The surgery went fine. Her doctors left for the day. Four hours later, Paulina Tam started gasping for air.
Internal bleeding was cutting off her windpipe, a well-known complication of the spine surgery she had undergone.
But a Medicare inspection report describing the event says that nobody who remained on duty that evening at the Northern California surgery center knew what to do.
In desperation, a nurse did something that would not happen in a hospital.
She dialed 911.
Sponsored
By the time an ambulance delivered Tam to the emergency room, the 58-year-old mother of three was lifeless, according to the report.
If Tam had been operated on at a hospital, a few simple steps could have saved her life.
But like hundreds of thousands of other patients each year, Tam went to one of the nation’s 5,600-plus surgery centers.
Such centers started nearly 50 years ago as low-cost alternatives for minor surgeries. They now outnumber hospitals as federal regulators have signed off on an ever-widening array of outpatient procedures in an effort to cut federal health care costs.
Thousands of times each year, these centers call 911 as patients experience complications ranging from minor to fatal. Yet no one knows how many people die as a result, because no national authority tracks the tragic outcomes. An investigation by Kaiser Health News and the USA TODAY Network has discovered that more than 260 patients have died since 2013 after in-and-out procedures at surgery centers across the country. Dozens — some as young as 2 — have perished after routine operations, such as colonoscopies and tonsillectomies.
Reporters examined autopsy records, legal filings and more than 12,000 state and Medicare inspection records, and interviewed dozens of doctors, health policy experts and patients throughout the industry, in the most extensive examination of these records to date.
The investigation revealed:
Surgery centers have steadily expanded their business by taking on increasingly risky surgeries. At least 14 patients have died after complex spinal surgeries like those that federal regulators at Medicare recently approved for surgery centers. Even as the risks of doing such surgeries off a hospital campus can be great, so is the reward. Doctors who own a share of the center can earn their own fee and a cut of the facility’s fee, a meaningful sum for operations that can cost $100,000 or more.
To protect patients, Medicare requires surgery centers to line up a local hospital to take their patients when emergencies arise. In rural areas, centers can be 15 or more miles away. Even when the hospital is close, 20 to 30 minutes can pass between a 911 call and arrival at an ER.
Some surgery centers are accused of overlooking high-risk health problems and treat patients who experts say should be operated on only in hospitals, if at all. At least 25 people with underlying medical conditions have left surgery centers and died within minutes or days. They include an Ohio woman with out-of-control blood pressure, a 49-year-old West Virginia man awaiting a heart transplant and several children with sleep apnea.
Some surgery centers risk patient lives by skimping on training or lifesaving equipment. Others have sent patients home before they were fully recovered. On their drives home, shocked family members in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Georgia discovered their loved ones were not asleep but on the verge of death. Surgery centers have been criticized in cases where staff didn’t have the tools to open a difficult airway or skills to save a patient from bleeding to death.
Most operations done in surgery centers go off without a hitch. And surgery carries risk, no matter where it’s done. Some centers have state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained staff that are better prepared to handle emergencies.
But Kaiser Health News and the USA TODAY Network found more than a dozen cases where the absence of trained staff or emergency equipment appears to have put patients in peril.
And in cases similar to Tam’s, upper-spine surgery patients have been sent home too soon, with the risk of suffocation looming.
In 2008, a 35-year-old Oregon father of three struggled for air, pounding the car roof in frustration while his wife sped him to a hospital. A Dallas man collapsed in his father’s arms waiting for an ambulance in 2011. Another Oregon man began to suffocate in his living room the night of his upper-spine surgery in 2014. A San Diego man gasped “like a fish,” his wife recalled, as they waited for an ambulance on April 28, 2016.
None of them survived.
Spinal surgery patient McArthur Roberson, 60, lost more than a quart of blood during the operation and struggled to breathe after surgery, his family claimed in a lawsuit. He died on the way home.
If he “had been observed in a hospital overnight,” said Dr. Daniel Silcox, an Atlanta spine surgeon and expert for the family in their lawsuit, “his death would not have occurred.”
The surgery center denied wrongdoing in the case, which reached a confidential settlement in 2017.
Many in the health care field — from doctors to private insurance companies to Medicare — have dismissed the mounting deaths as medical anomalies beyond the control of physicians.
USA TODAY Network and KHN reporters contacted 24 doctors and surgery center administrators about patient deaths and none would answer questions about what went wrong, citing patient privacy laws, or referring reporters to attorneys. Responding to lawsuits around the nation, surgery centers have argued that fatal complications were among the known outcomes of such surgeries. Two centers blamed patients for negligence in their own demise.
Bill Prentice, chief executive of the Ambulatory Surgery Center Association, declined to speak about individual cases but said he has seen no data proving surgery centers are less safe than hospitals.
“There is nothing distinct or different about the surgery center model that makes the provision of health care any more dangerous than anywhere else,” Prentice said. “The human body is a mysterious thing, and a patient that has met every possible protocol can walk in that day and still have something unimaginable happen to them that has nothing to do with the care that’s being provided.”
However, Dr. Kenneth Rothfield, board member of the Physician-Patient Alliance for Health & Safety, said many surgery centers and physicians push the envelope on how much can be done in outpatient centers.
“It’s important to realize that surgery centers are not hospitals,” he said. “They have different resources, different equipment.”
The explosive growth of surgery centers — which receive $4.1 billion a year from Medicare — has taken place under circumstances some medical experts consider unseemly.
Federal law allows surgery center doctors — unlike others — to steer patients to facilities they own, rather than the full-service hospital down the street. In some cases, doing so could increase the risk to a patient, but double a physician’s profits.
Prentice said physician ownership of surgery centers is a good thing.
“The physicians who practice there are responsible for everything that happens in that surgery center from the moment the patient walks out of their car in the parking lot to the moment they leave,” he said.
But several studies have shown that surgery center doctors who are owners perform operations more frequently. And in lawsuits across the country, surgery center doctors have been accused of taking risks with patients.
Even some who’ve made their living in the surgery center industry have expressed concerns. Dr. Larry Teuber, a South Dakota neurosurgeon who worked as an executive in the surgery center industry for 22 years, said he has watched surgery center owners take on increasingly complex — and lucrative — orthopedic and spinal surgeries, undercutting a nearby hospital’s profits for their own gain.
“When you’re making money doing [complex surgeries] you get on a slippery ethical slope,” Teuber said. “The money overshadows everything.”
The History
The first surgery center in the U.S. opened in Phoenix in 1970, a place “squeezed between neighborhood shops and a Baptist church,” where, for $90, a child could receive an incision to relieve pressure on the inner ear, The Arizona Republic reported at the time.
The pioneering doctors, John Ford and Wallace Reed, didn’t see why patients needed to be hospitalized for such minor surgeries.
Taking the procedures out of hospitals reduced the cost for patients and insurers because surgery centers don’t require the same level of staffing or lifesaving equipment.
Medicare helped drive the expansion of surgery centers when it began paying for procedures in 1982.
Then in 1993, Congress encouraged doctors to open surgery centers by exempting them from the second Stark Law, which prevents doctors from steering patients to other businesses they own.
Doctors-turned-entrepreneurs drove early growth, urging their patients to give the centers a chance. Seeing lucrative elective surgeries moving away, hospitals increasingly bought centers of their own. Last year, insurance giant UnitedHealth Group spent $2.3 billion buying a national surgery center chain.
The centers have been popular with patients, who enjoy the convenience and personalized care. Doctors say they like the ease of planning operations without unexpected trauma surgeries upending the schedule. And surgery centers have thrived even as hospitals have battled to contain the spread of infections.
Today, there are 5,616 Medicare-certified centers. The expansion has come despite lingering safety concerns. In 2007, Medicare noted that surgery centers “have neither patient safety standards consistent with those in place for hospitals, nor are they required to have the trained staff and equipment needed to provide the breadth of intensity of care. …” Some procedures are “unsafe” to be handled at surgery centers, the report concluded.
Medicare advised the centers to transfer patients to hospitals when emergencies arise. Only a third of surgery centers participate in a voluntary effort to report how often that happens. They sent at least 7,000 patients to the hospital in the year that ended in September 2017, a KHN analysis of surgery center industry data shows. Not all survive the trip.
They include James Long, 56, who had no pulse when an ambulance came to the Colorado surgery center where he’d undergone more than five hours of lower-spine surgery in 2014, according to the center’s medical records provided to the family’s attorney.
The state reviewed the case and cited no deficiencies. Jen Kenitzer, the Minimally Invasive Spine Institute administrator, said the center has “extensive procedures in place to respond quickly and appropriately” in emergencies.
Yet Long’s loved ones remain troubled by the case.
“In the 21st century in the USA, a doctor doing a surgery on a patient has to call 911?” said Robin Long, his ex-wife, who did not sue the center. “Give me a break. … It’s just absolutely ignorant.”
Preparation Under Par
Patients enter hospitals with heart attacks, gunshot wounds and traumatic injuries. There, doctors and nurses become skilled at saving lives in emergencies.
Doctors in surgery centers may excel at the procedures they perform most often. But the centers aren’t always prepared and sometimes struggle in a crisis, according to a review of Medicare records and more than 70 lawsuits.
Health inspectors working on behalf of Medicare have discovered 230 lapses in rescue equipment or training regulations at surgery centers since 2015.
A center in California had empty oxygen tanks. One operating on children in Arkansas didn’t have a pediatric tracheotomy set to restore breathing; another lacked pediatric defibrillator pads to shock hearts back into rhythm.
In an ongoing lawsuit against her and the center, anesthesiologist Dr. Yoori Yim testified that she came up empty-handed on Dec. 23, 2015, when grappling to find the right-sized airway tube to save a patient who had stopped breathing.
Rekhaben Shah, 67, had come to Oak Tree Surgery Center in Edison, N.J., for a simple colonoscopy.
Yim tried a variety of methods to help Shah breathe, with limited success. From the moment Shah stopped breathing on the operating table, 33 minutes passed before a paramedic effectively inserted a breathing tube, according to medical and EMS records.
Paramedics responding to the center’s 911 call had to use a video GlideScope to see inside the patient’s throat, equipment the surgery center didn’t have, court testimony says.
By then it was too late. Shah was removed from life support at a nearby hospital on Christmas Day.
Neither Yim nor the center returned calls for comment. In court records, an expert for the surgery center said Shah’s airway was obstructed and it was cleared around the time the paramedics arrived. He said the GlideScope is not required in New Jersey, nor would it likely have made a difference. An expert for Yim, however, said her actions were appropriate and if a GlideScope had been at the center, “we would probably not be discussing this case at all.”
When emergency crews arrive, surgery centers are not always prepared to receive them.
In Yim’s case, paramedics testified that she refused to move away from Shah and allow them to attempt lifesaving measures.
In Florida, paramedics who rushed to a surgery center after its usual operating hours hit a locked door while a patient inside gasped for breath. The 55-year-old remains in a vegetative state.
In 2016, paramedics arrived at West Lakes Surgery Center in Iowa as staff tried to revive 12-year-old Reuben Van Veldhuizen after he experienced complications during a tonsillectomy, according to a Medicare inspection report.
One paramedic told state inspectors she had to ask who was in charge of the resuscitation efforts. No one replied, the inspection report says.
The boy made it to the hospital 37 minutes after the surgery center staff called 911. There, he was pronounced dead.
The family filed suit, alleging that the center and anesthesiologist erred in giving the boy an anesthetic that carries a warning about cardiac arrest risk in young boys.
In court records responding to the lawsuit, the surgery center and anesthesiologist said Reuben’s death was a result of “pre-existing conditions, acts of others, or conditions over which (Defendants) had no control or responsibility.”
Yet lawyers who sue the centers and scrutinize their internal records say they often see deadly delays in care.
Pedro Maldonado, 59, went to Ambulatory Care Center in New Jersey to have his upper digestive tract scoped. He was discovered unresponsive 10 minutes after the seven-minute procedure, according to his widow’s lawsuit.
It took surgery center staff 25 more minutes to start CPR, according to a lawsuit that Philadelphia attorney Glenn Ellis filed on behalf of Maldonado’s widow. Twenty-seven more minutes passed before Maldonado was wheeled into an ER, the widow’s ongoing suit alleges. Maldonado never regained consciousness.
Reached by phone, a center administrator declined to comment. In a legal filing, the center denied claims of wrongdoing.
“At a hospital, doctors and nurses … know how they are going to respond,” Ellis said. “These guys at the surgery centers are walking on a tightrope with no safety net.”
Conveyor Belt Of Care
While the thrum of a hospital continues through the night, some surgery center doctors keep banker’s hours. That means patients whose surgeries end later in the day are sometimes left in the care of one or two nurses for up to 23-hour stays. Some patients have been sent home to grapple with complications on their own.
Sondra Wallace went to the Surgery Center of Oklahoma in early 2017 for a sinus procedure.
After the procedure, doctors saw her blood-oxygen level sinking. They realized she had had a reaction to the anesthesia and at 2 p.m. gave her a drug to reverse the effects, an ongoing lawsuit filed by her husband says.
Then, an hour later, they sent her home with her husband, Larry, the lawsuit says.
It was 3 p.m. on the Friday before Presidents Day weekend.
“I just think they wanted to start their three-day weekend,” said daughter Casey Podoll.
Larry Wallace alleges in the suit that the center gave him no hint that Sondra had a reaction to the anesthesia.
So, Wallace thought nothing of her napping in the back seat as he drove for more than two hours through Oklahoma pastures on his way home. When he arrived, he discovered his wife cold in the back seat. She was pronounced dead at Jackson County Memorial Hospital at 6:30 p.m. that day.
“They didn’t give any indication … that there were any red flags whatsoever,” Podoll said.
Craig Buchan, attorney for the Surgery Center of Oklahoma, said Wallace met discharge criteria and her cause of death has not been determined. He said the center did not close any earlier “than often occurs after the last patient is discharged.”
Cecilia Aldridge said she also felt as if the staff at a surgery center was rushing her out the door, after her 2-year-old daughter’s tonsil surgery in Arkansas in 2015.
A lawsuit filed by the parents said the surgery center “discharged Abbygail too early because a snow storm was moving into the area.”
Abbygail turned blue in the car on the way home. Her mother said she raced into an emergency room, shouting for help, her toddler in her arms.
“She never woke up,” Aldridge said tearfully in an interview.
Abbygail’s parents now question whether the surgery center ever should have been willing to treat their daughter.
Risky Patients
Because surgery centers have less safety equipment and staffing than hospitals, industry leaders stress the importance of selecting patients healthy enough to fare well. Their predictions, though, are not always correct.
Abbygail, who loved her hand-me-down blanket and the film “Frozen,” had sleep apnea, an irregular heartbeat and was very heavy for her age, according to the lawsuit.
Sleep apnea increases the risk of serious complications in surgery and the night after, medical research shows. Given her condition, Abbygail “should have been admitted [to a hospital] and monitored post-procedure,” said Dr. Charles Cote, a retired Harvard pediatric anesthesiology professor who was not involved in the family’s lawsuit.
The lawsuit says Abbygail’s risk factors “were documented and known by the Defendants,” including the doctor. It said the toddler should have been operated on “in an inpatient setting under hospital care and monitored overnight.”
Dr. Michael Marsh performed Abbygail’s tonsillectomy at Executive Park Surgery Center in Fort Smith, Ark.
The surgery center’s lawyer declined to comment. The doctor’s lawyer did not return email and voice messages. In court documents responding to the lawsuit, Marsh and the center denied wrongdoing.
In the court filing, Marsh said the toddler’s injuries were “the natural progression” of her illness. Executive Park Surgery Center said in a court filing that “no action on their part … was a proximate cause of any damages or injury.” The case was settled.
In at least 25 cases, surgery centers opened their doors to ailing and fragile patients who died after simple procedures, such as tonsillectomies, retinal repairs or colonoscopies, KHN and USA TODAY Network found.
Medicare asks surgery centers to assess each patient’s risk, but inspectors flagged 122 surgery centers in 2015 and 2016 alone for lapses in risk assessments. Some centers failed to gauge risk at all. Others overlooked their own policies.
Doctors can use an anesthesia risk assessment to screen out fragile patients — healthy patients get a score of 1, and a score of 5 means a person is nearly dead.
A few states, including Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, bar certain surgery centers from operating on patients with an anesthesia risk score of 4. But most states don’t go that far. They leave such decisions up to doctors.
And some of those decisions have been cited in tragic outcomes. Sabino Sifuentes, 74, had survived triple-bypass surgery. But on March 23, 2015, nine minutes after the start of anesthesia for an eye procedure, he became unresponsive, never to be revived, according to a Medicare inspection report. A nurse anesthetist who reviewed the case at Eye-Q Vision Care’s surgery center in Fresno, Calif., told state health inspectors that Sifuentes should have been given a risk score of 4 and his care was “completely mismanaged,” the inspection report says.
In response to the family’s lawsuit, the surgery center said Sifuentes’ injury was caused by his own negligence and others’.
Five other patients with the same risk score died after routine procedures at surgery centers across the U.S.
A Widening Niche
Such tragedies rarely find their way into the discussion when Medicare decides whether to approve new procedures at surgery centers.
Take spinal surgery.
Until 2015, Medicare wouldn’t pay for it at surgery centers. Then, the industry’s trade association urged the agency to make the change, and encouraged a letter-writing campaign from surgery centers across the nation.
Letter writers included Dr. Alan Villavicencio, a Colorado surgeon who said he’d been doing such surgeries for 12 years and found that his patients “appreciate the convenience and cost savings.” He did not mention that James Long, 56, had died three weeks earlier at a Lafayette, Colo., surgery center where he is an owner, a review of Colorado health department and medical board records shows.
United Surgical Partners International, a surgery center chain, also weighed in urging even more procedures to be approved, not mentioning a patient death hours after a spine surgery at one of its affiliate centers several months before, according to court records and securities filings. The chain said in a statement that it stands behind its comments in support of the proposal.
Such letters carry weight with Medicare, which approves procedures to be done in surgery centers based on the invasiveness and complexity of the surgery and on input from stakeholders.
Robert Beatty-Walters, a Portland, Ore., attorney who has represented the families of three people who died after surgery center spine procedures, said Medicare’s decision-making process is not even-handed.
“The stakeholders — they call them — during these regulatory proceedings are the profit-makers, not the people who are being provided the service,” he said. “The spine centers just want to have more people come. They make more money. I hate to be that cynical about it, but that’s just what I’ve seen.”
Medicare approved 10 spine-surgery codes to be billed at surgery centers starting in 2015 and added more spinal procedures for 2017. A Medicare spokesman denied a request for a telephone interview. In an email, a spokeswoman said Medicare opened the spine proposal to the public and received no comments suggesting the procedures would pose a threat to Medicare patients. She said the final decision about where a patient will have surgery is up to a doctor and patient.
By 2017, at least 14 patients had died soon after spine operations at surgery centers, according to the KHN/USA TODAY Network investigation.
The 14 spine-surgery deaths have gleaned little recognition in the industry or beyond. Only one made headlines in local newspapers. The rest are documented in places like the Macon, Ga., courthouse or in obscure regulatory reports. And there may be far more because some states, including New York, Illinois and Florida, disclose no details about surgery center deaths.
Paulina Tam’s death at Fremont Surgery Center was a tragic example. At 58, the mother of three had finished careers as a nurse and an educator. Next, she planned to travel the world with her husband of 32 years.
“She was the driving force of the family, the spirit I guess,” said her son, Eric Tam, a doctor in New York City, said. “We didn’t expect the worst to happen.”
The care she received at the center is documented in court records, EMS reports and a Medicare inspection report that concluded that the center “failed to provide a safe environment for surgery.”
Tam’s doctor scheduled her for a procedure to replace two discs in her upper spine on April 7, 2014. Pain from a car crash had bothered her for years. Any such surgery — entering the front of the neck to address pain in the spine — comes with a risk of suffocation, according to the Medicare inspection report.
Yet, with her surgeon and anesthesiologist already gone, the only doctor on-site was a digestive health specialist, the inspection report shows. About four hours after her procedure, Tam told a nurse that her surgical collar felt too tight. Then, that she couldn’t breathe.
The nurse called a “code blue” just after 6:30 p.m., records say.
Medical experts say the first step in helping such patients is removing the surgical staples so the pooled blood can disperse, allowing the patient to breathe.
In Tam’s case, staff repeatedly tried and failed to insert a breathing tube through her mouth and into her airway, the inspection report shows. A last-ditch remedy would have been to punch a hole through the front of her throat to restore breathing, but the gastroenterologist later told an inspector that he was “not prepared” to do so.
The inability to perform the suffocation-rescue maneuver, the inspection report says, amounted to the center’s “failure to ensure patient safety.”
From the time a nurse called 911, it took 24 minutes to get Tam to the nearest hospital, EMS records show. She arrived without a pulse and remained on life support overnight, as her children raced to her bedside to say goodbye.
The center did not return calls and denied wrongdoing in the court case. Tam’s surgeon declined to discuss the case but filed pleadings in court saying Tam’s “carelessness and negligence” caused her death. It’s unclear what the defense meant by negligence. The case reached a confidential settlement.
After Tam’s death, the center told Medicare inspectors that a qualified doctor would stay on-site after all upper-spine cases.
Dr. Nancy Epstein, chief of neurosurgical and spine care at New York University Winthrop Hospital, said surgery centers doing delicate work near the spinal cord, windpipe and esophagus in a same-day procedure is “pretty revolting.” But she said the centers are making so much money — “reeling it in hand over fist” that the potential dangers are being ignored.
“Medically, it should not be tolerated,” she said, “but it is.”
Lindy Washburn of The (Bergen County, N.J.) Record and NorthJersey.com contributed to this report.
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The Dos Rios preserve, about 90 minutes east of San Francisco, is a lush floodplain filled with green grass, shrubs and native trees like cottonwood, willows and valley oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can hike through miles of trail beginning June 12. The park is located eight miles east of Modesto near the convergence of the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about a decade ago, Dos Rios was a dairy and cattle ranch owned by farmers who grew tomatoes and almonds. But year after year, floods swept through, damaging the crops. In 2012, the owners sold all 1,600 acres to \u003ca href=\"https://riverpartners.org/\">River Partners\u003c/a>, an environmental nonprofit dedicated to conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, after more than a decade of restoration work, Dos Rios is a flourishing riparian forest. The area hosts many endangered and migratory wildlife, including brush rabbits, Chinook salmon and Swainson’s hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners donated Dos Rios last year to the California State Parks. In a \u003ca href=\"https://riverpartners.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2022_Dos-Rios_Program.pdf\">statement, \u003c/a>the organization wrote, “California’s newest state park fulfills our vision of giving the publicly funded property back to Valley residents to enjoy and steward forever.”[aside postID=science_1991791 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS36031_Image-from-iOS-14-qut-1038x576.jpg']Gov. Gavin Newsom, who visited Dos Rios at an Earth Day celebration on Monday, said the new park plays an important role in the state’s commitment to meet its climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, for the first time, we integrate the environmental conservation work that we do and put it in direct service to meeting our carbon goals,” said Wade Crowfoot, California’s Natural Resources Secretary, who was present at the celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dos Rios is California’s first park to open in over a decade. Newsom said the new park fills a big void in the vast San Joaquin Valley by offering residents, many of whom are low-income and communities of color, a unique nature preserve. Residents with a California Public Library pass can enjoy \u003ca href=\"https://www.library.ca.gov/grants/parks-pass/faq/\">free access\u003c/a> to select state parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California State Parks will consult with the tribal communities for potential access to river activities like boating and swimming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Nestled in the lush San Joaquin Valley landscape, California's latest addition to its state park roster, the Dos Rios preserve, will unveil its grand opening on June 12, marking the state's 281st park.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1713896041,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":389},"headData":{"title":"California’s New 1600-Acre State Park Set to Open This Summer | KQED","description":"Nestled in the lush San Joaquin Valley landscape, California's latest addition to its state park roster, the Dos Rios preserve, will unveil its grand opening on June 12, marking the state's 281st park.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California’s New 1600-Acre State Park Set to Open This Summer","datePublished":"2024-04-23T18:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2024-04-23T18:14:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"Kristel Tjandra","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992433/californias-new-1600-acre-state-park-set-to-open-this-summer","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Californians can soon enjoy a new state park at the heart of the Central Valley, the first in about a decade. The Dos Rios preserve, about 90 minutes east of San Francisco, is a lush floodplain filled with green grass, shrubs and native trees like cottonwood, willows and valley oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can hike through miles of trail beginning June 12. The park is located eight miles east of Modesto near the convergence of the San Joaquin and Tuolumne rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about a decade ago, Dos Rios was a dairy and cattle ranch owned by farmers who grew tomatoes and almonds. But year after year, floods swept through, damaging the crops. In 2012, the owners sold all 1,600 acres to \u003ca href=\"https://riverpartners.org/\">River Partners\u003c/a>, an environmental nonprofit dedicated to conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, after more than a decade of restoration work, Dos Rios is a flourishing riparian forest. The area hosts many endangered and migratory wildlife, including brush rabbits, Chinook salmon and Swainson’s hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>River Partners donated Dos Rios last year to the California State Parks. In a \u003ca href=\"https://riverpartners.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/2022_Dos-Rios_Program.pdf\">statement, \u003c/a>the organization wrote, “California’s newest state park fulfills our vision of giving the publicly funded property back to Valley residents to enjoy and steward forever.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1991791","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/RS36031_Image-from-iOS-14-qut-1038x576.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom, who visited Dos Rios at an Earth Day celebration on Monday, said the new park plays an important role in the state’s commitment to meet its climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, for the first time, we integrate the environmental conservation work that we do and put it in direct service to meeting our carbon goals,” said Wade Crowfoot, California’s Natural Resources Secretary, who was present at the celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dos Rios is California’s first park to open in over a decade. Newsom said the new park fills a big void in the vast San Joaquin Valley by offering residents, many of whom are low-income and communities of color, a unique nature preserve. Residents with a California Public Library pass can enjoy \u003ca href=\"https://www.library.ca.gov/grants/parks-pass/faq/\">free access\u003c/a> to select state parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California State Parks will consult with the tribal communities for potential access to river activities like boating and swimming in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992433/californias-new-1600-acre-state-park-set-to-open-this-summer","authors":["byline_science_1992433"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_5178","science_1942","science_4417","science_4414","science_4008","science_179"],"featImg":"science_1992437","label":"science"},"science_1992401":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992401","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992401","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"homeowners-insurance-market-stretched-even-thinner-as-2-more-companies-leave-california","title":"Homeowners Insurance Market Stretched Even Thinner as 2 More Companies Leave California","publishDate":1713481250,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Homeowners Insurance Market Stretched Even Thinner as 2 More Companies Leave California | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Two additional insurance companies are pulling out of California. Tokio Marine America Insurance Co. and Trans Pacific Insurance Co., will not renew their customers’ home insurance policies, the California Department of Insurance confirmed to KQED in an email. The companies will begin mailing customers nonrenewal notices this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared with some high-profile departures, these companies are relatively small, together insuring around 12,000 homeowners. “Given the companies’ minimal market share, we do not expect this to affect the California market as consumers have other options,” Jazmín Ortega, deputy press secretary for the state’s insurance department, wrote to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, their departure could worsen the insurance availability crisis at a time when more than 90% of companies within the admitted California insurance market are either not offering new property insurance or have heavy restrictions. Even among the companies listed in the California Department of Insurance’s \u003ca href=\"https://interactive.web.insurance.ca.gov/apex_extprd/f?p=400:50\">Home Insurance Finder tool\u003c/a>, the majority — about 70% — are not currently offering new plans, according to data gathered by the Susman Insurance Agency and shared with KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies did not specify their reasons for withdrawal in filings made with the state’s Department of Insurance as opposed to some, like State Farm and Allstate, which have explicitly cited wildfire risk. Both are subsidiaries of Tokio Marine Holdings, Inc., a Japanese company and plan to get out of both the homeowners and personal umbrella insurance markets. The fact that they’re not renewing personal liability insurance may also indicate their interest in leaving California entirely, as opposed to rebalancing their risk exposure before wading back into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is bad timing,” broker and insurance expert Karl Susman said. “Because there’s no place for [customers] to go other than the FAIR Plan that is already bloated and overexposed based on what they’re designed for and what they’re financed for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAIR Plan is California’s insurer of last resort, where customers can buy a policy when no other company will offer coverage. It’s expensive insurance and the policies are generally pretty lousy. Its ranks have also swelled enormously in the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FAIR Plan is getting a thousand applications per 24 hours, which is outrageous to even conceive of,” Susman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_11980757,science_1985175,news_11981609\"]The FAIR Plan has more than $300 billion of assets they’re insuring, about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfpnet.com/key-statistics-data/\">three times more than it did four years ago\u003c/a>. It has a tiny fraction of that saved in the bank, so in the event of a large-scale disaster, it could become insolvent, which would have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1985175/insurance-in-california-is-changing-heres-how-it-may-affect-you\">catastrophic ripple effects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of the latest insurance company departure is also bad and confusing to some observers because the state is amid a large overhaul of insurance regulations projected to ease conditions for insurance companies. The state’s insurance department is leading the effort and dubbed it the \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/180-climate-change/SustainableInsuranceStrategy.cfm\">Sustainable Insurance Strategy\u003c/a>. The proposed changes, many of which are desired by the insurance industry, are halfway rolled out, with more being announced soon and will go into effect at the end of the year. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0300-workshop-insurers/upload/Catastrophe-Modeling-and-Ratemaking-Invitation-to-Workshop.pdf\">next hearing\u003c/a>, on April 23, will consider catastrophe modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally are at the tail end of all of this [instability] before the carriers have the ability to underwrite, price, discount, and do all of those things and are able to come back and start competing again,” Susman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Tokio Marine America Insurance Co. and Trans Pacific Insurance Co. together insure around 12,000 homeowners, worsening California's insurance availability crisis.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1713549976,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":596},"headData":{"title":"Homeowners Insurance Market Stretched Even Thinner as 2 More Companies Leave California | KQED","description":"Tokio Marine America Insurance Co. and Trans Pacific Insurance Co. together insure around 12,000 homeowners, worsening California's insurance availability crisis.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Homeowners Insurance Market Stretched Even Thinner as 2 More Companies Leave California","datePublished":"2024-04-18T23:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2024-04-19T18:06:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992401/homeowners-insurance-market-stretched-even-thinner-as-2-more-companies-leave-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two additional insurance companies are pulling out of California. Tokio Marine America Insurance Co. and Trans Pacific Insurance Co., will not renew their customers’ home insurance policies, the California Department of Insurance confirmed to KQED in an email. The companies will begin mailing customers nonrenewal notices this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared with some high-profile departures, these companies are relatively small, together insuring around 12,000 homeowners. “Given the companies’ minimal market share, we do not expect this to affect the California market as consumers have other options,” Jazmín Ortega, deputy press secretary for the state’s insurance department, wrote to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, their departure could worsen the insurance availability crisis at a time when more than 90% of companies within the admitted California insurance market are either not offering new property insurance or have heavy restrictions. Even among the companies listed in the California Department of Insurance’s \u003ca href=\"https://interactive.web.insurance.ca.gov/apex_extprd/f?p=400:50\">Home Insurance Finder tool\u003c/a>, the majority — about 70% — are not currently offering new plans, according to data gathered by the Susman Insurance Agency and shared with KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies did not specify their reasons for withdrawal in filings made with the state’s Department of Insurance as opposed to some, like State Farm and Allstate, which have explicitly cited wildfire risk. Both are subsidiaries of Tokio Marine Holdings, Inc., a Japanese company and plan to get out of both the homeowners and personal umbrella insurance markets. The fact that they’re not renewing personal liability insurance may also indicate their interest in leaving California entirely, as opposed to rebalancing their risk exposure before wading back into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is bad timing,” broker and insurance expert Karl Susman said. “Because there’s no place for [customers] to go other than the FAIR Plan that is already bloated and overexposed based on what they’re designed for and what they’re financed for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAIR Plan is California’s insurer of last resort, where customers can buy a policy when no other company will offer coverage. It’s expensive insurance and the policies are generally pretty lousy. Its ranks have also swelled enormously in the last few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The FAIR Plan is getting a thousand applications per 24 hours, which is outrageous to even conceive of,” Susman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"label":"Related Stories ","postid":"news_11980757,science_1985175,news_11981609"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The FAIR Plan has more than $300 billion of assets they’re insuring, about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfpnet.com/key-statistics-data/\">three times more than it did four years ago\u003c/a>. It has a tiny fraction of that saved in the bank, so in the event of a large-scale disaster, it could become insolvent, which would have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1985175/insurance-in-california-is-changing-heres-how-it-may-affect-you\">catastrophic ripple effects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The timing of the latest insurance company departure is also bad and confusing to some observers because the state is amid a large overhaul of insurance regulations projected to ease conditions for insurance companies. The state’s insurance department is leading the effort and dubbed it the \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/180-climate-change/SustainableInsuranceStrategy.cfm\">Sustainable Insurance Strategy\u003c/a>. The proposed changes, many of which are desired by the insurance industry, are halfway rolled out, with more being announced soon and will go into effect at the end of the year. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.insurance.ca.gov/0250-insurers/0500-legal-info/0300-workshop-insurers/upload/Catastrophe-Modeling-and-Ratemaking-Invitation-to-Workshop.pdf\">next hearing\u003c/a>, on April 23, will consider catastrophe modeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We literally are at the tail end of all of this [instability] before the carriers have the ability to underwrite, price, discount, and do all of those things and are able to come back and start competing again,” Susman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992401/homeowners-insurance-market-stretched-even-thinner-as-2-more-companies-leave-california","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3730"],"tags":["science_5275","science_5274","science_3779"],"featImg":"science_1992411","label":"science"},"science_1992415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992415","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"same-sex-couples-face-higher-climate-change-risks-new-ucla-study-shows","title":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows","publishDate":1713554494,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Same-sex couples have a significant risk of exposure to the adverse effects of climate change — wildfires, floods, smoke-filled skies, drought, etc. — compared to straight couples, according to\u003ca href=\"https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/climate-change-risk-lgbt/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Read%20the%20report&utm_campaign=Press%3A%20Climate%20Change\"> a new report by the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research cuts against the narratives that LGBT people often live in safe pockets of coastal cities where they have access to all the resources that they need,” said Ari Shaw, study co-author, senior fellow and director of International Programs at the Williams Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LGBTQ same-sex couples who live together frequently reside in coastal areas, large cities and places with infrastructure ill-equipped for climate-related disasters. All of this makes queer couples more vulnerable to climate hazards, Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors found that San Francisco County, behind the District of Columbia, has the second-highest proportion of same-sex couples in the country and a relatively high risk of national hazards complicating life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco ranks among the highest in terms of its risk exposure to the effects of climate change,” Shaw said. “The experience of folks living in parts of the city that are more prone to flooding and these sorts of natural disasters is borne out in the data as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that LGBTQ people often live in concentrated urban areas like San Francisco is essential because Bay Area climate scientists recently found that human-caused climate change will cause atmospheric rivers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094722000275\">become 37% wetter by the end of the century\u003c/a>. These storms can cause significant flooding, and KQED reporting from 2023 found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983299/san-franciscos-aging-infrastructure-isnt-ready-for-its-wetter-future\">San Francisco’s infrastructure\u003c/a> isn’t prepared for future storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year’s Eve 2002, parts of San Francisco’s Leather & LGBTQ Cultural District flooded during an atmospheric river that swamped the region. The nearest grocery store to the area, Rainbow Grocery, also flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Our findings probably understate the true impact’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers relied on a mix of U.S. Census data and climate risk assessment data from NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaw said his team considered same-sex couples because the U.S. Census gathers information on cohabitating same-sex households but does not broadly collect sexual orientation or gender data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991453\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a residential neighborhood with a sandy coastline on the other side of a road.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sandy path leads from Ocean Beach to the Great Highway and the Sunset District in San Francisco on Feb. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This study helps to shine a light on what is likely a much larger and more complicated picture,” he said. “Our findings probably understate the true impact that climate change is having on LGBTQ people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research moves the needle in helping the nation understand who is at risk of climate disasters, UC Irvine sociology professor Michael Méndez said. He previously studied how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978439/queer-communities-often-left-out-of-disaster-planning-research-shows\">queer communities are often left out\u003c/a> of disaster planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The needle is moving slowly,” Méndez said. “These disasters are not happening in isolation. If an individual is feeling discrimination, or a lack of safety in their home and a disaster happens, they can feel even more vulnerable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what Méndez said the study doesn’t reveal is who the same-sex couples are in terms of race, income and their positions in society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could’ve gone a little further in terms of highlighting that, just because you’re LGBTQ and you’re in a geographic area that has a higher propensity for climate risks, does not necessarily make you socially vulnerable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Sen. Steve Padilla (D-San Diego) announced SB 990, which would establish best practices for state and local governments when addressing the needs of the LGBTQ community after a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The values we have fought so hard to uphold cannot disappear at the first sight of trouble,” Padilla said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions are possible\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The study authors recommend that policymakers, cities and providers ensure that disaster relief is accessible and given without discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.[aside postID=science_1992222 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/GettyImages-2092455726-1020x693.jpg']Solutions could include safe shelters, access to medication and financial aid for displaced LGBTQ people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the study found that LGBTQ people often live in areas with poor infrastructure and lack resources to respond to climate change, the researchers suggest cities expand green spaces and enhance structural resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policies should focus on mitigating discriminatory housing and urban development practices, making shelters safe spaces for LGBTQ people, and ensuring that relief aid reaches displaced LGBTQ individuals,” Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also suggest that state and federal surveys, like the U.S. Census, need to include “measures of sexual orientation and gender identity to increase the scope and granularity of information available on LGBTQ people, including assessments of climate risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"LGBTQ people in same-sex couples are at greater risk of exposure to the negative effects of climate change compared to straight couples, according to a new study.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1713740355,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":835},"headData":{"title":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows | KQED","description":"LGBTQ people in same-sex couples are at greater risk of exposure to the negative effects of climate change compared to straight couples, according to a new study.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Same-Sex Couples Face Higher Climate Change Risks, New UCLA Study Shows","datePublished":"2024-04-19T19:21:34.000Z","dateModified":"2024-04-21T22:59:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992415/same-sex-couples-face-higher-climate-change-risks-new-ucla-study-shows","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Same-sex couples have a significant risk of exposure to the adverse effects of climate change — wildfires, floods, smoke-filled skies, drought, etc. — compared to straight couples, according to\u003ca href=\"https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/climate-change-risk-lgbt/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Read%20the%20report&utm_campaign=Press%3A%20Climate%20Change\"> a new report by the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research cuts against the narratives that LGBT people often live in safe pockets of coastal cities where they have access to all the resources that they need,” said Ari Shaw, study co-author, senior fellow and director of International Programs at the Williams Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LGBTQ same-sex couples who live together frequently reside in coastal areas, large cities and places with infrastructure ill-equipped for climate-related disasters. All of this makes queer couples more vulnerable to climate hazards, Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors found that San Francisco County, behind the District of Columbia, has the second-highest proportion of same-sex couples in the country and a relatively high risk of national hazards complicating life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“San Francisco ranks among the highest in terms of its risk exposure to the effects of climate change,” Shaw said. “The experience of folks living in parts of the city that are more prone to flooding and these sorts of natural disasters is borne out in the data as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing that LGBTQ people often live in concentrated urban areas like San Francisco is essential because Bay Area climate scientists recently found that human-caused climate change will cause atmospheric rivers to \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094722000275\">become 37% wetter by the end of the century\u003c/a>. These storms can cause significant flooding, and KQED reporting from 2023 found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983299/san-franciscos-aging-infrastructure-isnt-ready-for-its-wetter-future\">San Francisco’s infrastructure\u003c/a> isn’t prepared for future storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year’s Eve 2002, parts of San Francisco’s Leather & LGBTQ Cultural District flooded during an atmospheric river that swamped the region. The nearest grocery store to the area, Rainbow Grocery, also flooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Our findings probably understate the true impact’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The researchers relied on a mix of U.S. Census data and climate risk assessment data from NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaw said his team considered same-sex couples because the U.S. Census gathers information on cohabitating same-sex households but does not broadly collect sexual orientation or gender data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1991453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1991453\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A view of a residential neighborhood with a sandy coastline on the other side of a road.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/02/240214-COASTALCOMMISSION-22-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sandy path leads from Ocean Beach to the Great Highway and the Sunset District in San Francisco on Feb. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This study helps to shine a light on what is likely a much larger and more complicated picture,” he said. “Our findings probably understate the true impact that climate change is having on LGBTQ people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new research moves the needle in helping the nation understand who is at risk of climate disasters, UC Irvine sociology professor Michael Méndez said. He previously studied how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1978439/queer-communities-often-left-out-of-disaster-planning-research-shows\">queer communities are often left out\u003c/a> of disaster planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The needle is moving slowly,” Méndez said. “These disasters are not happening in isolation. If an individual is feeling discrimination, or a lack of safety in their home and a disaster happens, they can feel even more vulnerable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what Méndez said the study doesn’t reveal is who the same-sex couples are in terms of race, income and their positions in society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could’ve gone a little further in terms of highlighting that, just because you’re LGBTQ and you’re in a geographic area that has a higher propensity for climate risks, does not necessarily make you socially vulnerable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Sen. Steve Padilla (D-San Diego) announced SB 990, which would establish best practices for state and local governments when addressing the needs of the LGBTQ community after a disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The values we have fought so hard to uphold cannot disappear at the first sight of trouble,” Padilla said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Solutions are possible\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The study authors recommend that policymakers, cities and providers ensure that disaster relief is accessible and given without discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1992222","hero":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/04/GettyImages-2092455726-1020x693.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Solutions could include safe shelters, access to medication and financial aid for displaced LGBTQ people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the study found that LGBTQ people often live in areas with poor infrastructure and lack resources to respond to climate change, the researchers suggest cities expand green spaces and enhance structural resilience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Policies should focus on mitigating discriminatory housing and urban development practices, making shelters safe spaces for LGBTQ people, and ensuring that relief aid reaches displaced LGBTQ individuals,” Shaw said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also suggest that state and federal surveys, like the U.S. Census, need to include “measures of sexual orientation and gender identity to increase the scope and granularity of information available on LGBTQ people, including assessments of climate risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992415/same-sex-couples-face-higher-climate-change-risks-new-ucla-study-shows","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_603","science_4417","science_4414","science_5183"],"featImg":"science_1992422","label":"science"},"science_1991791":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1991791","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1991791","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hoping-for-a-2024-super-bloom-where-to-see-wildflowers-in-the-bay-area","title":"Hoping for a 2024 'Super Bloom'? Where to See Wildflowers in the Bay Area","publishDate":1710154846,"format":"image","headTitle":"Hoping for a 2024 ‘Super Bloom’? Where to See Wildflowers in the Bay Area | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Spring is almost here. And with over 8,000 species of plants in California — more than half of them native to the state — it’s going to be an exciting place to experience the burst of colors from thousands of species of wildflowers the region has to offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1981882,news_11733926,science_1982256' label='More guides from kqed']California’s biodiversity is thanks to our unique Mediterranean climate, geology, and geography. With a crescent of mountains, California is geographically isolated from the rest of North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the Cascade Mountains up in the north, the Sierra running along the east, and the transverse range in the south. And then, of course, bound by the ocean on the west,” said Lewis Reed, rangeland ecologist and botanist at Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This geographic isolation, Reed explained, essentially limits the dispersal of organisms and, more importantly, gene flow between related organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This means that over evolutionary history, we’ve ended up with a lot of unique things in California that are different than their ancestors elsewhere in North America,” Reed said, referring to the thousands of species of native plants in the state, including wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will we get a 2024 ‘super bloom’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2023, nature lovers were thrilled by \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/outdoors/article/california-super-blooms-satellite-images-17891517.php\">images of Southern California’s “super blooms” visible from space\u003c/a>. But “super bloom” is not actually a scientific term, as Cameron Barrows, conservation ecologist at the Center for Conservation Biology at UC Riverside, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, it’s used — mainly by the media — to describe incredible and uncommon bloom events, when many different species of wildflowers bloom at the same time. “There might be anywhere [between] 50 to 100 different species in bloom during a super bloom event,” Barrows said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s still too early to tell if the Bay Area will be blessed in 2024 with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981882/where-to-see-wildflowers-near-you-in-the-bay-area-plus-the-science-behind-the-super-bloom\">the same amount of beautiful blooms we had in previous years\u003c/a>, the amount of rain and how that rain is distributed relative to temperatures are factors to consider when forecasting the intensity of wildflower blooms, Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984535\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984535\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Purple wildflowers blossom.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stems of purple lupine blossom along Grizzly Peak Boulevard in Berkeley on April 26, 2023. \u003ccite>(Kori Suzuki/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way to look for signs of a big bloom is to go out early in the season once flowers start to germinate. \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/loc-California/Lupine%20(all)/vw-list/np-0\">Lupines,\u003c/a> a common wildflower in our region, for example, have very distinctive leaves that develop as the plant grows and are easy to recognize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you learn your habitat of the areas that you’d like to explore and learn what to look for, you can get some hints well before those plants are going to bloom,” Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/stories/plants-not-seen-over-century-found-coastal-preserves\">Reed recently discovered a clustered tarweed (Deinandra fasciculata)\u003c/a> in the Peninsula — a yellow-flowered plant not seen in San Mateo County for over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the neat things about living and working in our area,” Reed said. “There’s always discovery to be made. It’s never the same from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where and when can you see blooms in the Bay Area?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When you’re heading out to enjoy the sight of these wildflower blooms, remember to respect the environment by staying on marked paths. Avoid picking any flowers or trampling on them — even accidentally. And remember to pack out anything you pack in on the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to encourage folks to feel welcome, and to come out to the preserve to see this beautiful gift of biodiversity that we have,” said Ryan McCauley, public affairs specialist at Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. “But we also really want to encourage folks to be respectful.“\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCauley also encouraged people to try to avoid visiting a bloom at peak times — like on the weekends. This way, you’ll be able to enjoy observing the different species of wildflowers without the large crowds, which could also raise the risk of accidentally stepping on the bright flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2121px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1981883\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456.jpg\" alt=\"Yellow and white wildflower blooms seen in a meadow.\" width=\"2121\" height=\"1414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456.jpg 2121w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2121px) 100vw, 2121px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) and various other wildflowers blooming in a meadow in San José. \u003ccite>(Sundry Photography/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While out enjoying the wildflower blooms, Reed said visitors should slow down. “We’re sometimes really eager to get out and find the big showy, super bloom,” he said, but you’ll see there’s so much going on around us if you’re able to slow down and look closely. “I think almost anyone who does that will find it to be rewarding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parks require advanced booking for tickets, so be sure to visit the park’s website to get the most updated information. For safety purposes, stay informed about park closures and weather conditions. For those with allergies, don’t forget to bring medicine and take preventative measures before you leave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can share your \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">sightings on the iNaturalist app\u003c/a>. This data will help experts in the field of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981882/where-to-see-wildflowers-near-you-in-the-bay-area-plus-the-science-behind-the-super-bloom#phenology\">phenology\u003c/a> to track invasive species or animals in places where they weren’t seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the spots listed below will bloom during the spring and summer months, and the number of flowers that actually bloom will vary every year, depending on how much rain and dry weather we get. So, if you can’t make it out into nature soon, don’t worry: You’ve got time to spot some beautiful blooms over the next months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildflower guided tours and events:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/calendar/month?terms=wildflower\">Wildflower events at East Bay Regional Parks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=30077\">Spring flower bloom updates by California State Parks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnps-scv.org/events/wildflower-shows\">Wildflower shows at California Native Plant Society, Santa Clara Valley Chapter\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Bernal-Heights-Park-151\">Bernal Heights\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/coronaheightspark-328\">Corona Heights\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Grandview-Park-Trail-400\">Grandview Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfparksalliance.org/our-parks/parks/tank-hill\">Tank Hill\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/716/McLaren-Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/landsend.htm\">Land’s End\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://presidio.gov/explore/attractions/batteries-to-bluffs-trail\">Batteries to Bluff Trail in Presidio\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/511/Glen-Canyon-Park\">Glen Canyon Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Balboa-Natural-Area-325\">Balboa Natural Area\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Mt-Davidson-Park-190\">Mount Davidson\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Hills\">Berkeley Hills\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Regional Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/coyote-hills\">Coyote Hills Regional Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\">Sunol Wilderness Regional Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/santa-teresa-county-park\">Stile Ranch Trail at Santa Teresa County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/calero-county-park\">Calero County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/coyote-lake-harvey-bear-ranch-park\">Coyote Lake Harvey Bear County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/almaden-quicksilver-county-park\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/joseph-d-grant-county-park\">Joseph D. Grant County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/uvas-canyon-county-park\">Uvas Canyon County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/henrycoe/\">Henry W. Coe State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=517\">Mount Hamilton\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspaceauthority.org/preserves/rancho.html\">Rancho Cañada del Oro Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspaceauthority.org/preserves/coyotevalley.html\">Coyote Valley Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/sierra-azul\">Mount Umunhum, Sierra Azul Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/st-josephs-hill\">Manzanita Trail, St. Joseph’s Hill Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/2088/2028\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peninsula:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/moripoint.htm\">Mori Point, Pacifica\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/san-bruno-mountain-state-county-park\">San Bruno Mountain Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/edgewood-park-natural-preserve\">Edgewood Park and Natural Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/pulgas-ridge\">Pulgas Ridge Reserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/russian-ridge\">Russian Ridge Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Further from the Bay Area:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pinn/\">Pinnacles National Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While it's too soon know if California will get a 'super bloom' this year, there are still many options for beautiful wildflower hikes near you in the Bay Area. Here's where to find them, and what causes these seasonal blooms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1710189648,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1123},"headData":{"title":"Hoping for a 2024 'Super Bloom'? Where to See Wildflowers in the Bay Area | KQED","description":"While it's too soon know if California will get a 'super bloom' this year, there are still many options for beautiful wildflower hikes near you in the Bay Area. Here's where to find them, and what causes these seasonal blooms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hoping for a 2024 'Super Bloom'? Where to See Wildflowers in the Bay Area","datePublished":"2024-03-11T11:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2024-03-11T20:40:48.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1991791/hoping-for-a-2024-super-bloom-where-to-see-wildflowers-in-the-bay-area","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Spring is almost here. And with over 8,000 species of plants in California — more than half of them native to the state — it’s going to be an exciting place to experience the burst of colors from thousands of species of wildflowers the region has to offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1981882,news_11733926,science_1982256","label":"More guides from kqed "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>California’s biodiversity is thanks to our unique Mediterranean climate, geology, and geography. With a crescent of mountains, California is geographically isolated from the rest of North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have the Cascade Mountains up in the north, the Sierra running along the east, and the transverse range in the south. And then, of course, bound by the ocean on the west,” said Lewis Reed, rangeland ecologist and botanist at Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This geographic isolation, Reed explained, essentially limits the dispersal of organisms and, more importantly, gene flow between related organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This means that over evolutionary history, we’ve ended up with a lot of unique things in California that are different than their ancestors elsewhere in North America,” Reed said, referring to the thousands of species of native plants in the state, including wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Will we get a 2024 ‘super bloom’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2023, nature lovers were thrilled by \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/outdoors/article/california-super-blooms-satellite-images-17891517.php\">images of Southern California’s “super blooms” visible from space\u003c/a>. But “super bloom” is not actually a scientific term, as Cameron Barrows, conservation ecologist at the Center for Conservation Biology at UC Riverside, told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, it’s used — mainly by the media — to describe incredible and uncommon bloom events, when many different species of wildflowers bloom at the same time. “There might be anywhere [between] 50 to 100 different species in bloom during a super bloom event,” Barrows said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it’s still too early to tell if the Bay Area will be blessed in 2024 with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981882/where-to-see-wildflowers-near-you-in-the-bay-area-plus-the-science-behind-the-super-bloom\">the same amount of beautiful blooms we had in previous years\u003c/a>, the amount of rain and how that rain is distributed relative to temperatures are factors to consider when forecasting the intensity of wildflower blooms, Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1984535\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1984535\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Purple wildflowers blossom.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/04262023_ksuzuki_warmweather-103-qut-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stems of purple lupine blossom along Grizzly Peak Boulevard in Berkeley on April 26, 2023. \u003ccite>(Kori Suzuki/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way to look for signs of a big bloom is to go out early in the season once flowers start to germinate. \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/loc-California/Lupine%20(all)/vw-list/np-0\">Lupines,\u003c/a> a common wildflower in our region, for example, have very distinctive leaves that develop as the plant grows and are easy to recognize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you learn your habitat of the areas that you’d like to explore and learn what to look for, you can get some hints well before those plants are going to bloom,” Reed said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/stories/plants-not-seen-over-century-found-coastal-preserves\">Reed recently discovered a clustered tarweed (Deinandra fasciculata)\u003c/a> in the Peninsula — a yellow-flowered plant not seen in San Mateo County for over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the neat things about living and working in our area,” Reed said. “There’s always discovery to be made. It’s never the same from year to year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where and when can you see blooms in the Bay Area?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When you’re heading out to enjoy the sight of these wildflower blooms, remember to respect the environment by staying on marked paths. Avoid picking any flowers or trampling on them — even accidentally. And remember to pack out anything you pack in on the trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to encourage folks to feel welcome, and to come out to the preserve to see this beautiful gift of biodiversity that we have,” said Ryan McCauley, public affairs specialist at Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. “But we also really want to encourage folks to be respectful.“\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCauley also encouraged people to try to avoid visiting a bloom at peak times — like on the weekends. This way, you’ll be able to enjoy observing the different species of wildflowers without the large crowds, which could also raise the risk of accidentally stepping on the bright flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2121px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1981883\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456.jpg\" alt=\"Yellow and white wildflower blooms seen in a meadow.\" width=\"2121\" height=\"1414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456.jpg 2121w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/03/GettyImages-1141101456-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2121px) 100vw, 2121px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) and various other wildflowers blooming in a meadow in San José. \u003ccite>(Sundry Photography/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While out enjoying the wildflower blooms, Reed said visitors should slow down. “We’re sometimes really eager to get out and find the big showy, super bloom,” he said, but you’ll see there’s so much going on around us if you’re able to slow down and look closely. “I think almost anyone who does that will find it to be rewarding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parks require advanced booking for tickets, so be sure to visit the park’s website to get the most updated information. For safety purposes, stay informed about park closures and weather conditions. For those with allergies, don’t forget to bring medicine and take preventative measures before you leave home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can share your \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">sightings on the iNaturalist app\u003c/a>. This data will help experts in the field of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1981882/where-to-see-wildflowers-near-you-in-the-bay-area-plus-the-science-behind-the-super-bloom#phenology\">phenology\u003c/a> to track invasive species or animals in places where they weren’t seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the spots listed below will bloom during the spring and summer months, and the number of flowers that actually bloom will vary every year, depending on how much rain and dry weather we get. So, if you can’t make it out into nature soon, don’t worry: You’ve got time to spot some beautiful blooms over the next months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildflower guided tours and events:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/calendar/month?terms=wildflower\">Wildflower events at East Bay Regional Parks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=30077\">Spring flower bloom updates by California State Parks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnps-scv.org/events/wildflower-shows\">Wildflower shows at California Native Plant Society, Santa Clara Valley Chapter\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Bernal-Heights-Park-151\">Bernal Heights\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/coronaheightspark-328\">Corona Heights\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Grandview-Park-Trail-400\">Grandview Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sfparksalliance.org/our-parks/parks/tank-hill\">Tank Hill\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/716/McLaren-Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/landsend.htm\">Land’s End\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://presidio.gov/explore/attractions/batteries-to-bluffs-trail\">Batteries to Bluff Trail in Presidio\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/511/Glen-Canyon-Park\">Glen Canyon Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Balboa-Natural-Area-325\">Balboa Natural Area\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/facilities/facility/details/Mt-Davidson-Park-190\">Mount Davidson\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Hills\">Berkeley Hills\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden\">Tilden Regional Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/coyote-hills\">Coyote Hills Regional Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\">Sunol Wilderness Regional Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/santa-teresa-county-park\">Stile Ranch Trail at Santa Teresa County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/calero-county-park\">Calero County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/coyote-lake-harvey-bear-ranch-park\">Coyote Lake Harvey Bear County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/almaden-quicksilver-county-park\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/joseph-d-grant-county-park\">Joseph D. Grant County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://parks.sccgov.org/santa-clara-county-parks/uvas-canyon-county-park\">Uvas Canyon County Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/henrycoe/\">Henry W. Coe State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=517\">Mount Hamilton\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspaceauthority.org/preserves/rancho.html\">Rancho Cañada del Oro Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspaceauthority.org/preserves/coyotevalley.html\">Coyote Valley Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/sierra-azul\">Mount Umunhum, Sierra Azul Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/st-josephs-hill\">Manzanita Trail, St. Joseph’s Hill Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/2088/2028\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peninsula:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/goga/planyourvisit/moripoint.htm\">Mori Point, Pacifica\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/san-bruno-mountain-state-county-park\">San Bruno Mountain Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.smcgov.org/parks/edgewood-park-natural-preserve\">Edgewood Park and Natural Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/pulgas-ridge\">Pulgas Ridge Reserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.openspace.org/preserves/russian-ridge\">Russian Ridge Preserve\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Further from the Bay Area:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pinn/\">Pinnacles National Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1991791/hoping-for-a-2024-super-bloom-where-to-see-wildflowers-in-the-bay-area","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_4417","science_4414","science_179","science_3338","science_2371"],"featImg":"science_1991798","label":"science"},"science_1940697":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1940697","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1940697","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ever-wake-up-frozen-in-the-middle-of-the-night-with-a-shadowy-figure-in-the-room-thats-sleep-paralysis","title":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room?","publishDate":1556541014,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: The following story was produced by Richmond High School students for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Youth Takeover\u003c/span>\u003c/a> week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re asleep and you suddenly open your eyes. You try to reposition yourself, but something’s wrong. Your body won’t move, and it’s as if something is holding you down. You hear scratching in the corner of the room, then see a pitch-black figure. You think it’s just your mind playing tricks, until the figure starts moving, slowly. It’s getting closer. You shut your eyes, but you can hear it shuffling toward you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what sleep paralysis is like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sleep paralysis usually occurs when you’re, well, asleep, says Allen Jenkins, a psychology teacher at Richmond High School.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Your brain is telling you to go to sleep and to not move, because when you walk around in your sleep, that’s not good,” he said. “But some people have a problem with that not turning off. So when they wake up, they still can’t move.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People undergoing sleep paralysis might also feel pressure on their chest, a sense of dread and difficulty taking a breath. Some people also report experiencing hallucinations, like a shadowy figure in the darkness. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if a person experiences stimulation that doesn’t come from their environment, it can still happen within their brain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Everything you experience is perception. Your processing in your brain can be overactive,” Jenkins said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can think of it like dreaming when you’re wide awake. It seems real to you, but it just doesn’t happen to be occurring.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Leslie Saechao, a student at Richmond High School, has experienced sleep paralysis. “I felt like I saw something in the dark. It was like a figure,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 756px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"756\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg 1512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-160x197.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-800x987.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-768x948.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-1020x1259.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-972x1200.jpeg 972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nayeli Pena, Yvette Villicana and Evelyn Mendoza, Richmond High School students.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saechao recalls lying in bed awake past midnight, feeling “paralyzed,” and seeing a blurry figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident has made her “paranoid” about sleeping, so she covers her face at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sleep next to the wall so I won’t see anything,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis can occur as you fall asleep or as you wake up. It goes away by itself after a few seconds or a few minutes. People who experience this are usually in their teens, 20s and 30s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers believe sleep paralysis happens when someone’s sleep cycle is disrupted, and especially when they’re in a dream state. This occurs in the rapid eye movement or REM stage of sleep, and can be caused by anxiety and stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvette Villicaña first experienced sleep paralysis when she was in middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as overwhelming for me as other people, because I don’t see shadowy figures,” she said. “I try to move, but sometimes I can’t. And after some time, it does go away. I used to think I was the only \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one who experienced this.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> After working on this story for KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\">Youth Takeover\u003c/a>,” Villicaña says it’s good to know she’s not alone, but it’s tough to realize other people have more traumatic experiences because of their hallucinations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis is harmless by itself but can lead to insomnia or narcolepsy, a more serious condition that causes uncontrollable sleepiness during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can try to stop sleep paralysis by avoiding naps and not sleeping on your back, because it makes you feel vulnerable. Consult a mental health professional for stress or anxiety. And if it doesn’t go away, seek help from a sleep specialist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You wake up in the middle of the night and see a pitch-black figure. It must be your mind playing tricks. But then the figure starts moving toward you, and you feel frozen. What's going on, here? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848716,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":653},"headData":{"title":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room? | KQED","description":"You wake up in the middle of the night and see a pitch-black figure. It must be your mind playing tricks. But then the figure starts moving toward you, and you feel frozen. What's going on, here? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ever Wake Up Frozen in the Middle of the Night, With a Shadowy Figure in the Room?","datePublished":"2019-04-29T12:30:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:05:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"KQED Youth Takeover","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/04/YTOSleepParalysis.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003cstrong>Nayeli Peña, Evelyn Mendoza and Yvette Villicaña\u003cbr>Richmond High School\u003c/strong>","audioTrackLength":286,"path":"/science/1940697/ever-wake-up-frozen-in-the-middle-of-the-night-with-a-shadowy-figure-in-the-room-thats-sleep-paralysis","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: The following story was produced by Richmond High School students for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Youth Takeover\u003c/span>\u003c/a> week at KQED.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you’re asleep and you suddenly open your eyes. You try to reposition yourself, but something’s wrong. Your body won’t move, and it’s as if something is holding you down. You hear scratching in the corner of the room, then see a pitch-black figure. You think it’s just your mind playing tricks, until the figure starts moving, slowly. It’s getting closer. You shut your eyes, but you can hear it shuffling toward you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what sleep paralysis is like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sleep paralysis usually occurs when you’re, well, asleep, says Allen Jenkins, a psychology teacher at Richmond High School.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Your brain is telling you to go to sleep and to not move, because when you walk around in your sleep, that’s not good,” he said. “But some people have a problem with that not turning off. So when they wake up, they still can’t move.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">People undergoing sleep paralysis might also feel pressure on their chest, a sense of dread and difficulty taking a breath. Some people also report experiencing hallucinations, like a shadowy figure in the darkness. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if a person experiences stimulation that doesn’t come from their environment, it can still happen within their brain. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Everything you experience is perception. Your processing in your brain can be overactive,” Jenkins said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“You can think of it like dreaming when you’re wide awake. It seems real to you, but it just doesn’t happen to be occurring.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Leslie Saechao, a student at Richmond High School, has experienced sleep paralysis. “I felt like I saw something in the dark. It was like a figure,” she said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 756px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1940747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"756\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis.jpeg 1512w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-160x197.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-800x987.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-768x948.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-1020x1259.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2029/04/sleep-paralysis-972x1200.jpeg 972w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nayeli Pena, Yvette Villicana and Evelyn Mendoza, Richmond High School students.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saechao recalls lying in bed awake past midnight, feeling “paralyzed,” and seeing a blurry figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident has made her “paranoid” about sleeping, so she covers her face at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I sleep next to the wall so I won’t see anything,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis can occur as you fall asleep or as you wake up. It goes away by itself after a few seconds or a few minutes. People who experience this are usually in their teens, 20s and 30s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers believe sleep paralysis happens when someone’s sleep cycle is disrupted, and especially when they’re in a dream state. This occurs in the rapid eye movement or REM stage of sleep, and can be caused by anxiety and stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvette Villicaña first experienced sleep paralysis when she was in middle school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not as overwhelming for me as other people, because I don’t see shadowy figures,” she said. “I try to move, but sometimes I can’t. And after some time, it does go away. I used to think I was the only \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">one who experienced this.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> After working on this story for KQED’s “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/2018/04/18/youth-takeover-of-kqed-news-starts-april-23/\">Youth Takeover\u003c/a>,” Villicaña says it’s good to know she’s not alone, but it’s tough to realize other people have more traumatic experiences because of their hallucinations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep paralysis is harmless by itself but can lead to insomnia or narcolepsy, a more serious condition that causes uncontrollable sleepiness during the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can try to stop sleep paralysis by avoiding naps and not sleeping on your back, because it makes you feel vulnerable. Consult a mental health professional for stress or anxiety. And if it doesn’t go away, seek help from a sleep specialist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1940697/ever-wake-up-frozen-in-the-middle-of-the-night-with-a-shadowy-figure-in-the-room-thats-sleep-paralysis","authors":["byline_science_1940697"],"categories":["science_3890","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_3833","science_3834"],"featImg":"science_1940725","label":"source_science_1940697"},"science_1941506":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1941506","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1941506","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"these-face-mites-really-grow-on-you","title":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You","publishDate":1558443627,"format":"video","headTitle":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]I hate to break this to you, but you almost certainly have tiny mites living in the pores in your face right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called Demodex. And pretty much every adult human alive has a population of these mites living on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also called eyelash mites, they’re too small to see with the naked eye. They’re mostly transparent, and at about .3 millimeters long, it would take about five face adult mites laid end to end to stretch across the head of a pin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like kind of like stubby little worms,” said Michelle Trautwein, an entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein studies our relationship with these microscopic stowaways by looking at their DNA. Her findings so far show that people in different parts of the world have different face mites living in the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell a story of your own ancestry and also a story of more ancient human history and migration,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein of the California Academy of Sciences studies face mites using microscopes and genetic testing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We use a little spoon and scrape it across the kind of greasier parts of someone’s face — which isn’t as bad as it sounds,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once she has collected the samples, she takes them back to the lab to look at the genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein has found DNA evidence of face mites on every one of more than 2,000 people she has tested, including tourists from all around the world who make their way to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one is thrilled at the initial notion that they have arachnids on their face,” Trautwein said. “But people are often curious — even in their revulsion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could these creatures live on so many people and still go unnoticed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941533 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face mites make their home in the follicles found at the root of the peach fuzz that covers most human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look closely and you’ll see that in addition to the more obvious body and head hair, human skin is covered in a thin, barely visible layer of peach fuzz called vellus hairs. There are a few notable exceptions, such as the palms of our hands and soles of our feet, but other than that our entire bodies are covered in that fuzz. The shaft of each one of those tiny hairs grows out of its own follicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face mites spend their days face-down inside your hair follicles nestled up against the hair shaft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eat sebum, that greasy oil your skin makes to protect itself and keep it from drying out. The sebum is produced in sebaceous glands, which empty into the hair follicles, coating both the hair shaft and face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the greasiest parts of your body — like around the eyes, nose and mouth — likely harbor a higher concentration of mites than other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They live about two weeks. They spend most of their time tucked inside our pores. But while we’re sleeping, they crawl out onto the surface of our skin to mate before crawling back into our pores to lay their eggs. Fun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they live inside your pores, you can’t scrub them off by washing. It’s basically impossible to get rid of all of your face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does Trautwein study them? With glue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lindsay Palaima bravely volunteers to have a slide covered in glue stuck to her forehead in order to capture face mites growing in her pores. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I actually put glue on a glass microscope slide and stick it onto a person’s forehead,” she said. “Then I slowly peel it off. I look under a microscope for mites that are stuck in the follicles that stick up from the thin layer of skin that got peeled off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be pretty addictive and exciting,” she added. “It’s sort of a meditative process of looking through this microforest of follicles and hairs, and looking for just the right potential movement or shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941538 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demodex face mite seen writhing around in the root of a human hair follicle, observed under a microscope. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These Demodex face mites got their name from the Greek words for “fat” and “boring worm,” but they’re not really worms at all. They’re actually arachnids — related to ticks — and more distantly to spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have face mites on them and never notice. It seems that our immune system is able to keep their numbers in check. But some people can experience problems with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you tell patients that they have face mites, first of all, they freak out,” said Dr. Kanade Shinkai, a dermatologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinkai occasionally treats patients who have an overload of face mites, which results in a condition called demodicosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very particular look to people suffering from demodicosis. We call it the Demodex frost,” she said. “It’s sort of a white sheen on the skin. And if you look really closely, you can see coming out of every pore. If you scrape those pores, you can see it frothing with little Demodex face mites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty rare condition and it’s often connected to a change in someone’s immune system, such as receiving immunosuppressive drugs after transplant surgery, chemotherapy or immunodeficiency diseases like HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demodicosis can also be triggered by local suppression of the immune system, like when itch-relieving hydrocortisone cream is used on the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it does happen, demodicosis usually comes on fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patients almost universally describe this explosive development of pustules like whiteheads on their face. It’s really dramatic,” Shinkai said. “And what’s really dramatic about it is that they’re often fine the day before, and then they develop it, overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast majority of people, face mites are nothing to worry about. While some studies have found loose connections between Demodex and diseases like rosacea, the evidence hasn’t shown a strong link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really confusing is that if you go into your office and scrape everyone’s face, you would find Demodex probably on everybody,” Shinkai said. “And people who have low burden of Demodex may have no or very severe disease and vice versa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein also sees face mites as more of a source of interest than fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not dangerous in a broad sense because we all have them and most of us seem to be cohabiting quite well with them,” Trautwein said. “We mostly share them within family units and it seems like you are probably initially colonized soon after birth, most likely by your mother, traditionally speaking in human history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at these mites, researchers like Trautwein can usually tell something about your geographical ancestry — what part of the world your ancestors came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941715 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-768x374.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1200x584.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg 1285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein has found that several genetically distinct groups of Demodex face mites (represented by different colors on this map) exist in different geographic areas. \u003ccite>(Michelle Trautwein/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Face mites are definitely the species of animal that we have the closest connection with as humans, even though most of us don’t know about them or ever see one in our lifetime,” she said. “We still have this very ancient and intimate relationship, and it seems clear that we’ve had these face mite species with us for all of our history. So they are as old as our species, as old as homo sapiens.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Yep, you probably have Demodex mites living on your face. These tiny arachnids feast on sebum, the greasy oil in your pores. But should you be worried about your eight-legged guests? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848665,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":37,"wordCount":1341},"headData":{"title":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You | KQED","description":"Yep, you probably have Demodex mites living on your face. These tiny arachnids feast on sebum, the greasy oil in your pores. But should you be worried about your eight-legged guests? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"These Face Mites Really Grow on You","datePublished":"2019-05-21T13:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:04:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/YW2eGaUzq7E","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1941506/these-face-mites-really-grow-on-you","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>I hate to break this to you, but you almost certainly have tiny mites living in the pores in your face right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re called Demodex. And pretty much every adult human alive has a population of these mites living on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also called eyelash mites, they’re too small to see with the naked eye. They’re mostly transparent, and at about .3 millimeters long, it would take about five face adult mites laid end to end to stretch across the head of a pin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like kind of like stubby little worms,” said Michelle Trautwein, an entomologist at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein studies our relationship with these microscopic stowaways by looking at their DNA. Her findings so far show that people in different parts of the world have different face mites living in the skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell a story of your own ancestry and also a story of more ancient human history and migration,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_MichelleTrautwein_microscope.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein of the California Academy of Sciences studies face mites using microscopes and genetic testing. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We use a little spoon and scrape it across the kind of greasier parts of someone’s face — which isn’t as bad as it sounds,” said Trautwein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once she has collected the samples, she takes them back to the lab to look at the genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein has found DNA evidence of face mites on every one of more than 2,000 people she has tested, including tourists from all around the world who make their way to the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one is thrilled at the initial notion that they have arachnids on their face,” Trautwein said. “But people are often curious — even in their revulsion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could these creatures live on so many people and still go unnoticed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941533 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_PeachFuzz_male.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face mites make their home in the follicles found at the root of the peach fuzz that covers most human skin. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look closely and you’ll see that in addition to the more obvious body and head hair, human skin is covered in a thin, barely visible layer of peach fuzz called vellus hairs. There are a few notable exceptions, such as the palms of our hands and soles of our feet, but other than that our entire bodies are covered in that fuzz. The shaft of each one of those tiny hairs grows out of its own follicle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Face mites spend their days face-down inside your hair follicles nestled up against the hair shaft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They eat sebum, that greasy oil your skin makes to protect itself and keep it from drying out. The sebum is produced in sebaceous glands, which empty into the hair follicles, coating both the hair shaft and face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the greasiest parts of your body — like around the eyes, nose and mouth — likely harbor a higher concentration of mites than other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They live about two weeks. They spend most of their time tucked inside our pores. But while we’re sleeping, they crawl out onto the surface of our skin to mate before crawling back into our pores to lay their eggs. Fun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they live inside your pores, you can’t scrub them off by washing. It’s basically impossible to get rid of all of your face mites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does Trautwein study them? With glue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1941540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_SlideCollection_LindsayPalaima.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lindsay Palaima bravely volunteers to have a slide covered in glue stuck to her forehead in order to capture face mites growing in her pores. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I actually put glue on a glass microscope slide and stick it onto a person’s forehead,” she said. “Then I slowly peel it off. I look under a microscope for mites that are stuck in the follicles that stick up from the thin layer of skin that got peeled off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be pretty addictive and exciting,” she added. “It’s sort of a meditative process of looking through this microforest of follicles and hairs, and looking for just the right potential movement or shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941538 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/DL610_FaceMites_InFollicle.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demodex face mite seen writhing around in the root of a human hair follicle, observed under a microscope. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These Demodex face mites got their name from the Greek words for “fat” and “boring worm,” but they’re not really worms at all. They’re actually arachnids — related to ticks — and more distantly to spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have face mites on them and never notice. It seems that our immune system is able to keep their numbers in check. But some people can experience problems with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you tell patients that they have face mites, first of all, they freak out,” said Dr. Kanade Shinkai, a dermatologist at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shinkai occasionally treats patients who have an overload of face mites, which results in a condition called demodicosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a very particular look to people suffering from demodicosis. We call it the Demodex frost,” she said. “It’s sort of a white sheen on the skin. And if you look really closely, you can see coming out of every pore. If you scrape those pores, you can see it frothing with little Demodex face mites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a pretty rare condition and it’s often connected to a change in someone’s immune system, such as receiving immunosuppressive drugs after transplant surgery, chemotherapy or immunodeficiency diseases like HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demodicosis can also be triggered by local suppression of the immune system, like when itch-relieving hydrocortisone cream is used on the face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it does happen, demodicosis usually comes on fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patients almost universally describe this explosive development of pustules like whiteheads on their face. It’s really dramatic,” Shinkai said. “And what’s really dramatic about it is that they’re often fine the day before, and then they develop it, overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for the vast majority of people, face mites are nothing to worry about. While some studies have found loose connections between Demodex and diseases like rosacea, the evidence hasn’t shown a strong link.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s really confusing is that if you go into your office and scrape everyone’s face, you would find Demodex probably on everybody,” Shinkai said. “And people who have low burden of Demodex may have no or very severe disease and vice versa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trautwein also sees face mites as more of a source of interest than fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re not dangerous in a broad sense because we all have them and most of us seem to be cohabiting quite well with them,” Trautwein said. “We mostly share them within family units and it seems like you are probably initially colonized soon after birth, most likely by your mother, traditionally speaking in human history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at these mites, researchers like Trautwein can usually tell something about your geographical ancestry — what part of the world your ancestors came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1941715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1941715 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1020x496.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-768x374.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers-1200x584.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/05/Map_Follic_migration_nonumbers.jpg 1285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michelle Trautwein has found that several genetically distinct groups of Demodex face mites (represented by different colors on this map) exist in different geographic areas. \u003ccite>(Michelle Trautwein/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Face mites are definitely the species of animal that we have the closest connection with as humans, even though most of us don’t know about them or ever see one in our lifetime,” she said. “We still have this very ancient and intimate relationship, and it seems clear that we’ve had these face mite species with us for all of our history. So they are as old as our species, as old as homo sapiens.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1941506/these-face-mites-really-grow-on-you","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_3890","science_86"],"tags":["science_3370"],"featImg":"science_1942008","label":"science_1935"},"science_20440":{"type":"posts","id":"science_20440","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"20440","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"schizophrenia-what-its-like-to-hear-voices","title":"Schizophrenia: What It's Like to Hear Voices","publishDate":1407763824,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Schizophrenia: What It’s Like to Hear Voices | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1800,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140811science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>People with schizophrenia often have a hard time explaining what it’s like to hear voices. “There’s a huge range of voice hearing experiences,” says Nev Jones, postdoctoral fellow in anthropology at Stanford University who was treated for her psychotic symptoms in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There can be “voices that are more thought-like,” says Jones, “voices that sound like non-human entities, voices that are perceived as the direct communication of a message, rather than something you’re actually hearing.” Voices aren’t always voices, either. They can sound more like a murmur, a rustle or a beeping. But when a voice is a recognizable voice, more than often, it’s not very nice. “It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few of the people I’ve met over the last few months I’ve spent reporting on young people who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, or experienced symptoms that seemed, possibly, pre-schizophrenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EFRAIN PACHECO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Efrain Pacheco is 21 and lives in San Diego. He can’t remember exactly when the voices began, in part because he thought everyone heard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033993″]\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Schizophrenia: New Thinking, New Treatments \u003c/strong>This is the third story in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/schizophrenia-new-thinking-new-treatments/\">three-part series\u003c/a> looking at the changing science of schizophrenia and emerging treatments.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Part One: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">New Clinics in California Seek to Stop Schizophrenia Before it Starts\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Part Two: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/what-is-schizophrenia-scientists-call-for-new-thinking/\">What Is Schizophrenia? Scientists Call for New Thinking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Today he takes an anti-psychotic drug, Risperdal, which has mostly quieted them. Sometimes he misses them, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FRANKIE MORENO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Frankie Moreno is 25, and also lives in San Diego. About four years ago, his reality started to shift. At first, he heard “random noises,” like the sound of running on the roof. The sounds evolved into two voices, speaking just out of range of hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034446″] Over time, the voices got louder and more threatening, until one night, they told him to hurt himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>REAGAN\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe profiled Reagan in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">first story in this series\u003c/a>. She’s 23 and lives in Simi Valley. Her hallucinations were visual, not auditory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034827″] She knew they couldn’t be real, but they still terrified her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WILL HALL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Hall was in his 20s when the film \u003cem>The Matrix\u003c/em> came out. He was obsessed with it, and thought it had been written for him, specifically. He heard voices telling him that he had caused the Columbine massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162181136″] \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">In California, \u003ca href=\"http://prepwellness.org/prep-san-francisco/\">PREP\u003c/a> offers mental health services to young people and their families. Schizophrenia.com offers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.schizophrenia.com/earlypsychosis.htm\">resource page\u003c/a> that includes other states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/\">The National Alliance on Mental Illness\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Your_Local_NAMI&Template=/CustomSource/AffiliateFinder.cfm\">chapters\u003c/a> in every state and offers support to families. The young people in this story received help at \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstartsd.org/\">Kickstart\u003c/a>, in San Diego.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He found that as he listened to the voices, and tried to understand where they were coming from, the voices became kinder and more supportive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREA VALLEJO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis last one is Andrea Vallejo, who works for a program in San Diego called Kickstart, which treats kids in the very earliest stages of schizophrenia. I met her when she and other Kickstart staff had taken a bunch of clients, between 10 and 25 years old, to fly kites at San Diego’s Seaport Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033392″] Vallejo’s job is to help kids stay in school, connected to friends and family. The slide into isolation can make everything, including auditory and visual hallucinations, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People who hear auditory hallucinations say the voices can be quiet or cacophonous, singular or crowd-like, but they are almost always harsh and disapproving. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933155,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":699},"headData":{"title":"Schizophrenia: What It's Like to Hear Voices | KQED","description":"People who hear auditory hallucinations say the voices can be quiet or cacophonous, singular or crowd-like, but they are almost always harsh and disapproving. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Schizophrenia: What It's Like to Hear Voices","datePublished":"2014-08-11T13:30:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:32:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140811science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/20440/schizophrenia-what-its-like-to-hear-voices","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/08/20140811science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>People with schizophrenia often have a hard time explaining what it’s like to hear voices. “There’s a huge range of voice hearing experiences,” says Nev Jones, postdoctoral fellow in anthropology at Stanford University who was treated for her psychotic symptoms in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>There can be “voices that are more thought-like,” says Jones, “voices that sound like non-human entities, voices that are perceived as the direct communication of a message, rather than something you’re actually hearing.” Voices aren’t always voices, either. They can sound more like a murmur, a rustle or a beeping. But when a voice is a recognizable voice, more than often, it’s not very nice. “It’s not like wearing an iPod”, says the Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrman. “It’s like being surrounded by a gang of bullies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few of the people I’ve met over the last few months I’ve spent reporting on young people who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia, or experienced symptoms that seemed, possibly, pre-schizophrenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EFRAIN PACHECO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Efrain Pacheco is 21 and lives in San Diego. He can’t remember exactly when the voices began, in part because he thought everyone heard them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033993″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033993″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>Schizophrenia: New Thinking, New Treatments \u003c/strong>This is the third story in a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/schizophrenia-new-thinking-new-treatments/\">three-part series\u003c/a> looking at the changing science of schizophrenia and emerging treatments.\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Part One: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">New Clinics in California Seek to Stop Schizophrenia Before it Starts\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Part Two: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/what-is-schizophrenia-scientists-call-for-new-thinking/\">What Is Schizophrenia? Scientists Call for New Thinking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Today he takes an anti-psychotic drug, Risperdal, which has mostly quieted them. Sometimes he misses them, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FRANKIE MORENO\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Frankie Moreno is 25, and also lives in San Diego. About four years ago, his reality started to shift. At first, he heard “random noises,” like the sound of running on the roof. The sounds evolved into two voices, speaking just out of range of hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034446″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034446″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> Over time, the voices got louder and more threatening, until one night, they told him to hurt himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>REAGAN\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe profiled Reagan in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/new-clinics-in-california-seek-to-stop-schizophrenia-before-it-starts/\">first story in this series\u003c/a>. She’s 23 and lives in Simi Valley. Her hallucinations were visual, not auditory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034827″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162034827″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> She knew they couldn’t be real, but they still terrified her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>WILL HALL\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Hall was in his 20s when the film \u003cem>The Matrix\u003c/em> came out. He was obsessed with it, and thought it had been written for him, specifically. He heard voices telling him that he had caused the Columbine massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162181136″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162181136″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">In California, \u003ca href=\"http://prepwellness.org/prep-san-francisco/\">PREP\u003c/a> offers mental health services to young people and their families. Schizophrenia.com offers a \u003ca href=\"http://www.schizophrenia.com/earlypsychosis.htm\">resource page\u003c/a> that includes other states. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/\">The National Alliance on Mental Illness\u003c/a> has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=Your_Local_NAMI&Template=/CustomSource/AffiliateFinder.cfm\">chapters\u003c/a> in every state and offers support to families. The young people in this story received help at \u003ca href=\"http://www.kickstartsd.org/\">Kickstart\u003c/a>, in San Diego.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He found that as he listened to the voices, and tried to understand where they were coming from, the voices became kinder and more supportive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREA VALLEJO\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis last one is Andrea Vallejo, who works for a program in San Diego called Kickstart, which treats kids in the very earliest stages of schizophrenia. I met her when she and other Kickstart staff had taken a bunch of clients, between 10 and 25 years old, to fly kites at San Diego’s Seaport Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='undefined' height='undefined'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033392″&visual=true&undefined'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/162033392″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp> Vallejo’s job is to help kids stay in school, connected to friends and family. The slide into isolation can make everything, including auditory and visual hallucinations, much worse.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/20440/schizophrenia-what-its-like-to-hear-voices","authors":["210"],"series":["science_1800"],"categories":["science_46","science_39","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_64"],"featImg":"science_20448","label":"science_1800"},"science_1969214":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1969214","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1969214","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-is-not-a-dandelion","title":"This is NOT a Dandelion.","publishDate":1599570045,"format":"video","headTitle":"This is NOT a Dandelion. | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Gardeners cursing as they yank out yellow blooms from the ground might be misplacing their anger. Not everything that looks like a dandelion is one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969312\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is not a dandelion. To tell this catsear from its better-known relative you need to look under its petals. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dandelions have many doppelgangers, among them the most successful plant you’ve never heard of: catsears. Their claim to fame is that they were recently \u003ca href=\"https://nytimesanswers.com/dandelion-look-alike-crossword-clue-2/\">a clue in the New York Times crossword puzzle\u003c/a> (“Dandelion look-alike”), but the plant is so prolific — it has spread from its native Morocco all around the world — that it doesn’t really need any press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are you’ll run across both dandelions and catsears in your backyard or at the park this fall, especially if they’re getting watered. Catsears also proliferate in pastures, where cows keep the grasses that compete with them at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Lesser_goldfinch_eats_catsear_seeds.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Lesser_goldfinch_eats_catsear_seeds.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lesser goldfinch munches on catsear seeds in Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bees and butterflies love the nectar and pollen provided by dandelions and catsears, and little songbirds like lesser goldfinches feed on their seeds. But it’s hard to convince some gardeners of their virtues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people who have a nice turf want only grasses,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/people/joseph-ditomaso\">Joe DiTomaso\u003c/a>, a weed researcher who retired from UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1921px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969317\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920.jpg 1921w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsears in bloom in a backyard in Berkeley in June. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frustratingly for lawn lovers, efforts to keep the turf looking good sometimes help dandelions and catsears. Their leaves grow close to the ground, so when the lawnmower chops down any blades of grass towering over them, they can more easily soak up the rays they need to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you’re a friend or a foe, telling dandelions and catsears apart could be useful — if only to know thine enemy — and a fun way to ponder what makes these yellow blooms so successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking down at them, you’ll miss their differences. You need to get on your knees and take a close look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below their petals you’ll see green structures that hold the bloom. They’re called phyllaries. In catsears, they all point up. In dandelions, some phyllaries curl down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969316\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969316\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsear or dandelion? The green structures called phyllaries that hug the bloom all point up in catsears. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969318\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dandelions’ curly phyllaries are one way to tell them apart from catsears. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dandelion and catsear leaves have a similar shape, with toothed edges that give dandelions their name — an adaptation from the French dent-de-lion, or lion’s tooth. The leaves of the common catsear are more lobed than pointy and they’re furry, while dandelions’ are smooth. Both leaves are edible, prepared in salads or sauteed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsears’ leaves are furry (left); dandelions’ are smooth. Both are edible. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you eat an old dandelion leaf, it’s going to be extremely bitter,” said \u003ca href=\"https://eggert.biology.missouri.edu/visiting-scholars/austin-lynn/\">Austin Lynn\u003c/a>, who studied the plants for his recently completed doctoral studies at the University of Missouri. “But if you eat a younger one, it’s much more pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a taste test he carried out, Lynn said dandelion leaves were described as similar to romaine lettuce or arugula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both dandelion and catsear blooms transform into fluffy globes called “clocks,” full of seeds. The dandelion’s clock is like a head of wispy gray hairs that just came from the salon, while the catsear’s featherlike globe looks like a dandelion that let its mane dry in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both catsears and dandelions create globes full of seeds, called “clocks.” Catsears’ clocks (left) look like a messier version of dandelions’. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsear (left) and dandelion dried, ribbed fruits waiting to be carried away by the wind. A tiny seed is hiding inside each fruit. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One other way to tell them apart is that each stem of catsears branches into multiple blooms, while dandelions have only one bloom per stem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all their differences, dandelions and catsears are closely related and pollinator favorites. That’s because of a tiny secret up in their petals: What we think of as a dandelion or a catsear flower is actually a cluster of dozens of tiny flowers called ray florets. Each floret makes its own pollen and nectar, which attract a host of different bees, butterflies and other insects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catsears serve all customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have generalists as their pollinators,” said DiTomaso. “There are not specific insects that are required to pollinate them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Umber_skipper_butterfly_on_catsear.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Umber_skipper_butterfly_on_catsear.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An umber skipper butterfly sips nectar from a catsear in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dandelions in your backyard, called common dandelions and hailing from Europe, don’t even need pollinators to reproduce — they just clone themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If one dandelion makes it to a new habitat, it can colonize that new habitat with just one individual,” said Lynn. “These dandelions don’t need to have a mate; that’s one of the big advantages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappi_fly_off_wide-shot.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappi_fly_off_wide-shot.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Make a wish! Dandelion pappi fly away. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wind disperses both dandelions’ and catsears’ seeds, another reason for their success. Each floret produces a fruit with a tiny seed inside, and each fruit floats away hanging from an umbrella-shaped structure called a pappus. These tiny pappi (PAP-eye) are what children blow on after making a wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re very good at catching wind to detach,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/n.nakayama\">Naomi Nakayama\u003c/a>, a researcher at Imperial College London who has studied dandelion flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappus_flies_off.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappus_flies_off.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dandelion pappus catches the wind and carries away a dry, ribbed fruit. A tiny seed is nestled inside the fruit. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pappus acts very much like an open umbrella that lifts easily on the wind, even though it’s mainly empty space. Because of its small size, a trick of physics makes it so that the air in between the bristles of the pappi behaves like a solid — sort of like a viscous honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have an invisible wall they create,” said Nakayama. This helps pappi lift off when the wind hits them. The wall effect also helps the pappus stay adrift. Some air sifts through the bristles and a lot of air swirls around and above the pappus, forming a whirlwind that sucks the pappus up and keeps it afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of pappi don’t carry their seed very far — just enough for it to germinate in your backyard. How far they can travel is an open question, Nakayama said, since attaching a GPS onto them would impede their flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Pappi_fly_off_dandelion.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Pappi_fly_off_dandelion.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most dandelion fruit will likely fall to the ground nearby. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people feel comfortable saying they can travel a couple of miles,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if most pappi end up landing right in your backyard, at least you might be able to get a good salad or some bee-watching out of the next generation.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Not every yellow bloom — or fluffy white globe — taking over your backyard is a dandelion. Some of them are the most prolific plant you've never heard of: catsears.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847060,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1212},"headData":{"title":"This is NOT a Dandelion. | KQED","description":"Not every yellow bloom — or fluffy white globe — taking over your backyard is a dandelion. Some of them are the most prolific plant you've never heard of: catsears.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"This is NOT a Dandelion.","datePublished":"2020-09-08T13:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:37:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/_7SIHtWu2hw","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1969214/this-is-not-a-dandelion","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Gardeners cursing as they yank out yellow blooms from the ground might be misplacing their anger. Not everything that looks like a dandelion is one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969312\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DEEP_713_This-is-Not_a-Dandelion_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is not a dandelion. To tell this catsear from its better-known relative you need to look under its petals. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dandelions have many doppelgangers, among them the most successful plant you’ve never heard of: catsears. Their claim to fame is that they were recently \u003ca href=\"https://nytimesanswers.com/dandelion-look-alike-crossword-clue-2/\">a clue in the New York Times crossword puzzle\u003c/a> (“Dandelion look-alike”), but the plant is so prolific — it has spread from its native Morocco all around the world — that it doesn’t really need any press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chances are you’ll run across both dandelions and catsears in your backyard or at the park this fall, especially if they’re getting watered. Catsears also proliferate in pastures, where cows keep the grasses that compete with them at bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Lesser_goldfinch_eats_catsear_seeds.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1969310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Lesser_goldfinch_eats_catsear_seeds.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A lesser goldfinch munches on catsear seeds in Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bees and butterflies love the nectar and pollen provided by dandelions and catsears, and little songbirds like lesser goldfinches feed on their seeds. But it’s hard to convince some gardeners of their virtues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people who have a nice turf want only grasses,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/people/joseph-ditomaso\">Joe DiTomaso\u003c/a>, a weed researcher who retired from UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969317\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1921px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969317\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1921\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920.jpg 1921w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-1020x573.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsears_many_in_backyard_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1921px) 100vw, 1921px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsears in bloom in a backyard in Berkeley in June. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frustratingly for lawn lovers, efforts to keep the turf looking good sometimes help dandelions and catsears. Their leaves grow close to the ground, so when the lawnmower chops down any blades of grass towering over them, they can more easily soak up the rays they need to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you’re a friend or a foe, telling dandelions and catsears apart could be useful — if only to know thine enemy — and a fun way to ponder what makes these yellow blooms so successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re looking down at them, you’ll miss their differences. You need to get on your knees and take a close look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below their petals you’ll see green structures that hold the bloom. They’re called phyllaries. In catsears, they all point up. In dandelions, some phyllaries curl down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969316\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969316\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_inflorescence_fm_below_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsear or dandelion? The green structures called phyllaries that hug the bloom all point up in catsears. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969318\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_phyllaries_no_label_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dandelions’ curly phyllaries are one way to tell them apart from catsears. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dandelion and catsear leaves have a similar shape, with toothed edges that give dandelions their name — an adaptation from the French dent-de-lion, or lion’s tooth. The leaves of the common catsear are more lobed than pointy and they’re furry, while dandelions’ are smooth. Both leaves are edible, prepared in salads or sauteed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969315\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_leaves_no_label_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsears’ leaves are furry (left); dandelions’ are smooth. Both are edible. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you eat an old dandelion leaf, it’s going to be extremely bitter,” said \u003ca href=\"https://eggert.biology.missouri.edu/visiting-scholars/austin-lynn/\">Austin Lynn\u003c/a>, who studied the plants for his recently completed doctoral studies at the University of Missouri. “But if you eat a younger one, it’s much more pleasant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a taste test he carried out, Lynn said dandelion leaves were described as similar to romaine lettuce or arugula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both dandelion and catsear blooms transform into fluffy globes called “clocks,” full of seeds. The dandelion’s clock is like a head of wispy gray hairs that just came from the salon, while the catsear’s featherlike globe looks like a dandelion that let its mane dry in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_and_dandelion_clocks_1920-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Both catsears and dandelions create globes full of seeds, called “clocks.” Catsears’ clocks (left) look like a messier version of dandelions’. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Catsear_dandelion_fruits_no_label-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Catsear (left) and dandelion dried, ribbed fruits waiting to be carried away by the wind. A tiny seed is hiding inside each fruit. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One other way to tell them apart is that each stem of catsears branches into multiple blooms, while dandelions have only one bloom per stem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all their differences, dandelions and catsears are closely related and pollinator favorites. That’s because of a tiny secret up in their petals: What we think of as a dandelion or a catsear flower is actually a cluster of dozens of tiny flowers called ray florets. Each floret makes its own pollen and nectar, which attract a host of different bees, butterflies and other insects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catsears serve all customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have generalists as their pollinators,” said DiTomaso. “There are not specific insects that are required to pollinate them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969311\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Umber_skipper_butterfly_on_catsear.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969311\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Umber_skipper_butterfly_on_catsear.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An umber skipper butterfly sips nectar from a catsear in Berkeley. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dandelions in your backyard, called common dandelions and hailing from Europe, don’t even need pollinators to reproduce — they just clone themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If one dandelion makes it to a new habitat, it can colonize that new habitat with just one individual,” said Lynn. “These dandelions don’t need to have a mate; that’s one of the big advantages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappi_fly_off_wide-shot.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969308\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappi_fly_off_wide-shot.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Make a wish! Dandelion pappi fly away. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wind disperses both dandelions’ and catsears’ seeds, another reason for their success. Each floret produces a fruit with a tiny seed inside, and each fruit floats away hanging from an umbrella-shaped structure called a pappus. These tiny pappi (PAP-eye) are what children blow on after making a wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re very good at catching wind to detach,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/n.nakayama\">Naomi Nakayama\u003c/a>, a researcher at Imperial College London who has studied dandelion flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappus_flies_off.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Dandelion_pappus_flies_off.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dandelion pappus catches the wind and carries away a dry, ribbed fruit. A tiny seed is nestled inside the fruit. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pappus acts very much like an open umbrella that lifts easily on the wind, even though it’s mainly empty space. Because of its small size, a trick of physics makes it so that the air in between the bristles of the pappi behaves like a solid — sort of like a viscous honey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have an invisible wall they create,” said Nakayama. This helps pappi lift off when the wind hits them. The wall effect also helps the pappus stay adrift. Some air sifts through the bristles and a lot of air swirls around and above the pappus, forming a whirlwind that sucks the pappus up and keeps it afloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of pappi don’t carry their seed very far — just enough for it to germinate in your backyard. How far they can travel is an open question, Nakayama said, since attaching a GPS onto them would impede their flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1969324\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Pappi_fly_off_dandelion.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1969324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/09/DL713_Pappi_fly_off_dandelion.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most dandelion fruit will likely fall to the ground nearby. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people feel comfortable saying they can travel a couple of miles,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if most pappi end up landing right in your backyard, at least you might be able to get a good salad or some bee-watching out of the next generation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1969214/this-is-not-a-dandelion","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_2377"],"featImg":"science_1969217","label":"science_1935"},"science_1936949":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1936949","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1936949","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"do-little-quakes-mean-the-big-one-is-close-at-hand","title":"Do Little Earthquakes Mean the Big One Is Close at Hand?","publishDate":1548163851,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Do Little Earthquakes Mean the Big One Is Close at Hand? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>On two straight mornings in January 2019, residents awoke to the familiar rock and roll from a\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11718873/another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> cluster of relatively small earthquakes\u003c/a> along the Hayward Fault, across the bay from San Francisco. It’s not the first time, nor will it be the last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While neither the magnitude 3.4 nor 3.5 quakes broke the seismograph, the two events struck in essentially the same spot. Both had epicenters nestled in the Oakland-Berkeley Hills, just a few miles from the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cluster quakes always get people wondering if they mean more than the usual random jiggling. To get a read on this, we spoke to earthquake experts with UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthquakes.berkeley.edu/blog/2015/10/13/weak-stresses-strong-earthquakes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seismology Lab\u003c/a> about what it means, if anything, when it comes to forecasting the next Big One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Peggy Hellweg with UC Berkeley’s Seismology Lab, there’s minor earthquake activity occurring almost continuously along the Hayward Fault, though most of it goes unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while January’s “felt quakes” were reported as individual events, they can be thought of as belonging to the same sequence of earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would actually group them together since they’re so close together on the fault and call one the foreshock, and then the one from Thursday morning, the main shock,” Hellweg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble with terms like “foreshock” and “aftershock” is that scientists never know how to categorize one or the other until after the shaking settles down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hellweg says she wouldn’t have been surprised to see tiny quakes or even another of similar size in the days following to finish out the sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the history of earthquakes along this section of the Hayward Fault, there can be from one to four earthquakes felt by the people who live here,” Hellweg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do minor “felt quakes” foretell about the likelihood of the next Big One hitting the Hayward Fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short answer: There’s no way to know for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, Hellweg says, in the last 20 to 30 years, “no big earthquake has happened on the Hayward Fault associated with one of these little sequences of earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here’s the bad news: pressure has been building up on the Hayward Fault. It’s been more than 150 years since the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933064/map-are-you-in-the-severe-damage-zone-for-the-bay-areas-next-big-earthquake\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> last major earthquake\u003c/a> to rattle the fault, which stretches through the most \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/\">densely populated\u003c/a> stretch of the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geological studies put the average interval between big quakes on the Hayward Fault at about 140 years, give or take 50 years. Meaning the Big One could happen any day now or not in the lifetime of many middle-aged residents. Scientists who developed the \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3020/fs20163020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">HayWired\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3020/fs20163020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> modeling scenario\u003c/a> estimate that there’s about a one-in-three chance of a magnitude-7 quake on the Hayward within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s the other bad news: the oft-repeated idea that minor temblors serve to relieve pressure on the fault and lessen the chances of a major event, is a myth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the question of whether it happens tomorrow, Hellweg says, “Do I expect it? No. Would I be surprised? No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/thepaintgrammer/status/1085905639077928969\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does that leave the current state of the Hayward Fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey suggest that damage caused by the next major quake along the Hayward Fault could be \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-hayward-fault-20180417-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">catastrophic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What concerns UC Berkeley seismologist Roland Burgmann is where recent small quakes occurred on the fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re right next to part of the Hayward Fault that — from the kind of research we do here at Berkeley — we know to be the part that’s fully locked,” Burgman says. “That’s the part that, when a really big earthquake — magnitude 7 or so — happens again on the Hayward Fault, it will likely rupture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault lines — or different portions of the same fault — can be classified as \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/quaternary/stories/hayward_creep.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">locked or creeping\u003c/a>. Creeping faults shift slowly over time, and may undergo smaller quakes like the ones observed this week. Locked faults, however, don’t move, causing pressure to build until a large-magnitude earthquake releases it. The Hayward Fault is considered a mixed fault line, with sections that creep and ones that don’t. The ones that don’t pose the biggest danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This [latest] pair of events is small, but they’re right next to the sleeping beast of the Hayward Fault that we know is essentially ready to have a big earthquake today or in a couple of decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The danger, according to Burgmann, is that a cluster of small quakes adjacent to the locked portion of the fault could be “possible foreshocks” to a major quake. Unfortunately, he says, there’s no real way to predict this scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get those earthquake kits ready\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway here is probably already clear; Burgmann says small quakes are a good signal to get prepared — that whenever we have one, it boosts the probability of another occurring within a week by about 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially what that means for people is whenever you feel an earthquake, that’s a good time to check on your earthquake kit.” Burgmann says. “It shouldn’t be a cause for true alarm, but it should be a reason to reassess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for what it’s worth: Burgmann muses that after years of studying the fault, a recent series of small shakers on the Hayward finally prompted him to buy earthquake insurance himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"When smaller earthquakes strike, how does it affect forecasting the next 'Big One'?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927190,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":986},"headData":{"title":"Do Little Earthquakes Mean the Big One Is Close at Hand? | KQED","description":"When smaller earthquakes strike, how does it affect forecasting the next 'Big One'?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Do Little Earthquakes Mean the Big One Is Close at Hand?","datePublished":"2019-01-22T13:30:51.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:53:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Science","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1936949/do-little-quakes-mean-the-big-one-is-close-at-hand","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On two straight mornings in January 2019, residents awoke to the familiar rock and roll from a\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11718873/another-morning-another-wake-up-quake-in-the-east-bay-hills\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> cluster of relatively small earthquakes\u003c/a> along the Hayward Fault, across the bay from San Francisco. It’s not the first time, nor will it be the last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While neither the magnitude 3.4 nor 3.5 quakes broke the seismograph, the two events struck in essentially the same spot. Both had epicenters nestled in the Oakland-Berkeley Hills, just a few miles from the UC Berkeley campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such cluster quakes always get people wondering if they mean more than the usual random jiggling. To get a read on this, we spoke to earthquake experts with UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://earthquakes.berkeley.edu/blog/2015/10/13/weak-stresses-strong-earthquakes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seismology Lab\u003c/a> about what it means, if anything, when it comes to forecasting the next Big One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Peggy Hellweg with UC Berkeley’s Seismology Lab, there’s minor earthquake activity occurring almost continuously along the Hayward Fault, though most of it goes unnoticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while January’s “felt quakes” were reported as individual events, they can be thought of as belonging to the same sequence of earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would actually group them together since they’re so close together on the fault and call one the foreshock, and then the one from Thursday morning, the main shock,” Hellweg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble with terms like “foreshock” and “aftershock” is that scientists never know how to categorize one or the other until after the shaking settles down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hellweg says she wouldn’t have been surprised to see tiny quakes or even another of similar size in the days following to finish out the sequence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at the history of earthquakes along this section of the Hayward Fault, there can be from one to four earthquakes felt by the people who live here,” Hellweg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do minor “felt quakes” foretell about the likelihood of the next Big One hitting the Hayward Fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short answer: There’s no way to know for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the one hand, Hellweg says, in the last 20 to 30 years, “no big earthquake has happened on the Hayward Fault associated with one of these little sequences of earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here’s the bad news: pressure has been building up on the Hayward Fault. It’s been more than 150 years since the\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1933064/map-are-you-in-the-severe-damage-zone-for-the-bay-areas-next-big-earthquake\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> last major earthquake\u003c/a> to rattle the fault, which stretches through the most \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/\">densely populated\u003c/a> stretch of the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geological studies put the average interval between big quakes on the Hayward Fault at about 140 years, give or take 50 years. Meaning the Big One could happen any day now or not in the lifetime of many middle-aged residents. Scientists who developed the \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3020/fs20163020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">HayWired\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2016/3020/fs20163020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> modeling scenario\u003c/a> estimate that there’s about a one-in-three chance of a magnitude-7 quake on the Hayward within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s the other bad news: the oft-repeated idea that minor temblors serve to relieve pressure on the fault and lessen the chances of a major event, is a myth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the question of whether it happens tomorrow, Hellweg says, “Do I expect it? No. Would I be surprised? No.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1085905639077928969"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does that leave the current state of the Hayward Fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reports from the U.S. Geological Survey suggest that damage caused by the next major quake along the Hayward Fault could be \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-hayward-fault-20180417-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">catastrophic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What concerns UC Berkeley seismologist Roland Burgmann is where recent small quakes occurred on the fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re right next to part of the Hayward Fault that — from the kind of research we do here at Berkeley — we know to be the part that’s fully locked,” Burgman says. “That’s the part that, when a really big earthquake — magnitude 7 or so — happens again on the Hayward Fault, it will likely rupture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault lines — or different portions of the same fault — can be classified as \u003ca href=\"https://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/quaternary/stories/hayward_creep.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">locked or creeping\u003c/a>. Creeping faults shift slowly over time, and may undergo smaller quakes like the ones observed this week. Locked faults, however, don’t move, causing pressure to build until a large-magnitude earthquake releases it. The Hayward Fault is considered a mixed fault line, with sections that creep and ones that don’t. The ones that don’t pose the biggest danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This [latest] pair of events is small, but they’re right next to the sleeping beast of the Hayward Fault that we know is essentially ready to have a big earthquake today or in a couple of decades.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The danger, according to Burgmann, is that a cluster of small quakes adjacent to the locked portion of the fault could be “possible foreshocks” to a major quake. Unfortunately, he says, there’s no real way to predict this scenario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get those earthquake kits ready\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The takeaway here is probably already clear; Burgmann says small quakes are a good signal to get prepared — that whenever we have one, it boosts the probability of another occurring within a week by about 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially what that means for people is whenever you feel an earthquake, that’s a good time to check on your earthquake kit.” Burgmann says. “It shouldn’t be a cause for true alarm, but it should be a reason to reassess.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for what it’s worth: Burgmann muses that after years of studying the fault, a recent series of small shakers on the Hayward finally prompted him to buy earthquake insurance himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1936949/do-little-quakes-mean-the-big-one-is-close-at-hand","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_257","science_427","science_192","science_3832","science_3834","science_654"],"featImg":"science_1937339","label":"source_science_1936949"},"science_1992036":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1992036","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1992036","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"where-to-see-cherry-blossoms-in-the-bay-area-this-spring","title":"Where to See Cherry Blossoms in the Bay Area This Spring","publishDate":1711105229,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Where to See Cherry Blossoms in the Bay Area This Spring | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>In Japan, sakura — cherry blossoms — have been celebrated for more than a thousand years. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/hanami.htm\">hanami, or flower-viewing celebrations, date back to the 9th century in Japan\u003c/a> and were made popular among the aristocracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the arrival of cherry blossoms is celebrated not only in Japan but worldwide, including in U.S. cities like Washington, D.C. and San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It marks not just the coming of spring, but also the start of something new,” said Yuki Nishimura, co-chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/\">Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival (NCCBF)\u003c/a> — a volunteer-run annual event in San Francisco’s Japantown taking place on April 13–14 and April 20–21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump to:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#cherryblossombayarea\">Where to see cherry blossoms in the Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#sciencecherryblossom\">How climate change has impacted cherry blossoms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>What to know about the Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The NCCBF is the largest festival of its kind on the West Coast, and organizers say that since 1968, it’s served as a way to celebrate the alliance between Japan and the U.S. “This festival is also our way of really celebrating and reclaiming our cultural identity,” Nishimura said.[aside postID='science_1991791,news_11979339,science_1991709' label='More guides from kqed']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/\">those two weekends in April\u003c/a>, there will be cultural performances taking place on the Peace Plaza stage and across Japantown, as well as arts and craft vendors, nonprofit food booths and a children’s area offering games and activities. The Cherry Blossom Festival’s \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/grand-parade/\">grand parade will close out the festival on Sunday, April 21\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nishimura encourages people to take public transportation, walk, bike, or take an Uber/taxi to the event, as parking spots around Japantown will be limited during those weekends. \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/participate/volunteering-at-the-festival/\">Volunteers for the festival are also welcome\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about community. It’s all about bringing people together,” Nishimura said. “Anybody can find a place here, and we welcome everybody to come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"cherryblossombayarea\">\u003c/a>Other places to see cherry blossoms in the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Spring is the best time to admire the blushing pink flowers of cherry blossoms that adorn our streets and parks in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for timing, March and April are the best moments to go looking for cherry blossoms in the region, as they bloom for a limited time during these months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few places you can spot cherry blossoms around the Bay Area:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/japaneseteagardensf/\">Japanese Tea Garden\u003c/a>, Golden Gate Park\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/927/GGP---Lindley-Meadow-Picnic-Area\">Lindley Meadow\u003c/a>, Golden Gate Park\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/881/Japantown-Peace-Plaza\">Japantown Peace Plaza\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/Facilities/Facility/Details/Palace-of-Fine-Arts-423\">Palace of Fine Arts\u003c/a>, Presidio\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://gggp.org/san-francisco-botanical-garden/\">San Francisco Botanical Gardens\u003c/a>, Golden Gate Park\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/2835/2053\">Japanese Friendship Garden\u003c/a>, San Jose\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/hanami-at-hakone-night-viewing-presented-by-netgear-tickets-796961191377\">Hanami at Hakone\u003c/a> on March 20, 2024–April 12, 2024 (Saratoga)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cupertinocherryblossomfestival.org/\">Cupertino Cherry Blossom Festival\u003c/a> on April 27 and 28, 2024 (Cupertino)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://secretsanfrancisco.com/filoli-country-estate-gardens/\">Filoli Estate & Gardens\u003c/a>, Woodside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gamblegarden.org/trees-of-gamble-garden/\">Gamble Garden\u003c/a>, Palo Alto\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanramon.ca.gov/our_city/departments_and_divisions/parks_community_services/parks_facilities/parks/rancho_san_ramon_community_park\">Rancho San Ramon Community Park\u003c/a>, San Ramon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/03/01/tri-valleys-blooms-breathtaking/\">Bollinger Canyon Road\u003c/a>, San Ramon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ccclib.org/locations/60/\">Dougherty Station Library Parking Lot\u003c/a>, San Ramon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://secretsanfrancisco.com/berkeley-guide/\">UC Berkeley campus west entrance\u003c/a>, Berkeley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.haywardrec.org/facilities/facility/details/japanese-gardens-100\">Hayward Japanese Gardens\u003c/a>, Hayward\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.app.goo.gl/Juxc9i1ErhNGkBBo8\">Piedmont Park\u003c/a>, Piedmont\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fremont.gov/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks/central-park\">Central Park\u003c/a>, Fremont\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/petaluma/cherry-blossoms-bloom-srjc-petaluma-photos-week\">Santa Rosa Junior College\u003c/a>, Petaluma\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/goatlockerguns/25909840854/in/photostream/\">Fairfield\u003c/a>, Solano County\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"sciencecherryblossom\">\u003c/a>How climate change has impacted cherry blossoms\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve noticed cherry blossoms beginning to bloom earlier than usual, you’re not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Springtime temperature plays a big role in how early trees bloom and “is consistent with the increased heat of climate change,” said Patrick Gonzalez, climate change scientist and forest ecologist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherry trees blossom for a very short period, making the peak flowering stage a critical data point in understanding the physiological stage of the tree. It’s also the most well-documented data in phenology: The timing of life events in plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that cherry blossoms in both Washington, D.C. and Kyoto, Japan, have been blooming earlier than in previous years due to climate change. With increased global temperatures, “cherry trees blooming in the center of Washington, D.C. could advance by up to a month by 2100,” Gonzalez said, referring to \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027439\">a study from 2011\u003c/a>. And more than a thousand years of past data indicate that this will also be the case with \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/04/04/japans-cherry-blossoms-signal-warmest-climate-in-over-1000-years/\">peak blooms in Japan\u003c/a>, Gonzalez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why might earlier blooms become an issue? Gonzalez said that rising global temperatures could inadvertently cause a “phenology mismatch” between when a tree blooms and when pollinators like bees and butterflies mature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many of the cherry trees we see in the Bay Area are more ornamental and, therefore, may not be a cause of concern with earlier blooms, “the phenology mismatch is important ecologically for food crops, especially like almonds and cherries that we eat here [in California],” Gonzalez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Janelle Hessig and Adrienne Lee contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With the North California Cherry Blossom Festival just around the corner, March and April are the best times to admire the blushing pink cherry blossoms in the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1711137815,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":813},"headData":{"title":"Where to See Cherry Blossoms in the Bay Area This Spring | KQED","description":"With the North California Cherry Blossom Festival just around the corner, March and April are the best times to admire the blushing pink cherry blossoms in the Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where to See Cherry Blossoms in the Bay Area This Spring","datePublished":"2024-03-22T11:00:29.000Z","dateModified":"2024-03-22T20:03:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992036/where-to-see-cherry-blossoms-in-the-bay-area-this-spring","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Japan, sakura — cherry blossoms — have been celebrated for more than a thousand years. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/articles/hanami.htm\">hanami, or flower-viewing celebrations, date back to the 9th century in Japan\u003c/a> and were made popular among the aristocracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the arrival of cherry blossoms is celebrated not only in Japan but worldwide, including in U.S. cities like Washington, D.C. and San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It marks not just the coming of spring, but also the start of something new,” said Yuki Nishimura, co-chair of the \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/\">Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival (NCCBF)\u003c/a> — a volunteer-run annual event in San Francisco’s Japantown taking place on April 13–14 and April 20–21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jump to:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#cherryblossombayarea\">Where to see cherry blossoms in the Bay Area\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"#sciencecherryblossom\">How climate change has impacted cherry blossoms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>What to know about the Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The NCCBF is the largest festival of its kind on the West Coast, and organizers say that since 1968, it’s served as a way to celebrate the alliance between Japan and the U.S. “This festival is also our way of really celebrating and reclaiming our cultural identity,” Nishimura said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1991791,news_11979339,science_1991709","label":"More guides from kqed "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/\">those two weekends in April\u003c/a>, there will be cultural performances taking place on the Peace Plaza stage and across Japantown, as well as arts and craft vendors, nonprofit food booths and a children’s area offering games and activities. The Cherry Blossom Festival’s \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/grand-parade/\">grand parade will close out the festival on Sunday, April 21\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nishimura encourages people to take public transportation, walk, bike, or take an Uber/taxi to the event, as parking spots around Japantown will be limited during those weekends. \u003ca href=\"https://sfcherryblossom.org/participate/volunteering-at-the-festival/\">Volunteers for the festival are also welcome\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is all about community. It’s all about bringing people together,” Nishimura said. “Anybody can find a place here, and we welcome everybody to come out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"cherryblossombayarea\">\u003c/a>Other places to see cherry blossoms in the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Spring is the best time to admire the blushing pink flowers of cherry blossoms that adorn our streets and parks in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for timing, March and April are the best moments to go looking for cherry blossoms in the region, as they bloom for a limited time during these months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few places you can spot cherry blossoms around the Bay Area:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/japaneseteagardensf/\">Japanese Tea Garden\u003c/a>, Golden Gate Park\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/927/GGP---Lindley-Meadow-Picnic-Area\">Lindley Meadow\u003c/a>, Golden Gate Park\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/881/Japantown-Peace-Plaza\">Japantown Peace Plaza\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://sfrecpark.org/Facilities/Facility/Details/Palace-of-Fine-Arts-423\">Palace of Fine Arts\u003c/a>, Presidio\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://gggp.org/san-francisco-botanical-garden/\">San Francisco Botanical Gardens\u003c/a>, Golden Gate Park\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>South Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/2835/2053\">Japanese Friendship Garden\u003c/a>, San Jose\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/hanami-at-hakone-night-viewing-presented-by-netgear-tickets-796961191377\">Hanami at Hakone\u003c/a> on March 20, 2024–April 12, 2024 (Saratoga)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cupertinocherryblossomfestival.org/\">Cupertino Cherry Blossom Festival\u003c/a> on April 27 and 28, 2024 (Cupertino)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://secretsanfrancisco.com/filoli-country-estate-gardens/\">Filoli Estate & Gardens\u003c/a>, Woodside\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gamblegarden.org/trees-of-gamble-garden/\">Gamble Garden\u003c/a>, Palo Alto\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>East Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanramon.ca.gov/our_city/departments_and_divisions/parks_community_services/parks_facilities/parks/rancho_san_ramon_community_park\">Rancho San Ramon Community Park\u003c/a>, San Ramon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/03/01/tri-valleys-blooms-breathtaking/\">Bollinger Canyon Road\u003c/a>, San Ramon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ccclib.org/locations/60/\">Dougherty Station Library Parking Lot\u003c/a>, San Ramon\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://secretsanfrancisco.com/berkeley-guide/\">UC Berkeley campus west entrance\u003c/a>, Berkeley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.haywardrec.org/facilities/facility/details/japanese-gardens-100\">Hayward Japanese Gardens\u003c/a>, Hayward\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://maps.app.goo.gl/Juxc9i1ErhNGkBBo8\">Piedmont Park\u003c/a>, Piedmont\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fremont.gov/government/departments/parks-recreation/parks/central-park\">Central Park\u003c/a>, Fremont\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>North Bay:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://patch.com/california/petaluma/cherry-blossoms-bloom-srjc-petaluma-photos-week\">Santa Rosa Junior College\u003c/a>, Petaluma\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/goatlockerguns/25909840854/in/photostream/\">Fairfield\u003c/a>, Solano County\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"sciencecherryblossom\">\u003c/a>How climate change has impacted cherry blossoms\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’ve noticed cherry blossoms beginning to bloom earlier than usual, you’re not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Springtime temperature plays a big role in how early trees bloom and “is consistent with the increased heat of climate change,” said Patrick Gonzalez, climate change scientist and forest ecologist at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherry trees blossom for a very short period, making the peak flowering stage a critical data point in understanding the physiological stage of the tree. It’s also the most well-documented data in phenology: The timing of life events in plants and animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that cherry blossoms in both Washington, D.C. and Kyoto, Japan, have been blooming earlier than in previous years due to climate change. With increased global temperatures, “cherry trees blooming in the center of Washington, D.C. could advance by up to a month by 2100,” Gonzalez said, referring to \u003ca href=\"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027439\">a study from 2011\u003c/a>. And more than a thousand years of past data indicate that this will also be the case with \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/04/04/japans-cherry-blossoms-signal-warmest-climate-in-over-1000-years/\">peak blooms in Japan\u003c/a>, Gonzalez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why might earlier blooms become an issue? Gonzalez said that rising global temperatures could inadvertently cause a “phenology mismatch” between when a tree blooms and when pollinators like bees and butterflies mature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many of the cherry trees we see in the Bay Area are more ornamental and, therefore, may not be a cause of concern with earlier blooms, “the phenology mismatch is important ecologically for food crops, especially like almonds and cherries that we eat here [in California],” Gonzalez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Janelle Hessig and Adrienne Lee contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992036/where-to-see-cherry-blossoms-in-the-bay-area-this-spring","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_856","science_2377","science_5244"],"featImg":"science_1992041","label":"science"},"futureofyou_440027":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_440027","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"440027","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"as-surgery-centers-boom-patients-are-paying-with-their-lives","title":"As Surgery Centers Boom, Patients Are Paying With Their Lives","publishDate":1520381149,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The surgery went fine. Her doctors left for the day. Four hours later, Paulina Tam started gasping for air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internal bleeding was cutting off her windpipe, a well-known complication of the spine surgery she had undergone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Medicare inspection report describing the event says that nobody who remained on duty that evening at the Northern California surgery center knew what to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In desperation, a nurse did something that would not happen in a hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She dialed 911.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time an ambulance delivered Tam to the emergency room, the 58-year-old mother of three was lifeless, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Tam had been operated on at a hospital, a few simple steps could have saved her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like hundreds of thousands of other patients each year, Tam went to one of the nation’s 5,600-plus surgery centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Some surgery centers risk patient lives by skimping on training or lifesaving equipment.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Such centers started nearly 50 years ago as low-cost alternatives for minor surgeries. They now outnumber hospitals as federal regulators have signed off on an ever-widening array of outpatient procedures in an effort to cut federal health care costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of times each year, these centers call 911 as patients experience complications ranging from minor to fatal. Yet no one knows how many people die as a result, because no national authority tracks the tragic outcomes. An investigation by Kaiser Health News and the USA TODAY Network has discovered that more than 260 patients have died since 2013 after in-and-out procedures at surgery centers across the country. Dozens — some as young as 2 — have perished after routine operations, such as colonoscopies and tonsillectomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters examined autopsy records, legal filings and more than 12,000 state and Medicare inspection records, and interviewed dozens of doctors, health policy experts and patients throughout the industry, in the most extensive examination of these records to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation revealed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surgery centers have steadily expanded their business by taking on increasingly risky surgeries. At least 14 patients have died after complex spinal surgeries like those that federal regulators at Medicare recently approved for surgery centers. Even as the risks of doing such surgeries off a hospital campus can be great, so is the reward. Doctors who own a share of the center can earn their own fee and a cut of the facility’s fee, a meaningful sum for operations that can cost $100,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect patients, Medicare requires surgery centers to line up a local hospital to take their patients when emergencies arise. In rural areas, centers can be 15 or more miles away. Even when the hospital is close, 20 to 30 minutes can pass between a 911 call and arrival at an ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The money overshadows everything.'\u003ccite>Dr. Larry Teuber\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some surgery centers are accused of overlooking high-risk health problems and treat patients who experts say should be operated on only in hospitals, if at all. At least 25 people with underlying medical conditions have left surgery centers and died within minutes or days. They include an Ohio woman with out-of-control blood pressure, a 49-year-old West Virginia man awaiting a heart transplant and several children with sleep apnea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surgery centers risk patient lives by skimping on training or lifesaving equipment. Others have sent patients home before they were fully recovered. On their drives home, shocked family members in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Georgia discovered their loved ones were not asleep but on the verge of death. Surgery centers have been criticized in cases where staff didn’t have the tools to open a difficult airway or skills to save a patient from bleeding to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most operations done in surgery centers go off without a hitch. And surgery carries risk, no matter where it’s done. Some centers have state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained staff that are better prepared to handle emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kaiser Health News and the USA TODAY Network found more than a dozen cases where the absence of trained staff or emergency equipment appears to have put patients in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-436004 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/depression-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">And in cases similar to Tam’s, upper-spine surgery patients have been sent home too soon, with the risk of suffocation looming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, a 35-year-old Oregon father of three struggled for air, pounding the car roof in frustration while his wife sped him to a hospital. A Dallas man collapsed in his father’s arms waiting for an ambulance in 2011. Another Oregon man began to suffocate in his living room the night of his upper-spine surgery in 2014. A San Diego man gasped “like a fish,” his wife recalled, as they waited for an ambulance on April 28, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of them survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinal surgery patient McArthur Roberson, 60, lost more than a quart of blood during the operation and struggled to breathe after surgery, his family claimed in a lawsuit. He died on the way home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he “had been observed in a hospital overnight,” said Dr. Daniel Silcox, an Atlanta spine surgeon and expert for the family in their lawsuit, “his death would not have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surgery center denied wrongdoing in the case, which reached a confidential settlement in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the health care field — from doctors to private insurance companies to Medicare — have dismissed the mounting deaths as medical anomalies beyond the control of physicians.[contextly_sidebar id=\"yGkONjf2A21M8TI9B7IbDLgIYlcEIWeB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USA TODAY Network and KHN reporters contacted 24 doctors and surgery center administrators about patient deaths and none would answer questions about what went wrong, citing patient privacy laws, or referring reporters to attorneys. Responding to lawsuits around the nation, surgery centers have argued that fatal complications were among the known outcomes of such surgeries. Two centers blamed patients for negligence in their own demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Prentice, chief executive of the Ambulatory Surgery Center Association, declined to speak about individual cases but said he has seen no data proving surgery centers are less safe than hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing distinct or different about the surgery center model that makes the provision of health care any more dangerous than anywhere else,” Prentice said. “The human body is a mysterious thing, and a patient that has met every possible protocol can walk in that day and still have something unimaginable happen to them that has nothing to do with the care that’s being provided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Dr. Kenneth Rothfield, board member of the Physician-Patient Alliance for Health & Safety, said many surgery centers and physicians push the envelope on how much can be done in outpatient centers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nTpXhL5UY41KmxUslysOyQnfIH1Es3fu\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to realize that surgery centers are not hospitals,” he said. “They have different resources, different equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explosive growth of surgery centers — which receive $4.1 billion a year from Medicare — has taken place under circumstances some medical experts consider unseemly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal law allows surgery center doctors — unlike others — to steer patients to facilities they own, rather than the full-service hospital down the street. In some cases, doing so could increase the risk to a patient, but double a physician’s profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prentice said physician ownership of surgery centers is a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The physicians who practice there are responsible for everything that happens in that surgery center from the moment the patient walks out of their car in the parking lot to the moment they leave,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several studies have shown that surgery center doctors who are owners perform operations more frequently. And in lawsuits across the country, surgery center doctors have been accused of taking risks with patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some who’ve made their living in the surgery center industry have expressed concerns. Dr. Larry Teuber, a South Dakota neurosurgeon who worked as an executive in the surgery center industry for 22 years, said he has watched surgery center owners take on increasingly complex — and lucrative — orthopedic and spinal surgeries, undercutting a nearby hospital’s profits for their own gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re making money doing [complex surgeries] you get on a slippery ethical slope,” Teuber said. “The money overshadows everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first surgery center in the U.S. opened in Phoenix in 1970, a place “squeezed between neighborhood shops and a Baptist church,” where, for $90, a child could receive an incision to relieve pressure on the inner ear, The Arizona Republic reported at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pioneering doctors, John Ford and Wallace Reed, didn’t see why patients needed to be hospitalized for such minor surgeries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking the procedures out of hospitals reduced the cost for patients and insurers because surgery centers don’t require the same level of staffing or lifesaving equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare helped drive the expansion of surgery centers when it began paying for procedures in 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1993, Congress encouraged doctors to open surgery centers by exempting them from the second Stark Law, which prevents doctors from steering patients to other businesses they own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-440038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-960x641.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surgeons passing scissors to each other \u003ccite>(gpointstudio/IStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doctors-turned-entrepreneurs drove early growth, urging their patients to give the centers a chance. Seeing lucrative elective surgeries moving away, hospitals increasingly bought centers of their own. Last year, insurance giant UnitedHealth Group spent $2.3 billion buying a national surgery center chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centers have been popular with patients, who enjoy the convenience and personalized care. Doctors say they like the ease of planning operations without unexpected trauma surgeries upending the schedule. And surgery centers have thrived even as hospitals have battled to contain the spread of infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are 5,616 Medicare-certified centers. The expansion has come despite lingering safety concerns. In 2007, Medicare noted that surgery centers “have neither patient safety standards consistent with those in place for hospitals, nor are they required to have the trained staff and equipment needed to provide the breadth of intensity of care. …” Some procedures are “unsafe” to be handled at surgery centers, the report concluded.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Oh8vuiOByjR9KfyFdmF17zW0bJKBCpIa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare advised the centers to transfer patients to hospitals when emergencies arise. Only a third of surgery centers participate in a voluntary effort to report how often that happens. They sent at least 7,000 patients to the hospital in the year that ended in September 2017, a KHN analysis of surgery center industry data shows. Not all survive the trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They include James Long, 56, who had no pulse when an ambulance came to the Colorado surgery center where he’d undergone more than five hours of lower-spine surgery in 2014, according to the center’s medical records provided to the family’s attorney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state reviewed the case and cited no deficiencies. Jen Kenitzer, the Minimally Invasive Spine Institute administrator, said the center has “extensive procedures in place to respond quickly and appropriately” in emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Long’s loved ones remain troubled by the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 21st century in the USA, a doctor doing a surgery on a patient has to call 911?” said Robin Long, his ex-wife, who did not sue the center. “Give me a break. … It’s just absolutely ignorant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparation Under Par\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients enter hospitals with heart attacks, gunshot wounds and traumatic injuries. There, doctors and nurses become skilled at saving lives in emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in surgery centers may excel at the procedures they perform most often. But the centers aren’t always prepared and sometimes struggle in a crisis, according to a review of Medicare records and more than 70 lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health inspectors working on behalf of Medicare have discovered 230 lapses in rescue equipment or training regulations at surgery centers since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A center in California had empty oxygen tanks. One operating on children in Arkansas didn’t have a pediatric tracheotomy set to restore breathing; another lacked pediatric defibrillator pads to shock hearts back into rhythm.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xgSiNPNFJJTyDToF3ZdazMurAQ4SAxDl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an ongoing lawsuit against her and the center, anesthesiologist Dr. Yoori Yim testified that she came up empty-handed on Dec. 23, 2015, when grappling to find the right-sized airway tube to save a patient who had stopped breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rekhaben Shah, 67, had come to Oak Tree Surgery Center in Edison, N.J., for a simple colonoscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yim tried a variety of methods to help Shah breathe, with limited success. From the moment Shah stopped breathing on the operating table, 33 minutes passed before a paramedic effectively inserted a breathing tube, according to medical and EMS records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics responding to the center’s 911 call had to use a video GlideScope to see inside the patient’s throat, equipment the surgery center didn’t have, court testimony says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then it was too late. Shah was removed from life support at a nearby hospital on Christmas Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither Yim nor the center returned calls for comment. In court records, an expert for the surgery center said Shah’s airway was obstructed and it was cleared around the time the paramedics arrived. He said the GlideScope is not required in New Jersey, nor would it likely have made a difference. An expert for Yim, however, said her actions were appropriate and if a GlideScope had been at the center, “we would probably not be discussing this case at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When emergency crews arrive, surgery centers are not always prepared to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Yim’s case, paramedics testified that she refused to move away from Shah and allow them to attempt lifesaving measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Florida, paramedics who rushed to a surgery center after its usual operating hours hit a locked door while a patient inside gasped for breath. The 55-year-old remains in a vegetative state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, paramedics arrived at West Lakes Surgery Center in Iowa as staff tried to revive 12-year-old Reuben Van Veldhuizen after he experienced complications during a tonsillectomy, according to a Medicare inspection report.[contextly_sidebar id=\"iy3S1eIYgobood9l19mbUsM4p7gpgSwB\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One paramedic told state inspectors she had to ask who was in charge of the resuscitation efforts. No one replied, the inspection report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy made it to the hospital 37 minutes after the surgery center staff called 911. There, he was pronounced dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family filed suit, alleging that the center and anesthesiologist erred in giving the boy an anesthetic that carries a warning about cardiac arrest risk in young boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In court records responding to the lawsuit, the surgery center and anesthesiologist said Reuben’s death was a result of “pre-existing conditions, acts of others, or conditions over which (Defendants) had no control or responsibility.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"VI9AZs5TNC51Y7UgdHVDpUXpakSmw0kK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet lawyers who sue the centers and scrutinize their internal records say they often see deadly delays in care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Maldonado, 59, went to Ambulatory Care Center in New Jersey to have his upper digestive tract scoped. He was discovered unresponsive 10 minutes after the seven-minute procedure, according to his widow’s lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took surgery center staff 25 more minutes to start CPR, according to a lawsuit that Philadelphia attorney Glenn Ellis filed on behalf of Maldonado’s widow. Twenty-seven more minutes passed before Maldonado was wheeled into an ER, the widow’s ongoing suit alleges. Maldonado never regained consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached by phone, a center administrator declined to comment. In a legal filing, the center denied claims of wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a hospital, doctors and nurses … know how they are going to respond,” Ellis said. “These guys at the surgery centers are walking on a tightrope with no safety net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conveyor Belt Of Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the thrum of a hospital continues through the night, some surgery center doctors keep banker’s hours. That means patients whose surgeries end later in the day are sometimes left in the care of one or two nurses for up to 23-hour stays. Some patients have been sent home to grapple with complications on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sondra Wallace went to the Surgery Center of Oklahoma in early 2017 for a sinus procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the procedure, doctors saw her blood-oxygen level sinking. They realized she had had a reaction to the anesthesia and at 2 p.m. gave her a drug to reverse the effects, an ongoing lawsuit filed by her husband says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"9BEvkmOwOv0XN6LAFVyarPQ0ptuu9CWR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, an hour later, they sent her home with her husband, Larry, the lawsuit says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 3 p.m. on the Friday before Presidents Day weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think they wanted to start their three-day weekend,” said daughter Casey Podoll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Wallace alleges in the suit that the center gave him no hint that Sondra had a reaction to the anesthesia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Wallace thought nothing of her napping in the back seat as he drove for more than two hours through Oklahoma pastures on his way home. When he arrived, he discovered his wife cold in the back seat. She was pronounced dead at Jackson County Memorial Hospital at 6:30 p.m. that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t give any indication … that there were any red flags whatsoever,” Podoll said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Buchan, attorney for the Surgery Center of Oklahoma, said Wallace met discharge criteria and her cause of death has not been determined. He said the center did not close any earlier “than often occurs after the last patient is discharged.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cecilia Aldridge said she also felt as if the staff at a surgery center was rushing her out the door, after her 2-year-old daughter’s tonsil surgery in Arkansas in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawsuit filed by the parents said the surgery center “discharged Abbygail too early because a snow storm was moving into the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbygail turned blue in the car on the way home. Her mother said she raced into an emergency room, shouting for help, her toddler in her arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She never woke up,” Aldridge said tearfully in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbygail’s parents now question whether the surgery center ever should have been willing to treat their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risky Patients\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because surgery centers have less safety equipment and staffing than hospitals, industry leaders stress the importance of selecting patients healthy enough to fare well. Their predictions, though, are not always correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbygail, who loved her hand-me-down blanket and the film “Frozen,” had sleep apnea, an irregular heartbeat and was very heavy for her age, according to the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep apnea increases the risk of serious complications in surgery and the night after, medical research shows. Given her condition, Abbygail “should have been admitted [to a hospital] and monitored post-procedure,” said Dr. Charles Cote, a retired Harvard pediatric anesthesiology professor who was not involved in the family’s lawsuit.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gjUHM4nwVAL7lCCCNoVNHgGksiZfeuxR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit says Abbygail’s risk factors “were documented and known by the Defendants,” including the doctor. It said the toddler should have been operated on “in an inpatient setting under hospital care and monitored overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Marsh performed Abbygail’s tonsillectomy at Executive Park Surgery Center in Fort Smith, Ark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surgery center’s lawyer declined to comment. The doctor’s lawyer did not return email and voice messages. In court documents responding to the lawsuit, Marsh and the center denied wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the court filing, Marsh said the toddler’s injuries were “the natural progression” of her illness. Executive Park Surgery Center said in a court filing that “no action on their part … was a proximate cause of any damages or injury.” The case was settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In at least 25 cases, surgery centers opened their doors to ailing and fragile patients who died after simple procedures, such as tonsillectomies, retinal repairs or colonoscopies, KHN and USA TODAY Network found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare asks surgery centers to assess each patient’s risk, but inspectors flagged 122 surgery centers in 2015 and 2016 alone for lapses in risk assessments. Some centers failed to gauge risk at all. Others overlooked their own policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors can use an anesthesia risk assessment to screen out fragile patients — healthy patients get a score of 1, and a score of 5 means a person is nearly dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few states, including Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, bar certain surgery centers from operating on patients with an anesthesia risk score of 4. But most states don’t go that far. They leave such decisions up to doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of those decisions have been cited in tragic outcomes. Sabino Sifuentes, 74, had survived triple-bypass surgery. But on March 23, 2015, nine minutes after the start of anesthesia for an eye procedure, he became unresponsive, never to be revived, according to a Medicare inspection report. A nurse anesthetist who reviewed the case at Eye-Q Vision Care’s surgery center in Fresno, Calif., told state health inspectors that Sifuentes should have been given a risk score of 4 and his care was “completely mismanaged,” the inspection report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the family’s lawsuit, the surgery center said Sifuentes’ injury was caused by his own negligence and others’.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five other patients with the same risk score died after routine procedures at surgery centers across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Widening Niche\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such tragedies rarely find their way into the discussion when Medicare decides whether to approve new procedures at surgery centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take spinal surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until 2015, Medicare wouldn’t pay for it at surgery centers. Then, the industry’s trade association urged the agency to make the change, and encouraged a letter-writing campaign from surgery centers across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letter writers included Dr. Alan Villavicencio, a Colorado surgeon who said he’d been doing such surgeries for 12 years and found that his patients “appreciate the convenience and cost savings.” He did not mention that James Long, 56, had died three weeks earlier at a Lafayette, Colo., surgery center where he is an owner, a review of Colorado health department and medical board records shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Surgical Partners International, a surgery center chain, also weighed in urging even more procedures to be approved, not mentioning a patient death hours after a spine surgery at one of its affiliate centers several months before, according to court records and securities filings. The chain said in a statement that it stands behind its comments in support of the proposal.[contextly_sidebar id=\"VpVDiD85oVGnFVcTHpIcD2xozEou9ew9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such letters carry weight with Medicare, which approves procedures to be done in surgery centers based on the invasiveness and complexity of the surgery and on input from stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Beatty-Walters, a Portland, Ore., attorney who has represented the families of three people who died after surgery center spine procedures, said Medicare’s decision-making process is not even-handed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stakeholders — they call them — during these regulatory proceedings are the profit-makers, not the people who are being provided the service,” he said. “The spine centers just want to have more people come. They make more money. I hate to be that cynical about it, but that’s just what I’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare approved 10 spine-surgery codes to be billed at surgery centers starting in 2015 and added more spinal procedures for 2017. A Medicare spokesman denied a request for a telephone interview. In an email, a spokeswoman said Medicare opened the spine proposal to the public and received no comments suggesting the procedures would pose a threat to Medicare patients. She said the final decision about where a patient will have surgery is up to a doctor and patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2017, at least 14 patients had died soon after spine operations at surgery centers, according to the KHN/USA TODAY Network investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14 spine-surgery deaths have gleaned little recognition in the industry or beyond. Only one made headlines in local newspapers. The rest are documented in places like the Macon, Ga., courthouse or in obscure regulatory reports. And there may be far more because some states, including New York, Illinois and Florida, disclose no details about surgery center deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paulina Tam’s death at Fremont Surgery Center was a tragic example. At 58, the mother of three had finished careers as a nurse and an educator. Next, she planned to travel the world with her husband of 32 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was the driving force of the family, the spirit I guess,” said her son, Eric Tam, a doctor in New York City, said. “We didn’t expect the worst to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The care she received at the center is documented in court records, EMS reports and a Medicare inspection report that concluded that the center “failed to provide a safe environment for surgery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tam’s doctor scheduled her for a procedure to replace two discs in her upper spine on April 7, 2014. Pain from a car crash had bothered her for years. Any such surgery — entering the front of the neck to address pain in the spine — comes with a risk of suffocation, according to the Medicare inspection report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, with her surgeon and anesthesiologist already gone, the only doctor on-site was a digestive health specialist, the inspection report shows. About four hours after her procedure, Tam told a nurse that her surgical collar felt too tight. Then, that she couldn’t breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurse called a “code blue” just after 6:30 p.m., records say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical experts say the first step in helping such patients is removing the surgical staples so the pooled blood can disperse, allowing the patient to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Tam’s case, staff repeatedly tried and failed to insert a breathing tube through her mouth and into her airway, the inspection report shows. A last-ditch remedy would have been to punch a hole through the front of her throat to restore breathing, but the gastroenterologist later told an inspector that he was “not prepared” to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inability to perform the suffocation-rescue maneuver, the inspection report says, amounted to the center’s “failure to ensure patient safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the time a nurse called 911, it took 24 minutes to get Tam to the nearest hospital, EMS records show. She arrived without a pulse and remained on life support overnight, as her children raced to her bedside to say goodbye.[contextly_sidebar id=\"bLBYWBIiszrFf7LXQxCNRj9SYTbpB4ln\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center did not return calls and denied wrongdoing in the court case. Tam’s surgeon declined to discuss the case but filed pleadings in court saying Tam’s “carelessness and negligence” caused her death. It’s unclear what the defense meant by negligence. The case reached a confidential settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Tam’s death, the center told Medicare inspectors that a qualified doctor would stay on-site after all upper-spine cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nancy Epstein, chief of neurosurgical and spine care at New York University Winthrop Hospital, said surgery centers doing delicate work near the spinal cord, windpipe and esophagus in a same-day procedure is “pretty revolting.” But she said the centers are making so much money — “reeling it in hand over fist” that the potential dangers are being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medically, it should not be tolerated,” she said, “but it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindy Washburn of The (Bergen County, N.J.) Record and NorthJersey.com contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"How a push to cut costs and boost profits at surgery centers led to a trail of death. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520993480,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":136,"wordCount":4692},"headData":{"title":"As Surgery Centers Boom, Patients Are Paying With Their Lives | KQED","description":"How a push to cut costs and boost profits at surgery centers led to a trail of death. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"As Surgery Centers Boom, Patients Are Paying With Their Lives","datePublished":"2018-03-07T00:05:49.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-14T02:11:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"byline_futureofyou_440027","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_futureofyou_440027","name":"Christina Jewett\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News\u003cbr />Mark Alesia\u003cbr />USA TODAY","isLoading":false}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638538630-1020x681.jpg","width":1020,"height":681,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638538630-1020x681.jpg","width":1020,"height":681,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["doctors","Health","healthcare","hospitals","medical treatment","surgery"]}},"disqusIdentifier":"440027 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=440027","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/03/06/as-surgery-centers-boom-patients-are-paying-with-their-lives/","disqusTitle":"As Surgery Centers Boom, Patients Are Paying With Their Lives","source":"Future of You","nprByline":"Christina Jewett\u003cbr />Kaiser Health News\u003cbr />Mark Alesia\u003cbr />USA TODAY","path":"/futureofyou/440027/as-surgery-centers-boom-patients-are-paying-with-their-lives","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The surgery went fine. Her doctors left for the day. Four hours later, Paulina Tam started gasping for air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Internal bleeding was cutting off her windpipe, a well-known complication of the spine surgery she had undergone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Medicare inspection report describing the event says that nobody who remained on duty that evening at the Northern California surgery center knew what to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In desperation, a nurse did something that would not happen in a hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She dialed 911.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time an ambulance delivered Tam to the emergency room, the 58-year-old mother of three was lifeless, according to the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Tam had been operated on at a hospital, a few simple steps could have saved her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But like hundreds of thousands of other patients each year, Tam went to one of the nation’s 5,600-plus surgery centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Some surgery centers risk patient lives by skimping on training or lifesaving equipment.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Such centers started nearly 50 years ago as low-cost alternatives for minor surgeries. They now outnumber hospitals as federal regulators have signed off on an ever-widening array of outpatient procedures in an effort to cut federal health care costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of times each year, these centers call 911 as patients experience complications ranging from minor to fatal. Yet no one knows how many people die as a result, because no national authority tracks the tragic outcomes. An investigation by Kaiser Health News and the USA TODAY Network has discovered that more than 260 patients have died since 2013 after in-and-out procedures at surgery centers across the country. Dozens — some as young as 2 — have perished after routine operations, such as colonoscopies and tonsillectomies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporters examined autopsy records, legal filings and more than 12,000 state and Medicare inspection records, and interviewed dozens of doctors, health policy experts and patients throughout the industry, in the most extensive examination of these records to date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The investigation revealed:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Surgery centers have steadily expanded their business by taking on increasingly risky surgeries. At least 14 patients have died after complex spinal surgeries like those that federal regulators at Medicare recently approved for surgery centers. Even as the risks of doing such surgeries off a hospital campus can be great, so is the reward. Doctors who own a share of the center can earn their own fee and a cut of the facility’s fee, a meaningful sum for operations that can cost $100,000 or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To protect patients, Medicare requires surgery centers to line up a local hospital to take their patients when emergencies arise. In rural areas, centers can be 15 or more miles away. Even when the hospital is close, 20 to 30 minutes can pass between a 911 call and arrival at an ER.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'The money overshadows everything.'\u003ccite>Dr. Larry Teuber\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some surgery centers are accused of overlooking high-risk health problems and treat patients who experts say should be operated on only in hospitals, if at all. At least 25 people with underlying medical conditions have left surgery centers and died within minutes or days. They include an Ohio woman with out-of-control blood pressure, a 49-year-old West Virginia man awaiting a heart transplant and several children with sleep apnea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surgery centers risk patient lives by skimping on training or lifesaving equipment. Others have sent patients home before they were fully recovered. On their drives home, shocked family members in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Georgia discovered their loved ones were not asleep but on the verge of death. Surgery centers have been criticized in cases where staff didn’t have the tools to open a difficult airway or skills to save a patient from bleeding to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most operations done in surgery centers go off without a hitch. And surgery carries risk, no matter where it’s done. Some centers have state-of-the-art equipment and highly trained staff that are better prepared to handle emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kaiser Health News and the USA TODAY Network found more than a dozen cases where the absence of trained staff or emergency equipment appears to have put patients in peril.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-436004 alignleft\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/10/depression-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">And in cases similar to Tam’s, upper-spine surgery patients have been sent home too soon, with the risk of suffocation looming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, a 35-year-old Oregon father of three struggled for air, pounding the car roof in frustration while his wife sped him to a hospital. A Dallas man collapsed in his father’s arms waiting for an ambulance in 2011. Another Oregon man began to suffocate in his living room the night of his upper-spine surgery in 2014. A San Diego man gasped “like a fish,” his wife recalled, as they waited for an ambulance on April 28, 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of them survived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spinal surgery patient McArthur Roberson, 60, lost more than a quart of blood during the operation and struggled to breathe after surgery, his family claimed in a lawsuit. He died on the way home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he “had been observed in a hospital overnight,” said Dr. Daniel Silcox, an Atlanta spine surgeon and expert for the family in their lawsuit, “his death would not have occurred.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surgery center denied wrongdoing in the case, which reached a confidential settlement in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the health care field — from doctors to private insurance companies to Medicare — have dismissed the mounting deaths as medical anomalies beyond the control of physicians.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>USA TODAY Network and KHN reporters contacted 24 doctors and surgery center administrators about patient deaths and none would answer questions about what went wrong, citing patient privacy laws, or referring reporters to attorneys. Responding to lawsuits around the nation, surgery centers have argued that fatal complications were among the known outcomes of such surgeries. Two centers blamed patients for negligence in their own demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Prentice, chief executive of the Ambulatory Surgery Center Association, declined to speak about individual cases but said he has seen no data proving surgery centers are less safe than hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing distinct or different about the surgery center model that makes the provision of health care any more dangerous than anywhere else,” Prentice said. “The human body is a mysterious thing, and a patient that has met every possible protocol can walk in that day and still have something unimaginable happen to them that has nothing to do with the care that’s being provided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Dr. Kenneth Rothfield, board member of the Physician-Patient Alliance for Health & Safety, said many surgery centers and physicians push the envelope on how much can be done in outpatient centers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to realize that surgery centers are not hospitals,” he said. “They have different resources, different equipment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The explosive growth of surgery centers — which receive $4.1 billion a year from Medicare — has taken place under circumstances some medical experts consider unseemly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal law allows surgery center doctors — unlike others — to steer patients to facilities they own, rather than the full-service hospital down the street. In some cases, doing so could increase the risk to a patient, but double a physician’s profits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prentice said physician ownership of surgery centers is a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The physicians who practice there are responsible for everything that happens in that surgery center from the moment the patient walks out of their car in the parking lot to the moment they leave,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But several studies have shown that surgery center doctors who are owners perform operations more frequently. And in lawsuits across the country, surgery center doctors have been accused of taking risks with patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even some who’ve made their living in the surgery center industry have expressed concerns. Dr. Larry Teuber, a South Dakota neurosurgeon who worked as an executive in the surgery center industry for 22 years, said he has watched surgery center owners take on increasingly complex — and lucrative — orthopedic and spinal surgeries, undercutting a nearby hospital’s profits for their own gain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you’re making money doing [complex surgeries] you get on a slippery ethical slope,” Teuber said. “The money overshadows everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first surgery center in the U.S. opened in Phoenix in 1970, a place “squeezed between neighborhood shops and a Baptist church,” where, for $90, a child could receive an incision to relieve pressure on the inner ear, The Arizona Republic reported at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pioneering doctors, John Ford and Wallace Reed, didn’t see why patients needed to be hospitalized for such minor surgeries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking the procedures out of hospitals reduced the cost for patients and insurers because surgery centers don’t require the same level of staffing or lifesaving equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare helped drive the expansion of surgery centers when it began paying for procedures in 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then in 1993, Congress encouraged doctors to open surgery centers by exempting them from the second Stark Law, which prevents doctors from steering patients to other businesses they own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_440038\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-440038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-768x513.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-960x641.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/iStock-638540542-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Surgeons passing scissors to each other \u003ccite>(gpointstudio/IStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doctors-turned-entrepreneurs drove early growth, urging their patients to give the centers a chance. Seeing lucrative elective surgeries moving away, hospitals increasingly bought centers of their own. Last year, insurance giant UnitedHealth Group spent $2.3 billion buying a national surgery center chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centers have been popular with patients, who enjoy the convenience and personalized care. Doctors say they like the ease of planning operations without unexpected trauma surgeries upending the schedule. And surgery centers have thrived even as hospitals have battled to contain the spread of infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are 5,616 Medicare-certified centers. The expansion has come despite lingering safety concerns. In 2007, Medicare noted that surgery centers “have neither patient safety standards consistent with those in place for hospitals, nor are they required to have the trained staff and equipment needed to provide the breadth of intensity of care. …” Some procedures are “unsafe” to be handled at surgery centers, the report concluded.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare advised the centers to transfer patients to hospitals when emergencies arise. Only a third of surgery centers participate in a voluntary effort to report how often that happens. They sent at least 7,000 patients to the hospital in the year that ended in September 2017, a KHN analysis of surgery center industry data shows. Not all survive the trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They include James Long, 56, who had no pulse when an ambulance came to the Colorado surgery center where he’d undergone more than five hours of lower-spine surgery in 2014, according to the center’s medical records provided to the family’s attorney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state reviewed the case and cited no deficiencies. Jen Kenitzer, the Minimally Invasive Spine Institute administrator, said the center has “extensive procedures in place to respond quickly and appropriately” in emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet Long’s loved ones remain troubled by the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 21st century in the USA, a doctor doing a surgery on a patient has to call 911?” said Robin Long, his ex-wife, who did not sue the center. “Give me a break. … It’s just absolutely ignorant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparation Under Par\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients enter hospitals with heart attacks, gunshot wounds and traumatic injuries. There, doctors and nurses become skilled at saving lives in emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors in surgery centers may excel at the procedures they perform most often. But the centers aren’t always prepared and sometimes struggle in a crisis, according to a review of Medicare records and more than 70 lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health inspectors working on behalf of Medicare have discovered 230 lapses in rescue equipment or training regulations at surgery centers since 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A center in California had empty oxygen tanks. One operating on children in Arkansas didn’t have a pediatric tracheotomy set to restore breathing; another lacked pediatric defibrillator pads to shock hearts back into rhythm.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an ongoing lawsuit against her and the center, anesthesiologist Dr. Yoori Yim testified that she came up empty-handed on Dec. 23, 2015, when grappling to find the right-sized airway tube to save a patient who had stopped breathing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rekhaben Shah, 67, had come to Oak Tree Surgery Center in Edison, N.J., for a simple colonoscopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yim tried a variety of methods to help Shah breathe, with limited success. From the moment Shah stopped breathing on the operating table, 33 minutes passed before a paramedic effectively inserted a breathing tube, according to medical and EMS records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paramedics responding to the center’s 911 call had to use a video GlideScope to see inside the patient’s throat, equipment the surgery center didn’t have, court testimony says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By then it was too late. Shah was removed from life support at a nearby hospital on Christmas Day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither Yim nor the center returned calls for comment. In court records, an expert for the surgery center said Shah’s airway was obstructed and it was cleared around the time the paramedics arrived. He said the GlideScope is not required in New Jersey, nor would it likely have made a difference. An expert for Yim, however, said her actions were appropriate and if a GlideScope had been at the center, “we would probably not be discussing this case at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When emergency crews arrive, surgery centers are not always prepared to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Yim’s case, paramedics testified that she refused to move away from Shah and allow them to attempt lifesaving measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Florida, paramedics who rushed to a surgery center after its usual operating hours hit a locked door while a patient inside gasped for breath. The 55-year-old remains in a vegetative state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, paramedics arrived at West Lakes Surgery Center in Iowa as staff tried to revive 12-year-old Reuben Van Veldhuizen after he experienced complications during a tonsillectomy, according to a Medicare inspection report.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One paramedic told state inspectors she had to ask who was in charge of the resuscitation efforts. No one replied, the inspection report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boy made it to the hospital 37 minutes after the surgery center staff called 911. There, he was pronounced dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family filed suit, alleging that the center and anesthesiologist erred in giving the boy an anesthetic that carries a warning about cardiac arrest risk in young boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In court records responding to the lawsuit, the surgery center and anesthesiologist said Reuben’s death was a result of “pre-existing conditions, acts of others, or conditions over which (Defendants) had no control or responsibility.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet lawyers who sue the centers and scrutinize their internal records say they often see deadly delays in care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Maldonado, 59, went to Ambulatory Care Center in New Jersey to have his upper digestive tract scoped. He was discovered unresponsive 10 minutes after the seven-minute procedure, according to his widow’s lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took surgery center staff 25 more minutes to start CPR, according to a lawsuit that Philadelphia attorney Glenn Ellis filed on behalf of Maldonado’s widow. Twenty-seven more minutes passed before Maldonado was wheeled into an ER, the widow’s ongoing suit alleges. Maldonado never regained consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached by phone, a center administrator declined to comment. In a legal filing, the center denied claims of wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a hospital, doctors and nurses … know how they are going to respond,” Ellis said. “These guys at the surgery centers are walking on a tightrope with no safety net.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Conveyor Belt Of Care\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the thrum of a hospital continues through the night, some surgery center doctors keep banker’s hours. That means patients whose surgeries end later in the day are sometimes left in the care of one or two nurses for up to 23-hour stays. Some patients have been sent home to grapple with complications on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sondra Wallace went to the Surgery Center of Oklahoma in early 2017 for a sinus procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the procedure, doctors saw her blood-oxygen level sinking. They realized she had had a reaction to the anesthesia and at 2 p.m. gave her a drug to reverse the effects, an ongoing lawsuit filed by her husband says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, an hour later, they sent her home with her husband, Larry, the lawsuit says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 3 p.m. on the Friday before Presidents Day weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think they wanted to start their three-day weekend,” said daughter Casey Podoll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry Wallace alleges in the suit that the center gave him no hint that Sondra had a reaction to the anesthesia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, Wallace thought nothing of her napping in the back seat as he drove for more than two hours through Oklahoma pastures on his way home. When he arrived, he discovered his wife cold in the back seat. She was pronounced dead at Jackson County Memorial Hospital at 6:30 p.m. that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t give any indication … that there were any red flags whatsoever,” Podoll said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Craig Buchan, attorney for the Surgery Center of Oklahoma, said Wallace met discharge criteria and her cause of death has not been determined. He said the center did not close any earlier “than often occurs after the last patient is discharged.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cecilia Aldridge said she also felt as if the staff at a surgery center was rushing her out the door, after her 2-year-old daughter’s tonsil surgery in Arkansas in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawsuit filed by the parents said the surgery center “discharged Abbygail too early because a snow storm was moving into the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbygail turned blue in the car on the way home. Her mother said she raced into an emergency room, shouting for help, her toddler in her arms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She never woke up,” Aldridge said tearfully in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbygail’s parents now question whether the surgery center ever should have been willing to treat their daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Risky Patients\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because surgery centers have less safety equipment and staffing than hospitals, industry leaders stress the importance of selecting patients healthy enough to fare well. Their predictions, though, are not always correct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abbygail, who loved her hand-me-down blanket and the film “Frozen,” had sleep apnea, an irregular heartbeat and was very heavy for her age, according to the lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sleep apnea increases the risk of serious complications in surgery and the night after, medical research shows. Given her condition, Abbygail “should have been admitted [to a hospital] and monitored post-procedure,” said Dr. Charles Cote, a retired Harvard pediatric anesthesiology professor who was not involved in the family’s lawsuit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit says Abbygail’s risk factors “were documented and known by the Defendants,” including the doctor. It said the toddler should have been operated on “in an inpatient setting under hospital care and monitored overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael Marsh performed Abbygail’s tonsillectomy at Executive Park Surgery Center in Fort Smith, Ark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surgery center’s lawyer declined to comment. The doctor’s lawyer did not return email and voice messages. In court documents responding to the lawsuit, Marsh and the center denied wrongdoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the court filing, Marsh said the toddler’s injuries were “the natural progression” of her illness. Executive Park Surgery Center said in a court filing that “no action on their part … was a proximate cause of any damages or injury.” The case was settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In at least 25 cases, surgery centers opened their doors to ailing and fragile patients who died after simple procedures, such as tonsillectomies, retinal repairs or colonoscopies, KHN and USA TODAY Network found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare asks surgery centers to assess each patient’s risk, but inspectors flagged 122 surgery centers in 2015 and 2016 alone for lapses in risk assessments. Some centers failed to gauge risk at all. Others overlooked their own policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors can use an anesthesia risk assessment to screen out fragile patients — healthy patients get a score of 1, and a score of 5 means a person is nearly dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few states, including Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, bar certain surgery centers from operating on patients with an anesthesia risk score of 4. But most states don’t go that far. They leave such decisions up to doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some of those decisions have been cited in tragic outcomes. Sabino Sifuentes, 74, had survived triple-bypass surgery. But on March 23, 2015, nine minutes after the start of anesthesia for an eye procedure, he became unresponsive, never to be revived, according to a Medicare inspection report. A nurse anesthetist who reviewed the case at Eye-Q Vision Care’s surgery center in Fresno, Calif., told state health inspectors that Sifuentes should have been given a risk score of 4 and his care was “completely mismanaged,” the inspection report says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the family’s lawsuit, the surgery center said Sifuentes’ injury was caused by his own negligence and others’.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five other patients with the same risk score died after routine procedures at surgery centers across the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Widening Niche\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such tragedies rarely find their way into the discussion when Medicare decides whether to approve new procedures at surgery centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take spinal surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until 2015, Medicare wouldn’t pay for it at surgery centers. Then, the industry’s trade association urged the agency to make the change, and encouraged a letter-writing campaign from surgery centers across the nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letter writers included Dr. Alan Villavicencio, a Colorado surgeon who said he’d been doing such surgeries for 12 years and found that his patients “appreciate the convenience and cost savings.” He did not mention that James Long, 56, had died three weeks earlier at a Lafayette, Colo., surgery center where he is an owner, a review of Colorado health department and medical board records shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>United Surgical Partners International, a surgery center chain, also weighed in urging even more procedures to be approved, not mentioning a patient death hours after a spine surgery at one of its affiliate centers several months before, according to court records and securities filings. The chain said in a statement that it stands behind its comments in support of the proposal.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such letters carry weight with Medicare, which approves procedures to be done in surgery centers based on the invasiveness and complexity of the surgery and on input from stakeholders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Beatty-Walters, a Portland, Ore., attorney who has represented the families of three people who died after surgery center spine procedures, said Medicare’s decision-making process is not even-handed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The stakeholders — they call them — during these regulatory proceedings are the profit-makers, not the people who are being provided the service,” he said. “The spine centers just want to have more people come. They make more money. I hate to be that cynical about it, but that’s just what I’ve seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medicare approved 10 spine-surgery codes to be billed at surgery centers starting in 2015 and added more spinal procedures for 2017. A Medicare spokesman denied a request for a telephone interview. In an email, a spokeswoman said Medicare opened the spine proposal to the public and received no comments suggesting the procedures would pose a threat to Medicare patients. She said the final decision about where a patient will have surgery is up to a doctor and patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2017, at least 14 patients had died soon after spine operations at surgery centers, according to the KHN/USA TODAY Network investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 14 spine-surgery deaths have gleaned little recognition in the industry or beyond. Only one made headlines in local newspapers. The rest are documented in places like the Macon, Ga., courthouse or in obscure regulatory reports. And there may be far more because some states, including New York, Illinois and Florida, disclose no details about surgery center deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paulina Tam’s death at Fremont Surgery Center was a tragic example. At 58, the mother of three had finished careers as a nurse and an educator. Next, she planned to travel the world with her husband of 32 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was the driving force of the family, the spirit I guess,” said her son, Eric Tam, a doctor in New York City, said. “We didn’t expect the worst to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The care she received at the center is documented in court records, EMS reports and a Medicare inspection report that concluded that the center “failed to provide a safe environment for surgery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tam’s doctor scheduled her for a procedure to replace two discs in her upper spine on April 7, 2014. Pain from a car crash had bothered her for years. Any such surgery — entering the front of the neck to address pain in the spine — comes with a risk of suffocation, according to the Medicare inspection report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, with her surgeon and anesthesiologist already gone, the only doctor on-site was a digestive health specialist, the inspection report shows. About four hours after her procedure, Tam told a nurse that her surgical collar felt too tight. Then, that she couldn’t breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nurse called a “code blue” just after 6:30 p.m., records say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Medical experts say the first step in helping such patients is removing the surgical staples so the pooled blood can disperse, allowing the patient to breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Tam’s case, staff repeatedly tried and failed to insert a breathing tube through her mouth and into her airway, the inspection report shows. A last-ditch remedy would have been to punch a hole through the front of her throat to restore breathing, but the gastroenterologist later told an inspector that he was “not prepared” to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inability to perform the suffocation-rescue maneuver, the inspection report says, amounted to the center’s “failure to ensure patient safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the time a nurse called 911, it took 24 minutes to get Tam to the nearest hospital, EMS records show. She arrived without a pulse and remained on life support overnight, as her children raced to her bedside to say goodbye.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center did not return calls and denied wrongdoing in the court case. Tam’s surgeon declined to discuss the case but filed pleadings in court saying Tam’s “carelessness and negligence” caused her death. It’s unclear what the defense meant by negligence. The case reached a confidential settlement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Tam’s death, the center told Medicare inspectors that a qualified doctor would stay on-site after all upper-spine cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Nancy Epstein, chief of neurosurgical and spine care at New York University Winthrop Hospital, said surgery centers doing delicate work near the spinal cord, windpipe and esophagus in a same-day procedure is “pretty revolting.” But she said the centers are making so much money — “reeling it in hand over fist” that the potential dangers are being ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medically, it should not be tolerated,” she said, “but it is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lindy Washburn of The (Bergen County, N.J.) Record and NorthJersey.com contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/440027/as-surgery-centers-boom-patients-are-paying-with-their-lives","authors":["byline_futureofyou_440027"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_190","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_685","futureofyou_177","futureofyou_1056","futureofyou_349"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_440030","label":"source_futureofyou_440027","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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