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-statement-on-preventing-muslim-immigration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">initially called\u003c/a> for a “total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States.\" Closer to the election, he marginally softened his stance, instead proposing a temporary ban on refugees entering the United States, particularly those from Muslim countries with terrorist activity, who he insisted should be subject to \"extreme vetting.\" He also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/12/21/trump-on-the-future-of-proposed-muslim-ban-registry-you-know-my-plans/?utm_term=.68d2477aa04a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposed creating a registry\u003c/a> of Muslims living in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Trumps_Ban.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-25457\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/01/Trumps_Ban.png\" alt=\"Trumps_Ban\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\">\u003c/a>In keeping with his promise, Trump issued a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/25/us/politics/trump-refugee-plan.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversial executive order\u003c/a> on Jan. 27 aimed at “protecting the nation from foreign terrorist entry into the United States.” It imposes several sweeping \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/politics/refugee-muslim-executive-order-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">immigration-related measures\u003c/a>, including a 90-day ban on entry from seven \"terror-prone\" majority-Muslim countries: Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Somalia, Sudan, Libya and Syria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the order suspends admission of all refugees into the United States for 120 days to allow for a thorough \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/20/us/why-it-takes-two-years-for-syrian-refugees-to-apply-to-enter-the-united-states.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">review of the screening process\u003c/a>. After that period, refugee entry can then resume, but only for countries that satisfy U.S. security requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order caps the total number of admissions at 50,000 for the 2017 fiscal year, less than half the number admitted by Obama the previous year. Just since October -- the start of the 2017 fiscal year -- nearly 30,000 refugees have already entered the United States, leaving just over 20,000 refugee admission spots available for the next eight months. It also orders Homeland Security to prioritize refugee applications for people from religious minority groups, who in many of the Muslim-majority countries under consideration, are predominantly Christian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also suspends all Syrian refugees from entering the country until the administration determines that their admission would be “consistent with the national interest,\" a dramatic departure from Obama's resettlement program that admitted 10,000 Syrian refugees in the 2016 fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington State and Minnesota quickly filed suit, challenging the legality of Trump's order. On Feb. 3, a U.S. district judge \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/us-judge-temporarily-blocks-trumps-travel-ban-nationwide/2017/02/03/e4888a4a-ea6d-11e6-903d-9b11ed7d8d2a_story.html?pushid=breaking-news_1486181330&tid=notifi_push_breaking-news&utm_term=.34acdf9a7f9a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">temporarily blocked\u003c/a> the seven-nation ban, allowing travelers with valid visas to resume entering the country. The ruling was immediately appealed by the administration but quickly upheld by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/09/us/politics/appeals-court-trump-travel-ban.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=a-lede-package-region®ion=top-news&WT.nav=top-news\">unanimous decision\u003c/a> announced on Thursday, Feb. 9. The case will likely make its way to U.S. Supreme Court soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per the court's ruling, the United States will, for now, continue admitting new refugees, but many fewer than before. Under President Obama it was on pace to resettle 110,000 refugees in fiscal year 2017 (October 2016 - September 2017). Trump's recent actions, however, reduce the yearly refugee cap to 50,000, a part of the executive order that has not been challenged in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Criminal Justice\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/prisoncell.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Alcatraz_prison_cell_(pfnatic).JPG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>CRIMINAL JUSTICE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2016.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2.3 million\u003c/a> people are currently behind bars, roughly 716 for every 100,000 people, the result of decades of harsh sentencing policies and steep penalties for nonviolent drug offenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-Americans and Latinos make up a disproportionate percentage of inmates. Because of the system’s astronomical costs, prison reform is actually one of the few issues where Republicans and Democrats have found some common ground. Although strategies differ, both parties agree that it’s necessary to end mass incarceration and reduce the severity of sentences for low-level, nonviolent offenders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of recent high-profile police shootings and the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, both parties have also been forced to confront issues on policing and race, although they've responded very differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/prisondata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"359\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2012/03/30/pew_nationalsurveyresearchpaper_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prison Policy Initiative: \"Public Opinion on Sentencing & Corrections Policy in America\" (March 2012)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison-population-total\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> World Prison Brief - Institute for Criminal Policy Research (2013)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump hasn’t released any formal positions on criminal justice and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/5/25/11737264/donald-trump-criminal-justice-republican-president\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> yet to clearly outline\u003c/a> how he’d specifically address the issue, but he's long pledged to be \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-restore-law-order-week-police-involved/story?id=40429817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tough on crime\u003c/a> and \"restore law and order,\" priorities supported by Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-Ala), his nominee for attorney general.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump frequently makes the claim that crime has been rapidly increasing, reaching near-crisis levels. He's referred to America's inner cities as \"war zones.\" And although the U.S. murder rate and overall violent crime rate \u003cem>did\u003c/em> rise between 2014 and 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-releases-2015-crime-statistics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the FBI\u003c/a>, those rates are still significantly lower than they were in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has expressed strong support for law enforcement, promising to defend them and claiming that \u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/trump-police-are-mistreated-misunderstood-617933379521\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> police are far too often\u003c/a> “mistreated and misunderstood.” He's made clear that he fully intends to reverse course from Obama's Justice Department, which conducted \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/08/26/policing-the-police-u-s-police-departments-investigated-by-the-feds-interactive-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">numerous investigations\u003c/a> of discriminatory practices in some of the nation's largest police departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also shown support for private prisons, and will likely \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/04/508048666/will-the-private-prison-business-see-a-trump-bump\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reverse a recent decision\u003c/a> made by Obama's Justice Department to phase out their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Money\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/bills.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Money_Cash.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>ECONOMY AND TRADE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump inherits an economy in much better shape than the one Obama took on eight years ago. It's been slowly but consistently rebounding from the depths of the 2008 recession, with rising home prices, prolonged job growth and unemployment dipping below 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, with the continuing loss of manufacturing jobs, wages have remained stagnant for millions of Americans, a factor that’s contributed to a shrinking middle class and growing gap between rich and poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/wealthdata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/182987/americans-continue-say-wealth-distribution-unfair.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallup Poll Series (survey conducted April, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> United States Department of Labor (2012)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, Trump successfully keyed into the economic frustration many working-class Americans continue to feel, promising populist reforms to bring back manufacturing jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of his \u003ci>America First \u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/bringing-back-jobs-and-growth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">economic plan,\u003c/a> he's pledged to shrink government and roll back regulations (which he says cost the U.S. more than $2 trillion in 2015, an unsubstantiated claim). In his first week, he also \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/01/23/trump-freezes-federal-hiring/?utm_term=.ec1932b80379\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">signed an executive action\u003c/a> initiating a hiring freeze on all federal employees (except the military).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a meeting with business leaders during his first week, he pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511341779/president-trump-to-cut-regulations-by-75-percent-how-real-is-that\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make America more business-friendly\u003c/a> by cutting regulations by 75 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're gonna be cutting regulation massively,\" he said. \"The problem with the regulation that we have right now is that you can't do anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Jan. 30, \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-regulations-idUSKBN15E1QU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump signed an executive order\u003c/a> to do just that, requiring federal agencies to cut two existing regulations for every new rule introduced, and setting an annual cap on the cost of new regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days later, he signed \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/03/presidential-executive-order-core-principles-regulating-united-states\">two directives\u003c/a> ordering the rollback of key Obama-era financial regulations, including a plan to weaken the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which placed restrictions on Wall Street banks after the 2008 financial meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also called for dramatically simplifying the tax code to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/13/501739277/who-benefits-from-donald-trumps-tax-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">three-income-tier plan \u003c/a>(there are currently seven tiers), a move that would significantly lower tax rates for top income earners. He insists that the plan would reduce taxes for everyone (\u003ca href=\"http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000924-an-analysis-of-donald-trumps-revised-tax-plan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a claim that's been disputed\u003c/a>) and help create 25 million new American jobs in the next decade, with 4 percent annual economic growth. In the coming months, his administration will draft a tax plan and federal budget (with lots of program cuts) for Congress to consider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has long been outspoken on trade policy, promising protectionist policies that increase tariffs on large trading partners like China and Mexico, and penalizing American industries that move their factories overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, he called for withdrawing from the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/07/29/the-trans-pacific-partnership-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trans-Pacific Partnership\u003c/a>, a 12-nation trade agreement negotiated by the Obama administration,that he once \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/28/politics/donald-trump-special-interests-rape-our-country/\">attacked\u003c/a> as “another disaster done and pushed by special interests who want to rape our country.\" In his first week in office, Trump made good on this promise, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/01/23/okay-the-trans-pacific-partnership-is-dead-what-was-it/?utm_term=.4392203d8b5c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issuing an executive action\u003c/a> withdrawing from the deal and effectively it dead in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/trade-deals-working-all-americans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">promised to renegotiate\u003c/a> the North American Free Trade Agreement and establish terms more favorable to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, he's called for a bill to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects over 10 years. \u003cspan class=\"fact-checked\">\"We will build new roads and highways and bridges and airports and tunnels and railways all across our wonderful nation,\" he pledged during his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/20/510629447/watch-live-president-trumps-inauguration-ceremony\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inauguration address\u003c/a>. But the d\u003c/span>etails on where that money will come from and how it will be spent have been vague, aside from his plan to generate public-private partnerships and encourage private investment through generous tax credits. Infrastructure projects are actually among the few priorities that Trump and congressional Democrats agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in the campaign, Trump advocated strongly against raising the federal minimum wage, but has since \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/08/03/a-guide-to-all-of-donald-trumps-flip-flops-on-the-minimum-wage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> shifted his position\u003c/a>. More recently, he has suggested it \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/27/politics/donald-trump-minimum-wage/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> should be increased\u003c/a> to \"at least $10,\" but thinks it’s an issue best left to the states, not the federal government, to decide.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"National Defense\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/military.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Helicopter_Extraction-Tal_Afar_Iraq.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>NATIONAL DEFENSE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In reaction to the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS) and recent attacks at home and abroad, global terrorism remains a major concern. A majority of Americans continue to approve of U.S. military campaigns against ISIS in Iraq and Syria, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2016/05/05/4-u-s-military-action-against-isis-policy-toward-terrorism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Pew Research poll\u003c/a>, although there’s wide disagreement on whether to deploy more American troops on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same poll, however, about 70 percent of respondents said the next president should focus more on domestic policy than foreign policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/militarydata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"326\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.people-press.org/2016/05/05/4-u-s-military-action-against-isis-policy-toward-terrorism/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Pew Research poll (survey conducted April, 2016)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Stockholm International Peace Research Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In his inauguration address, Trump said: \"We will reinforce old alliances and form new ones and unite the civilized world against radical Islamic terrorism, which we will eradicate completely from the face of the earth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the specifics of how he intends to destroy the Islamic State and other terrorist groups is still largely unclear. At a \u003ca href=\"http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/07/12/trump_were_not_closing_gitmo_were_going_to_fill_it_up.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign rally in July\u003c/a>, Trump called for increasing attacks against terrorists, sending more of them to U.S. military prisons like \u003cspan class=\"st\">Guantanamo\u003c/span> (which Obama tried to close) and expanding the use of forceful interrogation methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a candidate, Trump was outspoken in his opposition to President Obama‘s defense and foreign policy strategies, arguing that they were far too lenient with known enemies, hurt U.S. relations with allies and made America weaker. “Our foreign policy is a complete and total disaster,” he said in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-foreign-policy-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> April speech\u003c/a>. “No vision, no purpose, no direction, no strategy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/28/us/politics/transcript-trump-foreign-policy.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">campaign speech last June,\u003c/a> Trump described his foreign policy plan as replacing “chaos with peace.” He's taken a more isolationist stance, repeatedly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/15/world/europe/donald-trump-nato.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criticizing the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO)\u003c/a>, arguing that America needs to focus on defending its own border rather than borders of others countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-foreign-policy-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Trump says\u003c/a> that although “war and aggression will not be my first instinct,” the U.S. should invest heavily to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/making-our-military-strong-again\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"rebuild\" its military\u003c/a>, ensuring America's continued position as the world's foremost superpower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within his first week in office, the Trump administration also \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/25/us/politics/document-Trump-draft-executive-order-on-detention-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">produced a draft executive order\u003c/a> (although not yet finalized or signed) that would lift a series of detainee restrictions imposed by Obama. Trump's order includes reauthorizing the use of CIA secret prisons, sending new detainees to the Guantánamo Bay prison (which Obama tried to close) and removing certain restrictions on how detainees can be treated and interrogated, a move underscoring his insistence that \"torture works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Climate Change\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/environment.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Sheringham_Shoal_Wind_Farm_2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>ENERGY/ENVIRONMENT\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama was unable to push through any domestic climate change legislation during his presidency, but his administration has continued to try to make the United States a global leader in curbing carbon emissions -- even as it remains one of the world’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html#.VmDMZb8sBoE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> largest carbon emitters\u003c/a>. At the United Nations climate change conference in Paris last December, the administration pledged a 32 percent reduction in the nation’s carbon emissions by 2030 (from 2005 levels) – a proposal that faces staunch opposition from Republican leaders in Congress and is also being challenged in federal court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although renewable energy use is growing, America remains deeply \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reliant on fossil fuels\u003c/a>. Coal, natural gas and oil still comprise about two-thirds of our total energy generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposals to increase alternative energy production and reduce emissions are often perceived as a threat to the economy and jobs, particularly in regions where fossil fuel production remains the backbone of the local economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these concerns, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/key-data-points/environment-energy-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> strong majority\u003c/a> of Americans (71 percent, according to a 2015 poll) agree that “the country should do whatever it takes to protect the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/environmentdata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/key-data-points/environment-energy-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Report (January, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/models/timeseries.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> U.S. Energy Information Administration (2014)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite broad scientific consensus, Trump still disputes the notion that climate change is caused by human activity. As a candidate he called global warming a “hoax” and a “pseudoscience” invented by America’s global competitors to \u003ca href=\"http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/jun/03/hillary-clinton/yes-donald-trump-did-call-climate-change-chinese-h/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stifle U.S. economic growth\u003c/a>. As spelled out in his \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>America First Energy Plan\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, he’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/an-america-first-energy-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> pledged\u003c/a> to cut environmental regulations, rescind President Obama’s Clean Power Plan intended to significantly reduce carbon emissions, increase coal mining and domestic oil and gas drilling, and overhaul what he's called the “totalitarian” Environmental Protection Agency (a move he's shown a willingness to follow through on with his pick of staunch EPA critic and climate skeptic \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4635162/scott-pruitt-science-denial/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a> to head the agency).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still unclear if the administration will pull out of the Paris climate deal; Trump says he has an open mind about it and his Secretary of State pick Rex Tillerson has \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/america-first-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">expressed support for it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration's \"American First Energy Plan\" calls for \"eliminating harmful and unnecessary\" environmental regulations to open the door for increased domestic oil, gas and coal production.In an early commitment to this plan, Trump in his first week issued executive actions to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/24/us/politics/keystone-dakota-pipeline-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">revive construction\u003c/a> of the Keystone XL and Dakota Access oil pipelines, two highly controversial projects that were halted by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Health Care\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/drugs.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit:\u003ca href=\"https://www.stockmonkeys.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StockMonkeys.com\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>HEALTH CARE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although the Affordable Care Act -- or Obamacare as it’s known -- was signed into law in 2010 and survived two major Supreme Court challenges, it’s still among the most hotly contested partisan issues in American politics. Since it went into effect in 2014, some 7 million more Americans now have some form of health coverage, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/insur201508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> estimates\u003c/a>. The fundamental disagreement, though, still rests on whether the government can or should require its citizens to have health insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/healthcaredata_updated.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"322\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/03/04/opinions-on-obamacare-remain-divided-along-party-lines-as-supreme-court-hears-new-challenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pew Research Report (January, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://kff.org/global-indicator/health-expenditure-per-capita/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Kaiser Family Foundation (2012)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like much of the Republican establishment, Trump is staunchly \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">opposed to Obamacare\u003c/a>, and has long pledged to overturn it. On his campaign site, he called the law, “an incredible economic burden” that’s resulted in “less competition and fewer choices.” He says he aims to restore “free market principles” by allowing people to deduct health insurance payments from their tax returns, and removing barriers to entry for legal drug providers to lower prescription costs. Trump also claims that providing health care to undocumented immigrants costs billions annually and that mass deportation would\" relieve healthcare cost pressure on state and local governments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In line with the Republican establishment, Trump is pushing to \"repeal and replace\" Obamacare (which would have to be done through Congress). More than 20 million people are insured through Obamacare, and Trump and other Republican leaders have pledged to come up with a replacement that allows them all to retain their coverage. The details of what that replacement would be, though, are still very unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Trump's first day in office, he signed his \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/upshot/what-does-the-order-against-the-health-law-actually-do.html\">first executive order\u003c/a>in an effort to chip away at Obamacare by directing federal officials to use all their authority to “provide greater flexibility to states” on the health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a week before his inauguration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-vows-insurance-for-everybody-in-obamacare-replacement-plan/2017/01/15/5f2b1e18-db5d-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_trump-interview-822pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&utm_term=.41419af8226d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump claimed\u003c/a> he was close to completing his plan to replace Obamacare, which he says will provide \"insurance for everybody\" and reduce costs by forcing drug companies to negotiate directly with the government. The plan also \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/politics/conway-obamacare-replacement-medicaid-block-grants/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proposes converting federal funds\u003c/a> for Medicaid into block grants to states, altering how millions of low-income people receive their health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch1 id=\"Higher Education\">\u003c/h1>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/graduation.jpg\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit:\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/whatcouldgowrong/4608963722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Flickr/John Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>HIGHER EDUCATION\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Amid the skyrocketing cost of private and public universities, student debt has reached historic highs. More Americans than ever before are attending college. That’s generally considered a good thing, but about \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2014/09/10/pf/college/student-loans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> 40 million\u003c/a> of them -- up from 29 million in 2008 -- are currently paying off student loans. On average, borrowers are carrying $29,000 in loans (up from $23,000 in 2008). That amounts to roughly \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/upshot/new-data-gives-clearer-picture-of-student-debt.html?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$1.2 trillion\u003c/a> in student debt, three times what it was 10 years ago. According to recent data from the U.S. Department of Education, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/about-7-million-americans-havent-paid-federal-student-loans-in-at-least-a-year-1440175645\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">7 million Americans\u003c/a> in the past year defaulted (failed to make a payment for over a year) on their federal student loans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 796px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/08/collegedata.png\" width=\"796\" height=\"322\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sources: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/182441/americans-say-higher-education-not-affordable.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Gallup Poll (April, 2015)\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/tuition-and-fees-and-room-and-board-over-time-1975-76-2015-16-selected-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> College Board (2015)\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What Trump wants to do ...\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has said \u003ca href=\"https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2016/05/17/what-college-students-should-expect-from-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-and-bernie-sanders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">very little\u003c/a> regarding college affordability. He’s acknowledged the rising cost of higher education and said that he wants to help people struggling with student loan debt, but has offered little in the way of specific proposals. His education secretary nominee, Betsy DeVos, also revealed very little\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2017/01/18/what-we-learned-about-betsy-devoss-higher-education-positions-not-much/?utm_term=.9a1d6a6f105a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> during her Senate confirmation hearings\u003c/a> on how she'd manage an agency that oversees thousands of colleges and universities and trillions of dollars of federal educational loans and grants .\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"#Issues\">Back to Issues\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/25219/trumps-big-agenda-for-his-first-100-days-what-he-wants-to-do-and-what-he-can-do-with-lesson-plan","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2498","lowdown_2390","lowdown_2362","lowdown_2399","lowdown_2370","lowdown_2365","lowdown_2366","lowdown_2372","lowdown_2397"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2585"],"featImg":"lowdown_24651","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_18666":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_18666","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"18666","score":null,"sort":[1466812817000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1466812817,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago","title":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>Sunday marks a year since the Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->In a bitterly divided 5-to-4 decision, the court on June 26, 2015 ruled that same-sex couples deserved equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. \" Justice Anthony Kennedy, the swing vote, wrote for \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the majority\u003c/a>. \"They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them this right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the court's ruling, same-sex marriage was still outlawed in 13 states. And prior to 2004, no states allowed it. Massachusetts took the first step, allowing the first legal gay marriages to proceed that May. And while other states were initially slow to follow suit, a sea change of public opinion and laws swept the nation over the course of the next decade, resulting in a rapid expansion of gay marriage rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much like other major civil rights victories, the struggle doesn't end just because the law has changed. Today, just two weeks after 49 people were gunned down in a gay nightclub in Orlando, LGBT rights and protections remain far from guaranteed in many regions throughout the nation. As the Atlantic's \u003ca href=\"http://www.citylab.com/politics/2016/06/mapping-the-rise-of-anti-lgbt-legislation-on-the-first-anniversary-of-nationwide-marriage-equality/488642/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CityLab site\u003c/a> notes, there's been a surge over the last year in state and local legislation discriminating against the LGBT community, from anti-transgender “bathroom bills” to religious freedom legislation that would sanction discrimination and limit access to health and adoption services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, a multimedia collage from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8823655/gay-marriage-legal-scotus-obergefell-v-hodges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vox\u003c/a> and a same-sex marriage map of the world, of which the U.S. is the newest member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"650\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/i2crZ4_xgKg\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?q=select+col0%3E%3E1+from+1EqJ165zEk3btj_ywleVenA7w_ljW00o104RhruDa&viz=MAP&h=false&lat=21.60204433407396&lng=-6.767578125&t=1&z=2&l=col0%3E%3E1&y=2&tmplt=2&hml=KML\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"18666 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=18666","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/06/24/how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":290,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.youtube.com/embed/i2crZ4_xgKg","https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz"],"paragraphCount":8},"modified":1498505938,"excerpt":"A mighty wave: Same-sex marriage's rapid spread across the country. ","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"A mighty wave: Same-sex marriage's rapid spread across the country. ","title":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Rhythm of Pride: How Marriage Equality Swept the Nation One Year Ago","datePublished":"2016-06-24T17:00:17-07:00","dateModified":"2017-06-26T12:38:58-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/18666/how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sunday marks a year since the Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->In a bitterly divided 5-to-4 decision, the court on June 26, 2015 ruled that same-sex couples deserved equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. \" Justice Anthony Kennedy, the swing vote, wrote for \u003ca href=\"http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the majority\u003c/a>. \"They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them this right.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the court's ruling, same-sex marriage was still outlawed in 13 states. And prior to 2004, no states allowed it. Massachusetts took the first step, allowing the first legal gay marriages to proceed that May. And while other states were initially slow to follow suit, a sea change of public opinion and laws swept the nation over the course of the next decade, resulting in a rapid expansion of gay marriage rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But much like other major civil rights victories, the struggle doesn't end just because the law has changed. Today, just two weeks after 49 people were gunned down in a gay nightclub in Orlando, LGBT rights and protections remain far from guaranteed in many regions throughout the nation. As the Atlantic's \u003ca href=\"http://www.citylab.com/politics/2016/06/mapping-the-rise-of-anti-lgbt-legislation-on-the-first-anniversary-of-nationwide-marriage-equality/488642/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CityLab site\u003c/a> notes, there's been a surge over the last year in state and local legislation discriminating against the LGBT community, from anti-transgender “bathroom bills” to religious freedom legislation that would sanction discrimination and limit access to health and adoption services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below, a multimedia collage from \u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8823655/gay-marriage-legal-scotus-obergefell-v-hodges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Vox\u003c/a> and a same-sex marriage map of the world, of which the U.S. is the newest member.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"650\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/i2crZ4_xgKg\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?q=select+col0%3E%3E1+from+1EqJ165zEk3btj_ywleVenA7w_ljW00o104RhruDa&viz=MAP&h=false&lat=21.60204433407396&lng=-6.767578125&t=1&z=2&l=col0%3E%3E1&y=2&tmplt=2&hml=KML\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/18666/how-gay-marriage-swept-the-nation-a-musical-explainer-gif","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2365","lowdown_2356"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_83","lowdown_84","lowdown_143"],"featImg":"lowdown_18699","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_18486":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_18486","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"18486","score":null,"sort":[1461801623000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1461801623,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive]","title":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive]","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>A Supreme Court decision last June made clear that housing discrimination is not just a thing of the past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions & Suggestions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why did the federal government create different categories for different neighborhoods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you notice any lasting effects of redlining where you live?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a green area in one of the interactive maps below. What are the reasons given for that neighborhood's desirability?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a red area. What are the reasons given for its low ranking?\u003cem>For more teaching ideas, download a\u003ca href=\"http://ucbhssp.berkeley.edu/content/struggles-justice-segregation-housing-united-states\" target=\"_blank\"> lesson plan on U.S. housing discrimination\u003c/a>, created by Mt. Diablo Unified high school teacher Jenna Rentz, in collaboration with the UC Berkeley History-Social Science Project.\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/06/25/417516457/supreme-court-sides-with-civil-rights-advocates-in-fair-housing-case\" target=\"_blank\">5-4 decision\u003c/a>, the High Court ruled that even unintentional housing discrimination violates the Fair Housing Act. Homeowners or renters, it stated, can file suit against government or private housing policies without having to prove that alleged discriminatory act was done intentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy said that although legally sanctioned racial segregation is over, “its vestiges remain today, intertwined with the country’s economic and social life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not, however, elaborate on the various federal government policies in place before the Civil Rights Movement that actually encouraged housing discrimination and segregation. It's these policies, some historians argue, that helped determine the demographic makeup of the neighborhoods many of us live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). Established by Congress in 1933, the initiative was promoted by President Franklin Roosevelt to help stem the urban foreclosure crisis that had spiked during the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next three years, the federal agency refinanced more than a million homes. It issued low-interest, long-term loans to scores of new homeowners across the nation, spurring a dramatic uptick in home-ownership over the proceeding decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only for some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show which areas were safe investments, HOLC gathered reams of local data to draw up “residential safety maps\" of cities across the nation. Neighborhoods were classified into one of four categories based on \"favorable\" and \"detrimental\" influences. Factors included terrain and type and age of buildings, as well as the \"threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade population.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-18884\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png\" alt=\"palette\" width=\"296\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\">\u003c/a>\"A\" areas, in green, were considered \"hot spots,\" where good mortgage lenders ... are willing to make their maximum loans.\" \"B\" areas, in blue, were deemed not as desirable, but \"still good.\" \"C\" areas, in yellow, were considered in decline. And finally, \"D\" areas, in red, were considered to be in full decline, areas lenders should steer clear of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, HOLC's classification method was heavily influenced by a neighborhood's racial and economic demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private banks quickly adopted the government's identification system, commonly denying home loans to residents in neighborhoods considered risky. The color-coding of maps became a verb: to redline a community was to mark it as undesirable and not worthy of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some of the original HOLC maps and re-created interactive versions, which use data collected by the \u003ca href=\"http://salt.umd.edu/T-RACES/demo/demo.html\" target=\"_blank\">University of Maryland's T-Races project\u003c/a>. Created in the late 1930s, they illustrate HOLC's neighborhood classification system for mid-to-large cities in the Bay Area and elsewhere in California. For the interactive maps, click on each neighborhood to see copies of the HOLC's original assessment surveys. Find additional maps for San Jose, Los Angeles, San Diego and Stockton at the end of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18878 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg\" alt=\"OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-400x295.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1180x871.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-960x708.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knkdNhx04PDQ\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-18880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\" alt=\"SF\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kt6v-_88BBJo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Richmond Historian Robert K. Nelson, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://dsl.richmond.edu/holc/pages/intro\" target=\"_blank\">Redlining Richmond \u003c/a>project describes the methodology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Neighborhoods inexorably declined as housing stock decayed and housing styles went out of fashion, lowering values to the point that a \"lower grade population\" began \"infiltrating\" the neighborhood. This was bad enough when those infiltrators were working-class or foreign-born whites. Their presence compromised the neighborhood's social homogeneity and accelerated the decline of both housing values and neighborhood desirability. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The movement of African Americans into a neighborhood was far worse according to this model, precipitating the final demise of its desirability and \"residential security.\" Thus while HOLC grades were assigned by weighing a variety of factors, including the age of houses and the fashionability of particular architectural styles, it is clear that race trumped all others ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although officially prohibited by the \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/progdesc/title8\" target=\"_blank\">Fair Housing Act\u003c/a> of 1968, the practice of neighborhood delineation based on race and class had a lasting impact, depriving certain neighborhoods of essential resources. And that many argue, helped determine the demographic and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More subtle forms of redlining continue however, as evidenced by recent discriminatory loan practice \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2015/HUDNo_15-064b\" target=\"_blank\">settlements\u003c/a> and issues of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777683\" target=\"_blank\">\"retail redlining,\"\u003c/a> wherein businesses avoid setting up shop in neighborhoods deemed undesirable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View HOLC maps of additional cities at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanoasis.org/projects/holc-fha/digital-holc-maps/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Oasis project\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-18881 size-full alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\" alt=\"SJ\" width=\"624\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png 624w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ-400x360.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kiGRF4iVhw8g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18882 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg\" alt=\"LosAngelesHOLC-lg\" width=\"640\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-400x284.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-800x567.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1180x836.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-960x680.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kRkIgBut9l-o\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knWPOJ6VvdDo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kdTG-ML2eOFU\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kwu99aJGMq3g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"18486 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=18486","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/04/27/redlining/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":821,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed"],"paragraphCount":30},"modified":1531507097,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"A Supreme Court decision last June made clear that housing discrimination is not just a thing of the past.","title":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive] | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Government Redlining Maps Pushed Segregation in California Cities [Interactive]","datePublished":"2016-04-27T17:00:23-07:00","dateModified":"2018-07-13T11:38:17-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"redlining","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/18486/redlining","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Supreme Court decision last June made clear that housing discrimination is not just a thing of the past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Discussion Questions & Suggestions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why did the federal government create different categories for different neighborhoods?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you notice any lasting effects of redlining where you live?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a green area in one of the interactive maps below. What are the reasons given for that neighborhood's desirability?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Click on a red area. What are the reasons given for its low ranking?\u003cem>For more teaching ideas, download a\u003ca href=\"http://ucbhssp.berkeley.edu/content/struggles-justice-segregation-housing-united-states\" target=\"_blank\"> lesson plan on U.S. housing discrimination\u003c/a>, created by Mt. Diablo Unified high school teacher Jenna Rentz, in collaboration with the UC Berkeley History-Social Science Project.\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/06/25/417516457/supreme-court-sides-with-civil-rights-advocates-in-fair-housing-case\" target=\"_blank\">5-4 decision\u003c/a>, the High Court ruled that even unintentional housing discrimination violates the Fair Housing Act. Homeowners or renters, it stated, can file suit against government or private housing policies without having to prove that alleged discriminatory act was done intentionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy said that although legally sanctioned racial segregation is over, “its vestiges remain today, intertwined with the country’s economic and social life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not, however, elaborate on the various federal government policies in place before the Civil Rights Movement that actually encouraged housing discrimination and segregation. It's these policies, some historians argue, that helped determine the demographic makeup of the neighborhoods many of us live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC). Established by Congress in 1933, the initiative was promoted by President Franklin Roosevelt to help stem the urban foreclosure crisis that had spiked during the Great Depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next three years, the federal agency refinanced more than a million homes. It issued low-interest, long-term loans to scores of new homeowners across the nation, spurring a dramatic uptick in home-ownership over the proceeding decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only for some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To show which areas were safe investments, HOLC gathered reams of local data to draw up “residential safety maps\" of cities across the nation. Neighborhoods were classified into one of four categories based on \"favorable\" and \"detrimental\" influences. Factors included terrain and type and age of buildings, as well as the \"threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade population.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-18884\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png\" alt=\"palette\" width=\"296\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette-400x273.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/palette.png 562w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\">\u003c/a>\"A\" areas, in green, were considered \"hot spots,\" where good mortgage lenders ... are willing to make their maximum loans.\" \"B\" areas, in blue, were deemed not as desirable, but \"still good.\" \"C\" areas, in yellow, were considered in decline. And finally, \"D\" areas, in red, were considered to be in full decline, areas lenders should steer clear of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, HOLC's classification method was heavily influenced by a neighborhood's racial and economic demographics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private banks quickly adopted the government's identification system, commonly denying home loans to residents in neighborhoods considered risky. The color-coding of maps became a verb: to redline a community was to mark it as undesirable and not worthy of investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some of the original HOLC maps and re-created interactive versions, which use data collected by the \u003ca href=\"http://salt.umd.edu/T-RACES/demo/demo.html\" target=\"_blank\">University of Maryland's T-Races project\u003c/a>. Created in the late 1930s, they illustrate HOLC's neighborhood classification system for mid-to-large cities in the Bay Area and elsewhere in California. For the interactive maps, click on each neighborhood to see copies of the HOLC's original assessment surveys. Find additional maps for San Jose, Los Angeles, San Diego and Stockton at the end of this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18878 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg\" alt=\"OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED\" width=\"640\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1440x1063.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-400x295.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-800x590.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-1180x871.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/OaklandBerkeleyHOLCmap-MED-960x708.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knkdNhx04PDQ\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-18880\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg\" alt=\"SF\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SF-400x286.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kt6v-_88BBJo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>University of Richmond Historian Robert K. Nelson, who runs the \u003ca href=\"http://dsl.richmond.edu/holc/pages/intro\" target=\"_blank\">Redlining Richmond \u003c/a>project describes the methodology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Neighborhoods inexorably declined as housing stock decayed and housing styles went out of fashion, lowering values to the point that a \"lower grade population\" began \"infiltrating\" the neighborhood. This was bad enough when those infiltrators were working-class or foreign-born whites. Their presence compromised the neighborhood's social homogeneity and accelerated the decline of both housing values and neighborhood desirability. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The movement of African Americans into a neighborhood was far worse according to this model, precipitating the final demise of its desirability and \"residential security.\" Thus while HOLC grades were assigned by weighing a variety of factors, including the age of houses and the fashionability of particular architectural styles, it is clear that race trumped all others ...\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although officially prohibited by the \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/progdesc/title8\" target=\"_blank\">Fair Housing Act\u003c/a> of 1968, the practice of neighborhood delineation based on race and class had a lasting impact, depriving certain neighborhoods of essential resources. And that many argue, helped determine the demographic and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More subtle forms of redlining continue however, as evidenced by recent discriminatory loan practice \u003ca href=\"http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2015/HUDNo_15-064b\" target=\"_blank\">settlements\u003c/a> and issues of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777683\" target=\"_blank\">\"retail redlining,\"\u003c/a> wherein businesses avoid setting up shop in neighborhoods deemed undesirable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View HOLC maps of additional cities at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.urbanoasis.org/projects/holc-fha/digital-holc-maps/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Oasis project\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-18881 size-full alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png\" alt=\"SJ\" width=\"624\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ.png 624w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/SJ-400x360.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kiGRF4iVhw8g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" size-large wp-image-18882 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg\" alt=\"LosAngelesHOLC-lg\" width=\"640\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1440x1021.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-400x284.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-800x567.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-1180x836.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/07/LosAngelesHOLC-lg-960x680.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kRkIgBut9l-o\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.knWPOJ6VvdDo\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kdTG-ML2eOFU\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zUghhWyBYBW4.kwu99aJGMq3g\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/18486/redlining","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2390","lowdown_451","lowdown_1","lowdown_2365"],"tags":["lowdown_2337","lowdown_2441","lowdown_60"],"featImg":"lowdown_18880","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_17525":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_17525","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"17525","score":null,"sort":[1433285344000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1433285344,"format":"aside","disqusTitle":"Class Dismissed: The Dark Side of For-Profit Colleges","title":"Class Dismissed: The Dark Side of For-Profit Colleges","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>In late April, all 28 campuses owned by Corinthian Colleges abruptly shut down, leaving more than 1600 students out of luck just weeks before the end of the semester. Some were already studying for their final exams. It marks the biggest shutdown in the history of higher education in the United States, and should serve as a cautionary tale for prospective students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some insiders and education officials saw the writing on the wall for the huge Santa Ana, California-based for-profit education company, recruiters continued to woo new enrollees. Most students were left in the dark until the last minute, and many now find themselves burdened with unfinished degrees, courses that may not transfer and huge piles of debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After filing for bankruptcy, Corinthian quickly shut down its remaining school campuses including all Heald, Everest, and WyoTech colleges. Most were in California, the majority clustered in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and the Central Valley. Heald College, headquartered in San Francisco, is the nation's oldest group of business career campuses. It was acquired by Corinthian in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://matthewgreen123.cartodb.com/viz/95e796d6-095c-11e5-88a7-0e9d821ea90d/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What Happened?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes just weeks after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-fines-corinthian-colleges-30-million-misrepresentation\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Education Department\u003c/a> said it was fining Corinthian $30 million for misrepresenting job placement rates to potential Heald College students. The company has been in hot water for at least a year, since the Dept. of Education in June 2014 restricted access to federal student aid, which made up about 85 percent of the company's revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before that, though, Corinthian was on the road to ruin. Until recently, the company had a massive network of 100 campuses across the country but was forced to close or sell most of its locations as fines and legal actions mounted against it. These included lawsuits brought by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and attorneys general in California, Massachusetts and Wisconsin, alleging that the company's schools preyed on low-income students with high-interest loans and fraudulent recruiting practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many for-profit colleges are known for using aggressive recruiting practices to attract non-traditional students, a large number of whom are older and come from low-income backgrounds. A sizable portion are also veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartI-PartIII-SelectedAppendixes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">2012 investigation\u003c/a> commissioned by Iowa Sen. Tom Harkin revealed just how much money flowed through the coffers of 30 major for-profit schools, and the questionable practices recruiters use to attract students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Publicly traded companies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apollo.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Apollo Education Group\u003c/a>, which owns University of Phoenix, the largest for-profit university system in the U.S., answer to shareholders, while others are owned by private equity firms and closely held corporations. Most of their profits come directly from taxpayer dollars in the form of federal grants and student loans. Among the 30 companies probed in the two-year Senate committee investigation, 86 percent of total revenues came from federal dollars. In 2009-10, that amounted to roughly $32 billion in taxpayer funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The dirt\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The Senate investigation revealed that several companies, including Kaplan and Concorde, have a history of finding recruits at social service agencies. A separate 2010 investigation by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T\" target=\"_blank\">Government Accounting Office\u003c/a> investigated 15 for-profit schools using undercover agents disguised as prospective students. At four of the schools, the GAO applicants were told to falsify their financial information to qualify for student aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Harkin's Senate report dug up company training manuals and memos from several for-profits education companies, detailing the \"boiler room sales atmosphere.\" Recruiters had quotas, incentives, and faced punitive measures in the race to bring in more students. It was common practice, the report found, for recruiters to mislead students about jobs and salaries and deflect financial questions or downplay student debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The for-profit college boom\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although for-profit college enrollment rates have plummeted in recent years, the sector grew dramatically in the late 1990s and early 2000, with skyrocketing revenue and enrollment rates. Many schools that had primarily offered short-term, vocational certificate programs moved aggressively towards providing associate and bachelor degree programs. Enrollment further increased as a growing number of schools began to offer online programs. At least six for-profit schools now operate exclusively online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1998 and 2008, enrollment in for-profit colleges increased by 225 percent, as compared to 31 percent growth in higher education overall, according to the Senate report. By 2010, approximately 2.4 million students -- between 10 and 13 percent of all U.S. college students -- attended a for-profit school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2011, for-profit colleges accounted for only 13 percent of federal student aid borrowers, but nearly half of all defaults, the report found. Nearly 600,000 students that enrolled in 2008-09 had withdrawn by 2010. Corinthian had a 66 percent rate of withdraw among students receiving associates degrees, yet still managed to earn a 14 percent profit margin in 2010. Bridgepoint Education topped the list: 84 percent of associate degree students withdrew that year; the company garnered a 30% profit margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's next?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Thousands of former Corinthian students, meanwhile, are planning to take legal action against the for-profit company, claiming they were duped into accumulating large amounts of debt. Some students may be eligible for refunds of federal student loans, or can try transferring credits, but that's typically difficult as many traditional institutions don't recognize for-profit schools. And the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education agency\u003ca href=\"http://www.bppe.ca.gov/students/guide.shtml\"> has a website\u003c/a> to help advise students on applying for loan forgiveness and credit transfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With little to show from their educational experiences aside from mounting debt, a smaller contingent of students up the ante, declaring a debt strike in the wake of the closures. Claiming that Corinthian Colleges defrauded them, they've refused to pay back federal student loans, arguing that the Department of Education should forgive the debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>By the numbers\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Corinthian enrollment\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>2001 – 28,372\u003cbr>\n2010 – 113,818\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Corinthian students displaced by April 2015 closure of 28 campuses\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n16,000\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Largest U.S. college campus by enrollment (2011)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n307,871 - University of Phoenix, online division\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Students enrolled in for-profit colleges in 2010-11\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nApproximately 2.4 million, or 12% of all U.S. postsecondary students\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal student aid going to for-profit colleges:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n$32 billion in 2009-10, or 25% of total federal aid dollars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For-profit colleges’ share of federal student loans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n13% of student borrowers; 47% of defaults\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post 9/11 GI bill dollars going to for-profit colleges\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n$1.6 billion; 37% of total aid\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sources:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartII/Corinthian.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartII/Corinthian.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartII/Corinthian.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartI-PartIII-SelectedAppendixes.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/for-profit-colleges-and-universities.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/for-profit-colleges-and-universities.aspx\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=74\" target=\"_blank\">https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=74\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"17525 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=17525","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/06/02/class-dismissed-the-dark-side-of-for-profit-colleges/","stats":{"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1147,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["https://matthewgreen123.cartodb.com/viz/95e796d6-095c-11e5-88a7-0e9d821ea90d/embed_map"],"paragraphCount":28},"modified":1438209311,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"In late April, all 28 campuses owned by Corinthian Colleges abruptly shut down, leaving more than 1600 students out of luck just weeks before the end of the semester. Some were already studying for their final exams. It marks the biggest shutdown in the history of higher education in the United States, and should serve as a","title":"Class Dismissed: The Dark Side of For-Profit Colleges | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Class Dismissed: The Dark Side of For-Profit Colleges","datePublished":"2015-06-02T15:49:04-07:00","dateModified":"2015-07-29T15:35:11-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"class-dismissed-the-dark-side-of-for-profit-colleges","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/17525/class-dismissed-the-dark-side-of-for-profit-colleges","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In late April, all 28 campuses owned by Corinthian Colleges abruptly shut down, leaving more than 1600 students out of luck just weeks before the end of the semester. Some were already studying for their final exams. It marks the biggest shutdown in the history of higher education in the United States, and should serve as a cautionary tale for prospective students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some insiders and education officials saw the writing on the wall for the huge Santa Ana, California-based for-profit education company, recruiters continued to woo new enrollees. Most students were left in the dark until the last minute, and many now find themselves burdened with unfinished degrees, courses that may not transfer and huge piles of debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After filing for bankruptcy, Corinthian quickly shut down its remaining school campuses including all Heald, Everest, and WyoTech colleges. Most were in California, the majority clustered in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and the Central Valley. Heald College, headquartered in San Francisco, is the nation's oldest group of business career campuses. It was acquired by Corinthian in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"100%\" height=\"800\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://matthewgreen123.cartodb.com/viz/95e796d6-095c-11e5-88a7-0e9d821ea90d/embed_map\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What Happened?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The announcement comes just weeks after the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-department-education-fines-corinthian-colleges-30-million-misrepresentation\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Education Department\u003c/a> said it was fining Corinthian $30 million for misrepresenting job placement rates to potential Heald College students. The company has been in hot water for at least a year, since the Dept. of Education in June 2014 restricted access to federal student aid, which made up about 85 percent of the company's revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before that, though, Corinthian was on the road to ruin. Until recently, the company had a massive network of 100 campuses across the country but was forced to close or sell most of its locations as fines and legal actions mounted against it. These included lawsuits brought by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and attorneys general in California, Massachusetts and Wisconsin, alleging that the company's schools preyed on low-income students with high-interest loans and fraudulent recruiting practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many for-profit colleges are known for using aggressive recruiting practices to attract non-traditional students, a large number of whom are older and come from low-income backgrounds. A sizable portion are also veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartI-PartIII-SelectedAppendixes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">2012 investigation\u003c/a> commissioned by Iowa Sen. Tom Harkin revealed just how much money flowed through the coffers of 30 major for-profit schools, and the questionable practices recruiters use to attract students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Publicly traded companies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.apollo.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Apollo Education Group\u003c/a>, which owns University of Phoenix, the largest for-profit university system in the U.S., answer to shareholders, while others are owned by private equity firms and closely held corporations. Most of their profits come directly from taxpayer dollars in the form of federal grants and student loans. Among the 30 companies probed in the two-year Senate committee investigation, 86 percent of total revenues came from federal dollars. In 2009-10, that amounted to roughly $32 billion in taxpayer funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The dirt\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The Senate investigation revealed that several companies, including Kaplan and Concorde, have a history of finding recruits at social service agencies. A separate 2010 investigation by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T\" target=\"_blank\">Government Accounting Office\u003c/a> investigated 15 for-profit schools using undercover agents disguised as prospective students. At four of the schools, the GAO applicants were told to falsify their financial information to qualify for student aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Harkin's Senate report dug up company training manuals and memos from several for-profits education companies, detailing the \"boiler room sales atmosphere.\" Recruiters had quotas, incentives, and faced punitive measures in the race to bring in more students. It was common practice, the report found, for recruiters to mislead students about jobs and salaries and deflect financial questions or downplay student debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>The for-profit college boom\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Although for-profit college enrollment rates have plummeted in recent years, the sector grew dramatically in the late 1990s and early 2000, with skyrocketing revenue and enrollment rates. Many schools that had primarily offered short-term, vocational certificate programs moved aggressively towards providing associate and bachelor degree programs. Enrollment further increased as a growing number of schools began to offer online programs. At least six for-profit schools now operate exclusively online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between 1998 and 2008, enrollment in for-profit colleges increased by 225 percent, as compared to 31 percent growth in higher education overall, according to the Senate report. By 2010, approximately 2.4 million students -- between 10 and 13 percent of all U.S. college students -- attended a for-profit school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2011, for-profit colleges accounted for only 13 percent of federal student aid borrowers, but nearly half of all defaults, the report found. Nearly 600,000 students that enrolled in 2008-09 had withdrawn by 2010. Corinthian had a 66 percent rate of withdraw among students receiving associates degrees, yet still managed to earn a 14 percent profit margin in 2010. Bridgepoint Education topped the list: 84 percent of associate degree students withdrew that year; the company garnered a 30% profit margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>What's next?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Thousands of former Corinthian students, meanwhile, are planning to take legal action against the for-profit company, claiming they were duped into accumulating large amounts of debt. Some students may be eligible for refunds of federal student loans, or can try transferring credits, but that's typically difficult as many traditional institutions don't recognize for-profit schools. And the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education agency\u003ca href=\"http://www.bppe.ca.gov/students/guide.shtml\"> has a website\u003c/a> to help advise students on applying for loan forgiveness and credit transfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With little to show from their educational experiences aside from mounting debt, a smaller contingent of students up the ante, declaring a debt strike in the wake of the closures. Claiming that Corinthian Colleges defrauded them, they've refused to pay back federal student loans, arguing that the Department of Education should forgive the debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>By the numbers\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Corinthian enrollment\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>2001 – 28,372\u003cbr>\n2010 – 113,818\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Corinthian students displaced by April 2015 closure of 28 campuses\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n16,000\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Largest U.S. college campus by enrollment (2011)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n307,871 - University of Phoenix, online division\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Students enrolled in for-profit colleges in 2010-11\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nApproximately 2.4 million, or 12% of all U.S. postsecondary students\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal student aid going to for-profit colleges:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n$32 billion in 2009-10, or 25% of total federal aid dollars\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>For-profit colleges’ share of federal student loans\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n13% of student borrowers; 47% of defaults\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post 9/11 GI bill dollars going to for-profit colleges\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n$1.6 billion; 37% of total aid\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sources:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartII/Corinthian.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartII/Corinthian.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartII/Corinthian.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> http://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/for_profit_report/PartI-PartIII-SelectedAppendixes.pdf\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/for-profit-colleges-and-universities.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/for-profit-colleges-and-universities.aspx\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=74\" target=\"_blank\">https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=74\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-948T\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/17525/class-dismissed-the-dark-side-of-for-profit-colleges","authors":["8618"],"categories":["lowdown_2375","lowdown_2365"],"tags":["lowdown_2421","lowdown_2337","lowdown_2420"],"featImg":"lowdown_18301","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_16104":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_16104","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"16104","score":null,"sort":[1431612042000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1431612042,"format":"video","disqusTitle":"The Feverish Roots of Today's Anti-Vaccine Movement","title":"The Feverish Roots of Today's Anti-Vaccine Movement","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16178\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1276px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-16178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1276\" height=\"908\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg 1276w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-768x547.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cartoon from 1802 illustrating the hysteria that came with the \"cowpock\" vaccine. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_cow_pock.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On May 14, 1796 a rural British physician by the name of Edward Jenner inoculated a healthy 8-year-old boy with pus extracted from the cowpox lesions of a dairymaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy subsequently developed mild fever but quickly recovered. Several months later, Jenner again inoculated the boy, but this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. The boy did not contract the disease, leading Jenner to conclude that his patient had built up immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward 219 years. Today, nearly 170 measles cases have been reported in 20 states since the start of 2015. Most of these cases stem from a December 2014 outbreak at Disneyland in Southern California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak has come with no shortage of angry finger-pointing at the small but growing contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children against the highly contagious, yet preventable disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17586\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\" alt=\"state-measles-cases\" width=\"700\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as 20 years ago, measles was listed by the World Health Organization as one of the five leading causes of death in the world. But by 2000, the disease\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\"> \u003c/a>was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared “eliminated” in the U.S.\u003c/a>, largely credited to the success of statewide public health campaigns to make the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine mandatory for children enrolling in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-16234 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px-e1423972922856-300x177.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>Since then, however, the number of parents requesting religious or philosophical exemptions to state rules has gone up, as have reported measles cases. In 2014, the CDC reported the highest number of cases in over a decade: 644 in 27 states, including one outbreak in an Amish community in rural Ohio infecting more than 300 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, rates have increased fastest in states with the most lenient vaccination exemption rules. All but two states (Mississippi and West Virginia) allow for religious exemptions, and 19 states — California included — permit parents to opt out of vaccinating their children on personal or philosophical grounds. Many parents who do so, say they doubt the effectiveness of the vaccine or have concerns that it may cause autism or other major health problems, even as no medical evidence actually supports these theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why this recent outbreak in anti-vaccination sentiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's actually nothing new: anti-vaccination movements have a robust, storied history. Intermittent backlashes against compulsory government vaccination campaigns have arisen ever since the first series of inoculations were given more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps most interesting is the striking cultural similarities and motives of today's prototypical \"anti-vaxxers\" and their 19th Century forebears: both have been typically portrayed as affluent, well-educated and politically progressive, driven by strong distrust in the safety of vaccines and intensely protective of civil liberties and personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Vaccine Revolution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you know little or care less about smallpox, Edward Jenner's the man to thank for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most gruesome and deadly diseases in human history, smallpox terrorized the world for centuries, ravaging entire societies during its sporadic outbreaks and claiming millions of lives, particularly those of young children. Highly infectious, smallpox typically covers the skin in large oozing, pus-filled bumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1796, Jenner, a rural British physician, tested a locally shared theory that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were immune from smallpox. Similar to smallpox but far less severe, cowpox is generally found in animals, and can be transmitted to human handlers. Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an eight-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/edward-jenner-museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuffield Dept. of Medicine, University of Oxford\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>Jenner subsequently coined the term \"vaccine,\" from \"vacca,\" Latin for cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although initially rejected by the British medical establishment, Jenner's findings were eventually published after subsequent successful trials, and the field of modern immunology was born. The discovery paved the way for vaccine breakthroughs over the next two centuries, including inoculations for polio, tetanus, influenza, rabies, diphtheria and, yes, measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallpox vaccine and its later iterations proved so successful that the World Health Organization in 1980 declared smallpox the first disease to be eradicated as a result of global vaccination efforts. To date, there is no cure or treatment for the disease; vaccination is the only means of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"//www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Birth of the Anti-Vaccination Movement\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Protection from one of the most feared, miserable ailments in human history: who wouldn't raise a (sterilized) glass to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-16227\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1-300x228.jpg\" alt=' 1887 illustration from an anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" ' width=\"300\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from an 1807 anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out, lots of folks. As word of the procedure spread, Jenner was ridiculed by a host of angry critics, particularly members of the clergy, who charged that the idea of inoculating someone with pus from a diseased animal was not only revolting but blasphemous. Rumors abounded of vaccinated patients contracting bovine diseases and suffering grotesque reactions. Enough evidence, however, demonstrated the obvious advantages of the vaccination, and the procedure soon became widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-1800s, in the wake of several smallpox outbreaks, the United Kingdom enacted a set of laws making vaccinations compulsory, initially for infants, but eventually for all children up to 14 years old. Cumulative penalties were imposed on violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measures were met with staunch resistance and incited a series of riots. The unrest prompted the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in 1867, whose founders were primarily concerned with what they considered a blatant infringement of personal choice and liberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 215px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16260\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\" alt=\"Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England) in support of an anti-vaxxer on her release from imprisonment for refusing to allow her children to be vaccinated (date unknown). (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\" width=\"215\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England); date unknown. (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group's seven-point mission statement, printed on the masthead of its newsletter, included the following pronouncement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"As parliament, instead of guarding the liberty of the subject, has invaded this liberty by rendering good health a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, inflicted on dutiful parents, parliament is deserving of public condemnation.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1870s and 1880s, even as smallpox vaccination techniques were rapidly advancing and helping to contain the disease's spread, anti-vaccination campaigns gained increased momentum in the U.K. and beyond. As propaganda literature proliferated and leaders of the movement adeptly tapped into the public's understandable anxieties about the still nascent procedure. some efforts were successful in temporarily lowering vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the largest demonstrations, in Leicester, England in 1885, drew upwards of 100,000 people, with props including a child's coffin and an effigy of Jenner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 261px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration-320x243.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's depiction of the 1885 anti-vaccine demonstration in Leicester. (Courtesy of Immunize USA).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rally prompted a government commission to investigate the protesters' grievances, which eventually concluded that the vaccine was safe and effective but, in a political move to pacify detractors, also recommended the abolition of penalties for violators. In 1898, the passage of a new national vaccination act removed penalties and included a \"conscientious objector\" clause, which allowed parents concerned with the safety of vaccinations to apply for an exemption certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/#B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Anti-vaccination fever spreads to the U.S.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the late 1800s, a series of smallpox outbreaks in the U.S. prompted local government vaccine campaigns and subsequent anti-vaccine advocacy, including a visit from prominent British anti-vaccinationist William Tebb. By 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was established, followed by the emergence of several local leagues, including the New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City. A second national league was formed in the early 1900s. Activists waged court battles to repeal vaccination laws in a number of states, including California, Illinois and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Vaccination is the putting of an impure thing into the blood - a virus or poison -- often resulting in serious evil effects. In vogue for more than one hundred years, it has been received by most persons without question. Yet the time is passing when people will accept a medical dogma on blind faith.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">-- From \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whale.to/vaccines/pitcairn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fallacy of Vaccination\u003c/a>,\" a 1911 essay by John Pitcairn, Jr., prominent Pennsylvania industrialist and president of the Anti-Vaccination League of America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflaming tensions and helping to further cast vaccination campaigns as an affront to civil liberties, public health officials commonly resorted to heavy-handed, uneven enforcement tactics, often vaccinating immigrants and minorities against their will during outbreaks, notes \u003ca href=\"University%20of%20Georgia%20history%20professor%20Stephen%20Mihm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Georgia history professor Stephen Mihm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fears were also legitimately stoked by the lack of oversight of vaccine production, which was primarily controlled by private industry and at times resulted in questionable product. In one of the worst incidents, nine children in Camden, New Jersey died after being inoculated with a batch of tetanus-contaminated smallpox vaccine. News of the tragedy prompted Congress to pass the Biologics Control Act of 1902, which required increased government oversight of the manufacturing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a smallpox outbreak in 1902, the city of Cambridge, Mass. mandated vaccinations for all residents. After one man refused to comply on the grounds that the law violated his right to care for himself, the city filed criminal charges against him. The case -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449224/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacobson v. Massachusetts\u003c/a> - made its way in 1905 to the U.S. Supreme Court, which sided with the state. In its decision, the court ruled it within the power of the state to enact mandatory vaccine laws in order to protect the public in the event of a communicable disease. The decision marked the first Supreme Court case weighing in on state power in enacting public health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/GzvfpyyZO9o\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"16104 http://blogs.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=16104","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2015/05/14/the-feverish-roots-of-todays-anti-vaccine-movement/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1662,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.youtube.com/embed/GzvfpyyZO9o"],"paragraphCount":35},"modified":1556576875,"excerpt":"How the history of inoculation gave birth to the anti-vaccine movement.","headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"How the history of inoculation gave birth to the anti-vaccine movement.","title":"The Feverish Roots of Today's Anti-Vaccine Movement | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Feverish Roots of Today's Anti-Vaccine Movement","datePublished":"2015-05-14T07:00:42-07:00","dateModified":"2019-04-29T15:27:55-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-feverish-roots-of-todays-anti-vaccine-movement","status":"publish","path":"/lowdown/16104/the-feverish-roots-of-todays-anti-vaccine-movement","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16178\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1276px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-16178\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1276\" height=\"908\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock.jpg 1276w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-400x285.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-768x547.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/The_cow_pock-320x228.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1276px) 100vw, 1276px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cartoon from 1802 illustrating the hysteria that came with the \"cowpock\" vaccine. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_cow_pock.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On May 14, 1796 a rural British physician by the name of Edward Jenner inoculated a healthy 8-year-old boy with pus extracted from the cowpox lesions of a dairymaid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy subsequently developed mild fever but quickly recovered. Several months later, Jenner again inoculated the boy, but this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. The boy did not contract the disease, leading Jenner to conclude that his patient had built up immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward 219 years. Today, nearly 170 measles cases have been reported in 20 states since the start of 2015. Most of these cases stem from a December 2014 outbreak at Disneyland in Southern California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outbreak has come with no shortage of angry finger-pointing at the small but growing contingent of Americans who choose not to vaccinate their children against the highly contagious, yet preventable disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-17586\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png\" alt=\"state-measles-cases\" width=\"700\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases.png 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/state-measles-cases-400x272.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as 20 years ago, measles was listed by the World Health Organization as one of the five leading causes of death in the world. But by 2000, the disease\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\"> \u003c/a>was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared “eliminated” in the U.S.\u003c/a>, largely credited to the success of statewide public health campaigns to make the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine mandatory for children enrolling in public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-16234 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/measles-cases-616px-e1423972922856-300x177.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>Since then, however, the number of parents requesting religious or philosophical exemptions to state rules has gone up, as have reported measles cases. In 2014, the CDC reported the highest number of cases in over a decade: 644 in 27 states, including one outbreak in an Amish community in rural Ohio infecting more than 300 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, rates have increased fastest in states with the most lenient vaccination exemption rules. All but two states (Mississippi and West Virginia) allow for religious exemptions, and 19 states — California included — permit parents to opt out of vaccinating their children on personal or philosophical grounds. Many parents who do so, say they doubt the effectiveness of the vaccine or have concerns that it may cause autism or other major health problems, even as no medical evidence actually supports these theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why this recent outbreak in anti-vaccination sentiment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's actually nothing new: anti-vaccination movements have a robust, storied history. Intermittent backlashes against compulsory government vaccination campaigns have arisen ever since the first series of inoculations were given more than 200 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps most interesting is the striking cultural similarities and motives of today's prototypical \"anti-vaxxers\" and their 19th Century forebears: both have been typically portrayed as affluent, well-educated and politically progressive, driven by strong distrust in the safety of vaccines and intensely protective of civil liberties and personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The First Vaccine Revolution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you know little or care less about smallpox, Edward Jenner's the man to thank for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most gruesome and deadly diseases in human history, smallpox terrorized the world for centuries, ravaging entire societies during its sporadic outbreaks and claiming millions of lives, particularly those of young children. Highly infectious, smallpox typically covers the skin in large oozing, pus-filled bumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1796, Jenner, a rural British physician, tested a locally shared theory that milkmaids who contracted cowpox were immune from smallpox. Similar to smallpox but far less severe, cowpox is generally found in animals, and can be transmitted to human handlers. Jenner extracted pus from a cowpox scab and inserted it into an incision on the arm of an eight-year-old boy. Although the child contracted a mild virus, he recovered quickly, developing antibodies that built up his immunity to both cowpox and smallpox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/edward-jenner-museum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuffield Dept. of Medicine, University of Oxford\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>Jenner subsequently coined the term \"vaccine,\" from \"vacca,\" Latin for cow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although initially rejected by the British medical establishment, Jenner's findings were eventually published after subsequent successful trials, and the field of modern immunology was born. The discovery paved the way for vaccine breakthroughs over the next two centuries, including inoculations for polio, tetanus, influenza, rabies, diphtheria and, yes, measles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smallpox vaccine and its later iterations proved so successful that the World Health Organization in 1980 declared smallpox the first disease to be eradicated as a result of global vaccination efforts. To date, there is no cure or treatment for the disease; vaccination is the only means of prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"//www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/en/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">World Health Organization\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Birth of the Anti-Vaccination Movement\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Protection from one of the most feared, miserable ailments in human history: who wouldn't raise a (sterilized) glass to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16227\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-16227\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/wolr5328.f1-300x228.jpg\" alt=' 1887 illustration from an anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" ' width=\"300\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration from an 1807 anti-vaccination flier. Included in the text: \"This monster has been named vaccination; and his progressive havoc among the human race, has been dreadful and most alarming.\" (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out, lots of folks. As word of the procedure spread, Jenner was ridiculed by a host of angry critics, particularly members of the clergy, who charged that the idea of inoculating someone with pus from a diseased animal was not only revolting but blasphemous. Rumors abounded of vaccinated patients contracting bovine diseases and suffering grotesque reactions. Enough evidence, however, demonstrated the obvious advantages of the vaccination, and the procedure soon became widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the mid-1800s, in the wake of several smallpox outbreaks, the United Kingdom enacted a set of laws making vaccinations compulsory, initially for infants, but eventually for all children up to 14 years old. Cumulative penalties were imposed on violators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measures were met with staunch resistance and incited a series of riots. The unrest prompted the creation of the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League in 1867, whose founders were primarily concerned with what they considered a blatant infringement of personal choice and liberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16260\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 215px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-16260\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/OldAnti-VaccinePoster.jpg\" alt=\"Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England) in support of an anti-vaxxer on her release from imprisonment for refusing to allow her children to be vaccinated (date unknown). (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\" width=\"215\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Notice of a demonstration at Andover Town Hall (England); date unknown. (Courtesy of MicroBiology Today).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group's seven-point mission statement, printed on the masthead of its newsletter, included the following pronouncement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"As parliament, instead of guarding the liberty of the subject, has invaded this liberty by rendering good health a crime, punishable by fine or imprisonment, inflicted on dutiful parents, parliament is deserving of public condemnation.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1870s and 1880s, even as smallpox vaccination techniques were rapidly advancing and helping to contain the disease's spread, anti-vaccination campaigns gained increased momentum in the U.K. and beyond. As propaganda literature proliferated and leaders of the movement adeptly tapped into the public's understandable anxieties about the still nascent procedure. some efforts were successful in temporarily lowering vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the largest demonstrations, in Leicester, England in 1885, drew upwards of 100,000 people, with props including a child's coffin and an effigy of Jenner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16261\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 261px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-16261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/02/Leicester-Demonstration-320x243.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's depiction of the 1885 anti-vaccine demonstration in Leicester. (Courtesy of Immunize USA).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The rally prompted a government commission to investigate the protesters' grievances, which eventually concluded that the vaccine was safe and effective but, in a political move to pacify detractors, also recommended the abolition of penalties for violators. In 1898, the passage of a new national vaccination act removed penalties and included a \"conscientious objector\" clause, which allowed parents concerned with the safety of vaccinations to apply for an exemption certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1123944/#B2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003ch3>Anti-vaccination fever spreads to the U.S.\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the late 1800s, a series of smallpox outbreaks in the U.S. prompted local government vaccine campaigns and subsequent anti-vaccine advocacy, including a visit from prominent British anti-vaccinationist William Tebb. By 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America was established, followed by the emergence of several local leagues, including the New England Anti Compulsory Vaccination League and the Anti-Vaccination League of New York City. A second national league was formed in the early 1900s. Activists waged court battles to repeal vaccination laws in a number of states, including California, Illinois and Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Vaccination is the putting of an impure thing into the blood - a virus or poison -- often resulting in serious evil effects. In vogue for more than one hundred years, it has been received by most persons without question. Yet the time is passing when people will accept a medical dogma on blind faith.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: small\">-- From \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whale.to/vaccines/pitcairn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fallacy of Vaccination\u003c/a>,\" a 1911 essay by John Pitcairn, Jr., prominent Pennsylvania industrialist and president of the Anti-Vaccination League of America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inflaming tensions and helping to further cast vaccination campaigns as an affront to civil liberties, public health officials commonly resorted to heavy-handed, uneven enforcement tactics, often vaccinating immigrants and minorities against their will during outbreaks, notes \u003ca href=\"University%20of%20Georgia%20history%20professor%20Stephen%20Mihm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Georgia history professor Stephen Mihm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fears were also legitimately stoked by the lack of oversight of vaccine production, which was primarily controlled by private industry and at times resulted in questionable product. In one of the worst incidents, nine children in Camden, New Jersey died after being inoculated with a batch of tetanus-contaminated smallpox vaccine. News of the tragedy prompted Congress to pass the Biologics Control Act of 1902, which required increased government oversight of the manufacturing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a smallpox outbreak in 1902, the city of Cambridge, Mass. mandated vaccinations for all residents. After one man refused to comply on the grounds that the law violated his right to care for himself, the city filed criminal charges against him. The case -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449224/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jacobson v. Massachusetts\u003c/a> - made its way in 1905 to the U.S. Supreme Court, which sided with the state. In its decision, the court ruled it within the power of the state to enact mandatory vaccine laws in order to protect the public in the event of a communicable disease. The decision marked the first Supreme Court case weighing in on state power in enacting public health law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cpre>\u003cstrong>[Source: \u003ca href=\"http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/history-anti-vaccination-movements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">History of Vaccines, College of Physicians of Philadelphia\u003c/a>]\u003c/strong>\u003c/pre>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/GzvfpyyZO9o\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/16104/the-feverish-roots-of-todays-anti-vaccine-movement","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_2409","lowdown_2365"],"tags":["lowdown_582","lowdown_2337","lowdown_581","lowdown_583"],"featImg":"lowdown_16178","label":"lowdown"},"lowdown_19489":{"type":"posts","id":"lowdown_19489","meta":{"index":"posts_1716263798","site":"lowdown","id":"19489","score":null,"sort":[1410387619000]},"parent":0,"labelTerm":{"site":"lowdown"},"blocks":[],"publishDate":1410387619,"format":"standard","disqusTitle":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts","title":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts","headTitle":"The Lowdown | KQED News","content":"\u003cp>Fourteen years ago the United States wasn't officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn't exist. \u003c!--more-->We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And -- maybe hardest to believe -- you didn't have to take your shoes off at the airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror -- prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks -- resulted in changing attitudes and concerns about safety and vigilance. It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a> that prioritized national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties. These changes had ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations have helped foment rebellions and unrest throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are four of the many dramatic transformations brought on by the events of that single day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>I. Ongoing wars\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda, the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks, and remove the Taliban government. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (although none were ever found), and the invasion was a key part of America's newly launched War on Terror under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/us-war-afghanistan/p20018\" target=\"_blank\">Afghanistan\u003c/a> turned into the longest-running war in U.S. history. And although formal U.S. combat operations ended in late 2014, the U.S. military remains deeply entrenched there, in an effort to help stem the ongoing Taliban insurgency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. And currently, as the Islamic extremist group ISIS -- which sprouted from the resultant political instability of war-- continues to grow and threaten the stability of Iraq and neighboring Syria, the U.S. has again resumed air strikes in that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies sky-rocketed: Homeland Security's discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 9/11, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed, and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.samhsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration\u003c/a>, roughly 3.1 million Americans entered military service between 2001 and 2011, and nearly 2 million were deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq. In that time, more than 6,000 American troops have been killed, and roughly 44,000 wounded. Of returning service members, more than 18 percent have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression, and almost 20 percent have reported suffering from the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military. As of 2009, the U.S. Census reported roughly 118,000 active California service members. When you multiply that by the number of families and friends those soldiers left at home, the significance of the statewide impact becomes clear. In 2010 alone, nearly 6,000 military recruits were from California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://nationalpriorities.org/\" target=\"_blank\">National Priorities Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\">The LA Times\u003c/a> reports that as of August 25, 2014, 749 California service members from every corner of the state had been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>With the goal of strengthening border security, the Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the US Customs Service -- both formerly part of the Department of Justice -- were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations, which have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Homeland Security’s Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009-10), deportations hit a record high of nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported in 2009-10 were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly for low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail -- even if not ultimately convicted of a crime -- by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous cases of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2008, ICE had established Secure Communities information-sharing partnerships with just 14 local law enforcement agencies. In 2014, it had partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown -- then California’s Attorney General -- agreed to implement the program throughout the state. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexican nationals have been disproportionately impacted: in 2008, they made up roughly 70 percent of all cases, according to a report by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.medill.northwestern.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Medill School\u003c/a> at Northwestern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America's immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28 percent of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>III. The friendly skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It's all par for the course, nowadays, for air travel. But not so long ago, it wasn't unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were very uncommon, liquid was allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screening at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country. It marks the single largest federal start up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to use watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks. By 2007, it had already accumulated a database of over 700,000 names, according to the Department of Justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel vastly safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, infringed on privacy rights and, in many instances, increased scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>IV. A mushrooming surveillance state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government intrusion, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents leaked last year by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossus surveillance state that has seeped into the lives of millions of Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus -- armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 -- was brought to light last year when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a \"black budget\" report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and violated privacy laws thousands of times per year since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4\u003c/p>\n\n","disqusIdentifier":"19489 http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/?p=19489","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2014/09/10/how-911-changed-america-four-major-lasting-impacts-2/","stats":{"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"hasAudio":false,"hasPolis":false,"wordCount":1587,"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"paragraphCount":31},"modified":1441923714,"excerpt":null,"headData":{"twImgId":"","twTitle":"","ogTitle":"","ogImgId":"","twDescription":"","description":"Fourteen years ago the United States wasn't officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn't exist.","title":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts | KQED","ogDescription":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How 9/11 Changed America: Four Major Lasting Impacts","datePublished":"2014-09-10T15:20:19-07:00","dateModified":"2015-09-10T15:21:54-07:00","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-911-changed-america-four-major-lasting-impacts-2","status":"publish","customPermalink":"2015/09/10/13-years-later-four-major-lasting-impacts-of-911/","path":"/lowdown/19489/how-911-changed-america-four-major-lasting-impacts-2","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fourteen years ago the United States wasn't officially engaged in any wars. Few of us had ever heard of al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, and ISIS didn't exist. \u003c!--more-->We deported half the number of people we do today. Our surveillance state was a fraction of its current size. And -- maybe hardest to believe -- you didn't have to take your shoes off at the airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>America’s involvement in the War on Terror -- prompted by the 9/11 terrorist attacks -- resulted in changing attitudes and concerns about safety and vigilance. It ushered in a new generation of policies like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/terrorism/homeland/patriotact.html\">USA Patriot Act\u003c/a> that prioritized national security and defense, often at the expense of civil liberties. These changes had ripple effects across the globe, particularly in the Middle East, where American-led military operations have helped foment rebellions and unrest throughout the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are four of the many dramatic transformations brought on by the events of that single day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>I. Ongoing wars\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Less than a month after 9/11, U.S. troops invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to dismantle al-Qaeda, the terrorist group that claimed responsibility for the attacks, and remove the Taliban government. Two years later, in March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and deposed President Saddam Hussein. Although not directly linked to the terrorist attacks, Hussein was suspected of producing weapons of mass destruction (although none were ever found), and the invasion was a key part of America's newly launched War on Terror under the leadership of President George W. Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our military involvement in \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/us-war-afghanistan/p20018\" target=\"_blank\">Afghanistan\u003c/a> turned into the longest-running war in U.S. history. And although formal U.S. combat operations ended in late 2014, the U.S. military remains deeply entrenched there, in an effort to help stem the ongoing Taliban insurgency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2011, remaining U.S. troops were pulled out of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/timeline-iraq-war/p18876\" target=\"_blank\">Iraq\u003c/a>, leaving that nation in a far more volatile state than when military operations first began in 2003. And currently, as the Islamic extremist group ISIS -- which sprouted from the resultant political instability of war-- continues to grow and threaten the stability of Iraq and neighboring Syria, the U.S. has again resumed air strikes in that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 9/11, budgets for defense-related agencies sky-rocketed: Homeland Security's discretionary budget jumped from about $16 billion in 2002 to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget-bib-fy2012.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">more than $43 billion\u003c/a> in 2011. Meanwhile, the budgets of the Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration and Border Patrol have all more than doubled since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 9/11, millions of young U.S. soldiers have been deployed overseas, thousands have been killed, and many have returned home with debilitating physical and mental injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.samhsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration\u003c/a>, roughly 3.1 million Americans entered military service between 2001 and 2011, and nearly 2 million were deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq. In that time, more than 6,000 American troops have been killed, and roughly 44,000 wounded. Of returning service members, more than 18 percent have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression, and almost 20 percent have reported suffering from the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is second only to Texas in its contribution of recruits to the U.S. military. As of 2009, the U.S. Census reported roughly 118,000 active California service members. When you multiply that by the number of families and friends those soldiers left at home, the significance of the statewide impact becomes clear. In 2010 alone, nearly 6,000 military recruits were from California, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://nationalpriorities.org/\" target=\"_blank\">National Priorities Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://projects.latimes.com/wardead/\" target=\"_blank\">The LA Times\u003c/a> reports that as of August 25, 2014, 749 California service members from every corner of the state had been killed in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/iNUX8W5_oxk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>II. Immigration and deportation\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>With the goal of strengthening border security, the Bush Administration created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dhs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Homeland Security\u003c/a> in 2002, a cabinet-level office that merged 22 government agencies. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the US Customs Service -- both formerly part of the Department of Justice -- were consolidated into the newly formed \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"https://www.ice.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>. The agency has overseen a massive increase in deportations, which have nearly doubled since 9/11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fyearbook-immigration-statistics&ei=NKxPUPu5K87hiwKn14HADQ&usg=AFQjCNFZCr-MNftShOtU3Ycc8HPUr1M1Zg&sig2=agIJsVoj7kiDoBqPasJOQQ\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Homeland Security’s Yearbook of Immigration Statistics\u003c/a>, there were roughly 200,000 annual deportations a year between 1999 and 2001. While that number dropped slightly in 2002, it began to steadily climb the following year. In the first two years of the Obama Administration (2009-10), deportations hit a record high of nearly 400,000 annually. About half of those deported in 2009-10 were convicted of a criminal offense, although mostly for low-level, non-violent crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ice.gov/secure_communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Secure Communities\u003c/a> program, established in 2008 and officially phased out in 2014, allowed local law enforcement to check the immigration status of every person booked in a county or local jail -- even if not ultimately convicted of a crime -- by comparing fingerprints against federal immigration records. The program resulted in numerous cases of undocumented immigrants entering deportation proceedings after being stopped for minor infractions (like not using a turn signal while driving).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2008, ICE had established Secure Communities information-sharing partnerships with just 14 local law enforcement agencies. In 2014, it had partnerships with every single\u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/secure-communities/pdf/sc-activated.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"> law enforcement jurisdiction \u003c/a>in the nation (all 3,181 of them).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>California impact\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Jerry Brown -- then California’s Attorney General -- agreed to implement the program throughout the state. As of 2012, ICE reported it had taken nearly 48,000 “convicted criminal aliens” in California into custody. Almost half of them were deported, even though less than a quarter had been convicted of offenses considered “serious or violent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mexican nationals have been disproportionately impacted: in 2008, they made up roughly 70 percent of all cases, according to a report by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.medill.northwestern.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Medill School\u003c/a> at Northwestern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the primary destination for foreign nationals entering the country, and home to a quarter of America's immigrant population. Of the nearly 10 million immigrants (both naturalized and undocumented) residing in the state, an estimated 4.3 million are Mexican, 28 percent of whom are naturalized, according to the \u003ca title=\"Multimedia Resource Roundup\" href=\"www.ppic.org\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/XrKd_2MoKpE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>III. The friendly skies\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>Long airport lines, full body scans, the occasional pat-down (for the lucky ones). It's all par for the course, nowadays, for air travel. But not so long ago, it wasn't unusual to show up at the airport a half-hour before a domestic flight, keep your shoes tied tight, and skip through the metal detector while sipping a Big Gulp, all without ever having to show an ID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the advent of color-coded security threat warnings, pat downs were very uncommon, liquid was allowed, and the notion of having to go through full-body scanners was the stuff of science fiction. Heck, prior to 9/11, some airport security teams even allowed passengers to take box cutters aboard (the supposed weapon used by the 9/11 hijackers). Any knife with a blade up to four inches long was permitted. And cigarette lighters? No problem!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wake of the terrorist attacks, airport security underwent a series of major overhauls. And a service that was once largely provided by private companies is now overseen by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Transportation Security Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created in the wake of the attacks, the TSA is tasked with instituting new security procedures and managing screening at every commercial airport checkpoint in the country. It marks the single largest federal start up since the days of World War II. The agency is authorized to use watch lists of individuals who could pose flight safety risks. By 2007, it had already accumulated a database of over 700,000 names, according to the Department of Justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although advocates argue that the changes have made air travel vastly safer, the additional security steps have also tacked on a significant amount of travel time for the average passenger, infringed on privacy rights and, in many instances, increased scrutiny of minority travelers, particularly those of Middle Eastern descent.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/HsDAvCOFT9M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch4>IV. A mushrooming surveillance state\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The U.S. intelligence state boomed in the wake of 9/11. The growth resulted in a marked increase in government intrusion, primarily through a vast, clandestine network of phone and web surveillance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classified documents leaked last year by former government contractor Edward Snowden detail the expansion of a colossus surveillance state that has seeped into the lives of millions of Americans. The exponential growth of this apparatus -- armed with a $52.6 billion budget in 2013 -- was brought to light last year when the \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> obtained a \"black budget\" report from Snowden, detailing the bureaucratic and operational landscape of the 16 spy agencies and more than 107,000 employees that now make up the U.S. intelligence community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further audits reveal that the National Security Agency alone has annually scooped up as many as 56,000 emails and other communications by Americans with no connection to terrorism, and violated privacy laws thousands of times per year since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/S61eL_06RZ4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/lowdown/19489/how-911-changed-america-four-major-lasting-impacts-2","authors":["1263"],"categories":["lowdown_245","lowdown_509","lowdown_2362","lowdown_457","lowdown_2365","lowdown_2359","lowdown_2397"],"tags":["lowdown_2467","lowdown_168","lowdown_524"],"featImg":"lowdown_19479","label":"lowdown"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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