Superconductivity: an Arsenic-Laced Future?
A magnet is suspended over a liquid nitrogen cooled
high-temperature superconductor (-200°C). Image source:
Wikimedia
Take a familiar metal, such as the aluminum foil from the bottom drawer of a kitchen, the mercury you might find in a household thermometer, or the titanium used to build an expensive road bike. Cool it enough, and you will find almost miraculously that electricity can be sent though the metal without losing any of its energy.
This effect, known as superconductivity, has tantalized physicists with theoretical weirdness and seduced futurists with potential applications since its discovery in 1911. Some of the applications, particularly in magnetism, have already been realized. A typical MRI machine works because, hidden within its outer casing, electricity is pumped through a superconducting wire maintained 10 times colder than the average temperature of Pluto. The soon-to-be-running Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva would not have been possible without the aid of giant superconducting magnets. Scientists at the High Field Magnet Laboratory in the Netherlands have even used superconducting magnets to suspend a living frog.
Even more exotic and exciting ideas have been dreamed up, such as large-scale lossless power transmission networks or commercially-viable magnetically levitated trains. Many of these have remained elusively beyond the cusp of practicality. This is because most materials become superconductors only in the frigid neighborhood of absolute zero (0-10 Kelvin). A few do have higher transition temperatures. For example, the cuprates, a class of material based on copper and oxygen, become superconductors as high as 133 Kelvin. Unfortunately, these are also brittle, difficult to work with, and bear limited current loads. However, times may be changing.
In February of last year scientists discovered a new candidate in their quest for a better superconductor, a material based on iron and arsenic. That's right– it is possible that one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy technology is at least partly the same stuff Aunt Abby used to poison Mr. Witherspoon. The new class of material, collectively known as the iron pnictides (pronounced "NICK-tides"), has taken the physics community by storm, inspired more than a thousand research publications and stolen the show last month at the world's largest annual gathering of materials scientists, the American Physical Society March Meeting.
Is all the hype really merited? Maybe.
Much of the excitement surrounding the iron pnictides is becuase they turn superconducting at anomalously high temperatures, to date at least as high as 56 Kelvin. To be fair, this is still not exactly a high temperature compared to normal everyday experience. Room temperature is about 300 Kelvin. At 273 Kelvin you can get frostbite. At 56 Kelvin the air you breathe liquefies and your lung cavities fill with dry ice.
In the world of superconductors, however, a material with a transition temperature of 56 Kelvin is a rock star. This is the second warmest class of superconductor we know about, overshadowed only by the cuprates.
A few scientists feel optimistic that the pnictide family's transition temperatures may yet surpass even those of the cuprates. This would be a tremendous scientific and technological discovery, not simply because it would set a new record, but because it would mean that we now have two families of materials that become superconducting above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 Kelvin). This would be fantastic because cooling materials with liquid nitrogen is both technically easier and less expensive than using the current standard of liquid helium.
Additionally, there may be reason to believe that the new iron pnictides may not have some of the problems that plague other high temperature superconductors. The cuprates have an annoying habit of spawning tiny electrical whirlpools in the presence of a magnetic field. Unless these whirlpools, or vortices (as they are technically called), can be pinned in place, lossless power transmission is impossible. While vortices still occur in the pnictides, pinning may prove to be easier than it is in the cuprates.
Even if we never are able to capitalize on the pnictides, they may have intrinsic scientific value. Scientists are baffled at the underlying mechanism that allows a material to be a superconductor above 40 Kelvin. Figuring this out may not ultimately satiate a desire for new technologies, but the simple desire to know is exactly the sort of thing that would make Darwin or Einstein proud.
2 Comments
Two questions: One, you mention that it is baffling how "high temperature" superconductors work; but do scientists have any insight into how "normal" (near absolute zero) superconductivity works?
And two, though I got the part about high temperature superconductivity being baffling, still I have to ask, do we know enough about superconductivity to rule out the possibility of "room temperature" superconductors, or is that still within the realm of theoretical possibility?
People still seem optimistic that a room temperature superconductor can one day be fabricated.
One of the reasons that high temperature superconductivity is both so exciting and frustrating is that we do have an excellent theory for superconductivity at low temperatures: the BCS theory (so-named for its three co-inventors, Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer). Unfortunately, although the BCS theory works marvelously at low temperatures, it quickly becomes problematic as you warm up. In fact, before the advent of the cuprate discovery in 1986, most thought that any superconductor even close the boiling point of liquid nitrogen was a theoretical impossibility. Now that the cuprates have shattered that ceiling and the pnictides could soon follow, we are back to square one theoretically and it seems that any transition temperature is an experimental possibility.